49:
760:(1847). The value of these works is impaired somewhat by Baur's habit of making the history of dogma conform to the formulae of Hegel's philosophy, a procedure "which only served to obscure the truth and profundity of his conception of history as a true development of the human mind" (Pfleiderer). Baur, however, soon came to attach more importance to personality, and to distinguish more carefully between religion and philosophy. The change is noticeable in his
363:
796:, from notes and lectures which the author left behind him. Pfleiderer describes this work, especially the first volume, as a classic for all time. "Taken as a whole, it is the first thorough and satisfactory attempt to explain the rise of Christianity and the Church on strictly historical lines, i.e. as a natural development of the religious spirit of our race under the combined operation of various human causes" (
937:
402:(Kerygmata Petrou) soon after the Jewish war of 70; successive revisions of it were anti-Basilidian, anti-Valentinian, and anti-Marcionite respectively. Baur placed the completed form, ‘‘H’’, soon after the middle of the 2nd century, and Schliemann (1844) agreed, placing ‘‘R’’, as a revision, between 211 and 230. Other writers dated both ‘‘H’’ and ‘‘R’’ to between the 2nd and 4th centuries:
392:
Throughout the middle of the 19th century this theory, in many forms, was dominant in
Germany. The demonstration, mainly by English scholars, of the impossibility of the late dates ascribed to the New Testament documents (four Epistles of St. Paul and the Apocalypse were the only documents generally
389:
the Church in the second half of the 2nd century. The Fourth Gospel is a monument of this reconciliation, in which Rome took a leading part, having invented the fiction that both Peter and Paul were the founders of her Church, both having been martyred at Rome, and on the same day, in perfect union.
383:
was a leader of the
Pauline sect in its survival in the 2nd century, using only the Pauline Gospel, St. Luke (in its original form), and the Epistles of St. Paul (without the Pastoral Epistles). The Clementine literature had its first origin in the Apostolic Age, and belonged to the original Jewish,
378:
sect in the 4th century. This Judeo-Christian sect at that date rejected St. Paul as an apostate. It was assumed that this 4th century opinion represented the
Christianity of the Twelve Apostles; Paulinism was originally a heresy, and a schism from the Jewish Christianity of James and Peter and the
620:
We are rich in our
Christian faith, we become poor if we enter into a compromise with anti-Trinitarianism in any form. F. C. Baur, the father of the Tubingen School, who cannot be accused of being a friend of traditional orthodoxy, was correct in his statement that Christianity would have lost its
388:
never existed; it is a nickname for St. Paul. The Acts of the
Apostles, compiled in the 2nd century, have borrowed their mention of Simon from the earliest form of the Clementines. Catholicism under the presidency of Rome was the result of the adjustment between the Petrine and Pauline sections of
228:
Baur's views were radical, but "one thing is certain: New
Testament study, since his time, has had a different colour" (H.S. Nash). He had a number of followers, who in many cases modified his positions, and the groundwork laid by Baur continues to be built upon in the twenty-first century.
506:, the trend of which is suggested by the title (in English, 'The Christ Party in the Corinthian Community, the Opposition of Pauline and Petrine Christianity in the earliest Church, the apostle Peter in Rome'). Baur contends that the apostle
312:. The learning of the work was fully recognized, and in 1826 the author was called to Tübingen as professor of theology. It is with Tübingen that his greatest literary achievements are associated. His earlier publications here treated of
393:
admitted as being of early date), and the proofs of the authenticity of the
Apostolic Fathers and of the use of St. John's Gospel by Justin, Papias, and Ignatius, gradually brought Baur's theories into discredit. Of the original school,
397:
may be considered the last survivor (died 1907). He was induced to admit that Simon Magus was a real personage, though he persisted that in the
Clementines he is meant for St. Paul. In 1847 Hilgenfeld dated the original nucleus of the
494:. In doing so, he had adopted completely the Hegelian philosophy of history. "Without philosophy," he has said, "history is always for me dead and dumb." The change of view is illustrated clearly in the essay, published in the
642:, "he carried a sweeping hypothesis into the examination of the New Testament." He considers those writings alone genuine in which the conflict between Jewish-Christians and Gentile-Christians is clearly marked. In his
680:
is later and arose independently; Mark represents a still later development according to Baur; the account in John is idealistic: it "does not possess historical truth, and cannot and does not really lay claim to it."
518:
party that wished to set up its own form of
Christian religion instead of his universal Christianity. He found traces of a keen conflict of parties in the post-apostolic age, which have passed into the mainstream of
602:
is a different person from the Paul of these genuine
Epistles, the author being a Paulinist who, with an eye to the different parties in the Church, is at pains to represent Peter as far as possible as a
1140:
646:(1847) he turns his attention to the Gospels, and here again finds that the authors were conscious of the conflict of parties; the Gospels reveal a mediating or conciliatory tendency (
350:(Pflederer 1890 p. 285) observes, "the choice not less than the treatment of these subjects is indicative of the large breadth of view and the insight of the historian into the
280:
as professor. This move marked a turning-point in his life, for he now set to work on the investigations on which his reputation rests. He had already, in 1817, written a review of
692:. Before it could become a universal religion, it had to struggle with Jewish limitations and to overcome them. The early Christians were Jewish-Christians, to whom Jesus was the
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712:, and Paul the "Apostle to the Gentiles", and this struggle continued down to the middle of the 2nd century. In short, the conflict between Petrinism and Paulinism is, as
277:
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1100:
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Die Christuspartei in der korinthischen Gemeinde, der Gegensatz des paulinischen und petrinischen Christentums in der ältesten Kirche, der Apostel Petrus in Rom
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225:, gave the School's theories their most vigorous expression. The School's influence peaked in the 1840s, but was waning by the early twentieth century.
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221:
followed Baur's lead and edited the Tübingen School's journal, though he was less radical than Baur. A patristic scholar and philosopher at Tübingen,
1130:
268:, and at this early stage in his career he seems to have been under the influence of the old Tübingen School. But at the same time the philosophers
841:"Schwegler, Albert" and "Tübingen School." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
832:"Hilgenfeld, Adolf" and "Tübingen School." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
912:"Harnack, Adolf" and "Tübingen School." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
565:, of the 2nd century, and consequently that the Pastoral Epistles were produced in the middle of the 2nd century in opposition to Gnosticism.
309:
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was published in five volumes during the years 1853-1863, partly by Baur himself, partly by his son, Ferdinand Baur, and his son-in-law,
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652:) on the part of the writers or redactors. The Gospels, in fact, are adaptations or redactions of an older Gospel, such as the
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Baur was a theologian and historian as well as a Biblical critic. As early as 1834 he published a strictly theological work,
304:("Symbol and mythology: the natural religion of Antiquity", 1824–1825), it became evident that he had made a deeper study of
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853:"Tübingen School." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
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The Tübingen School was at the height of its influence in the 1840s, but lost ground to later historical analysis. Since
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Kritische Untersuchungen über die kanonischen Evangelien, ihr Verhältniss zu einander, ihren Charakter und Ursprung
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proposed very early dates for the synoptics and Acts (c. 1910), the Tübingen School has been generally abandoned.
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Gegensatz des Katholicismus und Protestantismus nach den Prinzipien und Hauptdogmen der beiden Lehrbegriffe
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R. 3rd century: Strunzius (on Bardesanes, 1710), Weismann (17l8), Mosheim, Kleuker, Schmidt (Kirchengesch.)
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H. 2nd century: Clericus, Beausobre, Flügge, Münscher, Hoffmann, Döllinger, Hilgers; (middle of 2nd) Hase.
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Die christliche Lehre von der Dreieinigkeit und Menschwerdung Gottes in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung
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Die christliche Lehre von der Versöhnung in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung bis auf die neueste Zeit
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When, a few years after his appointment at Blaubeuren, he published his first important work,
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Baur's theory starts with the supposition that Christianity was gradually developed out of
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30:"Tübingen School" redirects here. For the influential group of modern Plato scholars, see
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character as the universal religion of mankind if Arianism had been triumphant at Nicea.
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Paulus, der Apostel Jesu Christi, sein Leben und Wirken, seine Briefe und seine Lehre
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Meantime Baur had exchanged one master in philosophy for another, Schleiermacher for
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Die christliche Kirche von Anfang des vierten bis zum Ende das sechsten Jahrhunderts
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H. end of 2nd century: Schröck, Cölln, Gieseler (3rd ed.), Schenkel, Gfrörer, Lücke.
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Paul, the apostle of Jesus Christ, his life and work, his Epistles and his Doctrine
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962:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 540–541.
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Petrine, legal Church. It is directed wholly against St. Paul and his sect.
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196:
549:. In this Baur attempts to prove that the false teachers mentioned in the
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R. 2nd or 3rd century: Schröck, Stark, Lumper, Krabbe, Locherer, Gersdorf.
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The Formation of Historical Theology: A Study of Ferdinand Christian Baur
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The theory is further developed in a later work (1835, the year in which
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308:, and had come under the influence of Schelling and more particularly of
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Das Christenthum und die christliche Kirche der drei ersten Jahrhunderte
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were creating a wide and deep impression. In 1817 Baur returned to the
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H. 2nd or 3rd century: Neander, Krabbe, Baur, Ritter, Paniel, Dähne.
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in the same manner, publishing his results in 1845 under the title
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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346:("On Christianity in Platonism: Socrates and Christ") in 1837. As
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puts it, the key to the literature of the 1st and 2nd centuries.
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Ausführlichere Vorlesungen uber die christliche Dogmengeschichte
462:
H. 2nd century (beginning): Credner, Bretschneider, Kern, Rothe.
211:). This and the rest of Baur's work had a profound impact upon
344:Über das Christliche im Platonismus oder Socrates und Christus
700:. Thus there was some antagonism between the Jewish apostles
302:
Symbolik und Mythologie oder die Naturreligion des Altertums
1043:
A Philological introduction to Greek and Latin for students
634:
Baur was prepared to apply his theory to the whole of the
800:, p. 288). Baur's lectures on the history of dogma,
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bears the closest relationship to this original Gospel (
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776:, in which the change of view is specially pronounced.
426:(Nourri) (1647-1724), Johann Georg Heinsius (d. 1733),
744:(1833). This was followed by his larger histories of
370:
Baur rested his ideas about the New Testament on the
57:(Steel engraving by Christoph Friedrich Dörr, 1830s)
430:(1768-1835), Christian Wilhelm Flügge (1773-1828),
292:(ii. 656); its tone was moderate and conservative.
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203:represented the synthesis of two opposing theses:
245:. After training at the theological seminary of
207:(Petrine Christianity) and Gentile Christianity (
598:are genuinely Pauline, and that the Paul of the
804:, were published later by his son (1865–1868).
618:
180:theologian and founder and leader of the (new)
459:R. 4th century: Corrodi, Lentz (Dogmengesch.).
176:(21 June 1792 – 2 December 1860) was a German
8:
1141:Academic staff of the University of Tübingen
698:breach with Judaism, the Temple, and the Law
1034:Church History of the First Three Centuries
1025:Church History of the First Three Centuries
762:Epochen der kirchlichen Geschichtschreibung
1106:19th-century German Protestant theologians
758:Lehrbuch der christlichen Dogmengeschichte
191:where Baur studied and taught). Following
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36:
696:. Paul, on the other hand, represented a
1101:19th-century Christian biblical scholars
418:(1637-1713), Casimir Oudin (1638-1717),
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568:He next proceeded to investigate other
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498:for 1831, on the Christ-party in the
328:religious system") appeared in 1831,
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1096:People from the Duchy of Württemberg
690:List of events in early Christianity
627:Modern Anti-Trinitarianism and Islam
582:. In this he contends that only the
547:Über die sogenannten Pastoralbriefe
253:. Here he studied for a time under
278:theological seminary at Blaubeuren
25:
1050:F.C. Baur on the Higher Criticism
772:(1859), works preparatory to his
732:on the lines of Schleiermacher's
607:and Paul as far as possible as a
592:Second Epistle to the Corinthians
422:(Natalis Alexander) (1639-1724),
948:Canney, Maurice Arthur (1911). "
935:
780:Death and posthumous publication
444:Friedrich August Gottreu Tholuck
428:Ernst Friedrich Karl Rosenmüller
322:Das manichäische Religionssystem
1131:German male non-fiction writers
471:H. 3rd century: Mill, Mosheim,
352:comparative history of religion
215:of biblical and related texts.
756:(3 vols., 1841–1843), and the
1:
1136:University of Tübingen alumni
1046:translated by Paul Kegen 1879
1001:. New York: Harper & Row.
27:German theologian (1792–1860)
436:Johann Georg Veit Engelhardt
982:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
440:Johann Karl Ludwig Gieseler
432:Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider
201:second century Christianity
32:Plato's unwritten doctrines
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736:, and a vigorous reply to
533:Paul of Tarsus and Judaism
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257:, grandson of the eminent
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950:Baur, Ferdinand Christian
615:Early Christian conflicts
551:Second Epistle to Timothy
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249:, he went in 1809 to the
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1116:German biblical scholars
1061:26 November 2011 at the
1029:1878 English translation
584:Epistle to the Galatians
448:August Friedrich Gfrörer
366:Ferdinand Christian Baur
310:Friedrich Schleiermacher
174:Ferdinand Christian Baur
41:Ferdinand Christian Baur
997:Hodgson, P. C. (1966).
959:Encyclopædia Britannica
930:Development of Theology
798:Development of Theology
784:Baur died, aged 68, in
424:Denis-Nicolas Le Nourry
1121:New Testament scholars
728:, a strong defence of
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481:H. 4th century: Lentz.
412:Jean-Baptiste Cotelier
367:
336:Die christliche Gnosis
270:Johann Gottlieb Fichte
266:Johann Albrecht Bengel
251:University of Tübingen
189:University of Tübingen
133:University of Tübingen
103:Kingdom of Württemberg
1126:Christian theologians
654:Gospel of the Hebrews
596:Epistle to the Romans
475:, Gieseler (2nd ed.).
400:Clementine literature
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1091:People from Fellbach
600:Acts of the Apostles
575:Acts of the Apostles
496:Tübinger Zeitschrift
358:Simon Magus and Paul
331:Apollonius von Tyana
290:Archiv für Theologie
209:Pauline Christianity
81:Duchy of Württemberg
978:The Tübingen School
974:Harris, H. (1975).
886:, pp. 540–541.
561:, particularly the
316:and the history of
286:Biblische Theologie
274:Friedrich Schelling
205:Jewish Christianity
199:, Baur argued that
182:Tübingen School of
158:School or tradition
122:Academic background
1111:Christ myth theory
638:; in the words of
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54:Dr. F. C. von Baur
814:Adolf von Harnack
790:Kirchengeschichte
774:Kirchengeschichte
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45:
38:
33:
19:
1068:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1013:
998:
977:
957:
929:
908:
879:
837:
828:
811:
801:
797:
789:
783:
773:
769:
768:(1853), and
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
741:
733:
725:
723:
714:Karl Schwarz
683:
674:Urevangelium
673:
647:
643:
633:
619:
579:
573:
567:
546:
542:
536:
503:
495:
489:
450:(1803-1861).
416:William Cave
391:
369:
343:
338:("Christian
335:
329:
321:
301:
299:
289:
285:
255:Ernst Bengel
236:
227:
217:
181:
173:
172:
93:(1860-12-02)
73:21 June 1792
53:
1086:1860 deaths
1081:1792 births
901:Canney 1911
884:Canney 1911
872:Canney 1911
688:, see also
563:Marcionites
386:Simon Magus
372:Clementines
296:Early works
233:Early years
110:Nationality
1075:Categories
989:0198266421
820:References
640:H. S. Nash
543:Leben Jesu
531:See also:
326:Manichaean
306:philosophy
247:Blaubeuren
178:Protestant
144:Discipline
128:Alma mater
69:1792-06-21
1065:, summary
738:J. Möhler
609:Petrinist
605:Paulinist
334:in 1832,
314:mythology
282:G. Kaiser
243:Cannstatt
197:dialectic
1059:Archived
928:(1890).
786:Tübingen
764:(1852),
752:(1838),
742:Symbolik
720:Theology
658:of Peter
624:—
572:and the
559:Gnostics
557:are the
473:Gallandi
376:Ebionite
239:Schmiden
184:theology
148:Theology
99:Tübingen
77:Schmiden
1038:English
956:(ed.).
946::
920:Sources
788:. The
694:Messiah
686:Judaism
670:Matthew
649:Tendenz
512:Corinth
381:Marcion
241:, near
986:
952:". In
940:
629:, 1912
379:rest;
340:Gnosis
324:("The
262:critic
113:German
1036:Vol 2
1027:Vol 1
746:dogma
706:James
702:Peter
664:, or
588:First
514:by a
492:Hegel
318:dogma
193:Hegel
984:ISBN
710:John
708:and
678:Luke
594:and
590:and
553:and
508:Paul
272:and
88:Died
63:Born
740:'s
354:."
284:'s
1077::
891:^
858:^
846:^
748:,
704:,
660:,
656:,
611:.
586:,
541:'
502:,
320:.
264:,
101:,
79:,
992:.
71:)
67:(
34:.
20:)
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