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The merit of the yung-ying had lain in the close personal ties between officers and men. Army commanders (t'ung-ling) personally chose the commanders of the various battalions under them. Each battalion commander (ying-kuan) responsible for some 550 men would personally choose his company officers
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Although rations came from public funds, the yung-ying troops were nevertheless grateful to the officers of the battalion for selecting them to be put on the rolls, as if they had received personal favours from the officers. Since in ordinary times there existed relations of kindness as well as
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between 1861 and 1890 of the 44 governor-generals appointed 20 were militia commanders and of the 117 governors appointed in the same time period over 52 were militia commanders with 25% of the governors not possessing the 2 highest grades of the imperial civil service exam
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By the end of the Nien War in 1868, a new kind of military force had emerged as the Ch'ing dynasty's chief bulwark of security. Often referred to by historians as regional armies, these forces were generally described at the time as yung-ying (lit. 'brave
183:), known as the "Yong Ying". Yong were not regarded as part of the official imperial army of Eight Banners or Green Standard, with their funding and logistics provided by civilian society, not the imperial governments.
179:(Chinese:勇), literally "braves", was the official name for members of the militia, which was recruited from the local civilian (Han Chinese) population. These "braves" were grouped into units or battalions (
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Standard Army. It used modern weapons and the officers were never rotated, so relationships formed between officers and the troops, unlike in the Green Standard and Banner forces.
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to organise tuanlian for self-defense, with both funding and control in the hands of local gentry and landowners.
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mutual confidence, in battle it could be expected that they would see each other through hardship and adversity.
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and numerous rebellions exposed the ineffectiveness of the Manchu
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court began to order local gentry and landowners in all ten
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army, which fought in most of China's wars after the
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The
Military Challenge: The North-west and the Coast
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115:. The Yong Ying were created from the earlier
391:. Princeton University Press. pp. 31–33.
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223:List of Yong Ying Armies
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