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brake linkage and self-adjusting components. All the application force of the wheel cylinder is applied through the web to the lining table and brake lining. The edge of the lining table generally has three V-shaped notches or tabs on each side called nibs. The nibs rest against the support pads of the backing plate to which the shoes are installed. Each brake assembly has two shoes, a primary and secondary. The primary shoe is located toward the front of the vehicle and has the lining positioned differently from the secondary shoe. Quite often, the two shoes are interchangeable, so close inspection for any variation is important.
133:
288:. When working on brake systems of older cars, care must be taken not to inhale any dust present in the brake assembly. After the United States Federal Government began to regulate asbestos production, brake manufacturers had to switch to non-asbestos linings. Owners initially complained of poor braking with the replacements, but brake technology eventually advanced to compensate. A majority of daily-driven older vehicles have been fitted with asbestos-free linings. Many other countries have also prohibited the use of asbestos in brakes.
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force to stop the vehicle from traveling backwards and hold it on a slope. Provided the contact area of the brake shoes is large enough, which isn't always the case, the self-applying effect can securely hold a vehicle when the weight is transferred to the rear brakes due to the incline of a slope or the reverse direction of motion. A further advantage of using a single hydraulic cylinder on the rear is that the opposite pivot may be made in the form of a double-lobed
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brakes, the unrestrained shoes can even potentially cause the brakes to grab to the point of locking up the wheel. Also, broken pieces of springs and other hardware (like adjusters) can become lodged between the shoes and drum, resulting in unintended application of the brakes (and, as stated above, damage to brake components). For these reasons, brake hardware (such as springs and clips) should always be replaced with brake shoes.
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drum. Here, the adjusting lever rocks enough to advance the adjuster gear by one tooth. The adjuster has threads on it, like a bolt, so that it unscrews a little bit when it turns, lengthening to fill in the gap. When the brake shoes wear a little more, the adjuster can advance again, so it always keeps the shoes close to the drum. Typically the adjusters only operate when the vehicle is going in reverse and the brakes are engaged.
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light pedal pressure unless extra hardware is added. In practice, a metering valve prevents hydraulic pressure from reaching the front calipers until pressure rises enough to overcome the return springs in the drum brakes. If the metering valve were left out, the vehicle would stop only with the front discs unless the driver used enough brake pedal pressure to overcome the return spring pressure on the rear shoes.
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pads used in a brake system of similar dimensions and braking force. Drum brakes retain heat and are more complex than disc brakes, but are often the more economical and powerful brake type to use in rear brake applications due to the low heat generation of rear brakes, a drum brake's self-applying nature, larger friction surface contact area, and long life wear characteristics (% life used / kW of braking power).
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disc brakes), maintenance of drum brakes is generally more time-consuming. Also, the greater number of parts results in a greater number of failure modes compared to disc brakes. Springs can break from fatigue if not replaced along with worn brake shoes. And the drum and shoes can become damaged from scoring if various components (such as broken springs or self-adjusters) break and become loose inside the drum.
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theoretical rate of energy conversion. Once that rate is reached, applying greater pedal pressure doesn't change it—in fact, the effects mentioned can substantially reduce it. Ultimately, this is what brake fade is, regardless of the mechanisms of its causes. Disc brakes are not immune to any of these processes, but they deal with heat and water more effectively than drums.
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It is quite simple to machine brake drums if one has a slow running lathe (one rule of thumb is that cast iron should not be machined faster than fifty feet per minute). Usually it is only necessary to machine away the ridge that forms that makes brake drum removal difficult, especially if the brakes
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Disc brakes rely on pliability of caliper seals and slight runout to release pads, leading to drag, fuel mileage loss, and disc scoring. Drum brake return springs give more positive action and, adjusted correctly, often have less drag when released. It is however possible to design special seals that
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One wheel cylinder operates the brake on each wheel. Two pistons operate the shoes, one at each end of the wheel cylinder. The leading shoe (closest to the front of the vehicle) is known as the primary shoe. The trailing shoe is known as the secondary shoe. Hydraulic pressure from the master cylinder
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Before 1984, it was common to re-arc brake shoes to match the arc within brake drums. This practice was controversial however, as it removed friction material from the brakes, reduced the life of the shoes and created hazardous asbestos dust. After 1984, the current design theory was altered, to use
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Another disadvantage of drum brakes is their relative complexity. A person must have a general understanding of how drum brakes work and take several simple steps to ensure the brakes are reassembled correctly when doing work on drum brakes. And, as a result of this increased complexity (compared to
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Drum brakes are also occasionally fitted as the parking (and emergency) brake even when the rear wheels use disc brakes as the main brakes. Many rear disc braking systems use a parking brake in which the piston in the caliper is actuated by a cam or screw. This compresses the pads against the rotor.
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Front drum brakes may be of either design in practice, but the twin leading design is more effective. This design uses two actuating cylinders arranged so that both shoes use the self-applying characteristic when the vehicle is moving forwards. The brake shoes pivot at opposite points to each other.
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Catastrophic failure of hardware such as springs and adjusters can also cause unintended brake application or even wheel lockup. If springs break, the shoes will be free to fall against the rotating drum, essentially causing the brakes to be applied. Because of the self-energizing qualities of drum
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The optimum arrangement of twin leading front brakes with leading/trailing brakes on the rear allows more braking force at the front of the vehicle when it is moving forwards, with less at the rear. This helps prevent the rear wheels from locking up, but still provides adequate braking at the rear.
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into the wheel cylinder, which in turn pushes the brake shoes into contact with the machined surface on the inside of the drum. This rubbing action reduces the rotation of the brake drum, which is coupled to the wheel. Hence the speed of the vehicle is reduced. When the pressure is released, return
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in 1953, where they won, in large part due to their superior braking over drum-equipped rivals. This spelled the beginning of the end for drum brakes in passenger cars. From the 1960s to the 1980s, disc brakes gradually replaced drum brakes on the front wheels of cars (which receive the majority of
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Also, drum brakes do not apply immediately when the wheel cylinders are pressurized, because the force of the return springs must be overcome before the shoes start to move towards the drum. This means that the very common hybrid disc/drum systems only brake with the (nearly always front) discs on
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While disc brake rotors can be machined to clean the friction surface (i.e., 'turning'), the same generally cannot be done with brake drums. Machining the friction surface of a brake drum increases the diameter, which might require oversized shoes to maintain proper contact with the drum. However,
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Drum brakes can be grabby if the drum surface gets light rust or if the brake is cold and damp, giving the pad material greater friction. Grabbing can be so severe that the tires skid and continue to skid even when the pedal is released. Grab is the opposite of fade: when the pad friction goes up,
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The properties of the friction material can change if heated, resulting in less friction. This can be a much larger problem with drum brakes than disc brakes, since the shoes are inside the drum and not exposed to cooling ambient air. The loss of friction is usually only temporary and the material
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as parking brakes (e.g., Chryslers through 1962). This provides the advantage that it is completely independent of the service brakes—but suffers a severe disadvantage in that, when used with a bumper jack (common in that era) on the rear, and without proper wheel blocks, the differential's action
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Drum brakes have a natural "self-applying" characteristic, better known as "self-energizing." The rotation of the drum can drag either one or both of the shoes into the friction surface, causing the brakes to bite harder, which increases the force holding them together. This increases the stopping
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The parking (or emergency) brake system controls the brakes through a series of steel cables that are connected to either a hand lever or a foot pedal. The idea is that the system is fully mechanical and completely bypasses the hydraulic system so that the vehicle can be brought to a stop even if
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In the UK two common grades of brake shoe material used to be available. DON 202 was a high friction material that did not require a brake power servo. The disadvantage was that the lining was prone to fading on steep hills. A harder lining, the famous VG95 was produced but this required a brake
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Brake shoes are typically made of two pieces of steel welded together. The friction material is either riveted to the lining table or attached with adhesive. The crescent-shaped piece is called the Web and contains holes and slots in different shapes for return springs, hold-down hardware, parking
333:
that is heat-conductive and wear-resistant. It rotates with the wheel and axle. When a driver applies the brakes, the lining pushes radially against the inner surface of the drum, and the ensuing friction slows or stops rotation of the wheel and axle, and thus the vehicle. This friction generates
710:
Brake fade is not always due to overheating. Water between the friction surfaces and the drum can act as a lubricant and reduce braking efficiency. The water tends to stay until heated sufficiently to vaporize, at which point braking efficiency returns. All friction braking systems have a maximum
662:. This heat should dissipate into the surrounding air, but can just as easily transfer to other braking system components. Brake drums must be large to cope with the massive forces involved, and must be able to absorb and dissipate a lot of heat. Heat transfer to air can be aided by incorporating
599:
Due to the fact that a drum brake's friction contact area is at the circumference of the brake, a drum brake can provide more braking force than an equal diameter disc brake. The increased friction contact area of drum brake shoes on the drum allows drum brake shoes to last longer than disc brake
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and hinged at the same point. In this design, one of the brake shoes always experiences the self-applying effect, irrespective of whether the vehicle is moving forwards or backwards. This is particularly useful on the rear brakes, where the parking brake (handbrake or footbrake) must exert enough
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As the brake linings wear, the shoes must travel a greater distance to reach the drum. In systems fitted with automatic adjusters, when the distance reaches a certain point, a self-adjusting mechanism automatically reacts by adjusting the rest position of the shoes so that they are closer to the
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Drum brakes are used in most heavy duty trucks, buses, some medium and light duty trucks, and a few cars, dirt bikes, ATVs, and a few smaller recreational vehicles like electric scooters. Drum brakes are often applied to the rear wheels since most of the stopping force is generated by the front
771:(a main ingredient in Greasoff No. 19). Exposure to these solvents can cause irritation, including to the eyes and mucous membranes. Exposure to 1-1-1-trichloroethane vapors can cause central nervous system damage, dizziness, incoordination, drowsiness, and increased reaction time.
351:
acts on the piston cup, pushing the pistons toward the shoes, forcing them against the drum. When the driver releases the brakes, the brake shoe springs restore the shoes to their original (disengaged) position. The parts of the wheel cylinder are shown to the right.
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with interior lighting and space to use tools inside them, but these were rare and cumbersome. Distinctive shoes designed to protect against asbestos were also recommended. There is evidence that auto mechanics had disproportionate levels of mesothelioma.
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regains its efficiency when cooled, but if the surface overheats to the point where it becomes glazed the reduction in braking efficiency will become more permanent. Surface glazing can be worn away with further use of the brakes, but that takes time.
309:. It absorbs the torque from the braking action, and that is why back plate is also called the "Torque Plate". Since all braking operations exert pressure on the backing plate, it must be strong and wear-resistant. Levers for emergency or
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the self-assisting nature of drum brakes causes application force to go up. If the pad friction and self-amplification are high enough, the brake stays engaged due to self-application, even when the external application force is released.
1074:
751:. Asbestos fibers would break off or become separated over time and with the high temperatures induced by braking. Wet brushes and aerosol sprays were commonly used to reduce dust. Safety regulators sometimes recommended using
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applied to the brake shoes. Therefore, the brakes provide less deceleration for a given amount of pressure on the pedal. The effect is worsened by poor maintenance. Brake fluid that is old and has absorbed moisture has a lower
450:
there is a total brake failure. Here the cable pulls on a lever mounted in the brake and is directly connected to the brake shoes. This has the effect of bypassing the wheel cylinder and controlling the brakes directly.
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are self-adjusting. In severe cases the ridge can make the brake drum captive, however most drum brake designs provide a way to externally release the self-adjusting mechanism in order to ease drum removal and service.
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more complicated when the rear disc brakes use fixed, multi-piston calipers. In this situation, a small drum is usually fitted within or as part of the brake disc. This type of brake is also known as a banksia brake.
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onto the drum, or even drilling holes around the drum's circumference. However, excessive heating can occur due to heavy or repeated braking, which can cause the drum to distort, leading to vibration under braking.
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The backing plate provides a base for the other components. The back plate also increases the rigidity of whole set-up, supports the housing, and protects it from foreign materials like dust and other
277:) was the final automobile (produced for the United States Postal Service) to use front drum brakes when it was phased out in 1986. However, drum brakes are still often used on the rear wheels, and for
596:. The Comanche can automatically send more pressure to the rear drums depending on the size of the load. Most other brands have used load sensing valves in the hydraulics to the rear axle for decades.
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power without any additional effort being expended by the driver, but it does make it harder for the driver to modulate the brake's sensitivity. It also makes the brake more sensitive to
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Disc brakes exhibit no self-applying effect because the hydraulic pressure acting on the pads is perpendicular to the direction of rotation of the disc. Disc brake systems usually have
521:
Because aluminum wears more easily than iron, aluminum drums frequently have an iron or steel liner on the inner surface of the drum, bonded or riveted to the aluminum outer shell.
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Rear drum brakes are typically of a leading/trailing design (for non-servo systems), or primary/secondary (for duo servo systems), the shoes being moved by a single double-acting
247:
As the shoes in drum brakes wear, brakes required regular manual adjustment until the introduction of self-adjusting drum brakes in the 1950s. Drum brakes are also prone to
892:
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had used a less sophisticated drum brake. In the first drum brakes, levers and rods or cables operated the shoes mechanically. From the mid-1930s, oil pressure in a small
470:("Brake Booster") to lessen the driver's pedal effort, but some disc braked cars (notably race cars) and smaller brakes for motorcycles, etc., do not need to use servos.
281:. Some vehicles utilize a "drum-in-hat" parking brake, where the brake shoes are arranged inside the center portion (hat) of a disc brake rotor, which acts as the drum.
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Land Rover have used a drum brake on the gearbox output shaft for over fifty years. The advantage is that all four wheels can be braked with the parking brake.
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On vehicles without automatic adjusters, it is required to periodically manually adjust the brakes to take up any excess gap between the shoes and the drum.
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244:(as in the picture) operated the brakes, though some vehicles continued with purely mechanical systems for decades. Some designs have two wheel cylinders.
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servo. The other snag was that the parking brake would often fail the annual MOT test unless the high friction linings were installed just for the test.
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Certain heavier-duty drum brake systems compensate for load when determining wheel cylinder pressure; a feature which is rare when discs are employed (
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brakes of the vehicle, and therefore, the heat generated in the rear is significantly less. Drum brakes allow simple incorporation of a parking brake.
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was common in drum brakes, there was a danger workers repairing or replacing them would breathe asbestos fibers, which can cause
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This gives the maximum possible braking when moving forwards, but is not so effective when the vehicle is traveling in reverse.
232:. He used woven asbestos lining for the drum brake lining, as no alternative material dissipated heat more effectively, though
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braking force). Now practically all cars use disc brakes on the front wheels, and many use disc brakes on all four wheels.
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1003:"Laboratory testing of airborne brake wear particle emissions using a dynamometer system under urban city driving cycles"
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The brake drum has found popular use as a percussion instrument. This was likely first implemented in a 1939 composition
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since oversized shoes are generally unavailable for most applications, worn or damaged drums generally must be replaced.
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shoes for the proper diameter drum, and to simply replace the brake drum when necessary, rather than re-arc the shoes.
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When internally-expanding brake drums are heated by hard braking, the diameter of the drum increases slightly due to
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vehicles adjust brake pressure depending on load regardless of if drum or discs are used). One such vehicle is the
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Drum brake components include the backing plate, brake drum, shoe, wheel cylinder, and various springs and pins.
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Several schemes of drum brake operation; the distribution force during the braking phase is highlighted in black.
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Drum brakes are typically described as either leading/trailing (also called "single leading") or twin leading.
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unaffected by fluctuations in temperature and humidity. Materials that make up the brake shoe lining include,
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1091:"CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products - Control of Asbestos Exposure During Brake Drum Service (89-121)"
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than disc brakes, as the wear-particles are mostly sealed in. They are not better in this regard than
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applications, wear on braking systems is greatly reduced by energy recovering motor–generators (see
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Drum brake (upper right) with the drum removed (lower left, inside facing up), on the front of a
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Toyota has issued a warning about thousands of counterfeit brake pads containing deadly asbestos
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minor weight savings, primarily from much smaller and lighter hydraulic cylinders vs. calipers.
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slightly lower frequency of maintenance due to better corrosion resistance compared to disks.
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built-in self energizing effect requires less input force (such as hydraulic pressure).
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such as lead, zinc, brass, aluminium and other metals that resist heat fade, binders,
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of the drum. When shoes press on the outside of the drum, it is usually called a
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893:"Le Mans 1953: Jaguar's gigantic leap - History, le Mans - Motor Sport Magazine"
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Those who do maintenance work on brakes can also be exposed to the solvents
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that press outward against a rotating bowl-shaped part called a brake drum.
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When the brakes are applied, brake fluid is forced under pressure from the
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wheel cylinders are somewhat simpler to recondition compared to calipers.
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192:. Where the drum is pinched between two shoes, similar to a conventional
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313:, and automatic brake-shoe adjuster were also added in recent years.
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uses a flexible belt or "band" wrapping around the outside of a drum.
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798:. In more recent times the brake drum has become associated with the
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in 1900, although the principle was only later patented in 1902 by
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2006:
1001:
Hagino, Hiroyuki; Oyama, Motoaki; Sasaki, Sousuke (1 April 2016).
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parking brake; Definition of parking brake : emergency brake
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200:, though such brakes are relatively rare. A related type called a
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Linings must be resistant to heat and wear and have a high
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Electro-pneumatic brake system on
British railway trains
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and fillers such as rubber chips to reduce brake noise.
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The brake drum is generally made of a special type of
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springs pull the shoes back to their rest position.
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
182:usually means a brake in which shoes press on the
1043:"Eddy-current braking: a long road to success"
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1819:
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650:Drum brakes, like most other brakes, convert
8:
639:can allow the vehicle to roll off the jack.
689:Excessive brake drum heating can cause the
224:drum brake was first used in a car made by
2835:Electronically controlled pneumatic brakes
2830:Diesel electric locomotive dynamic braking
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517:Shimano Nexus front hub with roller brake
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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670:The other consequence of overheating is
2635:Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling
1128:(2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 13.
859:
624:As a driveshaft parking/emergency brake
554:), so some hybrid vehicles such as the
2804:Westinghouse Brake and Signal Company
534:However, this type of system becomes
498:that is rotated by the action of the
346:Cut-away section of a wheel cylinder.
320:Back plate made in the pressing shop.
7:
1778:
1085:
1083:
570:retract the piston on a disc brake.
566:use drum brakes at the rear wheels.
558:(prior to the third generation) and
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1751:Vehicle identification number (VIN)
603:To list advantages of drum brakes:
2490:Continuously variable transmission
1942:Continuously variable transmission
636:onto the transmission's driveshaft
25:
794:by American avant-garde musician
634:Drum brakes have also been built
257:fielded three cars equipped with
2312:
2221:
2220:
2210:
1787:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1194:Part of a series of articles on
918:"Drum-In-Hat Parking Brake Kits"
34:
45:needs additional citations for
2916:Railroad Safety Appliance Act
2799:Westinghouse Air Brake Company
2474:Sequential manual transmission
1028:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.02.014
706:, so brake fade occurs sooner.
1:
1977:Automated manual transmission
1585:Approach and departure angles
791:First Construction (in Metal)
2940:Vehicle braking technologies
991:The AA Book of the car, 1976
454:Self-applying characteristic
284:Early brake shoes contained
18:Twin-leading-shoe drum brake
2052:Semi-automatic transmission
1648:Automotive light bulb types
196:, it is sometimes called a
2961:
1889:Internal combustion engine
1126:Encyclopedia of Percussion
1077:. News.com.au. 1 Nov 2015.
942:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
755:to suck away the dust, or
627:
607:less expensive to produce.
442:
358:
269:In the United States, the
2630:
2310:
2206:
2188:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
2077:Transmission control unit
2017:Limited-slip differential
1982:Electrorheological clutch
1841:
1763:
1191:
586:hydropneumatic suspension
482:Rendering of a drum brake
427:Automatic self-adjustment
2622:Anti-lock braking system
2495:Dual-clutch transmission
1967:Dual-clutch transmission
1668:high-intensity discharge
868:"Brake Failure Analysis"
2845:Emergency brake (train)
2617:Traction control system
1937:Constant-velocity joint
1007:Atmospheric Environment
837:Electric friction brake
588:systems as employed on
575:particulate matter (PM)
439:Parking/emergency brake
147:A rear drum brake on a
2691:Counter-pressure brake
1917:Automatic transmission
1352:Stressed member engine
1124:Beck, John H. (2014).
1104:10.26616/NIOSHPUB89121
573:Drum brakes emit less
518:
483:
374:
347:
321:
217:
152:
140:
2711:Electromagnetic brake
2268:Motorcycle components
1484:Windshield/windscreen
842:Hydraulic disc brakes
765:1,1,1-trichloroethane
628:Further information:
516:
481:
372:
345:
319:
215:
146:
135:
27:Type of vehicle brake
2022:Locking differential
1957:Direct-shift gearbox
1653:Daytime running lamp
697:, which reduces the
552:regenerative braking
379:friction coefficient
54:improve this article
2825:Diesel brake tender
2047:Preselector gearbox
2027:Manual transmission
1615:Weight distribution
1547:Omniview technology
1019:2016AtmEn.131..269H
822:Bicycle drum brakes
579:frictionless brakes
385:(which can include
373:Brake shoe assembly
251:with repeated use.
167:caused by a set of
2906:Pearson's Coupling
2793:New York Air Brake
2784:Faiveley Transport
2753:Regenerative brake
2746:Railway disc brake
2706:Eddy current brake
2696:Countersteam brake
2445:Hydrogen fuel cell
2193:Electric generator
2098:Wheel hub assembly
1734:Registration plate
1047:Railwaygazette.com
847:List of auto parts
699:hydraulic pressure
630:Transmission brake
519:
491:hydraulic cylinder
484:
474:Drum brake designs
383:friction modifiers
375:
348:
334:substantial heat.
322:
218:
153:
141:
138:Ford Falcon Sprint
2927:
2926:
2886:Dead man's switch
2736:Railway air brake
2731:Kunze-Knorr brake
2643:
2642:
2552:
2551:
2453:
2452:
2440:Gasoline (petrol)
2353:Flat twin (boxer)
2234:
2233:
1987:Epicyclic gearing
1856:Automotive engine
1801:
1800:
1759:
1758:
1623:
1622:
1454:Glass run channel
1388:Trunk/boot/dickie
1185:Automotive design
1135:978-0-415971-23-2
817:Balancing machine
680:thermal expansion
273:(manufactured by
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2952:
2919:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2647:
2464:
2331:Layouts (common)
2328:
2316:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2238:
2224:
2223:
2214:
2091:Wheels and tires
2062:Torque converter
1828:
1821:
1814:
1805:
1791:
1781:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1718:Window deflector
1701:Side-view mirror
1636:
1259:Continental tire
1222:Backbone chassis
1210:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1155:
1148:
1147:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1087:
1078:
1073:Joshua Dowling.
1071:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1049:. Archived from
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
998:
992:
989:
950:
949:
937:
931:
930:
928:
927:
922:
914:
908:
907:
905:
904:
895:. Archived from
889:
883:
882:
880:
879:
870:. Archived from
864:
548:electric vehicle
468:servo assistance
198:pinch drum brake
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:(United States)
2917:
2901:Hydraulic brake
2859:
2855:Dowty retarders
2808:
2772:
2721:Heberlein brake
2679:
2674:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2626:
2585:
2548:
2522:
2504:
2478:
2449:
2418:
2414:Wankel (rotary)
2397:Layouts (other)
2392:
2317:
2308:
2270:
2265:
2235:
2230:
2202:
2171:
2086:
2082:Universal joint
2012:Hotchkiss drive
1903:
1850:
1837:
1832:
1802:
1797:
1755:
1722:
1684:
1632:
1630:
1619:
1590:Breakover angle
1573:
1500:
1440:
1392:
1371:
1199:
1187:
1182:
1152:
1151:
1136:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1107:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1072:
1065:
1056:
1054:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1000:
999:
995:
990:
953:
939:
938:
934:
925:
923:
920:
916:
915:
911:
902:
900:
891:
890:
886:
877:
875:
866:
865:
861:
856:
851:
812:
802:as used in the
786:
777:
769:2-butoxyethanol
741:
648:
632:
626:
560:Volkswagen ID.3
527:
476:
456:
447:
441:
429:
420:master cylinder
416:
411:
363:
357:
340:
327:
302:
294:
210:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2958:
2956:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2896:Engine braking
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2864:Related topics
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2677:Railway brakes
2675:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2641:
2640:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2500:Semi-automatic
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2183:Electric motor
2179:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1997:Friction drive
1994:
1992:Fluid coupling
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1883:Plug-in hybrid
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1785:
1775:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1689:Other elements
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1610:Turning radius
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1512:Bumper sticker
1508:
1506:
1505:Other elements
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1134:
1116:
1079:
1063:
1034:
993:
951:
932:
909:
884:
858:
857:
855:
852:
850:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
827:Brake bleeding
824:
819:
813:
811:
808:
800:front ensemble
785:
782:
776:
773:
740:
737:
708:
707:
687:
683:
652:kinetic energy
647:
644:
625:
622:
621:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
526:
523:
475:
472:
455:
452:
443:Main article:
440:
437:
428:
425:
415:
414:Normal braking
412:
410:
407:
395:powdered metal
359:Main article:
356:
353:
339:
338:Wheel cylinder
336:
326:
323:
311:parking brakes
301:
298:
293:
290:
279:parking brakes
238:wheel cylinder
209:
206:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2957:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2876:Bicycle brake
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:Other aspects
2811:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:Manufacturers
2775:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:Exhaust brake
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:Dynamic brake
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:Energy source
2421:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:Rotary piston
2402:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2343:Parallel twin
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2227:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:Shift-by-wire
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:Petrol engine
1892:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:Diesel engine
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1776:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1626:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1527:Hood ornament
1525:
1523:
1522:Front-end bra
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:Quarter glass
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1330:Quarter panel
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1232:Body-on-frame
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1186:
1179:
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1053:on 2017-02-11
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899:on 2015-09-05
898:
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874:on 2015-04-09
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804:marching arts
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646:Disadvantages
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612:
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601:
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594:Jeep Comanche
591:
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500:parking brake
497:
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445:Parking brake
438:
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399:curing agents
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300:Backing plate
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230:Louis Renault
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184:inner surface
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149:Kawasaki W800
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85:
81:
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74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2890:
2789:Knorr-Bremse
2768:Vacuum brake
2633:
2601:
2459:Transmission
2378:Straight-six
2135:Racing slick
2072:Transfer box
2042:Park-by-wire
2037:Parking pawl
1952:Differential
1927:Direct-drive
1909:Transmission
1899:Steam engine
1844:Part of the
1843:
1739:vanity plate
1678:trafficators
1489:washer fluid
1469:Power window
1464:Opera window
1376:Compartments
1264:Crumple zone
1249:Cabrio coach
1193:
1125:
1119:
1108:. Retrieved
1094:
1055:. Retrieved
1051:the original
1046:
1037:
1010:
1006:
996:
946:
941:
935:
924:. Retrieved
912:
901:. Retrieved
897:the original
887:
876:. Retrieved
872:the original
862:
832:Brake lining
789:
787:
784:Use in music
778:
762:
753:vacuum hoses
749:mesothelioma
742:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
669:
664:cooling fins
649:
641:
633:
602:
598:
583:
572:
568:
556:Toyota Prius
541:
535:
532:
528:
520:
508:
504:
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465:
457:
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434:
430:
417:
409:In operation
403:
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246:
219:
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187:
179:
177:
156:
154:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
69:"Drum brake"
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2763:Track brake
2758:Steam brake
2558:Accessories
2544:Shaft drive
2534:Chain drive
2527:Final drive
2363:Inline-four
2113:Alloy wheel
1972:Drive wheel
1962:Drive shaft
1922:Chain drive
1673:sealed beam
1605:Roll center
1600:Ride height
1537:Japan black
1532:Instruments
1517:Curb feeler
1383:Hood/bonnet
1013:: 269–278.
691:brake fluid
307:road debris
259:disc brakes
255:Jaguar Cars
220:The modern
189:clasp brake
2934:Categories
2911:Pneumatics
2891:Drum brake
2741:Disc brake
2726:Hand brake
2602:Drum brake
2597:Disc brake
2539:Belt drive
2289:Suspension
2198:Alternator
1846:Automobile
1835:Powertrain
1459:Greenhouse
1110:2016-07-15
1057:2018-03-27
926:2020-10-17
903:2015-05-19
878:2015-05-19
854:References
757:enclosures
672:brake fade
525:Advantages
461:brake fade
391:cashew nut
361:Brake shoe
355:Brake shoe
325:Brake drum
292:Components
275:AM General
249:brake fade
222:automobile
202:band brake
194:disc brake
180:drum brake
163:that uses
157:drum brake
151:motorcycle
80:newspapers
2871:Air brake
2820:Brake van
2483:Automatic
2373:Flat-four
2067:Transaxle
2032:Manumatic
2002:Gearshift
1874:Fuel cell
1713:Tow hitch
1631:equipment
1557:Tire/tyre
1416:Gull-wing
1406:Butterfly
1367:Trunk lid
1310:Monocoque
1214:Framework
1144:939052116
796:John Cage
775:Re-arcing
393:shells),
331:cast iron
271:Jeep CJ-5
178:The term
110:July 2016
2850:Retarder
2435:Electric
2383:Flat-six
2299:Swingarm
2226:Category
2165:Tubeless
2150:Run-flat
2130:Off-road
1947:Coupling
1869:Electric
1773:Category
1658:Headlamp
1640:Lighting
1629:Exterior
1595:Overhang
1578:Geometry
1562:run-flat
1542:Nerf bar
1357:Subframe
1325:Platform
1315:Overhang
1227:Beltline
1097:. 1989.
945:, 2017,
810:See also
745:asbestos
695:vaporize
660:friction
581:though.
502:system.
387:graphite
286:asbestos
165:friction
2581:Trailer
2576:Sidecar
2571:Pannier
2566:Fairing
2518:Slipper
2409:Turbine
2276:Chassis
1783:Commons
1479:Sunroof
1431:Suicide
1426:Sliding
1421:Scissor
1362:Tonneau
1347:Spoiler
1254:Chassis
1095:Cdc.gov
1015:Bibcode
590:Citroën
263:Le Mans
242:pistons
234:Maybach
226:Maybach
208:History
94:scholar
2945:Brakes
2607:Saddle
2510:Clutch
2467:Manual
2430:Diesel
2358:Triple
2348:V-twin
2338:Single
2323:Engine
2304:Wheels
2216:Portal
2176:Hybrid
2140:Radial
2118:Hubcap
1932:Clutch
1879:Hybrid
1848:series
1793:Portal
1663:hidden
1411:Canopy
1320:Pillar
1301:shaker
1286:Grille
1279:skirts
1274:ponton
1269:Fender
1242:Dagmar
1237:Bumper
1142:
1132:
739:Safety
544:hybrid
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2881:Brake
2684:Types
2612:Tires
2590:Other
2284:Frame
2160:Spare
2103:Wheel
2007:Giubo
1746:Theft
1727:Legal
1706:power
1567:spare
1552:Parts
1494:wiper
1446:Glass
1398:Doors
1296:scoop
921:(PDF)
743:When
654:into
169:shoes
161:brake
159:is a
101:JSTOR
87:books
2294:Fork
2155:Snow
2145:Rain
2125:Tire
1696:Horn
1436:Swan
1340:rack
1335:Roof
1291:Hood
1205:Body
1196:cars
1140:OCLC
1130:ISBN
767:and
656:heat
564:ID.4
562:and
546:and
536:much
389:and
240:and
173:pads
73:news
2108:Rim
1099:doi
1023:doi
1011:131
693:to
658:by
542:In
496:cam
261:at
171:or
56:by
2936::
2388:V8
2368:V4
1138:.
1093:.
1082:^
1066:^
1045:.
1021:.
1009:.
1005:.
954:^
806:.
155:A
2795:)
2791:(
2669:e
2662:t
2655:v
2260:e
2253:t
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1885:)
1881:(
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1017::
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906:.
881:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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