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levelling tools as a "construction level", "heavy duty level", "inclinometer", or "protractor". These modern electronic levels are capable of displaying precise numeric angles within 360° with 0.1° to 0.05° accuracy, can be read from a distance with clarity, and are affordably priced due to mass adoption. They provide features that traditional levels are unable to match. Typically, these features enable steel beam frames under construction to be precisely aligned and levelled to the required orientation, which is vital to ensure the stability, strength and rigidity of steel structures on sites. Digital levels, embedded with angular MEMS technology effectively improve productivity and quality of many modern civil structures. Some recent models feature waterproof IP65 and impact resistance features for harsh working environments.
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is the angle or gradient change that moves the bubble by one of these divisions. 2 mm (0.079 in) is the usual spacing for graduations; on a surveyor's level, the bubble will move 2 mm (0.079 in) when the vial is tilted about 0.005 degree. For a precision machinist level with 2 mm (0.079 in) divisions, when the vial is tilted one division, the level will change 0.04 mm (0.0016 in) one meter from the pivot point, referred to by machinists as 5 tenths per foot. This terminology is unique to machinists and indicates a length of 5 tenths
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291:. The device set a new standard of .0005 inches per foot resolution (five ten thousands per foot or five arc seconds tilt). Production of the level stopped around 1970, and was restarted in the 1980s by Thomas Butler Technology, also of Rockford, Illinois, but finally ended in the mid-1990s. However, there are still hundreds of the devices in existence.
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level, which at this stage is of unknown accuracy. The spirit level is then rotated through 180 degrees in the horizontal plane, and another reading is noted. If the level is accurate, it will indicate the same orientation with respect to the horizontal plane. A difference implies that the level is inaccurate.
604:
Digital spirit levels are increasingly common in replacing conventional spirit levels, particularly in civil engineering applications such as traditional building construction and steel structure erection, for on-site angle alignment and leveling tasks. The industry practitioners often refer to those
493:
A traditional carpenter's spirit level looks like a short plank of wood and often has a wide body to ensure stability, and that the surface is being measured correctly. In the middle of the spirit level is a small window where the bubble and the tube is mounted. Two notches (or rings) designate where
377:
To check the accuracy of a carpenter's type level, a perfectly horizontal surface is not needed. The level is placed on a flat and roughly level surface and the reading on the bubble tube is noted. This reading indicates to what extent the surface is parallel to the horizontal plane, according to the
510:
A line level is a level designed to hang on a builder's string line. The body of the level incorporates small hooks to allow it to attach and hang from the string line. The body is lightweight, so as not to weigh down the string line, it is also small in size as the string line in effect becomes the
326:
in the tube. They have a slight upward curve, so that the bubble naturally rests in the center, the highest point. At slight inclinations the bubble travels away from the marked center position. Where a spirit level must also be usable upside-down or on its side, the curved constant-diameter tube is
405:
Sensitivity is an important specification for a spirit level, as the device's accuracy depends on its sensitivity. The sensitivity of a level is given as the change of angle or gradient required to move the bubble by unit distance. If the bubble housing has graduated divisions, then the sensitivity
568:
and going cross country (successive points being perhaps 100 meters (328 ft) apart) height differences can be measured cumulatively over long distances and elevations can be calculated. Precise levelling is supposed to give the difference in elevation between two points one kilometer (0.62
286:
The Fell All-Way precision level, one of the first successful
American made bull's eye levels for machine tool use, was invented by William B. Fell of Rockford, Illinois in 1939. The device was unique in that it could be placed on a machine bed and show tilt on the x-y axes simultaneously,
418:
342:, which allows the bubble to travel the tube quickly and settle accurately with minimal interference from the glass surface. Alcohols also have a much wider liquid temperature range, and will not break the vial as water could due to ice expansion. A
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Adjustment of the spirit level is performed by successively rotating the level and moving the bubble tube within its housing to take up roughly half of the discrepancy, until the magnitude of the reading remains constant when the level is flipped.
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An engineer's precision level permits leveling items to greater accuracy than a plain spirit level. They are used to level the foundations, or beds of machines to ensure the machine can output workpieces to the accuracy pre-built in the machine.
564:. The observer reads height values off two graduated vertical rods, one 'behind' and one 'in front', to obtain the height difference between the ground points on which the rods are resting. Starting from a point with a known
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and is a matter of course each time the instrument is set up. In this latter case, the plane of rotation of the instrument is levelled, along with the spirit level. This is done in two horizontal
271:. It is occasionally argued that these "bubble levels" did not come into widespread use until the beginning of the 18th century, the earliest surviving examples being from that time, but
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to measure height differences over larger distances. A surveyor's leveling instrument has a spirit level mounted on a telescope (perhaps 30 power) with cross-hairs, itself mounted on a
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251:, a French scientist, invented the instrument some time before February 2, 1661. This date can be established from Thevenot's correspondence with scientist
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glass face with a circle at the center. It serves to level a surface across a plane, while the tubular level only does so in the direction of the tube.
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601:. These mobile apps come with various features and easy designs. Also new web standards allow websites to get orientation of devices.
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in 1666. It is very likely that these levels were in use in France and elsewhere long before the turn of the century.
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with constant inner diameter at each viewing point. These vials are filled, incompletely, with a liquid – usually a
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eliminating the need to rotate the level 90 degrees. The level was so accurate it was restricted from export during
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body; when the level is hung in the center of the string, each 'leg' of the string line extends the level's plane.
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the bubble should be if the surface is level. Often an indicator for a 45 degree inclination is included.
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replaced by an uncurved barrel-shaped tube with a slightly larger diameter in its middle.
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The history of the spirit level was discussed in brief in an 1887 article appearing in
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A similar procedure is applied to more sophisticated instruments such as a surveyor's
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Today level tools are available in most smartphones by using the device's
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357:: a circular, flat-bottomed device with the liquid under a slightly
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Carpenter's level (either wood, aluminium or composite materials)
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701:"Beginner's Guide to Reading Machine Shop Numbers & Values"
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There are different types of spirit levels for different uses:
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Early tubular spirit levels had very slightly curved glass
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Measuring elevation with a line level and measuring tape.
279:
take "levels of the
Thevenot type" on its expedition to
2665:
International
Federation of Building and Wood Workers
538:
Modern automatic level in use on a construction site
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are often used rather than water. Alcohols have low
16:
Tool to indicate whether a surface is level or plumb
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205:). Different types of spirit levels may be used by
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
715:"Sensitivity & Accuracy of Spirit Level Vials"
569:miles) apart correct to within a few millimeters.
422:Level tool being used to establish horizontality.
731:. Sli.unimelb.edu.au. 1998-10-19. Archived from
473:A spirit level is usually found on the head of
663:. Munn & Company. 1887-08-27. p. 136.
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8:
353:A variant of the linear spirit level is the
2322:
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1147:
1133:
1125:
798:
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676:"Machinist's precision level (US2316777A)"
175:designed to indicate whether a surface is
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2655:Building and Wood Workers' International
556:. These leveling instruments as used in
650:
7:
2790:
225:and other metalworkers, and in some
65:adding citations to reliable sources
2780:
2640:American Association of Woodturners
754:"How do I access the spirit level?"
523:
14:
2831:Woodworking measuring instruments
2670:National Wood Carvers Association
542:Combining a spirit level with an
217:, other building trades workers,
2789:
2779:
2770:
2769:
2645:Architectural Woodwork Institute
514:
41:
52:needs additional citations for
2650:British Woodworking Federation
524:Surveyor's leveling instrument
1:
2660:Caricature Carvers of America
674:William B Fell (1940-08-01).
187:). Two basic designs exist:
32:Spirit level (disambiguation)
849:Coordinate-measuring machine
277:Académie Royale des Sciences
615:Glossary of levelling terms
515:Engineer's precision levels
489:Carpenter's bulls-eye level
2847:
527:
453:Engineer's precision level
303:Machinists precision level
155:mounted in a camera tripod
29:
18:
2765:
2675:Society of Wood Engravers
1854:
1047:
814:
729:"Equipment Database Menu"
410:1 thousandth of an inch.
275:had recommended that the
1088:Machine and metalworking
1098:Measuring and alignment
640:Turn and bank indicator
620:Horizontal and vertical
295:Design and construction
153:bull's eye spirit level
2752:Frameless construction
1833:Wood-plastic composite
577:Alternatives include:
539:
507:
490:
464:Slip or Skid Indicator
443:
423:
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304:
156:
144:
143:A tubular spirit level
537:
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249:Melchisédech Thévenot
150:
142:
2680:Timber Framers Guild
1534:Australian Blackwood
1063:Cutting and abrasive
899:Laser measuring tool
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2400:Hammer-headed tenon
1919:Janka hardness test
809:and alignment tools
717:. 13 December 2022.
703:. 24 November 2021.
660:Scientific American
475:combination squares
244:Scientific American
1261:Japanese carpentry
1009:Thread pitch gauge
839:Combination square
540:
530:Level (instrument)
508:
491:
444:
424:
375:
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253:Christiaan Huygens
157:
145:
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2757:Green woodworking
2614:Wood preservation
2542:
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2445:Tongue and groove
2425:Mortise and tenon
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2313:
2012:Warrington hammer
1841:
1840:
1529:African Blackwood
1321:Segmented turning
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819:Architect's scale
544:optical telescope
481:Carpenter's level
330:Alcohols such as
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111:
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1992:Thickness planer
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1646:(lime, basswood)
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1236:Chainsaw carving
1149:
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894:Laser line level
864:Engineer's scale
859:Drafting machine
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735:on July 10, 2009
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587:Laser line level
468:Bull's eye level
456:Electronic level
373:Level adjustment
355:bull's eye level
265:Vincenzo Viviani
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25:Spirit levelling
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2370:Crown of thorns
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1934:Milling machine
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1798:Cross-laminated
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1326:Shingle weaving
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1151:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1053:Types of tools
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1039:Winding sticks
1036:
1031:
1029:Weighing scale
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
879:Gunter's chain
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
854:Diagonal scale
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
815:
812:
811:
805:
803:
802:
795:
788:
780:
773:
772:External links
770:
768:
767:
745:
720:
706:
692:
680:Google Patents
666:
649:
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644:
643:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
610:
607:
595:
594:
589:
584:
574:
571:
528:Main article:
525:
522:
516:
513:
499:
496:
482:
479:
471:
470:
465:
462:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
436:Torpedo level
434:
431:
415:
412:
402:
399:
366:
363:
296:
293:
238:
235:
167:, or simply a
135:
134:
76:"Spirit level"
49:
47:
40:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2843:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:Inclinometers
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2796:
2788:
2786:
2778:
2776:
2768:
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2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:Chainsaw mill
2694:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:Organizations
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2589:Steam bending
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:French polish
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
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2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:Rabbet/Rebate
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2415:Mason's mitre
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
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2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:Jointer plane
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2231:Compass plane
2229:
2227:
2226:Chamfer plane
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:Bedrock plane
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:Veneer hammer
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:Impact driver
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
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1877:
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1870:
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1801:
1799:
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1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1730:Red Quebracho
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
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1686:
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1678:
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1669:
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1600:
1597:
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1580:
1577:
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1560:
1557:
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1512:
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1500:
1497:
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1490:
1487:
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1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1447:
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1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
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1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
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1342:
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1337:
1334:
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1327:
1324:
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1319:
1317:
1314:
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1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
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1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
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1264:
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1259:
1257:
1254:
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1249:
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1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1206:Bow and arrow
1204:
1202:
1201:Boat building
1199:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
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1168:
1167:
1165:
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1150:
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1074:
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1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1019:Vernier scale
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
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965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
914:Measuring rod
912:
910:
909:Marking gauge
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
813:
808:
801:
796:
794:
789:
787:
782:
781:
778:
771:
755:
749:
746:
734:
730:
724:
721:
716:
710:
707:
702:
696:
693:
681:
677:
670:
667:
662:
661:
654:
651:
645:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
608:
606:
602:
600:
599:accelerometer
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
578:
572:
570:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:
549:
548:tilting level
546:results in a
545:
536:
531:
521:
512:
504:
497:
495:
487:
478:
476:
469:
466:
463:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
442:Torpedo level
440:
435:
433:Mason's level
432:
429:
428:
427:
420:
413:
411:
409:
400:
398:
396:
395:perpendicular
392:
388:
387:optical level
383:
379:
371:
364:
362:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
325:
321:
317:
314:
310:
301:
294:
292:
290:
284:
282:
278:
274:
273:Adrien Auzout
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:
236:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
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166:
162:
154:
149:
141:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
26:
22:
2564:Heat bending
2509:Edge banding
2281:Router plane
2276:Rebate plane
2236:Finger plane
1967:
1671:
1665:
1645:
1639:Lignum vitae
1397:
1391:
1356:Wood carving
1331:Shipbuilding
1316:Root carving
1276:Log building
1241:Chip carving
999:Tape measure
984:Straightedge
974:Steel square
969:Spirit level
968:
964:Speed square
939:Radius gauge
904:Lesbian rule
874:French curve
824:Beam compass
758:. Retrieved
748:
737:. Retrieved
733:the original
723:
709:
695:
683:. Retrieved
669:
659:
653:
625:Inclinometer
603:
596:
576:
573:Alternatives
551:
547:
541:
518:
509:
492:
472:
460:Inclinometer
425:
407:
404:
397:directions.
384:
380:
376:
352:
329:
322:– leaving a
306:
289:World War II
285:
257:Robert Hooke
242:
240:
231:videographic
227:photographic
202:
196:
192:
188:
168:
165:bubble level
164:
161:spirit level
160:
158:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2785:WikiProject
2731:Rift sawing
2721:Flat sawing
2609:Wood drying
2286:Scrub plane
2271:Razee plane
2221:Block plane
2075:Mitre clamp
2022:Wood scribe
1973:Combination
1715:Purpleheart
1411:Douglas fir
1361:Woodturning
1194:Occupations
1156:Woodworking
1113:Woodworking
889:Laser level
869:Flat spline
756:. iPhoneFAQ
592:Water level
553:dumpy level
401:Sensitivity
365:Calibration
348:fluorescein
223:millwrights
215:bricklayers
211:stonemasons
179:(level) or
2810:Categories
2740:Techniques
2689:Conversion
2619:Wood stain
2547:Treatments
2335:Birdsmouth
2301:Spokeshave
2251:Jack plane
2241:Fore plane
2080:Pipe clamp
2045:Band clamp
1969:Carpenters
1790:Engineered
1740:Rubberwood
1589:Eucalyptus
1393:Calocedrus
1306:Pyrography
1271:Kohlrosing
1014:Try square
1004:Theodolite
949:Set square
934:Protractor
924:Micrometer
919:Meterstick
834:Chalk line
739:2009-07-29
646:References
635:Theodolite
582:Reed level
498:Line level
450:Line level
447:Post level
391:theodolite
281:Madagascar
207:carpenters
198:bull's eye
177:horizontal
173:instrument
87:newspapers
2816:Surveying
2529:Parquetry
2524:Oystering
2519:Marquetry
2360:Butterfly
2027:Workbench
1959:Sandpaper
1939:Mitre box
1884:Drawknife
1874:Burnisher
1859:Abrasives
1808:Hardboard
1469:Afromosia
1351:Whittling
1301:Parquetry
1286:Marquetry
1231:Certosina
1226:Carpentry
1216:Cabinetry
1163:Overviews
929:Plumb-bob
807:Measuring
630:Plumb bob
566:elevation
558:surveying
336:viscosity
219:surveyors
117:July 2009
21:surveying
2775:Category
2554:Adhesive
2534:Purfling
2514:Intarsia
2455:Profiles
2380:Dovetail
2319:Geometry
2158:Hand saw
2143:Crosscut
2128:Circular
2123:Chainsaw
2070:Holdfast
1735:Rosewood
1667:American
1662:Mahogany
1634:Jelutong
1604:Hornbeam
1569:Cocobolo
1564:Chestnut
1479:Andiroba
1291:Millwork
1256:Intarsia
1251:Fretwork
1246:Ébéniste
1175:Glossary
1068:Forestry
1058:Cleaning
994:T-square
829:Calipers
760:2 August
685:2 August
609:See also
346:such as
344:colorant
269:Florence
203:circular
181:vertical
171:, is an
19:For the
2821:Geodesy
2795:Commons
2711:Whipsaw
2706:Sawmill
2599:Varnish
2594:Thermal
2569:Lacquer
2504:Binding
2473:Chamfer
2340:Biscuit
2306:Surform
2198:Whipsaw
2168:Keyhole
2153:Fretsaw
2133:Compass
2118:Bucksaw
2108:Bandsaw
2103:Backsaw
2085:Sawbuck
2055:F-clamp
2050:C-clamp
1924:Jointer
1828:Plywood
1780:Zebrano
1720:Ovankol
1685:Meranti
1673:African
1644:Linden
1599:Hickory
1554:Cedrela
1549:Camphor
1544:Bubinga
1539:Boxwood
1519:Bilinga
1504:Avodire
1421:Juniper
1406:Cypress
1281:Luthier
1170:History
1093:Masonry
1083:Kitchen
1034:Wiggler
979:Stencil
954:Skirret
844:Compass
332:ethanol
320:alcohol
313:colored
237:History
189:tubular
101:scholar
2701:Hewing
2440:Splice
2395:Halved
2390:Groove
2385:Finger
2365:Coping
2350:Bridle
2327:Joints
2208:Planes
2193:Veneer
2183:Scroll
2178:Ripsaw
2163:Jigsaw
2138:Coping
2037:Clamps
1964:Square
1954:Shaper
1949:Router
1929:Mallet
1904:Gimlet
1879:Chisel
1775:Willow
1765:Walnut
1755:Totara
1745:Sapele
1710:Poplar
1695:Padauk
1657:Merbau
1629:Jarrah
1614:Imbuia
1609:Idigbo
1574:Cumaru
1559:Cherry
1484:Anigre
1446:Spruce
1399:Cedrus
1266:Khatam
1221:Caning
1184:lumber
1103:Mining
1073:Garden
989:Square
562:tripod
359:convex
324:bubble
316:spirit
261:London
233:work.
195:) and
193:linear
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2579:Paint
2488:Ovolo
2483:Ogive
2468:Bevel
2435:Scarf
2420:Miter
2188:Table
2173:Miter
2148:Frame
2065:Gripe
1981:Speed
1977:Miter
1909:Gauge
1899:Float
1894:Fence
1889:Drill
1847:Tools
1770:Wenge
1760:Utile
1725:Ramin
1680:Maple
1652:Lovoa
1624:Iroko
1594:Hazel
1579:Ebony
1524:Birch
1514:Beech
1509:Balsa
1499:Aspen
1494:Apple
1474:Alder
1431:Kauri
1426:Larch
1388:Cedar
1371:Woods
1346:Treen
1108:Power
944:Ruler
414:Types
389:or a
309:vials
185:plumb
169:level
108:JSTOR
94:books
2478:Ogee
2463:Bead
2405:Knee
2375:Dado
2355:Butt
2095:Saws
2007:Vise
1944:Rasp
1869:Adze
1750:Teak
1705:Plum
1700:Pear
1461:Hard
1441:Rimu
1436:Pine
1380:Soft
1180:Wood
1078:Hand
1024:Vise
762:2018
687:2018
338:and
263:and
201:(or
191:(or
80:news
2604:Wax
2574:Oil
2410:Lap
2345:Box
2113:Bow
1985:Try
1864:Axe
1818:OSB
1813:MDF
1690:Oak
1619:IpĂŞ
1584:Elm
1489:Ash
1451:Yew
1416:Fir
884:Jig
550:or
318:or
267:in
259:in
229:or
63:by
2812::
1983:,
1979:,
1975:,
1971:,
1670:,
1396:,
678:.
477:.
408:of
247:.
221:,
213:,
209:,
163:,
159:A
151:A
1988:)
1966:(
1676:)
1664:(
1402:)
1390:(
1186:)
1182:(
1148:e
1141:t
1134:v
799:e
792:t
785:v
764:.
742:.
689:.
183:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
27:.
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