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fan systems. Geologic processes influencing turbidite systems can either be of allogenic or autogenic origin and submarine fan models are designed to capture the impact of these processes on reservoir presence, reservoir distribution, morphology, and architecture of turbidite deposits. Some significant allogenic forcing includes the effect of sea level fluctuations, regional tectonic events, sediment supply type, sediment supply rate, and sediment concentration. Autogenic controls can include seafloor topography, confinements, and slope gradients. There are about 26 submarine fan models. Some common fan models include the classical single-source suprafan model, models depicting fans with attached lobes, detached lobes fan model, and submarine fan models relating to the response of turbidite systems to varying grain sizes and different feeder systems. The integration of subsurface datasets such as 3D/4D seismic reflection, well logs, and core data as well as modern seafloor bathymetry studies, numerical forward stratigraphic modeling, and flume tank experiments are enabling improvements and more realistic development of submarine fan models across different basins.
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It is unusual to see all of a complete Bouma cycle, as successive turbidity currents may erode the unconsolidated upper sequences. Alternatively, the entire sequence may not be present depending on whether the exposed section was at the edge of the turbidity current lobe (where it may be present as a
622:
Goldfinger, C., Nelson, C.H., Morey, A., Johnson, J.E., Gutierrez-Pastor, J., Eriksson, A.T., Karabanov, E., Patton, J., Gracia, E., Enkin, R., Dallimore, A., Dunhill, G., and
Vallier, T., 2012, Turbidite Event History: Methods and Implications for Holocene Paleoseismicity of the Cascadia Subduction
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Submarine fan models are often based on source-to-sink concepts linking sediment source areas, and sediment routing systems to the eventual depositional environments of turbidite deposits. They are aimed at providing insights into the relationships between different geologic processes and turbidite
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Turbidites are deposited in the deep ocean troughs below the continental shelf, or similar structures in deep lakes, by underwater avalanches which slide down the steep slopes of the continental shelf edge. When the material comes to rest in the ocean trough, it is the sand and other coarse material
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It is now recognized that the vertical progression of sedimentary structures described by Bouma applies to turbidites deposited by low-density turbidity currents. As the sand concentration of a flow increases, grain-to-grain collisions within the turbid suspension create dispersive pressures that
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to trigger density-based avalanches. Density currents may be triggered in areas of high sediment supply by gravitational failure alone. Turbidites can represent a high resolution record of seismicity, and terrestrial storm/flood events depending on the connectivity of canyon/channel systems to
203:). The water must be travelling at a certain velocity in order to suspend the particle in the water and push it along. The greater the size or density of the particle relative to the fluid in which it is travelling, the higher the water velocity required to suspend it and transport it.
218:. In this case, larger fragments of rock can be transported at water velocities too low to otherwise do so because of the lower density contrast (that is, the water plus sediment has a higher density than the water and is therefore closer to the density of the rock).
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A new high-resolution radiocarbon
Bayesian age model of the Holocene and Late Pleistocene from core MD02-2494 and others, Effingham Inlet, British Columbia, Canada; with an application to the paleoseismic event chronology of the Cascadia Subduction
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become important in hindering further settling of grains. As a consequence, a slightly different set of sedimentary structures develops in turbidites deposited by high-density turbidity currents. This different set of structures is known as the
449:
Mutti, E. & Ricci Lucci, F. (1975) Turbidite facies and facies associations. In: Examples of turbidite facies and associations from selected formations of the northern
Apennines. IX Int. Congress of Sedimentology, Field Trip A-11, p.
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Mutti, E., Ricci Lucci, F., 1975. Turbidite facies and facies associations, in: examples of turbidite facies and associations from selected formations of the northern
Apennines. In: IX Int. Congress of Sedimentology, Field Trip A-11, p.
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and terminated in shales. This was anomalous because within the deep ocean it had historically been assumed that there was no mechanism by which tractional flow could carry and deposit coarse-grained sediments into the abyssal depths.
548:
Griffiths, C.M., Dyt, C., Paraschivoiu, E., Liu, K. (2001). Sedsim in
Hydrocarbon Exploration. In: Merriam, D.F., Davis, J.C. (eds) Geologic Modeling and Simulation. Computer Applications in the Earth Sciences. Springer, Boston, MA.
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Normark, W.R. (1978) "Fan valleys, channels, and depositional lobes on modern submarine fans : Characters for recognition of sandy turbidite environments", American
Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 62 (6), p.
667:
Strasser, M., Anselmetti, F.S., Fäh, D., Giardini, D., and
Schnellmann, M., 2006, Magnitudes and source areas of large prehistoric northern Alpine earthquakes revealed by slope failures in lakes: Geology, v. 34,
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A. Prélat, J.A. Covault, D.M. Hodgson, A. Fildani, S.S. Flint, (2010) Intrinsic controls on the range of volumes, morphologies, and dimensions of submarine lobes, Sedimentary
Geology, Volume 232, Issues 1–2,
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Turbidites from lakes and fjords are also important as they can provide chronologic evidence of the frequency of landslides and the earthquakes that presumably formed them, by dating using radiocarbon or
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industry makes strenuous efforts to predict the location, overall shape, and internal characteristics of these sediment bodies in order to efficiently develop fields as well as explore for new reserves.
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Walker, R.G. (1978) "Deep-water sandstone facies and ancient submarine fans: model for exploration for stratigraphic traps", American
Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 62 (6), p. 932–966.
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begin with an erosional contact of a coarse lower bed of pebble to granule conglomerate in a sandy matrix, and grade up through coarse then medium plane parallel sandstone; through cross-bedded
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Mutti, E., Ricci Lucchi, F., 1972. Turbidites of the northern
Apennines, introduction to facies analysis (English translation by T.H. Nilsen, 1978) International Geology Review 20, p.125-166.
562:
Zhang, L., Pan, M., and Li, Z., 2020, 3D modeling of deepwater turbidite lobes: a review of the research status and progress, Petroleum Science, p. 17, doi:10.1007/s12182-019-00415-y.
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Turbidites were first properly described by Arnold H. Bouma (1962), who studied deepwater sediments and recognized particular "fining-up intervals" within deep water, fine-grained
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G. Shanmugam, Submarine fans: A critical retrospective (1950–2015), (2016) Journal of Palaeogeography, Volume 5, Issue 2, p. 110-184. describing turbidite source to sink systems.
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Turbidites provide a mechanism for assigning a tectonic and depositional setting to ancient sedimentary sequences as they usually represent deep-water rocks formed offshore of a
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In: Examples of turbidite facies and associations from selected formations of the northern Apennines. IX Int. Congress of Sedimentology, Field Trip A-11, p. 21–36.
346:, where more than 2,600 tons of gold have been extracted from saddle-reef deposits hosted in shale sequences from a thick succession of Cambrian-Ordovician turbidites.
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Fairbridge, Rhodes W. (ed.) (1966) The Encyclopedia of Oceanography, Encyclopedia of earth sciences series 1, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, p. 945–946.
649:
Normark, W.R. (1978) "Fan valleys, channels, and depositional lobes on modern submarine fans : Characters for recognition of sandy turbidite environments",
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Walker, R.G., 1978. Deep-water sandstone facies and ancient submarine fans, models for exploration for stratigraphic traps. AAPG Bulletin 62, p.932-966.
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Reading, H.G., Richards, M., (1994). Turbidite systems in deepwater basin margins classified by grain size and feeder system. AAPG Bulletin 78, p.794.
277:. Sedimentary models of such fan systems typically are subdivided into upper, mid, and lower fan sequences each with distinct sand-body geometries,
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Stow, D.A.V., Mayall, M., (2000). Deep-water sedimentary systems: new models for the 21st century. Marine and Petroleum Geology 17 (2), p.125-135.
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633:, Brümmer, R., and Urrutia, R., 2007, Giant earthquakes in South-Central Chile revealed by Holocene mass-wasting events in Lake Puyehue:
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all create density-based flow situations and, especially in the latter, can create sequences which are strikingly similar to turbidites.
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which settles first followed by mud and eventually the very fine particulate matter. It is this sequence of deposition that creates the
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Bouma, Arnold H. (1962) Sedimentology of some Flysch deposits: A graphic approach to facies interpretation, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 168 p
144:, bedding, and changing lithology is representative of strong to waning flow regime currents and their corresponding sedimentation.
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This condition occurs in many environments aside from simply the deep ocean, where turbidites are particularly well represented.
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thin deposit), or upslope from the deposition centre and manifested as a scour channel filled with fine sands grading up into a
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Walker, R.G. (1978) "Deep-water sandstone facies and ancient submarine fans: model for exploration for stratigraphic traps",
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Sediment gravity flows: II. Depositional models with special reference to the deposits of high-density turbidity currents,
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Sediment gravity flows: II. Depositional models with special reference to the deposits of high-density turbidity currents,
266:, and an absence of shallow-water features. A different vertical progression of sedimentary structures characterize
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of sediment during transport causes a change to the density of the fluid. This is usually achieved by highly
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or stream bed, particles of rock are carried along by frictional drag of water on the particle (known as
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Journal of Sedimentology, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, v. 52, p. 279–297.
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Zone, USGS Professional Paper 1661-F, Reston, VA, U.S. Geological Survey, p. 184 p, 64 Figures.
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619:, Encyclopedia of earth sciences series 1, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, p. 945–946.
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Journal of Sedimentology, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, v. 52, p. 279-297.
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Massive accumulations of turbidites and other deep-water deposits may result in the formation of
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Turbidites in sediments can occur in carbonate as well as siliciclastic sequences.
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Sedimentology of some Flysch deposits: A graphic approach to facies interpretation
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Complete Bouma sequence in Devonian Sandstone (Becke-Oese Quarry, Germany)
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Lithified accumulations of turbidite deposits may, in time, become
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Turbidite sedimentary processes in carbonates, Trenton Formation.
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Turbidites are sediments which are transported and deposited by
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gold deposits are also known from turbidite basin deposits.
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changes between the turbidite and native pelagic sediments,
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American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin
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American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin
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Classic, low-density turbidites are characterized by
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58:, which is a type of amalgamation of fluidal and
690:. American Association of Petroleum Geologists.
686:Arnold H. Bouma, Charles G. Stone, ed. (2000).
330:Turbidite sequences are classic hosts for lode
281:distributions, and lithologic characteristics.
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62:responsible for distributing vast amounts of
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662:Sedimentology of the Grès d'Annot Formation
551:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1359-9_5
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644:Turbidite facies and facies associations.
206:Density-based flow, however, occurs when
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27:Geologic deposit of a turbidity current
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284:Turbidite deposits typically occur in
195:The distinction is that, in a normal
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705:S. A. Lomas, P. Joseph, ed. (2004).
262:, thick sediment sequences, regular
615:Fairbridge, Rhodes W. (ed.) (1966)
334:deposits, the prime example being
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709:. Geological Society of London.
625:http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1661f/
617:The Encyclopedia of Oceanography
382:High-density turbidity currents
322:above and below the turbidite.
688:Fine-Grained Turbidite Systems
314:terrestrial sediment sources.
39:that characterize these rocks.
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601:, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 168 p.
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707:Confined Turbidite Systems
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225:on the side of volcanoes,
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825:Basaltic trachyandesite
805:Alkali feldspar granite
660:Ødegård, Stefan (2000)
571:Goldfinger et al., 2012
268:high-density turbidites
392:Sediment gravity flows
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657:(6), p. 912–931.
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85:Turbidite sequence.
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636:Sedimentary Geology
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357:reservoirs and the
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16:(Redirected from
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1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1036:Phonotephrite
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
941:Hyaloclastite
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
890:
887:
886:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
868:
865:
864:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
790:
788:
784:
775:
770:
768:
763:
761:
756:
755:
752:
746:
742:
739:
736:
735:
731:
726:
722:
718:
712:
708:
703:
699:
693:
689:
684:
683:
679:
674:
670:
666:
663:
659:
656:
652:
648:
645:
641:
638:
637:
632:
628:
626:
621:
618:
614:
612:
608:
603:
600:
596:
595:
586:
583:
577:
574:
568:
565:
559:
556:
552:
545:
542:
535:
532:
526:
523:
517:
514:
508:
505:
498:
495:
489:
486:
480:
478:
476:
472:
466:
463:
456:
453:
446:
443:
437:
434:
430:
424:
422:
418:
412:
409:
402:
398:
395:
393:
390:
387:
386:Lowe sequence
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
365:
363:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
325:
323:
321:
315:
312:
308:
300:
298:
291:
289:
287:
282:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
260:sole markings
257:
253:
249:
246:
242:
237:
234:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
184:flow, not by
183:
175:
170:
163:
161:
159:
158:Lowe sequence
153:
151:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:
127:conglomerates
124:
115:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
87:Carboniferous
83:
76:
74:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:
46:
38:
32:
19:
1673:Luxullianite
1653:Lapis lazuli
1598:Blue Granite
1525:Serpentinite
1500:Metapsammite
1389:
1250:Conglomerate
1172:Trondhjemite
1150:Trachybasalt
1091:Pantellerite
991:Monzogranite
936:Hornblendite
921:Granodiorite
787:Igneous rock
724:
706:
687:
672:
661:
654:
650:
643:
634:
616:
611:Article link
605:
598:
585:
576:
567:
558:
544:
534:
525:
516:
507:
497:
488:
465:
455:
445:
436:
428:
411:
352:
329:
316:
304:
295:
283:
272:
248:ripple marks
238:
235:
220:
208:liquefaction
205:
200:
194:
179:
172:Gorgoglione
154:
150:pelagic ooze
146:
134:Bouma cycles
132:
120:
99:County Clare
44:
42:
1562:Whiteschist
1453:Greenschist
1433:Cataclasite
1423:Amphibolite
1350:Phosphorite
1300:Itacolumite
1225:Calcarenite
1071:Quartzolite
1006:Nephelinite
976:Lamprophyre
931:Harzburgite
889:Napoleonite
862:Charnockite
857:Carbonatite
847:Blairmorite
810:Anorthosite
355:hydrocarbon
348:Proterozoic
93:Formation (
1763:Categories
1728:Teschenite
1713:Shonkinite
1688:Pietersite
1683:Novaculite
1593:Borolanite
1578:Adamellite
1495:Metapelite
1463:Calcflinta
1428:Blueschist
1418:Anthracite
1400:Wackestone
1380:Travertine
1325:Lumachelle
1305:Jaspillite
1260:Diamictite
1182:Websterite
1167:Troctolite
1143:Benmoreite
1103:Shonkinite
1076:Rhyodacite
1056:Pyroxenite
1026:Peridotite
986:Lherzolite
961:Kimberlite
951:Ignimbrite
946:Icelandite
926:Granophyre
835:Shoshonite
403:References
372:Contourite
301:Importance
190:frictional
186:tractional
101:, Western
77:Sequencing
71:deep ocean
18:Turbidites
1743:Variolite
1733:Theralite
1723:Tachylite
1708:Rodingite
1678:Mangerite
1658:Larvikite
1643:Jasperoid
1638:Jadeitite
1603:Epidosite
1557:Tectonite
1550:Soapstone
1515:Quartzite
1485:Migmatite
1470:Itabirite
1448:Granulite
1390:Turbidite
1370:Sylvinite
1365:Siltstone
1355:Sandstone
1340:Oil shale
1320:Limestone
1295:Gritstone
1290:Greywacke
1285:Geyserite
1275:Evaporite
1265:Diatomite
1240:Claystone
1205:Argillite
1118:Tachylyte
1086:Comendite
1031:Phonolite
1021:Pegmatite
996:Monzonite
971:Lamproite
966:Komatiite
906:Foidolite
867:Enderbite
830:Mugearite
359:petroleum
311:tectonism
227:mudslides
212:turbulent
164:Formation
138:sandstone
91:Sandstone
69:into the
45:turbidite
1718:Taconite
1693:Pyrolite
1618:Ganister
1588:Aphanite
1583:Appinite
1505:Phyllite
1490:Mylonite
1458:Hornfels
1438:Eclogite
1335:Mudstone
1310:Laterite
1270:Dolomite
1187:Wehrlite
1162:Trachyte
1155:Hawaiite
1133:Tonalite
1128:Tephrite
1081:Rhyolite
1046:Porphyry
1016:Obsidian
901:Essexite
852:Boninite
842:Basanite
800:Andesite
741:Archived
631:Pino, M.
502:p.66-76.
460:912–931.
366:See also
340:Ballarat
279:sediment
95:Namurian
67:sediment
49:geologic
1738:Unakite
1668:Llanite
1633:Ijolite
1608:Felsite
1540:Suevite
1375:Tillite
1315:Lignite
1255:Coquina
1220:Breccia
1113:Syenite
1041:Picrite
956:Ijolite
916:Granite
884:Diorite
879:Diabase
795:Adakite
336:Bendigo
264:bedding
252:pelagic
245:current
182:density
103:Ireland
64:clastic
52:deposit
47:is the
1648:Kenyte
1623:Gossan
1520:Schist
1480:Marble
1443:Gneiss
1345:Oolite
1210:Arkose
1108:Sovite
1098:Scoria
1051:Pumice
1011:Norite
981:Latite
911:Gabbro
896:Dunite
874:Dacite
820:Basalt
815:Aplite
713:
694:
539:21-36.
450:21–36.
377:Flysch
320:varves
223:Lahars
216:slurry
192:flow.
174:Flysch
123:shales
109:image)
1613:Flint
1535:Slate
1530:Skarn
1395:Varve
1360:Shale
1280:Flint
1235:Chert
1230:Chalk
607:Zone1
256:fauna
197:river
89:Ross
54:of a
1385:Tufa
1330:Marl
1245:Coal
1177:Tuff
711:ISBN
692:ISBN
338:and
332:gold
229:and
107:USGS
1748:Wad
342:in
188:or
97:),
1765::
655:62
653:,
474:^
420:^
288:.
270:.
243:,
152:.
73:.
43:A
773:e
766:t
759:v
719:.
700:.
553:.
388:)
384:(
105:(
20:)
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