1088:; Chapin, T.; Cornelissen, J.H.C.; Diemer, M.; Flexas, J.; Garnier, E.; Groom, P.K.; Gulias, J.; Hikosaka, K.; Lamont, B.B.; Lee, T.; Lee, W.; Lusk, C.; Midgley, J.J.; Navas, M.-L.; Niinemets, Ü.; Oleksyn, J.; Osada, N.; Poorter, H.; Poot, P.; Prior, L.; Pyankov, V.I.; Roumet, C.; Thomas, S.C.; Tjoelker, M.G.; Veneklass, E.J.; Villar, R. (2004). "The worldwide leaf economics spectrum".
496:
area would mean that there would be fewer ways for water to be lost. Species with typically low specific leaf area values are geared for the conservation of acquired resources, due to their large dry matter content, high concentrations of cell walls and secondary metabolites, and high leaf and root longevity.
495:
Drought and water stress have varying effects on specific leaf area. In a variety of species, drought decreases specific leaf area. For example, under drought conditions, leaves were, on average, smaller than leaves on control plants. This is a logical observation, as a relative decrease in surface
209:
Normal ranges of SLA and LMA are species-dependent and influenced by growth environment. Table 1 gives normal ranges (~10th and ~90th percentiles) for species growing in the field, for well-illuminated leaves. Aquatic plants generally have very low LMA values, with particularly low numbers reported
503:
Other research has shown increasing specific leaf area values in plants under water limitation. An example of increasing specific leaf area values as a result of drought stress is the birch tree species. Birch tree specific leaf area values significantly increased after two dry seasons, though the
200:
of a plant. LMA mathematically scales positively with the investments plants make per unit leaf area (amount of protein and cell wall; cell number per area) and with leaf longevity. Since linear, positive relationships are more easily analysed than inverse negative relationships, researchers often
981:
Freschet G.T., Dias A.T.C., Ackerly D.D., Aerts R., van
Bodegom P.M., Cornwell W.K., Dong M., Kurokawa H., Liu G., Onipchenko V.G., Ordoñez J.C., Peltzer D.A., Richardson S.J., Shidakov I.I., Soudzilovskaia N.A., Tao J. & Cornelissen J.H.C. (2011). Global to community scale differences in the
499:
In some other species, such as Poplar trees, specific leaf area will decrease overall, but there will be an increase in specific leaf area until the leaf has reached its final size. After the final size has been reached, the specific leaf area will then begin decreasing.
486:
of a particular plant based upon light and moisture (humidity) levels, among other factors. Specific leaf area is one of the most widely accepted key leaf characteristics used during the study of leaf traits.
185:
748:
Gerber, D. Timothy; Les, Donald H. (1994). "Comparison of leaf morphology among submersed species of
Myriophyllum (Haloragaceae) from different habitats and geographical distributions".
98:
1395:
Aspelmeier, S.; Leuschner, C. (2006). "Genotypic variation in drought response of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth): leaf and root morphology and carbon partitioning".
878:
648:"Varietal differences in specific leaf area: a common physiological determinant of tillering ability and early growth vigor ? - Publications des agents du Cirad"
1356:"Impact of successive drought and re-watering cycles on growth and specific leaf area of two Populus canadensis (Moench) clones,"Dorskamp"and "Luisa_Avanzo""
1315:"Impact of successive drought and re-watering cycles on growth and specific leaf area of two Populus canadensis (Moench) clones,"Dorskamp"and "Luisa_Avanzo""
1192:"Impact of successive drought and re-watering cycles on growth and specific leaf area of two Populus canadensis (Moench) clones,"Dorskamp"and "Luisa_Avanzo""
785:"Nitrogen versus phosphorus enrichment of brackish waters: responses of the submersed plant Potamogeton perfoliatus and its associated algal community"
109:
Leaf mass per area (LMA) is its inverse and can mathematically be decomposed in two component variables, leaf thickness (LTh) and leaf density (LD):
523:
1033:
Kraft, N.J.B.; Valencia, R.; Ackerly, D.D. (2008). "Functional traits and niche-based tree community assembly in an amazonian forest".
1446:
982:
prevalence of convergent over divergent leaf trait distributions in plant assemblages. Global
Ecology and Biogeography, no-no.
841:
1233:"The cost of stress resistance: construction and maintenance costs of leaves and roots in two populations of Quercus ilex"
114:
504:
authors did note that, in typical cases, lowered specific leaf area values are seen as an adaptation to drought stress.
553:
513:
51:
46:
Specific leaf area is a ratio indicating how much leaf area a plant builds with a given amount of leaf biomass:
689:
Witkowski, E. T. F.; Lamont, Byron B. (1991-12-01). "Leaf specific mass confounds leaf density and thickness".
1085:
1436:
1354:
Marron, N.; Dreyer, E.; Boudouresque, E.; Delay, D.; Petit, J.-M.; Delmotte, F. M.; Brignolas, F. (2003).
1313:
Marron, N.; Dreyer, E.; Boudouresque, E.; Delay, D.; Petit, J.-M.; Delmotte, F. M.; Brignolas, F. (2003).
1190:
Marron, N.; Dreyer, E.; Boudouresque, E.; Delay, D.; Petit, J.-M.; Delmotte, F. M.; Brignolas, F. (2003).
662:
620:
528:
483:
193:
1231:
Laureano, R. G.; Lazo, Y. O.; Linares, J. C.; Luque, A.; Martínez, F.; Seco, J. I.; Merino, J. (2008).
951:"Environmental and developmental controls on specific leaf area are little modified by leaf allometry"
1097:
1042:
796:
698:
197:
994:"Specific leaf area explains differences in leaf traits between congeneric savanna and forest trees"
605:
192:
Both SLA and LMA are frequently used in plant ecology and biology. SLA is one of the components in
1412:
1295:
1172:
1131:
1066:
1015:
931:
859:
730:
222:
trees as well as succulents have particularly high LMA values, with highest values reported for
1377:
1336:
1254:
1213:
1123:
1058:
923:
915:
847:
837:
814:
765:
722:
714:
587:
1404:
1367:
1326:
1285:
1244:
1203:
1162:
1113:
1105:
1050:
1005:
962:
905:
804:
757:
706:
577:
569:
892:
Poorter, Hendrik; Niinemets, Ülo; Poorter, Lourens; Wright, Ian J.; Villar, Rafael (2009).
1441:
871:
675:
633:
518:
1101:
1046:
800:
702:
647:
761:
582:
557:
549:
1430:
1290:
1274:"Drought prolongs leaf life span in the herbaceous desert perennial Cryptantha flava"
1273:
1167:
1151:"Drought prolongs leaf life span in the herbaceous desert perennial Cryptantha flava"
1150:
1010:
993:
967:
950:
910:
893:
1416:
1299:
1176:
1070:
1019:
734:
1135:
935:
894:"Causes and consequences of variation in leaf mass per area (LMA): a meta-analysis"
1372:
1355:
1331:
1314:
1249:
1232:
1208:
1191:
832:
Turner, Neil C, editor literario. Kramer, Paul
Jackson, editor literario. (1980).
1084:
Wright, I.J.; Reich, P.B.; Westoby, M.; Ackerly, D.D.; Baruch, Z.; Bongers, F.;
606:"Specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content of plants growing in sand dunes"
558:"Specific Leaf Area and Dry Matter Content Estimate Thickness in Laminar Leaves"
1408:
1272:
Casper, B. B.; Forseth, I. N.; Kempenich, H.; Seltzer, S.; Xavier, K. (2001).
1149:
Casper, B. B.; Forseth, I. N.; Kempenich, H.; Seltzer, S.; Xavier, K. (2001).
234:
Table 1. Normal ranges of SLA and LMA for plant species growing in the field.
219:
919:
851:
818:
769:
718:
1054:
1381:
1340:
1258:
1217:
1127:
1062:
927:
726:
591:
573:
1118:
1109:
809:
784:
710:
548:
Vile, D.; Garnier, E; Shipley, B; Laurent, G; Navas, ML; Roumet, C;
992:
Hoffmann, W.A.; Franco, A.C.; Moreira, M.Z.; Haridasan, M. (2005).
102:
where A is the area of a given leaf or all leaves of a plant, and M
106:
is the dry mass of those leaves. Typical units are m/kg or mm/mg.
27:
201:
use either variable, depending on the type of questions asked.
196:, and mathematically scales positively and linearly with the
189:
Typical units are g/m for LMA, μm for LTh and g/mL for LD.
834:
Adaptation of plants to water and high temperature stress
117:
54:
180:{\displaystyle LMA\ =\ {\frac {M_{L}}{A}}\ =LTh.LD}
179:
92:
482:Specific leaf area can be used to estimate the
30:area to leaf dry mass. The inverse of SLA is
8:
93:{\displaystyle SLA\ =\ {\frac {A}{M_{L}}}}
1371:
1330:
1289:
1248:
1207:
1166:
1117:
1009:
966:
909:
877:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
808:
581:
142:
136:
116:
82:
73:
53:
232:
540:
867:
857:
671:
660:
629:
618:
949:Milla, R.; Reich P. B. (4 Apr 2008).
7:
524:Photosynthetically active radiation
16:Ratio of leaf area to leaf dry mass
762:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1994.tb15584.x
14:
783:Neundorfer, JV; Kemp, WM (1993).
1291:10.1046/j.0269-8463.2001.00583.x
1168:10.1046/j.0269-8463.2001.00583.x
1011:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.01045.x
968:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01406.x
911:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02830.x
218:(3.9 g/m). Evergreen shrubs and
789:Marine Ecology Progress Series
491:Changes in response to drought
1:
1373:10.1093/treephys/23.18.1225
1332:10.1093/treephys/23.18.1225
1250:10.1093/treephys/28.11.1721
1209:10.1093/treephys/23.18.1225
457:Evergreen Gymnosperm trees
438:Evergreen Angiosperm trees
1463:
750:American Journal of Botany
1409:10.1007/s00468-005-0011-9
836:. John Wiley & Sons.
514:Hemispherical photography
374:
273:
247:
242:
1447:Mass-specific quantities
608:. Ejournal.sinica.edu.tw
400:Deciduous woody species
1055:10.1126/science.1160662
650:. Publications.cirad.fr
216:Potamogeton perfoliatus
670:Cite journal requires
628:Cite journal requires
556:; et al. (2005).
181:
94:
529:Plant growth analysis
484:reproductive strategy
212:Myriophyllum farwelli
194:plant growth analysis
182:
95:
210:for species such as
198:relative growth rate
115:
52:
1110:10.1038/nature02403
1102:2004Natur.428..821W
1047:2008Sci...322..580K
801:1993MEPS...94...71N
703:1991Oecol..88..486W
235:
1278:Functional Ecology
1155:Functional Ecology
1086:Cavender-Bares, J.
998:Functional Ecology
955:Functional Ecology
870:has generic name (
810:10.3354/meps094071
711:10.1007/BF00317710
574:10.1093/aob/mci264
233:
177:
90:
32:Leaf Mass per Area
26:) is the ratio of
20:Specific leaf area
1366:(18): 1225–1235.
1325:(18): 1225–1235.
1243:(11): 1721–1728.
1202:(18): 1225–1235.
1096:(6985): 821–827.
1041:(5901): 580–582.
475:
474:
419:Evergreen shrubs
381:Deciduous shrubs
155:
151:
135:
129:
88:
72:
66:
1454:
1421:
1420:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1375:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1334:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1293:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1211:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1121:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1013:
989:
983:
979:
973:
972:
970:
946:
940:
939:
913:
889:
883:
882:
875:
869:
865:
863:
855:
829:
823:
822:
812:
780:
774:
773:
745:
739:
738:
686:
680:
679:
673:
668:
666:
658:
656:
655:
644:
638:
637:
631:
626:
624:
616:
614:
613:
602:
596:
595:
585:
568:(6): 1129–1136.
562:Annals of Botany
545:
236:
186:
184:
183:
178:
153:
152:
147:
146:
137:
133:
127:
99:
97:
96:
91:
89:
87:
86:
74:
70:
64:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1360:Tree Physiology
1353:
1352:
1348:
1319:Tree Physiology
1312:
1311:
1307:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1237:Tree Physiology
1230:
1229:
1225:
1196:Tree Physiology
1189:
1188:
1184:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1032:
1031:
1027:
991:
990:
986:
980:
976:
948:
947:
943:
898:New Phytologist
891:
890:
886:
876:
866:
856:
844:
831:
830:
826:
782:
781:
777:
747:
746:
742:
688:
687:
683:
669:
659:
653:
651:
646:
645:
641:
627:
617:
611:
609:
604:
603:
599:
547:
546:
542:
537:
519:Leaf Area Index
510:
493:
480:
280:Aquatic plants
230:(2900 g/m).
226:(2010 g/m) and
207:
138:
113:
112:
105:
78:
50:
49:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1460:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1387:
1346:
1305:
1284:(6): 740–747.
1264:
1223:
1182:
1161:(6): 740–747.
1141:
1076:
1025:
1004:(6): 932–940.
984:
974:
961:(4): 565–576.
941:
904:(3): 565–588.
884:
842:
824:
775:
756:(8): 973–979.
740:
697:(4): 486–493.
681:
672:|journal=
639:
630:|journal=
597:
539:
538:
536:
533:
532:
531:
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239:
224:Aloe saponaria
214:(2.8 g/m) and
206:
203:
176:
173:
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145:
141:
132:
126:
123:
120:
103:
85:
81:
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63:
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57:
43:
40:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1459:
1448:
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1438:
1437:Plant anatomy
1435:
1434:
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1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
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1383:
1379:
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1361:
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1328:
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1297:
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1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
985:
978:
975:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
945:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
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903:
899:
895:
888:
885:
880:
873:
861:
853:
849:
845:
839:
835:
828:
825:
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811:
806:
802:
798:
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790:
786:
779:
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771:
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741:
736:
732:
728:
724:
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708:
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696:
692:
685:
682:
677:
664:
649:
643:
640:
635:
622:
607:
601:
598:
593:
589:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
544:
541:
534:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
507:
505:
501:
497:
490:
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485:
477:
470:
467:
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462:
459:
456:
455:
451:
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432:
429:
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421:
418:
417:
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386:
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297:
293:
290:
288:
285:
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279:
277:
272:
268:
265:
263:
260:
257:
255:
253:Normal Range
252:
251:
245:
240:
238:
237:
231:
229:
228:Agave deserti
225:
221:
217:
213:
205:Normal ranges
204:
202:
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195:
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187:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
148:
143:
139:
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118:
110:
107:
100:
83:
79:
75:
67:
61:
58:
55:
47:
41:
39:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1119:11299/176900
1093:
1089:
1079:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1001:
997:
987:
977:
958:
954:
944:
901:
897:
887:
833:
827:
792:
788:
778:
753:
749:
743:
694:
690:
684:
663:cite journal
652:. Retrieved
642:
621:cite journal
610:. Retrieved
600:
565:
561:
543:
502:
498:
494:
481:
376:
275:
227:
223:
215:
211:
208:
191:
188:
111:
108:
101:
48:
45:
35:
31:
23:
19:
18:
868:|last=
478:Application
356:Succulents
274:Herbaceous
243:SLA (m/kg)
1431:Categories
843:0471053724
654:2010-08-08
612:2010-08-08
550:Lavorel, S
535:References
248:LMA (g/m)
220:Gymnosperm
1403:: 42–52.
920:1469-8137
860:cite book
852:932308683
819:0171-8630
795:: 71–82.
770:1537-2197
719:1432-1939
691:Oecologia
42:Rationale
1417:39622078
1382:14652222
1341:14652222
1300:85582412
1259:18765377
1218:14652222
1177:85582412
1128:15103368
1071:18150107
1063:18948539
1020:24617364
928:19434804
735:23909271
727:28312617
592:16159941
508:See also
377:species
337:Grasses
276:species
1136:4326028
1098:Bibcode
1043:Bibcode
1035:Science
936:6350349
797:Bibcode
699:Bibcode
583:4247101
554:Díaz, S
1442:Leaves
1415:
1380:
1339:
1298:
1257:
1216:
1175:
1134:
1126:
1090:Nature
1069:
1061:
1018:
934:
926:
918:
850:
840:
817:
768:
733:
725:
717:
590:
580:
375:Woody
318:Forbs
299:Ferns
154:
134:
128:
71:
65:
1413:S2CID
1397:Trees
1296:S2CID
1173:S2CID
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