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215:) in Chinese, lay a feature typically of copper or iron. This was made as a sleeve of metal to wrap around the blade, designed to aid the sword sealing into the scabbard. Some early tunkou of high status swords were gilded and decorated with patterns. Later swords that descended from these blades bore non functional tunkou that were ornamental and at times just etched onto the blades.
25:
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Rus had an earlier history of straight swords from the earlier Viking age, but starting in the 10th century, the sabre was adopted as well. From the 10th through 13th centuries sabre use spread from southeastern Rus and made its way northward. Finds prior to the Mongol invasion show almost, but not
200:
A common feature of the hilts was a bend just below the pommel. This is partly due to construction of the pommel and tang and partly a feature intended to aid a mounted warrior swinging the weapon at an opponent. The hilt bore short quillions that often swept slightly forward, but could also be
189:
Although minor variations occur in size and hilt, they are common enough in design across five centuries that individual blades are difficult to date when discovered without other context. These swords were likely however, already influenced by swords used by others, such as the various
Chinese
477:
starting in the early 16th century. Indeed, these
Hungarian and Polish examples of sword and cavalry would become so effective that the great powers of Europe would later take from this design in the development of the modern period cavalry
248:
since at least the 8th century, and it was a favored weapon among the Mongol aristocracy. Its effectiveness for mounted warfare and popularity among soldiers across the entirety of the Mongol empire had lasting effects.
928:
Literal translation: "worn sabre" or "carried sabre". This is actually a loose term referring to all sabres worn on belt or waist in
Chinese language, not merely indicates to Turko-Mongol sabers and other curved
317:) as that was the traditional style of sword the Muhammad wore. After the Mongol invasion, across the Muslim world, in the 13th century, the curved designs became more popular in particular with the
349:
respectively in the 16th century. While these
Islamic blades often retained tunkou showing their Turko-Mongol heritage, even by the 15th century the device had become a stylized decorative element.
193:
These swords measured between 75 and 100 centimetres (30–39 in) in blade length and bore a gentle curve, leading to a pointed tip useful for thrusting. They were designed for use on
288:), furthering the popularity of the dao and spawning a variety of new blades. Blades with greater curvature became popular, and these new styles are collectively referred to as
420:
during the medieval period to combat the heavy armour that was being used in
European warfare, the arrival of Turkic warfare, first with the Mongols and secondly with the
309:
were all straight and mostly double edged (similar to
European arming swords blades). Although Turko-Mongol sabres have been found among a Turkic slave of the
957:
436:, which is considered to be a type of sabre, from the 11th century if not earlier. The Byzantines had close contact with various Turkic steppe peoples,
325:. The Ottomans continued to use curved swords, developing them further until they distinguished a distinct heavy-bladed version which would become the
828:
2311:
905:
675:
Cosma, Călin (2018). "Seventh- Eighth-century Swords, Sabres, and
Backswords discovered in Transylvania, Maramureș, and the Romanian Banat".
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etc., from which the paramerion may have derived. Later
Byzantine images, from the 14th century onwards, show very curved swords with a
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groups, primarily between the 8th and 14th centuries. One of the earliest recorded sabres of this type was recovered from an
754:(February 2005), "An Introduction to Chinese Single-Edged Hilt Weapons (Dao) and Their Use in the Ming and Qing Dynasties",
356:, while not bearing a traditional curved sabre blade, did still bear the tunkou indicating their Turko-Mongol heritage.
631:
Inkova, Mariela (2013). "A Medieval Sabre And a Knife from the
Exhibition of the National Museum of History in Sofia".
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Samgin, Von Sergey (2016). "A New
Hypothesis of the Genesis of the Ottoman Yataghan: the Crimean connection".
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Tom, Philip M. W. (2001). "Some Notable Sabers of the Qing Dynasty at The Metropolitan Museum of Art".
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In China, Mongol influence lasted long after the collapse of the Yuan dynasty at the hands of the
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invasion of Afghanistan and India brought these sabres to the subcontinent, developing into the
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in the first half of the 15th century. The Mongol style sabres continued to remain in use in
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and neighboring peoples frequently encountered these blades at the hands of Turkic raiders.
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Three 17th century swords with influence from the Turko-Mongol line: the North African
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quite, as many sabres as straight swords in use in Rus during these three centuries.
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straight. Just after this, the hand guard on the forte of the blade, called a
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Eastern Europe had long had contact with nomadic steppe groups such as the
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used by a variety of nomadic peoples of the Eurasian steppes, including
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invasion of China in the early 13th century and the formation of the
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developed the Turko-Mongol sabre into a distinct version called the
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which exists in uniform dress of many armies to this very day.
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Byzantine Infantryman, Eastern Roman Empire c. 900–1204
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Academy of Sciences of the USSR Institute of Archeology
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796:"Introduction to the Study of Islamic Arms and Armour"
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585:Kirpichnikov, A.N. (1966). "Old Russian weapons".
186:grave in Romania dating to the mid-7th century.
829:"An Introduction to the Persian Sword Shamshir"
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473:too adopted this type of sword design in the
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69:Learn how and when to remove this message
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363:Three concurrent sword types from the
152:75–100 cm (30–39 in) (blade)
651:"Military sabers of the Qing dynasty"
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827:Khorasani, Manouchehr (2006).
536:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
244:, and other steppe peoples of
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2312:Weapons of the Ottoman Empire
1001:Straight swords (Double-edge)
855:The Arts of the Muslim Knight
162:, alternatively known as the
1400:Iron Age – Three Kingdom Era
432:employed a sword called the
298:as a military-issue weapon.
996:Curved swords (Single-edge)
991:Thrusting swords (Edgeless)
611:Metropolitan Museum Journal
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49:the claims made and adding
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633:Acta Militaria Mediaevalia
558:"Sabre with gold fittings"
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693:Alexander, David (2001).
219:Influence on later swords
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110:Place of origin
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1476:Heian – Kamakura periods
896:Dawson, Timothy (2007).
853:Mohamed, Bashir (2008).
813:10.3989/gladius.1961.211
794:Zaky, A. Rahman (1961).
501:in the mid 16th century.
126:Mongol and Turkic nomads
2160:Phra Saeng Khan Chai Si
1533:Meiji period and beyond
1512:Muromachi – Edo periods
880:Waffen- und Kostumkunde
712:10.3989/gladius.2001.86
2302:Medieval blade weapons
1391:Liaoning bronze dagger
1114:Migration Period sword
770:"Of geese and willows"
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833:moshtaghkhorasani.com
677:Slovenská archeológia
459:In the Caucasus, the
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268:/waist sabre). (1760)
260:, wearing a sheathed
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16:Type of cavalry sabre
2061:Spanish colonization
1455:Yayoi – Nara periods
467:by the 17th century.
1774:Early modern period
1697:Parthian Long Sword
1603:Medieval and modern
1225:Basket-hilted sword
1149:Early modern period
750:Tom, Philip M. W.;
87:Turko-Mongol Sabre
2121:Post-Classic stage
1754:Turko-Mongol Sabre
1202:Late modern period
900:. Oxford: Osprey.
538:. 4 September 2002
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160:Turco-Mongol sabre
131:Production history
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2128:Krabi–krabong
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2105:Classic stage
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1255:Sword bayonet
1253:
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1235:Hunting sword
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1182:Espada ropera
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1162:Spada da lato
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986:Swordsmanship
984:
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746:
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740:, p. 211
739:
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728:, p. 207
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494:
493:langes Messer
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435:
431:
427:
426:
425:
423:
419:
418:arming swords
415:
411:
407:
403:
395:
390:
386:
383:, the Indian
382:
377:
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366:
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355:
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218:
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207:
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177:
173:
169:
168:nomadic sabre
165:
161:
151:
147:
142:
138:
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108:
105:Cavalry sabre
104:
100:
96:
91:
84:
81:
73:
70:
62:
59:November 2021
52:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
2297:Asian swords
1952:Dahong palay
1877:Parang Nabur
1857:Keris bahari
1809:Early period
1650:Central Asia
1240:Pistol sword
1124:Arming sword
1119:Viking sword
924:
897:
892:
883:
879:
873:
854:
848:
838:30 September
836:. Retrieved
832:
822:
803:
799:
789:
779:28 September
777:. Retrieved
773:
764:
755:
745:
733:
721:
702:
698:
676:
670:
660:28 September
658:. Retrieved
654:
645:
636:
632:
614:
610:
590:
586:
565:. Retrieved
561:
552:
540:. Retrieved
535:
526:
449:
399:
369:arming sword
365:Golden Horde
352:The Ottoman
351:
305:
295:
284:people, the
271:
265:
261:
246:Central Asia
234:Yuan dynasty
227:
204:
199:
192:
188:
167:
163:
159:
157:
123:Used by
80:
65:
56:
33:
2173:Mesoamerica
1896:Philippines
1850:Late period
1648:Western and
1423:Bonguk geom
1407:Hwandudaedo
1319:Ming – Qing
1230:Small sword
1187:Swiss degen
967:Sword types
705:: 193–220.
562:Nomadic Art
461:Circassians
391:(Batorówka)
282:Inner Asian
2291:Categories
2187:Macuahuitl
1943:(Binangon)
1734:Arab sword
1657:Prehistory
1555:Shikomizue
1305:Hook sword
1167:Katzbalger
1157:Zweihänder
1017:Prehistory
532:"Eurasian"
518:References
434:paramerion
414:longswords
43:improve it
2068:Balisword
1967:Ginunting
1911:Balasiong
1904:Classical
1801:Indonesia
1519:Wakizashi
1341:Yanmaodao
1310:Zhanmadao
1172:Cinquedea
1129:Longsword
1091:Rhomphaia
806:: 17–29.
442:Pechenegs
228:With the
195:horseback
47:verifying
2234:Mainland
2224:Acinaces
2153:Thailand
2137:Cambodia
2096:Mainland
2027:Sansibar
1987:Karambit
1977:Kampilan
1941:Binagong
1931:Batangas
1916:Bangkung
1744:Shamshir
1739:Scimitar
1692:Acinaces
1498:Nagamaki
1336:Changdao
1326:Liuyedao
1298:Medieval
1250:Spadroon
1139:Falchion
1134:Claymore
1076:Makhaira
908:. p. 25.
886:: 49–60.
738:Tom 2001
726:Tom 2001
639:: 63–88.
506:See also
422:Ottomans
354:yataghan
335:shamshir
323:Anatolia
319:Ottomans
242:Tungusic
190:swords.
180:Mongolic
136:Designed
2247:Kaskara
2219:Khopesh
2083:Tenegre
2078:Hagibis
2042:Talibon
2037:Susuwat
2032:Sundang
2022:Sanduko
2002:Panabas
1867:Sundang
1862:Klewang
1787:Kindjal
1759:Yatagan
1711:Falcata
1669:Khopesh
1615:Kastane
1610:Firangi
1577:Ancient
1550:Ninjatō
1493:Kodachi
1467:Tsurugi
1462:Chokutō
1428:Wungeom
1362:Miaodao
1277:Ancient
1245:Shashka
1220:Cutlass
1192:Colhona
1071:Falcata
1057:Gladius
1029:Khopesh
800:Gladius
758:: 76–85
699:Gladius
567:2 March
542:2 March
487:Germany
465:shashka
438:Khazars
315:Seljuks
41:Please
2272:Takoba
2267:Billao
2262:Shotel
2257:Flyssa
2252:Nimcha
2205:Africa
2192:Macana
2017:Pinuti
2007:Parang
1997:Laring
1962:Gayang
1936:Bicuco
1926:Barong
1921:Banyal
1831:Balato
1826:Parang
1821:Niabor
1816:Mandau
1702:Xiphos
1625:Pulwar
1620:Talwar
1594:Aruval
1584:Khanda
1524:Katana
1488:Ōdachi
1350:Modern
1210:Rapier
1081:Spatha
1062:Xiphos
1010:Europe
929:sabres
904:
861:
499:dusack
475:szabla
471:Poland
450:yelman
446:Cumans
410:Cumans
389:Szabla
385:Tulwar
381:Nimcha
347:talwar
343:pulwar
339:Mughal
337:. The
331:Persia
291:peidao
286:Manchu
266:peidao
238:Turkic
230:Mongol
205:tūnkǒu
176:Turkic
149:Length
2052:Wasay
2012:Pirah
1992:Lahot
1982:Kalis
1972:Gulok
1957:Garab
1841:Surik
1749:Kilij
1707:Kopis
1589:Urumi
1569:India
1545:Iaitō
1540:Guntō
1503:Tantō
1483:Tachi
1447:Japan
1376:Korea
1357:Dadao
1331:Wodao
1269:China
1215:Sabre
1177:Estoc
1067:Kopis
1052:Harpe
916:Notes
480:sabre
406:Alans
402:Avars
367:: an
327:kilij
172:sword
2047:Utak
1947:Bolo
1836:Gari
1782:Qama
1635:Pata
1284:Jian
1096:Falx
1086:Sica
969:and
902:ISBN
859:ISBN
840:2019
781:2019
662:2019
569:2024
544:2024
428:The
416:and
408:and
345:and
296:jian
278:Qing
274:Ming
184:Avar
178:and
158:The
102:Type
2242:Ida
2112:Dha
1289:Dao
808:doi
707:doi
703:XXI
485:In
321:in
262:dao
240:,
166:or
45:by
2293::
884:58
882:.
831:.
802:.
798:.
772:.
701:.
697:.
685:^
653:.
637:IX
635:.
623:^
615:36
613:.
599:^
589:.
577:^
560:.
534:.
444:,
440:,
404:,
212:吞口
1709:/
1069:/
959:e
952:t
945:v
867:.
842:.
816:.
810::
804:I
783:.
715:.
709::
664:.
617:.
593:.
591:1
571:.
546:.
264:(
209:(
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
39:.
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