892:ρ = 1.225 kg/m). The GP 11 bullet set off the militaries of countries like Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom at the onset of and after World War I to develop and field similar full metal jacket boat tail spitzer bullets to improve the maximum effective range and long range performance of the full metal jacket flat based spitzer bullet designs they used. The useful maximum effective range is defined by the maximum range of a small-arms projectile while still maintaining the minimum kinetic energy required to put unprotected personnel out of action, which is generally believed to be 15 kilogram-meters (147 J / 108 ft⋅lbf).
606:
1331:
752:
225:
208:
868:(G1 BC) of 0.505 to 0.514 (ballistic coefficients are somewhat debatable) and had a maximum terminal range of approximately 5,500 m (6,015 yd) under Swiss chosen atmospheric conditions (altitude = 800 m (2,625 ft), air pressure = 649 mm (25.55 in) Hg, temperature = 7 °C (45 °F)) equaling ICAO Standard Atmosphere conditions at 653.2 m (2,143 ft) (
622:
31:
845:
248:
20:
791:
cartridge adopted by U.S. armed forces in 1906. The ball, M1906 rounds had a muzzle velocity of 823 m/s (2,700 ft/s) and had a maximum terminal range of approximately 3,117 m (3,409 yd) and can be identified by their silver-colored bullets. The cupro-nickel alloy was found to foul
946:
m/94 service ammunition with a 10.1 grams (156 gr) long round-nosed bullet (B-projectile) fired at a muzzle velocity of 725 m/s (2,379 ft/s) up to the early phase of World War II and
Norwegian occupation by German in 1940. From 1941 onwards Sweden, which remained neutral during World
695:
was adopted by the German Army and Navy in 1903 and had a maximum terminal range of approximately 3,700 m (4,050 yd). The combination of increased muzzle velocity and improved bullet aerodynamics provided a much flatter bullet trajectory, which increased the probability of hitting an
912:). It was loaded with a 9 grams (138.9 gr) spitzer bullet fired at a muzzle velocity of 850 m/s (2,789 ft/s) with 3,251 J (2,398 ft⋅lbf) muzzle energy from a 589 mm (23.2 in) long barrel. It had a maximum terminal range of 3,700 m (4,050 yd).
129:, that is defined by the maximum range of a small-arms projectile while still maintaining the minimum kinetic energy required to put unprotected personnel out of action, which is generally believed to be 15 kilogram-meters (147 J / 108 ft⋅lbf).
369:ρ = 1.225 kg/m) and had a maximum terminal range of approximately 4,400 m (4,812 yd). Even by 21st century standards 800 m (870 yd) typical effective supersonic range is regarded as normal for a standard military rifle round.
929:
loaded with 14.2 g (219 gr) spitzer bullets with a boat tail fired at a muzzle velocity of 760 m/s (2,493 ft/s) bullets. The 8×63mm patron m/32 ammunition was not developed as general service ammunition but for anti-aircraft and
934:
and had an effective range of approximately 3,600 m (3,937 yd) on which the impact energy was 20 kilogram-meters (196 J / 145 ft⋅lbf), and a maximum terminal range of approximately 5,500 m (6,015 yd) when fired from a
947:
War II, adopted m/41 service ammunition loaded with a 9.1 grams (140 gr) spitzer bullet (D-projectile) fired at a muzzle velocity of 800 m/s (2,625 ft/s). Besides a pointed nose the m/41 D-projectile also had a boat tail.
649:. During a late 19th and early 20th century improvement program tasked with remedying the M/88's propellant compression and excessive barrel (grooves) wear problems, the German ordnance authority began to prefer spitzer bullets by 1898.
108:
The development of spitzer bullets and long-range volley sights for service rifles changed military doctrines. Area targets at ranges up to 1,420–2,606 m (1,550–2,850 yd) could be subject to rifle fire. With improvements in
755:
Five bullets used in United States military loadings from left to right: M1903 bullet, M1906 ball, M1 ball, M2 ball, and M2 Armor-Piercing (AP) bullet. Black paint has chipped off the tip of AP bullet during rough handling. The
683:(G1 BC) of approximately 0.321 to 0.337 (ballistic coefficients are somewhat debatable), along with a dimensionally redesigned chambering and bore (designated as "S-bore") and new double-base (based on nitrocellulose and
587:
ammunition was introduced, which featured a lead-cored, cupro-nickel-over-steel-jacketed, pointed boat-tail bullet weighing 15.0 g (232 grains). It had been designed to improve the long-range performance of the issued
173:
through improved projectile design. Stronger metal casings were being used to contain cartridge propellants, making small arms more powerful but not any more accurate. Designers knew that bullets with a lower
656:
aerodynamic bullet, credited to the independent ballistician Arthur
Gleinich, was tested in 1902 and officially adopted on 3 April 1903. After several shape revisions it entered mass production in 1904. The
836:(G1 BC) of approximately 0.467. The .303 British Mark VII cartridge had a muzzle velocity of 744 m/s (2,441 ft/s) and a maximum terminal range of approximately 2,743 m (3,000 yd).
136:. Before, during and after World War I, militaries adopted even more aerodynamically refined spitzer projectiles by combining a pointed nose with a slightly tapered base at the rear, called a
860:
cartridge loaded with a 11.3 grams (174 gr) spitzer full metal jacket bullet. Besides a pointed nose, the GP 11 bullet also had a boat tail to further lower the drag coefficient (C
679:
cartridge, which was loaded with a relatively lightweight 9.9 grams (153 gr) spitzer bullet with a slightly increased diameter of 8.2 mm (0.323 in) that had a
1185:
283:
The original 1886 pattern 8×50mmR Lebel cartridge was an innovative service cartridge design, since it was the first military cartridge to use single-base smokeless,
703:, "heavy spitzer") boat tail projectile had a ballistic coefficient (G1 BC) of 0.557 to 0.593 (ballistic coefficients are somewhat debatable) and was loaded in the
74:, which was developed for military purposes in the late 19th and early 20th century, was a major design improvement compared to earlier rounder or flatter-tipped
825:
641:
the Gewehr-Prüfungskommission (G.P.K.) (Rifle
Testing Commission) was responsible for improving the accuracy and performance of the 1888 pattern military
771:
exposed for reliable functioning in self-loading firearms, while the earlier M1903 bullet is positioned to illustrate the longer neck of the preceding
735:
was mainly issued for aerial combat and as of 1918 in the later stages of World War I to infantry machine gunners. Fifteen years after World War I the
186:, making it more stable in flight and less susceptible to lateral drift caused by crosswinds. By retaining a higher impact velocity, bullets with high
1027:
699:
At the onset of World War I, Germany developed an aerodynamically further refined bullet. This 12.8 grams (198 gr) full metal jacket s.S. (
691:
loading, which delivered a greatly improved muzzle velocity of 878 m/s (2,880 ft/s) from a 740 millimetres (29.1 in) barrel. The
329:
was also the first military rifle projectile that had a boat tail – a streamlined tapered base – to further minimize air resistance in flight.
1365:
1125:
144:
which increased the terminal maximum ranges of fully-powered rifle cartridges to between 4,115 and 5,500 m (4,500 and 6,010 yd).
295:
in 1884. The original 1886 pattern 8×50mmR Lebel was loaded with a 15.0 grams (231 gr) cupro-nickel-jacketed lead-cored flat-nosed
1074:
The 8mm (7,92X57) Mauser
Cartridge, Ballistics of the F.N. Rifle, Cal. 7,9 m/m Streamlined Pointed Bullet with Tapered Base (197.5 gr.)
345:(G1 BC) of 0.568 to 0.581 (ballistic coefficients are somewhat debatable). Fired at 700 m/s (2,300 ft/s) muzzle velocity the
1155:
1105:
783:
bullet design from
Gleinich. Now referred to as a 'spitzer' design, the new 9.7 grams (150 gr) flat base projectile that had a
194:
and be lethal at greater ranges. It was these requirements that drove military thinking in the years prior to the First World War.
816:(G1 BC) of approximately 0.338. The 7.62×54mmR M1908 Type L cartridge had a muzzle velocity of 865 m/s (2,838 ft/s).
276:
bullet was designed by
Captain Georges Raymond Desaleux, in order to improve the ballistic performance of the existing French
1414:
1179:
589:
764:
into the bullet. The four spitzer bullets used in the .30-06 Springfield cartridge case were loaded with a nearly identical
1273:
169:
From the mid to late 19th century, European military research had started to examine how to maximise available small arms
872:ρ = 1.150 kg/m). At 780 m/s (2,559 ft/s) muzzle velocity the standard GP 11 ball spitzer bullet retained
1156:"The 8mm (7,92×57) Mauser Cartridge, Ballistics of the F.N. Rifle, Cal. 7,9mm Light Pointed Bullet (154 gr.) S Patrone"
1259:
901:
182:) would decelerate less rapidly and therefore travel further. A lower drag coefficient also flattens the projectile's
34:
21st-century plastic-tipped bullets. Ballistic Tips: Hornady 17 gr. V-Max 17HMR, .308 Winchester
Unknown Manufacturer
1358:
1211:
885:
724:
666:
362:
987:
87:
1016:
91:
310:
The new 1898 pattern 8×50mmR Lebel cartridge loaded with
Desaleux's new lighter 12.8 grams (198 gr)
1548:
1540:
1424:
865:
833:
813:
784:
680:
342:
187:
35:
926:
1444:
1351:
94:
43:
1399:
673:
141:
102:
79:
51:
1439:
1419:
788:
787:(G1 BC) of approximately 0.405 with a cupro-nickel alloy jacket was incorporated into the M1906
779:
In 1906, United States ordnance authorities arranged to purchase the production license for the
1403:
1101:
991:
857:
832:
cartridge variant loaded with an 11.3 grams (174 gr) flat base spitzer bullet that had a
1569:
1520:
1492:
1409:
1395:
1303:
1121:
905:
765:
688:
175:
101:, which makes them decelerate less rapidly. Lowering the drag coefficient leads to improved
98:
71:
1260:
The
Spanish Modelo 1893 Mauser Rifle by Paul Scarlata • Shooting Times • September 23, 2010
1159:
1073:
125:
at more than 3,000 m (3,280 yd). The indirect firing method exploits the maximal
1530:
1277:
1189:
761:
605:
325:
and a greatly improved maximum effective range. Besides having a pointed nose section the
318:
170:
126:
1288:
1200:
42:
bullet meant to confer the aerodynamic advantage of the spitzer bullet (for example, see
1084:
711:
had a maximum terminal range of approximately 4,700 m (5,140 yd) and retained
936:
801:
284:
191:
83:
47:
1330:
751:
1563:
1524:
1464:
1429:
931:
805:
684:
638:
304:
122:
118:
1497:
963:
829:
568:
The downrange performance tables above show the superior velocity retention of the
292:
224:
207:
808:
service round variant loaded with the "L" 9.61-gram (148.3 gr) Лёгкая Пуля (
1390:
1374:
1270:
1246:
943:
889:
881:
869:
853:
728:
720:
646:
621:
366:
358:
269:
133:
110:
1507:
1449:
1180:
8×57mm IS cartridge portrait - Totgesagte leben länger, Wild und Hund 11/2006
1130:
873:
848:
Swiss 7.5×55mm GP 11 Full Metal Jacket, Armor
Piercing, and Tracer projectiles
760:
indentation around each bullet is where the leading edge of the case would be
712:
642:
350:
322:
183:
114:
67:
1515:
1487:
1482:
1454:
1335:
757:
296:
277:
672:
differed internally. The Gewehr-Prüfungskommission program resulted in the
30:
1128:
for an Improved Form for Projectiles for Hand-Firearms can be found under
1060:
1045:
1477:
1472:
1143:
288:
1314:
645:
ammunition and Germany's weapons chambered for M/88 ammunition like the
140:, which further reduced drag in flight. These projectiles were known as
844:
132:
Spitzer bullets greatly increased the lethality of the battlefields of
1223:
1382:
772:
662:
661:
nose was externally pointed like the French design and its shape was
75:
23:
1888 pattern M/88 (left) alongside the 1903 pattern 7.92×57mm Mauser
743:
became the standard issue ball ammunition for the German military.
247:
843:
768:
750:
620:
604:
579:
Note: The air density ρ used to correlate these tables is unknown.
314:
246:
39:
29:
18:
321:
of 700 m/s (2,300 ft/s), providing a somewhat flatter
1347:
341:
spitzer nose profile combined with the boat tail resulted in a
307:
achieving a muzzle velocity of 628 m/s (2,060 ft/s).
19:
1343:
1271:
FN Mauser Model 98 Rifle and Carbine Operator's Manual page 28
1247:"History of the .303 British Calibre Service Ammunition Round"
264:
The spitzer bullet design was first introduced in 1898 as the
1098:
Die Deutschen Militargewehre und Maschinenpistolen: 1871-1945
633:/ heavy pointed bullet) boat-tailed full metal jacket bullet
152:
The name "spitzer" is an anglicized form of the German word
1126:
Deutsche Waffen- und Munitionsfabriken Aktien-Gesellschaft
707:. At 760 m/s (2,493 ft/s) muzzle velocity the
1144:
Patent US 841861 A Projectile for hand-firearms (1907).
715:
velocity up to and past 1,000 m (1,100 yd) (V
1085:
FN Mauser Model 98 rifle and carbine operator's manual
731:ρ = 1.225 kg/m). From its 1914 introduction the
78:
because pointed nose shapes were less susceptible to
696:
individual target at most typical combat distances.
66:) is a pointed projectile that is primarily used in
1539:
1506:
1463:
1381:
617:
fired from a 600 millimetres (23.6 in) barrel.
353:
velocity up to and past 800 m (870 yd) (V
117:meant that fixed machine gun squads could deliver
113:at the turn of the 20th century, the addition of
251:Technical drawings of the French 1898 pattern
1359:
1010:
1008:
8:
812:, "Light Bullet") spitzer bullet that had a
826:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
820:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1366:
1352:
1344:
1212:20th Century German Military Arms and Ammo
876:velocity up to 800 m (870 yd) (V
156:, literally meaning "pointed projectile".
86:. By adding a point, projectiles made for
900:In 1913, the ordnance authorities of the
469:
371:
978:
956:
613:and the further improved 1914 pattern
609:Ballistic tables for the 1903 pattern
303:bullet designed by lieutenant colonel
317:mono-metal spitzer bullet achieved a
7:
1304:Swedish Military Rifles 1894 - 1995
1224:"Rifle, Short Magazine Lee Enfield"
1017:"The Practical Range of Small Arms"
1033:from the original on 5 March 2015.
14:
1329:
986:Petzal, David E. (7 July 2014).
625:A 1914 pattern 7.92×57mm Mauser
241:8×50mmR Lebel service cartridges
223:
206:
1226:. The Lee-Enfield Rifle Website
942:Sweden and Norway loaded their
925:In 1932, Sweden introduced the
910:7mm Cartucho para Mauser Tipo S
590:Hotchkiss Mle 1914 machine guns
337:The 1898 pattern 8×50mmR Lebel
864:). The GP 11 projectile had a
1:
1334:The dictionary definition of
1061:"The 8x50R Lebel (8mm Lebel)"
1046:"The 8x50R Lebel (8mm Lebel)"
964:Maximum effective rifle range
291:) gunpowder as developed by
1120:The patent assigned by the
988:"Understanding VLD Bullets"
471:1898 pattern 8×50mmR Lebel
373:1886 pattern 8×50mmR Lebel
280:service cartridge of 1886.
1586:
1100:(in German). p. 133.
1096:Götz, Hans-Dieter (1974).
80:external ballistic factors
1289:"Swedish Kulspruta m/36".
1201:Die Patrone 7.92mm (8x57)
888:conditions at sea level (
727:conditions at sea level (
365:conditions at sea level (
231:Loaded with 1898 pattern
214:Loaded with 1886 pattern
142:spitzer boat-tail bullets
886:ICAO Standard Atmosphere
725:ICAO Standard Atmosphere
363:ICAO Standard Atmosphere
828:officially adopted the
739:was phased out and the
583:In 1932, 8×50mmR Lebel
849:
776:
634:
618:
256:
188:ballistic coefficients
55:
36:Plastic-tipped bullets
27:
1024:The American Rifleman
866:ballistic coefficient
847:
834:ballistic coefficient
830:.303 British Mark VII
814:ballistic coefficient
785:ballistic coefficient
754:
701:schweres Spitzgeschoß
681:ballistic coefficient
631:schweres Spitzgeschoß
624:
608:
343:ballistic coefficient
333:Downrange performance
250:
33:
22:
16:Type of bullet design
1315:"6.5x55 Ammunition".
1292:forgottenweapons.com
1015:Kjellgren, G. L. M.
904:issued a redesigned
44:very-low-drag bullet
677:or 7.92×57mm Mauser
476:
378:
165:Design requirements
52:hollow-point bullet
1440:Total metal jacket
1276:2012-05-10 at the
1188:2011-10-01 at the
1131:US PAT No. RE12927
1026:. pp. 40–44.
992:Field & Stream
927:8×63mm patron m/32
850:
792:the bore quickly.
789:.30-06 Springfield
777:
667:full metal jacket
635:
619:
572:compared with its
470:
372:
257:
190:would retain more
103:external ballistic
72:pointed nose shape
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28:
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896:Kingdom of Spain
689:smokeless powder
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349:bullet retained
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99:drag coefficient
95:rifle cartridges
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48:stopping power
38:are a type of
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1445:Very-low-drag
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1285:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1238:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1176:
1173:
1162:on 2016-10-02
1161:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1107:3-87943-350-X
1103:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1005:
993:
989:
982:
979:
972:
965:
960:
957:
950:
948:
945:
940:
939:machine gun.
938:
933:
932:indirect fire
928:
920:
915:
913:
911:
907:
906:7×57mm Mauser
903:
895:
893:
891:
887:
883:
875:
871:
867:
859:
855:
846:
839:
837:
835:
831:
827:
824:In 1910, the
819:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
800:In 1908, the
795:
793:
790:
786:
782:
774:
770:
767:
763:
759:
753:
747:United States
746:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
694:
690:
686:
685:nitroglycerin
682:
678:
676:
671:
670:
664:
660:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
632:
628:
623:
616:
612:
607:
601:German Empire
600:
595:
593:
591:
586:
581:
575:
571:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
536:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
507:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
480:Distance (m)
479:
478:
474:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
438:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
409:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
382:Distance (m)
381:
380:
376:
370:
368:
364:
360:
352:
348:
344:
340:
332:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
313:
308:
306:
305:Nicolas Lebel
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
279:
278:8×50mmR Lebel
275:
271:
267:
259:
254:
249:
234:
226:
217:
209:
197:
195:
193:
189:
185:
177:
172:
164:
159:
157:
155:
154:Spitzgeschoss
147:
145:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
123:indirect fire
120:
119:plunging fire
116:
112:
106:
104:
100:
96:
93:
89:
88:fully-powered
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
26:
21:
1549:Boxer primer
1434:
1400:Hollow point
1336:
1310:
1299:
1291:
1284:
1266:
1255:
1240:
1228:. Retrieved
1218:
1207:
1196:
1175:
1164:. Retrieved
1160:the original
1150:
1139:
1116:
1097:
1091:
1080:
1069:
1054:
1039:
1023:
995:. Retrieved
981:
959:
941:
924:
909:
899:
856:adopted the
851:
823:
809:
799:
781:Spitzgeschoß
780:
778:
741:s.S. Patrone
740:
736:
733:s.S. Patrone
732:
723:1.07) under
709:s.S. Patrone
708:
705:s.S. Patrone
704:
700:
698:
692:
674:
669:Spitzgeschoß
668:
659:Spitzgeschoß
658:
654:Spitzgeschoß
653:
651:
636:
630:
627:s.S. Patrone
626:
615:s.S. Patrone
614:
610:
584:
582:
573:
569:
567:
472:
374:
361:1.13) under
346:
338:
336:
326:
311:
309:
300:
293:Paul Vieille
282:
273:
265:
263:
252:
232:
215:
168:
153:
151:
137:
131:
111:machine guns
107:
92:intermediate
63:
59:
57:
24:
1420:Hollow-base
1375:Handloading
1182:(in German)
908:cartridge (
890:air density
884:1.1) under
870:air density
854:Switzerland
840:Switzerland
729:air density
647:Gewehr 1888
576:predecessor
367:air density
270:French Army
134:World War I
115:clinometers
105:behaviour.
64:spire point
1508:Propellant
1404:Soft point
1166:2013-02-14
973:References
874:supersonic
806:7.62×54mmR
775:cartridge.
713:supersonic
665:, but the
351:supersonic
323:trajectory
184:trajectory
68:small-arms
46:) and the
1516:Gunpowder
1488:Rock salt
1483:Flechette
1455:Wadcutter
1410:Frangible
1396:Expanding
852:In 1911,
758:cannelure
737:S Patrone
693:S Patrone
675:S Patrone
611:S Patrone
596:1902–1918
297:wadcutter
148:Etymology
138:boat tail
25:S Patrone
1564:Category
1478:Buckshot
1473:Birdshot
1274:Archived
1186:Archived
1028:Archived
944:6.5×55mm
663:patented
289:Poudre B
287:based, (
1570:Bullets
1435:Spitzer
1124:to the
997:13 June
766:tangent
762:crimped
639:Germany
585:Balle N
574:Balle M
570:Balle D
473:Balle D
375:Balle M
347:Balle D
339:Balle D
327:Balle D
312:Balle D
301:Balle M
299:-style
274:Balle D
268:by the
266:Balle D
253:Balle D
233:balle D
216:balle M
160:History
76:bullets
1541:Primer
1527:, etc)
1383:Bullet
1230:13 May
1104:
921:Sweden
773:.30-03
652:A new
530:18.30
435:75.61
432:31.71
272:. The
260:France
255:bullet
70:. The
1493:Sabot
1337:spitz
1031:(PDF)
1020:(PDF)
951:Notes
769:ogive
533:44.0
527:5.60
524:3.01
521:1.43
518:0.54
515:0.12
504:2000
501:1500
498:1000
475:load
429:9.83
426:5.27
423:2.39
420:0.81
417:0.14
406:2000
403:1500
400:1000
377:load
315:brass
82:like
50:of a
40:rifle
1498:Slug
1391:Cast
1232:2010
1102:ISBN
999:2018
882:Mach
721:Mach
717:1000
643:M/88
562:240
559:278
556:342
553:388
550:448
547:521
544:607
541:700
495:800
492:600
489:400
486:200
464:160
461:197
458:255
455:290
452:335
449:397
446:488
443:628
397:800
394:600
391:400
388:200
359:Mach
198:1898
90:and
84:drag
62:(or
58:The
1450:Wax
878:800
637:In
355:800
121:or
1566::
1402:,
1022:.
1007:^
990:.
880:≈
719:≈
687:)
592:.
512:0
483:0
414:0
385:0
357:≈
178:(C
1523:(
1406:)
1398:(
1367:e
1360:t
1353:v
1294:.
1249:.
1234:.
1169:.
1134:.
1110:.
1063:.
1048:.
1001:.
862:d
629:(
180:d
54:.
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