139:
680:(AC) generator fixed on the same shaft as the alternator. The AC stator generates a small amount of field coil excitation current, which is induced in the rotor and rectified to DC by a bridge rectifier built in to the windings where it excites the field coils of the larger connected alternator to generate electricity. This system has the advantage of not requiring brushes, which increases service life, although with a slightly lower overall efficiency. A variation of this system is a type of alternator that uses direct current from a battery for initial excitation upon start-up, after which the alternator becomes self-excited.
779:
872:
971:) or a voltage-sensitive relay. Due to the high cost of large house battery banks, Marine alternators generally use external regulators. Multistep regulators control the field current to maximize the charging effectiveness (time to charge) and battery life. Multistep regulators can be programmed for different battery types. Two temperature sensors can be added: one for the battery to adjust the charging voltage and an over-temperature sensor on the actual alternator to protect it from overheating.
963:(ignition protected) so that brush sparking will not ignite explosive gas mixtures in an engine room environment. Depending on the type of system installed, they may be 12 or 24 volts. Larger marine diesels may have two or more alternators to cope with the heavy electrical demand of a modern yacht. On single alternator circuits, the power may be split between the engine starting battery and the domestic or house battery (or batteries) by use of a
238:
33:
1006:, both the field winding and armature winding are stationary, and current is induced in the armature by the changing magnetic reluctance of the rotor (which has no windings or current-carrying parts). Such machines were made to produce radio frequency current for radio transmissions, although the efficiency was low.
706:
are readily identifiable in the large versions. The main alternator is the larger of the two sections, and the smaller one is the exciter. The exciter has stationary field coils and a rotating armature (power coils). The main alternator uses the opposite configuration with a rotating field and stationary armature. A
276:
magnetizing current in the rotor, but are restricted in size due to the cost of the magnet material. Since the permanent magnet field is constant, the terminal voltage varies directly with the speed of the generator. Brushless AC generators are usually larger than those used in automotive applications.
713:
Varying the amount of current through the stationary exciter field coils varies the 3-phase output from the exciter. This output is rectified by a rotating rectifier assembly mounted on the rotor, and the resultant DC supplies the rotating field of the main alternator and hence alternator output. The
705:
A brushless alternator is composed of two alternators built end-to-end on one shaft. Until 1966, alternators used brushes with rotating field. With the advancement in semiconductor technology, brushless alternators are possible. Smaller brushless alternators may look like one unit, but the two parts
275:
The rotor's magnetic field may be produced by permanent magnets or by a field coil electromagnet. Automotive alternators use a rotor winding, which allows control of the alternator's generated voltage by varying the current in the rotor field winding. Permanent magnet machines avoid the loss due to
750:
connections smaller and less costly; only two contacts are needed for the direct-current rotor, whereas often a rotor winding has three phases, and multiple sections which would each require a slip-ring connection. The stationary armature can be wound for any convenient medium voltage level, up to
759:
Many alternators are cooled by ambient air, forced through the enclosure by an attached fan on the shaft that drives the alternator. In vehicles such as transit buses, a heavy demand on the electrical system may require a large alternator to be oil-cooled. In marine applications water-cooling is
200:
introduced in 1878, ran better on alternating current, and the development of these early AC generating systems was accompanied by the first use of the word "alternator". Supplying the proper amount of voltage from generating stations in these early systems was left up to the engineer's skill in
213:
alternators were introduced to supply currents of multiple differing phases. Later alternators were designed for various alternating current frequencies between sixteen and about one hundred hertz for use with arc lighting, incandescent lighting, and electric motors. Specialized radio frequency
745:
or the magnetic field. The revolving armature type has the armature wound on the rotor, where the winding moves through a stationary magnetic field. The revolving armature type is not often used. The revolving field type has a magnetic field on the rotor to rotate through a stationary armature
939:
The first diesel electric locomotives, and many of those still in service, use DC generators as, before silicon power electronics, it was easier to control the speed of DC traction motors. Most of these had two generators: one to generate the excitation current for a larger main generator.
688:
This method depends on residual magnetism retained in the iron core to generate a weak magnetic field, which would allow a weak voltage to be generated. This voltage is used to excite the field coils so the alternator can generate stronger voltage as part of its
279:
An automatic voltage control device controls the field current to keep the output voltage constant. If the output voltage from the stationary armature coils drops due to an increase in demand, more current is fed into the rotating field coils through the
710:, called the rotating rectifier assembly, is mounted on the rotor. Neither brushes nor slip rings are used, which reduces the number of wearing parts. The main alternator has a rotating field and a stationary armature (power generation windings).
667:
the field coils of the connected alternator to generate electricity. A variation of this system is a type of alternator that uses direct current from a battery for initial excitation upon start-up, after which the alternator becomes self-excited.
732:
Another way to classify alternators is by the number of phases of their output voltage. The output can be single phase or polyphase. Three-phase alternators are the most common, but polyphase alternators can be two-phase, six-phase, or more.
646:
A device that uses permanent magnets to produce alternating current is called a permanent magnet alternator (PMA). A permanent magnet generator (PMG) may produce either alternating current or direct current if it has a
241:
Diagram of a simple alternator with a rotating magnetic core (rotor) and stationary wire (stator) also showing the current induced in the stator by the rotating magnetic field of the rotor.
284:(VR). This increases the magnetic field around the field coils, which induces a greater voltage in the armature coils. Thus, the output voltage is brought back up to its original value.
1441:
1195:
857:
Most power generation stations use synchronous machines as their generators. The connection of these generators to the utility grid requires synchronization conditions to be met.
959:
Marine alternators used in yachts are similar to automotive alternators, with appropriate adaptations to the salt-water environment. Marine alternators are designed to be
261:, wound in coils on an iron core. The field cuts across the conductors, generating an induced EMF (electromotive force), as the mechanical input causes the rotor to turn.
998:
High-frequency alternators of the variable-reluctance type were applied commercially to radio transmission in low-frequency radio bands. These were used for transmitting
311:
One cycle of alternating current is produced each time a pair of field poles passes over a point on the stationary winding. The relation between speed and frequency is
346:
146:. This machine was used as a generator producing 3,000-volt, 133-hertz, single-phase AC, and an identical machine 3 miles (4.8 km) away was used as an AC motor.
951:. The HEP option requires a constant engine speed, typically 900 r/min for a 480 V 60 Hz HEP application, even when the locomotive is not moving.
406:
386:
366:
138:
1868:
1612:
272:
in the stator windings. Since the currents in the stator windings vary in step with the position of the rotor, an alternator is a synchronous generator.
1300:
205:
invented the constant voltage generator that could produce a stated output voltage, regardless of the value of the actual load. The introduction of
1183:
1259:
Christopher Cooper, The Truth about Tesla: The Myth of the Lone Genius in the
History of Innovation, Quarto Publishing Group USA – 2015, page 93
154:
in the 1830s. Rotating generators naturally produced alternating current, but since there was little use for it, it was normally converted into
1450:
1206:
1041:
1408:
616:
Alternators may be classified by the method of excitation, number of phases, the type of rotation, cooling method, and their application.
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The traction alternator usually incorporates integral silicon diode rectifiers to provide the traction motors with up to 1,200 volts DC.
143:
1101:
1335:
1321:
826:
742:
253:). This EMF reverses its polarity when it moves under magnetic poles of opposite polarity. Typically, a rotating magnet, called the
77:
663:(DC) generator fixed on the same shaft as the alternator. The DC generator generates a small amount of electricity, just enough to
142:
In what is considered the first industrial use of alternating current in 1891, workers pose with a
Westinghouse alternator at the
2048:
1578:
1290:
Donald Scott McPartland, Almost Edison: How
William Sawyer and Others Lost the Race to Electrification, ProQuest – 2006, page 135
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tens of thousands of volts; manufacture of slip ring connections for more than a few thousand volts is costly and inconvenient.
1605:
209:
in the mid-1880s led to the widespread use of alternating current and the use of alternators needed to produce it. After 1891,
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1997:
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1509:
1304:
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Jill Jonnes, Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, And The Race To
Electrify The World, Random House – 2004, page 47
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The late 1870s saw the introduction of the first large-scale electrical systems with central generation stations to power
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If you are the editor who added this template and you are actively editing, please be sure to replace this template with
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depends on the number of poles and the rotational speed. The speed corresponding to a particular frequency is called the
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1352:
1231:
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winding. The advantage is that then the rotor circuit carries much less power than the armature circuit, making the
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2150:
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884:
299:. Often, there are three sets of stator windings, physically offset so that the rotating magnetic field produces a
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1843:
1821:
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296:
174:– each active conductor passed successively through regions where the magnetic field was in opposite directions.
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1948:
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also used. Expensive automobiles may use water-cooled alternators to meet high electrical system demands.
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systems sometimes give the frequency in terms of alternations per minute, counting each half-cycle as one
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1953:
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69:
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2002:
1972:
1926:
1749:
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891:
714:
result is that a small DC exciter current indirectly controls the output of the main alternator.
196:, used to light whole streets, factory yards, or the interior of large warehouses. Some, such as
57:
1056:
1420:
The
Electrical Year Book 1937, published by Emmott & Co. Ltd., Manchester, England, page 72
91:
can be called an alternator, but usually, the term refers to small rotating machines driven by
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2125:
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2007:
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81:
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Alternating current generating systems were known in simple forms from the discovery of the
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There are two main ways to produce the magnetic field used in the alternators: by using
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1931:
1883:
1831:
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Soft synchronization of dispersed generators to micro grids for smart grid applications
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You are welcome to assist in its construction by editing it as well. If this section
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or a rotating armature with a stationary magnetic field is used. In principle, any
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2012:
1943:
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300:
206:
175:
119:
17:
1449:. Federal Aviation Administration. 2008. pp. 10_160–10_161. Archived from
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37:
1137:
Electrical railroading; or, Electricity as applied to railroad transportation
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1938:
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1327:
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also developed early alternators, producing frequencies between 100 and 300
32:
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process. After the initial AC voltage buildup, the field is supplied with
237:
1967:
1811:
1767:
219:
193:
303:
current, displaced by one-third of a period with respect to each other.
295:
and to help stabilize the power system against the effects of momentary
162:
in the generator. The early machines were developed by pioneers such as
2043:
2038:
1066:
107:
1572:
72:. For reasons of cost and simplicity, most alternators use a rotating
1721:
1645:
1021:
898:
632:. The alternators that use permanent magnets are specifically called
258:
126:
generate most of the world's electric power, which is distributed by
99:
1590:
1205:. Vol. 49, no. 3. Summer 1972. p. 185. Archived from
1184:
D. M. Mattox, The
Foundations of Vacuum Coating Technology, page 39
1255:
1253:
1196:"Charles C. Britton, An Early Electric Power Facility in Colorado"
906:
870:
236:
188:
https://www.reliablebusinessarena.com/traction-alternators-r857616
183:
170:. Faraday developed the "rotating rectangle", whose operation was
137:
31:
1443:
Aviation
Maintenance Technician Handbook—General (FAA-H-8083-30)
420:; so 12,000 alternations per minute corresponds to 100 Hz.
1594:
894:
and to power the electrical system when its engine is running.
1002:
and, experimentally, for transmitting voice and music. In the
772:
92:
628:, which create their persistent magnetic field, or by using
245:
A conductor moving relative to a magnetic field develops an
1585:
Alternator, Arc and Spark. The first
Wireless Transmitters
257:, turns within a stationary set of conductors, called the
1167:"List of Plug/Sockets and Voltage of Different Countries"
1139:. Chicago: Frederick J. Drake & Co. pp. 456–463.
788:
is in a state of significant expansion or restructuring.
229:
stations before vacuum tube transmitters replaced them.
929:
turns an alternator which provides electricity for the
834:
813:
792:
1353:"Milestones:Alternating Current Electrification, 1886"
1232:"Milestones:Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant, 1891"
118:
are called turbo-alternators. Large 50 or 60 Hz
394:
374:
354:
317:
1869:
Dual-rotor permanent magnet induction motor (DRPMIM)
809:. Click on the link for template parameters to use.
2118:
2057:
2031:
1986:
1917:
1758:
1735:
1660:
672:
Direct-connected alternating-current (AC) generator
27:
Device converting mechanical into electrical energy
1323:A Handbook of Circuit Math for Technical Engineers
875:Alternator mounted on an automobile engine with a
400:
380:
360:
340:
1523:Fundamentals of Medium/Heavy Duty Diesel Engines
676:This method of excitation consists of a smaller
659:This method of excitation consists of a smaller
639:In other alternators, wound field coils form an
225:around World War 1 and used in a few high power
1156:, John Wiley and Sons, 1966 no ISBN pp. 391-393
655:Direct-connected direct-current (DC) generator
1606:
741:The revolving part of alternators can be the
8:
368:is the frequency in Hz (cycles per second).
909:rectifiers, alternators were used instead.
291:also control the field current to regulate
1613:
1599:
1591:
1525:, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2015,
1301:American Society for Engineering Education
40:in the power generating hall of a Russian
1575:, ForceField, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
393:
388:is the number of poles (2, 4, 6, …), and
373:
353:
330:
316:
1148:
1146:
943:Optionally, the generator also supplies
643:to produce the rotating magnetic field.
433:
1093:
95:and other internal combustion engines.
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
913:Diesel-electric locomotive alternators
905:. With the availability of affordable
152:magnetic induction of electric current
1401:Electric Power Systems Second Edition
1042:Folsom Powerhouse State Historic Park
897:Until the 1960s, automobiles used DC
7:
1569:at Integrated Publishing (TPub.com)
793:has not been edited in several days
144:Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant
1559:Alternator-Transmitter Development
431:. This table gives some examples:
25:
1579:Understanding 3 phase alternators
1502:Fundamentals of Electrical Drives
807:during the active editing session
1482:. Cummins Generator Technologies
1476:"Cummins Generator Technologies"
777:
684:Transformation and rectification
440:Rotation speed (r/min), giving…
1102:"Abraham Ganz at the Hindukush"
883:Alternators are used in modern
201:"riding the load". In 1883 the
1998:Timeline of the electric motor
923:diesel electric multiple units
796:, please remove this template.
1:
1783:Dahlander pole changing motor
1403:, John Wiley and Sons, 1972,
1355:. IEEE Global History Network
1131:Aylmer-Small, Sidney (1908).
1077:Revolving armature alternator
412:(r/min). Old descriptions of
287:Alternators used in central
36:Alternators made in 1909 by
1827:Brushless DC electric motor
1236:IEEE Global History Network
1108:. Studiolum. Archived from
919:diesel-electric locomotives
408:is the rotational speed in
2283:
978:
885:internal combustion engine
879:pulley (belt not present.)
864:
850:
721:
98:An alternator that uses a
1844:Switched reluctance (SRM)
1822:Brushed DC electric motor
1628:
1573:Wooden Low-RPM Alternator
1388:Dynamo-Electric Machinery
1375:Dynamo-Electric Machinery
1320:Robert L. Libbey (1991).
1270:Dynamo-Electric Machinery
1037:Flux switching alternator
439:
436:
2032:Experimental, futuristic
1949:Variable-frequency drive
1563:". EarlyRadioHistory.us.
1133:"Lesson 28: Alternators"
341:{\displaystyle N=120f/P}
2049:Superconducting machine
1687:Coil winding technology
1386:Thompson, Sylvanus P.,
1373:Thompson, Sylvanus P.,
1268:Thompson, Sylvanus P.,
1154:Magnetoelectric Devices
1004:Alexanderson alternator
867:Alternator (automotive)
423:An alternator's output
266:rotating magnetic field
216:Alexanderson alternator
44:station (photograph by
1351:Thompson, Sylvanus P.
1082:Single-phase generator
949:electric train heating
880:
861:Automotive alternators
769:Synchronous generators
724:Single-phase generator
410:revolutions per minute
402:
382:
362:
342:
242:
233:Principle of operation
158:via the addition of a
147:
49:
2257:Electrical generators
2090:Power-to-weight ratio
1954:Direct torque control
979:Further information:
874:
865:Further information:
853:Synchronous generator
851:Further information:
764:Specific applications
701:Brushless alternators
697:from the alternator.
403:
383:
363:
343:
240:
214:alternators like the
141:
35:
2085:Open-loop controller
1978:Ward Leonard control
1702:DC injection braking
392:
372:
352:
315:
198:Yablochkov arc lamps
128:electric power grids
89:electrical generator
58:electrical generator
1988:History, education,
1634:Alternating current
1504:, CRC Press, 2002,
1456:on 6 September 2013
1306:Proceedings, Part 2
1112:on 11 February 2016
1106:Poemas del río Wang
1052:Induction generator
947:(HEP) or power for
718:By number of phases
678:alternating-current
414:alternating current
247:electromotive force
227:wireless telegraphy
70:alternating current
2151:Dolivo-Dobrovolsky
2110:Voltage controller
2065:Blocked-rotor test
2003:Ball bearing motor
1973:Motor soft starter
1927:AC-to-AC converter
1788:Wound-rotor (WRIM)
1750:Electric generator
1556:White, Thomas H.,"
1173:. World Standards.
1152:Gordon R. Selmon,
1027:Electric generator
965:split-charge diode
955:Marine alternators
881:
398:
378:
358:
338:
307:Synchronous speeds
243:
223:radio transmitters
218:were developed as
180:Sebastian Ferranti
148:
80:. Occasionally, a
76:with a stationary
50:
2262:Energy conversion
2244:
2243:
2080:Open-circuit test
1919:Motor controllers
1800:Synchronous motor
1622:Electric machines
1203:Colorado Magazine
1062:Linear alternator
994:Radio alternators
849:
848:
812:This article was
695:rectified voltage
626:permanent magnets
609:
608:
429:synchronous speed
401:{\displaystyle N}
381:{\displaystyle P}
361:{\displaystyle f}
282:voltage regulator
110:. Alternators in
82:linear alternator
66:electrical energy
62:mechanical energy
16:(Redirected from
2274:
2095:Two-phase system
2075:Electromagnetism
2023:Mouse mill motor
1990:recreational use
1864:Permanent magnet
1793:Linear induction
1646:Permanent magnet
1615:
1608:
1601:
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1587:(G0UTY homepage)
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1480:stamford-avk.com
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1032:Engine-generator
969:battery isolator
901:generators with
844:
843:
838:
830:
806:
795:
781:
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773:
737:By rotating part
708:bridge rectifier
434:
407:
405:
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387:
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384:
379:
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100:permanent magnet
21:
18:Turbo-alternator
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2018:Mendocino motor
1991:
1989:
1982:
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1773:Induction motor
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1677:Braking chopper
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1581:at WindStuffNow
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1309:. p. 1848.
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1212:on 28 July 2016
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1171:World Standards
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1057:Jedlik's dynamo
1012:
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991:
989:Hydraulic motor
977:
961:explosion proof
957:
931:traction motors
915:
877:serpentine belt
869:
863:
855:
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836:
831:5 seconds ago.
820:
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757:
755:Cooling methods
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722:Main articles:
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612:Classifications
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235:
168:Hippolyte Pixii
164:Michael Faraday
136:
122:alternators in
68:in the form of
46:Prokudin-Gorsky
28:
23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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2100:Inchworm motor
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2070:Circle diagram
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2058:Related topics
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2020:
2015:
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2008:Barlow's wheel
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112:power stations
104:magnetic field
74:magnetic field
60:that converts
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786:This section
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641:electromagnet
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249:(EMF) in it (
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1521:Gus Wright,
1517:
1501:
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1479:
1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1451:the original
1442:
1416:
1400:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1374:
1369:
1359:22 September
1357:. Retrieved
1346:
1322:
1315:
1305:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1269:
1264:
1240:. Retrieved
1235:
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1207:the original
1202:
1190:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1153:
1136:
1126:
1116:30 September
1114:. Retrieved
1110:the original
1105:
1096:
997:
958:
942:
938:
935:
933:(AC or DC).
916:
896:
882:
856:
832:
805:}}
801:{{
798:
787:
758:
740:
731:
712:
704:
690:
687:
675:
664:
658:
645:
638:
623:
615:
451:400 Hz
428:
422:
417:
310:
286:
278:
274:
263:
244:
207:transformers
191:
171:
149:
124:power plants
106:is called a
97:
53:
51:
29:
2267:Alternators
2013:Lynch motor
1778:Shaded-pole
1664:accessories
1567:Alternators
1561:(1891–1920)
1460:6 September
927:prime mover
903:commutators
888:automobiles
818:Wtshymanski
814:last edited
630:field coils
448:60 Hz
445:50 Hz
418:alternation
301:three phase
268:induces an
176:Lord Kelvin
172:heteropolar
120:three-phase
2251:Categories
1909:Axial flux
1899:Ultrasonic
1874:Servomotor
1854:Doubly fed
1849:Reluctance
1745:Alternator
1737:Generators
1707:Field coil
1692:Commutator
1652:commutated
1650:SC - Self-
1531:128406705X
1512:, page 350
1510:084932422X
1089:References
1047:Hub dynamo
1000:Morse code
649:commutator
270:AC voltage
203:Ganz Works
160:commutator
114:driven by
93:automotive
54:alternator
38:Ganz Works
2226:Steinmetz
2141:Davenport
1939:Amplidyne
1839:Universal
1817:Homopolar
1805:Repulsion
1717:Slip ring
1533:page 1233
1486:18 August
1411:, p. 141
1328:CRC Press
1216:15 August
917:In later
748:slip ring
425:frequency
211:polyphase
194:Arc lamps
2231:Sturgeon
2161:Ferraris
2146:Davidson
1968:Metadyne
1884:Traction
1832:Unipolar
1812:DC motor
1768:AC motor
1672:Armature
1390:. pp. 16
1377:. pp. 17
1303:(1995).
1010:See also
975:Aviation
827:contribs
743:armature
691:build up
634:magnetos
348:, where
220:longwave
102:for its
78:armature
48:, 1911).
2221:Sprague
2216:Siemens
2191:Maxwell
2156:Faraday
2105:Starter
2044:Railgun
2039:Coilgun
1879:Stepper
1727:Winding
1272:. p. 7.
1242:29 July
1067:Magneto
892:battery
479:12,000
465:24,000
134:History
108:magneto
2211:Saxton
2196:Ørsted
2181:Jedlik
2176:Jacobi
2166:Gramme
2131:Barlow
2119:People
1944:Drives
1859:Linear
1760:Motors
1722:Stator
1529:
1508:
1407:
1334:
1238:. IEEE
1022:Dynamo
987:, and
925:, the
899:dynamo
837:
835:Update
803:in use
665:excite
605:1,200
591:2,400
577:2,667
571:333.3
563:3,000
549:3,429
546:514.3
543:428.6
535:4,000
521:4,800
507:6,000
493:8,000
490:1,200
487:1,000
476:1,800
473:1,500
462:3,600
459:3,000
437:Poles
297:faults
259:stator
56:is an
2236:Tesla
2206:Pixii
2171:Henry
2136:Botto
2126:Arago
1712:Rotor
1682:Brush
1644:PM -
1638:DC -
1632:AC -
1454:(PDF)
1447:(PDF)
1210:(PDF)
1199:(PDF)
839:timer
255:rotor
2201:Park
2186:Lenz
1904:TEFC
1527:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1488:2022
1462:2013
1405:ISBN
1361:2013
1332:ISBN
1244:2011
1218:2016
1118:2015
921:and
823:talk
726:and
602:180
599:150
588:360
585:300
574:400
560:450
557:375
532:600
529:500
518:720
515:600
504:900
501:750
264:The
178:and
166:and
985:RAT
981:APU
816:by
596:40
582:20
568:18
554:16
540:14
526:12
512:10
325:120
64:to
52:An
2253::
1478:.
1425:^
1326:.
1252:^
1234:.
1201:.
1169:.
1145:^
1135:.
1104:.
983:,
825:|
651:.
636:.
498:8
484:6
470:4
456:2
184:Hz
130:.
86:AC
1614:e
1607:t
1600:v
1490:.
1464:.
1363:.
1340:.
1246:.
1220:.
1120:.
967:(
841:)
833:(
829:)
821:(
396:N
376:P
356:f
336:P
332:/
328:f
322:=
319:N
186:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
