128:, where a multicylinder reciprocating fuel pump generated a pressure around 600 bars (60 MPa; 8,700 psi), with fuel stored in accumulator bottles. Pressure control was achieved by an adjustable pump discharge stroke and a "spill valve". Camshaft-operated mechanical timing valves were used to supply the spring-loaded Brice/CAV/Lucas injectors, which injected through the side of the cylinder into the chamber formed between the pistons. Early engines had a pair of timing cams, one for ahead running and one for astern. Later engines had two injectors per cylinder, and the final series of constant-pressure turbocharged engines was fitted with four. This system was used for the injection of both diesel and heavy fuel oil (600cSt heated to a temperature near 130 °C).
1180:(ECU). When the fuel injectors are electrically activated, a hydraulic valve (consisting of a nozzle and plunger) is mechanically or hydraulically opened and fuel is sprayed into the cylinders at the desired pressure. Since the fuel pressure energy is stored remotely and the injectors are electrically actuated, the injection pressure at the start and end of injection is very near the pressure in the accumulator (rail), thus producing a square injection rate. If the accumulator, pump, and plumbing are sized properly, the injection pressure and rate will be the same for each of the multiple injection events.
38:
280:
80:(or pump nozzles). High-pressure injection delivers power and fuel consumption benefits over earlier lower pressure fuel injection, by injecting fuel as a larger number of smaller droplets, giving a much higher ratio of surface area to volume. This provides improved vaporization from the surface of the fuel droplets, and so more efficient combining of atmospheric oxygen with vaporized fuel delivering more complete combustion.
1116:
104:
1139:, the engine's electronic control unit can inject a small amount of diesel just before the main injection event ("pilot" injection), thus reducing its explosiveness and vibration, as well as optimising injection timing and quantity for variations in fuel quality, cold starting, and so on. Some advanced common rail fuel systems perform as many as five injections per stroke.
1157:
They are cam driven, and injection pressure is proportional to engine speed. This typically means that the highest injection pressure can only be achieved at the highest engine speed and the maximum achievable injection pressure decreases as engine speed decreases. This relationship is true with all
1175:
are supplied by a common fuel rail which is nothing more than a pressure accumulator where the fuel is stored at high pressure. This accumulator supplies multiple fuel injectors with high-pressure fuel. This simplifies the purpose of the high-pressure pump in that it only needs to maintain a target
226:
model. In 2001, common rail injection made its way into the 6.6 liter
Duramax LB7 V8 used in the Chevrolet Silverado HD and GMC Sierra HD. In 2003 Dodge and Cummins launched common rail engines, and Ford followed in 2008 with the 6.4L Powerstroke. Today almost all non-commercial diesel vehicles use
1165:
For the typical distributor/inline system, the start of injection occurs at a predetermined pressure (often referred to as pop pressure) and ends at a predetermined pressure. This characteristic results from "dumb" injectors in the cylinder head which open and close at pressures determined by the
119:
engines. For every 90° of rotation, four plunger pumps allowed a constant injection pressure of 3,000 pounds per square inch (210 bar; 21 MPa), with fuel delivery to individual cylinders being shut off by valves in the injector lines. From 1921 to 1980
1158:
pumps, even those used on common rail systems. With unit or distributor systems, the injection pressure is tied to the instantaneous pressure of a single pumping event with no accumulator, thus the relationship is more prominent and troublesome.
1269:
1161:
They are limited in the number and timing of injection events that can be commanded during a single combustion event. While multiple injection events are possible with these older systems, it is much more difficult and costly to
1170:
In common rail systems, a high-pressure pump stores a reservoir of fuel at high pressure — up to and above 2,000 bars (200 MPa; 29,000 psi). The term "common rail" refers to the fact that all of the
1273:
2216:
1547:
1142:
Common rail engines require a very short to no heating-up time, depending on the ambient temperature, and produce lower engine noise and emissions than older systems.
1166:
spring preload applied to the plunger in the injector. Once the pressure in the injector reaches a predetermined level, the plunger lifts and injection starts.
2209:
1471:
1540:
1441:
1356:
2761:
2202:
2115:
1235:
1533:
1131:
over the fuel-injection time and quantity, and the higher pressure that the common rail technology makes available provides better fuel
1493:
2054:
1327:
179:
The first successful mass production vehicle with common rail, was sold in Japan in 1995. Dr. Shohei Itoh and
Masahiko Miyaki of the
2756:
2327:
1377:
1406:
1294:
1153:. While these older systems provide accurate fuel quantity and injection timing control, they are limited by several factors:
1732:
1270:"Nordhäuser an Entwicklung des weltweit ersten Common-Rail-Diesels beteiligt – IFA-Museum öffnet zur Nordhäuser Museumsnacht"
2029:
1057:
1486:"DENSO Develops a New Diesel Common Rail System With the World's Highest Injection Pressure| News | DENSO Global Website"
2420:
2347:
1613:
223:
31:
2243:
1556:
1255:
2165:
2079:
2024:
1976:
1884:
143:
1942) is an example of a hydraulically operated common rail diesel engine, also known as a modified common rail.
121:
116:
88:
1176:
pressure (either mechanically or electronically controlled). The fuel injectors are typically controlled by the
2497:
2337:
2160:
2001:
1710:
1407:"Denso targets French, US automakers : World's No. 4 supplier will grow organically, not by acquisitions"
1187:
injectors for increased precision, with fuel pressures up to 2,500 bar (250 MPa; 36,000 psi).
1935:
1128:
866:
147:
2492:
2447:
2357:
2290:
1757:
1099:
707:
653:
176:
in 1985. Due to a lack of funding, the development was cancelled and mass production was never achieved.
2482:
2477:
2457:
2382:
2342:
2332:
2285:
2280:
1874:
1715:
1136:
540:
340:
125:
65:
1449:
1348:
37:
2487:
2467:
2462:
2452:
2430:
2372:
2263:
2258:
2225:
1869:
1641:
831:
167:
1145:
Diesel engines have historically used various forms of fuel injection. Two common types include the
2721:
2545:
2472:
2367:
2317:
2019:
1917:
1647:
1177:
256:
191:
159:
151:
2540:
2410:
2405:
2362:
2300:
1940:
1737:
1095:
926:
814:
703:
489:
73:
1510:
235:
The common rail system is suitable for all types of road cars with diesel engines, ranging from
206:. Unfortunately Fiat were in a poor financial state at this time, so the design was acquired by
165:
The first common-rail-Diesel-engine used in a road vehicle was the MN 106-engine by East German
2530:
2415:
2400:
2377:
1742:
1682:
1633:
1465:
1231:
993:
789:
729:
414:
252:
207:
180:
210:
for refinement and mass production. The first passenger car to use this system was the 1997
194:, which controls injectors electrically rather than mechanically. Prototyped in the 1990s by
2520:
2515:
2034:
1991:
1950:
1899:
1864:
1785:
1772:
1485:
1036:
827:
392:
279:
2194:
1319:
146:
The common rail system prototype for automotive engines was developed in the late 1960s by
2535:
2525:
2439:
2392:
2295:
2145:
1856:
1705:
1662:
849:
751:
609:
562:
195:
136:
1385:
1515:
856:(The 2.2 turbo diesel engine was also called "TiD", but it didn't have Common rail) and
2305:
2011:
1981:
1836:
1603:
1150:
818:
510:
268:
211:
69:
49:
2750:
2716:
2706:
2563:
2352:
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2229:
2183:
2074:
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1184:
1172:
1146:
1124:
1062:
1052:
716:
548:
295:
244:
219:
92:
84:
77:
61:
187:
truck. Denso claims the first commercial high-pressure common rail system in 1995.
2248:
1800:
1795:
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1577:
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1206:
1005:
989:
310:
1115:
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1879:
1831:
1790:
1747:
1677:
1103:
1009:
970:
966:
958:
918:
910:
842:(Infiniti uses some dCi engines as part of the Renault-Nissan Alliance, branded
585:
501:
264:
184:
2680:
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2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
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2595:
2583:
2322:
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2150:
2110:
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1986:
1971:
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633:
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369:
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155:
132:
103:
57:
1525:
287:
The automotive manufacturers refer to their common rail engines by their own
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2602:
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2105:
1846:
1841:
1628:
1608:
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324:
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2555:
2128:
2124:
1996:
1727:
1652:
1618:
1511:
Common Rail Direct
Injection System or CRDI System working and advantages
682:
497:
361:
344:
236:
173:
53:
2155:
2039:
1132:
823:
780:
410:
402:
388:
248:
112:
1295:"240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology - Common rail ECD-U2"
150:
of
Switzerland, and the technology was further developed by Dr. Marco
1966:
1945:
1722:
1672:
1027:
901:
883:
738:
441:
17:
1114:
1071:
691:
643:
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527:
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288:
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102:
2120:
1048:
1044:
985:
747:
594:
557:
433:
429:
332:
305:
283:
Bosch common rail diesel fuel injector from a Volvo truck engine
203:
202:, and Elasis, with further development by physicist Mario Ricco
199:
2198:
1529:
1061:(more recent models use common rail, as opposed to the earlier
1567:
374:
328:
41:
Diesel fuel injector as installed in a MAN V8 Diesel engine
1431:(multistroke injection) See BMW 2009 Brochure for 3 series
251:). The main suppliers of modern common rail systems are
183:
developed the ECD-U2 common rail system, mounted on the
115:
pioneered the use of mechanical common rail systems in
1065:
engines). Bentley term their
Bentayga diesel simply
2699:
2646:
2554:
2506:
2438:
2429:
2391:
2236:
2138:
2098:
2053:
2010:
1959:
1926:
1908:
1855:
1809:
1771:
1691:
1576:
1183:Third-generation common rail diesels now feature
131:Common rail engines have been used in marine and
1272:. meinanzeiger.de. 25 March 2015. Archived from
1197:Hydraulically actuated electronic unit injection
107:Common rail fuel system on a Volvo truck engine
190:Modern common rail systems are governed by an
2210:
1541:
702:(some MZR-CD engines are manufactured by the
8:
1521:Animation explaining common rail functioning
2435:
2217:
2203:
2195:
1548:
1534:
1526:
1516:Brief Summary about working of CRDI Engine
1614:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
1378:"New Powertrain Technologies Conference"
83:Common rail injection is widely used in
36:
1218:
1004:(also supplied by Fiat and used in SUV
640:, eD4, SD4, TD6, TDV6, SDV6, TDV8, SDV8
1470:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1463:
156:Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
7:
1228:Diesels for the First Stealth Weapon
813:(developed under joint venture with
799:Groupe PSA (Peugeot, Citroën and DS)
458:, and by supplied manufacturers as
124:used a common rail system in their
1230:. Carnot Press. pp. 196–198.
1094:engines (some are manufactured by
25:
1119:Diagram of the common rail system
925:(used in large SUV-class such as
917:(used in large SUV-class such as
46:Common rail direct fuel injection
1496:from the original on 2017-10-13.
1258:from the original on 2007-12-20.
135:applications for some time. The
1716:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
1359:from the original on 2009-09-08
1330:from the original on 2011-08-07
1151:distributor/inline-pump systems
399:(developed under joint venture)
302:(used in U Truck and E4 Busses)
72:, as opposed to a low-pressure
1:
2762:Engine fuel system technology
172:. It was built into a single
126:opposed-piston marine engines
1349:"Fiat Rebirth of a carmaker"
1297:. Jsae.or.jp. Archived from
1020:( used in M&HCV Trucks).
218:, and later that same year,
32:Common rail (disambiguation)
1446:www.carservicesalisbury.com
710:joint venture) and earlier
170:IFA Motorenwerke Nordhausen
52:system built around a high-
27:Engine fuel delivery method
2778:
1557:Internal combustion engine
1252:"Doxford Engine Reference"
1127:valves make possible fine
860:The double "T" stands for
275:Acronyms and branding used
198:, Centro Ricerche Fiat in
162:(est. 1995) in Oberägeri.
87:. It is also the basis of
29:
2174:
2025:Diesel particulate filter
1977:Idle air control actuator
1918:Engine control unit (ECU)
1563:
1226:Cummins, C. Lyle (2007).
89:gasoline direct injection
2757:Diesel engine technology
2090:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
2002:Throttle position sensor
1711:Overhead camshaft layout
1629:Core plug (freeze plug)
1320:"Diesel Fuel Injection"
222:introduced it in their
2358:Single-acting cylinder
2291:Double-acting cylinder
1120:
284:
108:
42:
2226:Engine configurations
1118:
341:Land Rover Freelander
282:
227:common rail systems.
106:
40:
2328:Oscillating cylinder
1870:Compression ignition
1490:DENSO Global Website
650:(e.g. 450d and 220d)
318:The "Bi" stands for
158:in Zurich, later of
68:) fuel rail feeding
30:For other uses, see
2421:Two-and four-stroke
2323:Intake over exhaust
2020:Catalytic converter
1411:Europe.autonews.com
1178:engine control unit
1100:PSA Peugeot Citroën
708:PSA Peugeot Citroën
257:Delphi Technologies
192:engine control unit
2146:Knocking / pinging
1738:Combustion chamber
1135:. To lower engine
1129:electronic control
1121:
490:Ford Motor Company
351:as CDT and CDTi),
339:(also used in the
285:
160:Ganser-Hydromag AG
109:
43:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2440:Inline / straight
2338:Overhead camshaft
2192:
2191:
2161:Stratified charge
1928:Electrical system
1910:Engine management
1743:Compression ratio
1683:Starter ring gear
1582:rotating assembly
1237:978-0-917308-06-2
951:1.5 Revotorq CR05
939:1.05 Revotorq CR3
450:(also branded as
208:Robert Bosch GmbH
181:Denso Corporation
117:G-class submarine
56:(over 2,000
16:(Redirected from
2769:
2436:
2431:Cylinder layouts
2219:
2212:
2205:
2196:
2035:Exhaust manifold
1900:Spark plug wires
1786:Boost controller
1773:Forced induction
1550:
1543:
1536:
1527:
1498:
1497:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1448:. Archived from
1438:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1384:. Archived from
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1316:
1310:
1309:
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1306:
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1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1223:
1106:D-series engines
1037:Volkswagen Group
1014:3.3 L Turbotronn
898:(as of Jan 2008)
91:systems used on
21:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2736:
2695:
2642:
2550:
2502:
2425:
2387:
2232:
2223:
2193:
2188:
2170:
2166:Top dead centre
2134:
2094:
2049:
2006:
1955:
1929:
1922:
1911:
1904:
1851:
1805:
1767:
1723:Tappet / lifter
1706:Flathead layout
1696:
1687:
1581:
1572:
1559:
1554:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1442:"Archived copy"
1440:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1389:
1376:
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1360:
1347:
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1318:
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1313:
1304:
1302:
1293:
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1288:
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1277:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1193:
1149:system and the
1113:
982:) 1.3 Quadrajet
678:mPower (Trucks)
517:(licensed from
343:as TD4 and the
277:
233:
196:Magneti Marelli
137:Cooper-Bessemer
122:Doxford Engines
101:
70:solenoid valves
64:or 29,000
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2775:
2773:
2765:
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2759:
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2343:Overhead valve
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2333:Opposed-piston
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2240:
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2230:piston engines
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2207:
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2055:Cooling system
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2027:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2012:Exhaust system
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1982:Inlet manifold
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1837:Fuel injection
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1604:Connecting rod
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1506:
1505:External links
1503:
1500:
1499:
1492:. 2013-06-26.
1477:
1452:on 14 May 2018
1433:
1424:
1398:
1369:
1355:. 2008-04-24.
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1311:
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1243:
1236:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1204:
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1192:
1189:
1173:fuel injectors
1168:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1147:unit-injection
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1069:
1034:
1025:
1023:
1021:
908:
899:
881:
864:
847:
821:
819:PSA HDi engine
796:
787:
778:
745:
736:
727:
714:
689:
680:
651:
641:
631:
607:
592:
583:
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538:
525:
523:Duramax Diesel
508:
506:EcoBlue Diesel
487:
427:
418:
400:
386:
367:
359:
322:
303:
276:
273:
269:Continental AG
267:(now owned by
245:executive cars
232:
229:
212:Alfa Romeo 156
100:
97:
93:petrol engines
85:diesel engines
78:unit injectors
50:fuel injection
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2774:
2763:
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2393:Stroke cycles
2390:
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2101:
2097:
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2088:
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2078:
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2072:
2069:
2068:Water cooling
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2045:Oxygen sensor
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:Intake system
1958:
1952:
1951:Starter motor
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1890:Ignition coil
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
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1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
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1838:
1835:
1833:
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1825:
1823:
1822:Petrol engine
1820:
1818:
1817:Diesel engine
1815:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:Blowoff valve
1779:
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1699:
1698:Cylinder head
1694:
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1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1589:Balance shaft
1587:
1586:
1584:
1579:
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1558:
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1451:
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1443:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1388:on 2013-07-03
1387:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1358:
1354:
1353:economist.com
1350:
1344:
1341:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1301:on 2009-09-08
1300:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1276:on 2020-10-28
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1185:piezoelectric
1181:
1179:
1174:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:piezoelectric
1117:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1063:unit injector
1060:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:5L Turbotronn
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
984:(supplied by
983:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:Safari Storme
924:
920:
916:
915:2.2 VTT DiCOR
912:
909:
907:
903:
900:
897:
893:
889:
885:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
865:
863:
859:
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851:
848:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
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822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
797:
795:
791:
788:
786:
782:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
746:
744:
740:
737:
735:
731:
728:
726:
722:
718:
717:Mercedes-Benz
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
690:
688:
684:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
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649:
645:
642:
639:
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632:
629:
628:
623:
619:
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591:
587:
584:
582:
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564:
559:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
539:
537:
533:
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524:
520:
516:
512:
509:
507:
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495:
491:
488:
485:
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477:
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461:
457:
453:
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448:
443:
439:
435:
431:
428:
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416:
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408:
404:
401:
398:
394:
390:
387:
385:
381:
377:
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371:
368:
366:
363:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:
321:
317:
313:
312:
307:
304:
301:
297:
296:Ashok Leyland
294:
293:
292:
290:
281:
274:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
247:(such as the
246:
242:
239:(such as the
238:
230:
228:
225:
221:
220:Mercedes-Benz
217:
214:with a 2.4-L
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
169:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
118:
114:
105:
98:
96:
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
33:
19:
2722:Split-single
2508:Flat / boxer
2368:Swing-piston
2075:Electric fan
1875:Coil-on-plug
1801:Turbocharger
1796:Supercharger
1668:Main bearing
1658:Firing order
1648:Displacement
1594:Block heater
1578:Engine block
1566:Part of the
1565:
1489:
1480:
1454:. Retrieved
1450:the original
1445:
1436:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1413:. 2005-10-17
1410:
1401:
1390:. Retrieved
1386:the original
1382:autonews.com
1381:
1372:
1361:. Retrieved
1352:
1343:
1332:. Retrieved
1324:DENSO Global
1323:
1314:
1303:. Retrieved
1299:the original
1289:
1278:. Retrieved
1274:the original
1264:
1246:
1227:
1221:
1207:Water sensor
1182:
1169:
1144:
1141:
1123:Solenoid or
1122:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1056:
1031:
1017:
1013:
1008:and All new
1001:
994:Indigo Manza
990:Indica Vista
988:and used in
981:
974:
962:
950:
938:
922:
914:
905:
896:BOXER DIESEL
895:
891:
887:
878:
874:
870:
857:
853:
843:
839:
835:
810:
806:
802:
793:
784:
775:
771:
767:
764:BiTurbo CDTI
763:
759:
755:
742:
733:
724:
720:
711:
699:
695:
686:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
647:
637:
626:
625:
621:
617:
613:
602:
598:
589:
580:
576:
572:
561:
552:
535:
531:
522:
514:
505:
493:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
445:
424:
406:
396:
383:
379:
373:
364:
356:
352:
336:
315:
309:
299:
286:
234:
231:Applications
189:
178:
166:
164:
148:Robert Huber
145:
140:
130:
110:
82:
60:or 200
48:is a direct
45:
44:
2411:Five-stroke
2406:Four-stroke
2363:Split cycle
2301:Free-piston
2244:Atmospheric
2099:Lubrication
2063:Air cooling
1880:Distributor
1832:Fuel filter
1810:Fuel system
1791:Intercooler
1758:Timing belt
1748:Head gasket
1678:Piston ring
1133:atomisation
1104:Volvo Penta
1002:2.0 Kryotec
624:and higher
502:Powerstroke
265:Siemens VDO
185:Hino Ranger
2751:Categories
2416:Six-stroke
2401:Two-stroke
2318:Heron head
2276:Cam engine
2151:Power band
2111:Oil filter
2085:Thermostat
2030:EGT sensor
1992:MAF sensor
1987:MAP sensor
1972:Air filter
1936:Alternator
1895:Spark plug
1827:Carburetor
1753:Rocker arm
1693:Valvetrain
1624:Crankshaft
1568:Automobile
1456:15 January
1392:2008-04-08
1363:2008-05-01
1334:2011-08-03
1305:2009-04-29
1280:2022-03-03
1213:References
1111:Principles
1041:Volkswagen
862:Twin-Turbo
730:Mitsubishi
700:Skyactiv-D
634:Land Rover
438:Alfa Romeo
430:Fiat Group
417:injectors)
413:pump with
241:Fiat Panda
216:JTD engine
204:Fiat Group
133:locomotive
1885:Glow plug
1847:Fuel tank
1842:Fuel pump
1609:Crankcase
1202:Unit pump
979:Sumo gold
977:(used in
965:(used in
953:(used in
941:(used in
867:SsangYong
776:BiTurbo D
604:EcoDiesel
519:VM Motori
484:QuadraJet
325:BMW Group
237:city cars
74:fuel pump
2348:Pentroof
2296:Flathead
2286:Compound
2264:Rotative
2184:Category
2129:Dry sump
2125:Wet sump
2116:Oil pump
2080:Radiator
1997:Throttle
1857:Ignition
1728:Camshaft
1653:Flywheel
1634:Cylinder
1619:Crankpin
1494:Archived
1466:cite web
1357:Archived
1328:Archived
1256:Archived
1191:See also
1162:achieve.
873:, eXDI,
817:) – See
752:Vauxhall
683:Maserati
654:Mahindra
581:DI TURBO
498:Duratorq
452:MultiJet
362:Chrysler
345:Rover 75
111:In 1916
76:feeding
54:pressure
2556:V / Vee
2373:Uniflow
2306:Stelzer
2281:Camless
2259:Cornish
2156:Redline
2040:Muffler
1941:Battery
1865:Magneto
1006:Harrier
1000:), and
975:3.0 CR4
963:1.4 CR4
923:VARICOR
840:BLUEdCi
824:Renault
811:BlueHDi
781:Porsche
772:Turbo D
674:mFalcon
630:-series
610:Komatsu
549:Genesis
541:Hyundai
421:Daimler
411:Cummins
403:Cummins
389:Cummins
384:BlueHDi
370:Citroën
320:BiTurbo
291:names:
249:Audi A8
174:IFA W50
154:at the
113:Vickers
99:History
2717:Radial
2707:Deltic
2353:Rotary
2271:Bourke
2179:Portal
1967:Airbox
1946:Dynamo
1673:Piston
1663:Stroke
1642:layout
1570:series
1417:16 May
1234:
1067:Diesel
1028:Toyota
1010:Safari
971:Indigo
967:Indica
959:Altroz
919:Safari
902:Suzuki
884:Subaru
832:Nissan
790:Proton
785:Diesel
739:Nissan
696:MZR-CD
687:Diesel
666:mEagle
662:m2DiCR
586:Jaguar
536:i-DTEC
532:i-CTDI
521:) and
504:) and
442:Lancia
393:Scania
263:, and
152:Ganser
139:GN-8 (
2700:Other
2383:Wedge
2249:Axial
2139:Other
1763:Valve
1733:Chest
1137:noise
1072:Volvo
1053:Škoda
955:Nexon
947:Tigor
943:Tiago
828:Dacia
807:e-HDi
692:Mazda
670:mHawk
644:Lexus
618:Tier4
614:Tier3
569:Isuzu
528:Honda
415:Bosch
380:e-HDi
349:MG ZT
316:BiTDi
289:brand
261:Denso
253:BOSCH
243:) to
141:circa
2378:Watt
2313:Hemi
2254:Beam
2237:Type
2228:for
2121:Sump
1638:bank
1599:Bore
1472:link
1458:2022
1419:2018
1232:ISBN
1098:and
1096:Ford
1090:and
1051:and
1049:SEAT
1045:Audi
1032:D4-D
1016:and
998:Zest
996:and
986:Fiat
957:and
945:and
935:Hexa
933:and
931:Aria
911:Tata
906:DDiS
858:TTiD
850:Saab
838:and
830:and
815:Ford
794:SCDi
774:and
760:CDTI
748:Opel
743:DDTi
734:Di-D
723:and
712:DiTD
706:and
704:Ford
698:and
676:and
658:CRDe
627:HPCR
622:4D95
601:and
595:Jeep
579:and
573:iTEQ
558:IKCO
553:CRDi
547:and
534:and
515:VCDi
500:and
494:TDCi
482:and
480:DDiS
476:TTiD
468:TCDi
464:CDTi
456:JTDm
440:and
434:Fiat
391:and
382:and
355:and
347:and
333:Mini
331:and
306:Audi
224:W202
200:Bari
18:TDCi
2691:W30
2686:W24
2681:W18
2676:W16
2671:W12
2638:V24
2633:V20
2628:V18
2623:V16
2618:V14
2613:V12
2608:V10
2596:VR6
2584:VR5
2546:F16
2541:F12
2536:F10
2498:I14
2493:I12
2106:Oil
1695:and
1580:and
1102:),
1058:TDI
1055:):
973:),
961:),
921:),
894:or
877:or
875:XVT
871:XDi
854:TiD
836:dCi
809:or
803:HDi
768:CRI
756:DTI
721:CDI
638:TD4
599:CRD
577:Ddi
563:EFD
545:Kia
472:TiD
460:TDi
447:JTD
444:):
425:CDI
407:CCR
397:XPI
375:HDi
365:CRD
335:):
329:BMW
311:TDI
300:CRS
271:).
168:VEB
66:psi
62:MPa
58:bar
2753::
2666:W8
2661:W6
2656:W3
2603:V8
2591:V6
2579:V5
2574:V4
2569:V3
2564:V2
2531:F8
2526:F6
2521:F4
2516:F2
2488:I9
2483:I8
2478:I7
2473:I6
2468:I5
2463:I4
2458:I3
2453:I2
2448:I1
2127:,
1640:,
1488:.
1468:}}
1464:{{
1444:.
1409:.
1380:.
1351:.
1326:.
1322:.
1254:.
1092:D5
1088:D4
1086:,
1084:D3
1082:,
1080:D2
1078:,
1074::
1047:,
1043:,
1030::
1012:),
992:,
969:,
949:)
937:),
929:,
913::
904::
890:,
888:TD
886::
869::
852::
834::
826:,
805:,
801::
792::
783::
770:,
766:,
762:,
758:,
754::
741::
732::
719::
694::
685::
672:,
668:,
664:,
660:,
656::
646::
636::
620:,
616:,
612::
597::
588::
575:,
571::
560::
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543:,
530::
513::
511:GM
492::
478:,
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470:,
466:,
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454:,
436:,
423::
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378:,
372::
357:SD
314:,
308::
298::
259:,
255:,
95:.
2732:X
2727:U
2712:H
2648:W
2218:e
2211:t
2204:v
2131:)
2123:(
1644:)
1636:(
1549:e
1542:t
1535:v
1474:)
1460:.
1421:.
1395:.
1366:.
1337:.
1308:.
1283:.
1240:.
1076:D
1039:(
892:D
879:D
846:)
844:d
750:/
725:d
648:d
590:d
496:(
486:)
432:(
409:(
353:D
337:d
327:(
34:.
20:)
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