631:, completely surrounding it, burning nearby villages, and confiscating the crops of the surrounding countryside. Ibn Jahhaf agreed at one point to pay tribute to El Cid in order to end the siege, which resulted in the Almoravids in the city being escorted out by El Cid's men. For reasons that remain unclear, an Almoravid relief army approached Valencia in September 1093 but then retreated without engaging El Cid. Ibn Jahhaf continued negotiations. In the end, he refused to pay El Cid's tribute and the siege continued. By April 1094, the city was starving and he decided to surrender it shortly after. El Cid re-entered Valencia on 15 June 1094, after 20 months of siege. Rather than ruling through a puppet, as he had done with al-Qadir, he now took direct control as king.
327:
635:
43:
313:
726:, Marwan ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz, attempted to assuage growing popular hostility towards the Almoravid regime. By March 1145, popular opinion, as well as sentiment among the Andalusi soldiers in particular, was firmly set against the Almoravids and Marwan was pressured into taking leadership of the city under the title of
855:
there, but the small fleet subsequently sent by the
Hafsids was prevented from landing by Catalan ships. The city surrendered on 29 September. Zayyan was able to retreat and he continued to operate in the region for several more years, even becoming ruler of Murcia from 1239 to 1241. Valencia became
649:
The
Almoravids returned their attention to Valencia later that year. They arrived outside the city walls in October 1094 and began a siege. The siege ended when El Cid launched a two-sided attack: he sent a sortie from one city gate that posed as his main force, occupying the Almoravid troops, while
662:
for reinforcements. When the reinforcements approached, the
Almoravids lifted the siege, but laid a trap for El Cid's forces as they marched back to Valencia. They successfully ambushed the Christians in a narrow pass located between the mountains and the sea, but El Cid managed to rally his troops
790:
until 1157. These two factions acted as buffers between him and the
Almohads during this time, but they were eventually expelled by the latter. Ibn Mardanish managed to hold onto to power after this in part by allying himself with Castile, which supplied him with military assistance against the
799:
Although not much is known about the family and descendants of Ibn
Mardanish under Almohad rule, they appear to have been integrated into the Almohad elites and maintained some influence in Valencia. Almohad rule in al-Andalus began to collapse after 1212 and the Almohad caliph
653:
El Cid fortified his new kingdom by building fortresses along the southern approaches to the city to defend against future
Almoravid attacks. In late 1096, an Almoravid army of 30,000 men besieged the strongest of these fortresses, Peña Cadiella (just south of
486:, established the effective independence of Valencia in 1010–1011. They had previously been appointed here as officials in charge of irrigation. Their co-rule ended in 1017–1018, when Mubarak died and Muzaffar was expelled. The people of the city chose another
690:
in battle with another
Almoravid army, who followed up this victory by ravaging the lands around Valencia and defeating another army sent by El Cid. Despite these victories in the field, the Almoravids did not capture any major new towns or fortresses.
650:
he personally led another force from a different city gate and attacked their undefended camp. After his victory, El Cid executed Ibn Jahhaf by burning him alive in public, perhaps in retaliation for treachery.
2058:
1427:
758:
406:
831:, who emerged as the most powerful leader in al-Andalus during this time, but he was unable to halt the advance of Aragonese conquests from the north. As the latter closed in, occupying nearby
517:(also known as Almanzor). He reigned for 40 years until his death in 1061. During this long period of stability, Valencia enjoyed relative peace and prosperity. 'Abd al-'Aziz employed the same
623:
However, the
Almoravids did not send enough forces to oppose El Cid's return and Ibn Jahhaf undermined his popular support by proceeding to install himself as ruler, acting like yet another
706:, in the early spring of 1102. In April–May, Jimena and the Christians who wished to leave the city were evacuated with the help of Alfonso VI. The Almoravids occupied the city after them.
663:
and repel the
Almoravids yet again. In 1097, the Almoravid governor of Xativa, Ali ibn al-Hajj, led another incursion into Valencian territory but was quickly defeated and pursued to
2890:
774:). He based himself in Murcia and placed Valencia under the governorship of his brother Yusuf. He was vulnerable to Christian forces both to the north and south, but after 1147 the
812:
to pay tribute. This made him unpopular and he was overthrown by a rebellion in late 1228 or early 1229. The remaining
Almohads departed and it was a descendant of Ibn Mardanish,
2051:
734:. When he proved unable to keep paying the Andalusi soldiers, they deposed him and installed one of their own leaders, [[Abu Muhammad Abd Allah ibn Iyad |Ibd 'Iyad]], as ruler.
565:, but the latter took the opportunity to seize control of Valencia for himself in 1065. Al-Ma'mun installed his own vizier, Abu Bakr ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz, as governor of the city.
2880:
2044:
1205:
912:
714:
As Almoravid authority disintegrated during the 1140s, local communities in al-Andalus once again took matters into their own hands, creating a second wave of
2865:
702:, in charge of the kingdom. She was unable to hold off Almoravid pressures, which culminated in a siege of the city by the veteran Almoravid commander,
451:. As centralized authority collapsed in the caliphate's provinces, local rulers formed their own small states or principalities known to historians as
2895:
2465:
527:
462:
598:, a Castilian noble and mercenary better known today as El Cid. In October 1092, when El Cid was away from the city, there was an insurrection and
572:
became ruler of Toledo. Under his rule, Valencia began to slip from Toledo's control and his own kingdom became so troubled that he had to rely on
678:
with Muhammad ibn al-Hajj as his field commander, he marched against Alfonso VI, who was in Toledo at the time. The Castilians were routed at the
2885:
2288:
2027:
1901:
1862:
42:
620:
to the south. They sent a small group of warriors to the city, forcing the Castilian garrison to leave. Al-Qadir was captured and executed.
2875:
2870:
2585:
2006:
1987:
628:
405:
Following the collapse of Almoravid power, Valencia became independent again in 1145. From 1147 to 1172, it was under the control of
1794:
1554:
573:
387:
413:. When the Almohads reatreated from al-Andalus, Valencia became independent once again from around 1229 to 1238 under the rule of
1937:
1921:
1785:
Guichard, Pierre (2017). "Ibn Mardanīsh". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
2205:
1404:
2603:
757:
on 5 February. Ibn 'Iyad was killed in August 1147, but before he died he managed to pass the command of Valencia's forces to
299:
285:
260:
2185:
1467:
2597:
2718:
2591:
2458:
2200:
892:
2795:
2609:
698:, but ultimately failed to attract many new Christian settlers to the city. He died on 10 July 1099, leaving his wife,
694:
El Cid attempted to Christianize Valencia during his rule, converting its main mosque into a church and establishing a
778:(who had replaced the Almoravids as the major power in North Africa) presented a more serious threat, having annexed
554:
attacked Valencia and defeated an army of its defenders, nearly capturing the city. 'Abd al-Malik turned for aid to
2860:
2771:
1954:
1396:
457:. Valencia had already enjoyed urban and economic growth since the second half of the 10th century and during the
20:
2530:
2293:
1933:
1024:
886:
495:
2451:
1925:
840:
634:
595:
2277:
682:. El Cid was not involved, but his son, Diego, was killed in the battle. Soon after, the Castilian commander
1036:
718:
statelets. In Valencia, the Almoravid governor at this time was 'Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn Ghaniya (of the
448:
370:
2819:
2082:
664:
577:
543:
839:(known as the Battle of Anisha in Arabic sources), where he was firmly defeated. James I began the final
1110:
906:
506:
390:
in 1085. From 1094 to 1099, the kingdom was ruled directly by the Castilian military commander known as
2210:
2756:
2662:
2443:
2338:
2133:
1447:
1041:
949:
880:
813:
703:
589:
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414:
265:
683:
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2541:
2518:
2315:
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2118:
2092:
750:
679:
499:
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320:
2835:
2827:
2512:
2087:
1339:
1088:
836:
754:
555:
551:
231:
70:
2403:
2309:
2153:
2138:
801:
791:
Almohads. Only after he died in 1172 did the Almohads take his kingdom, with little opposition.
547:
461:
period of the 11th century it became a major city and political center for the first time since
2737:
2703:
2535:
2426:
2333:
2243:
2174:
2098:
2023:
2017:
2002:
1983:
1964:
1897:
1858:
1852:
1790:
1550:
1384:
1332:
1300:
820:
809:
746:
675:
671:
659:
292:
92:
2632:
2409:
2298:
2282:
2271:
2231:
2215:
2159:
2128:
2113:
2108:
1977:
278:
2742:
2524:
2506:
2420:
2414:
2381:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2343:
2327:
2321:
2225:
2220:
2190:
2179:
2169:
2143:
2036:
1455:
1343:
857:
559:
418:
380:
358:
306:
209:
137:
74:
66:
56:
2787:
2626:
2579:
2397:
2391:
2386:
2304:
2265:
2195:
2148:
2123:
2103:
1949:
1941:
1376:
1351:
1287:
852:
771:
699:
569:
395:
1543:
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). "The Muluk al-Tawa'if or Reyes de Taifas in Spain".
594:
Al-Qadir's unpopular rule in Valencia was supported by a Castilian garrison headed by
2854:
2803:
2644:
1945:
1929:
1416:
805:
749:, to take command of Valencia and Murcia. Sayf al-Dawla accepted and laid claim to a
687:
1354:: 1075–1085 (from Toledo 1075–1085, in Valencia 1086–1092 under Castilian vassalage)
844:
719:
88:
580:
altogether in 1085 and then installed al-Qadir in Valencia as his vassal in 1086.
1891:
1544:
895:(in Denia 1010/2–1045): 1017–1021, d. 1045, co-ruler in the beginning with Labib
114:
2689:
2676:
1362:
787:
642:
613:
609:
438:
399:
163:
1968:
695:
655:
2638:
1435:
1412:
943:
804:
withdrew from the region in 1228. The last Almohad governor of the city,
775:
738:
514:
469:
434:
410:
366:
186:
899:
873:
832:
828:
824:
783:
779:
645:
and his companions after his conquest of the Taifa of Valencia in 1094.
479:
441:(in present-day Spain and Portugal) that became independent during the
96:
782:
and western al-Andalus. The last Almoravids in al-Andalus remained in
2779:
2563:
2558:
2474:
1370:
638:
617:
539:
535:
453:
391:
227:
150:
764:
Ibn Mardanish made himself ruler of the eastern part of al-Andalus (
523:(royal name) as his grandfather and was thus known as al-Mansur.
2067:
1546:
The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
848:
742:
519:
375:
345:
84:
727:
604:
2447:
2040:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1676:
1674:
835:
in 1236, he made a desperate attempt to confront them at the
1999:
Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
365:) was a medieval Muslim kingdom which existed in and around
1810:
1808:
1806:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1749:
1747:
1710:
1708:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1644:
1642:
808:, was so vulnerable that in 1226 he signed a treaty with
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1592:
1590:
667:, which El Cid then captured after a three-month siege.
576:
of Castile and Léon for support. Eventually, the latter
379:, for most of the 11th century. It was absorbed by the
568:
After al-Ma'mun's death in 1075, his less capable son
674:, led another army into al-Andalus. Setting out from
765:
728:
488:
471:
447:, a destructive civil war after 1008 that ended the
2729:
2654:
2619:
2572:
2551:
2499:
2481:
2374:
2252:
2075:
341:
223:
206:
196:
183:
173:
160:
147:
134:
124:
110:
102:
80:
62:
52:
28:
373:circa 1010 and became its own small kingdom, or
819:Zayyan ibn Mardanish formally acknowledged the
1854:Rulers and Realms in Medieval Iberia, 711–1492
1530:
505:In around 1021, the kingdom was taken over by
498:, as ruler. He accepted the suzerainty of the
2891:States and territories disestablished in 1238
2459:
2052:
526:After his death, he was succeeded by his son
8:
398:after his death, until being annexed by the
2881:States and territories established in 1010
2466:
2452:
2444:
2059:
2045:
2037:
1955:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1549:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 19.
918:
843:on 23 April 1238. Zayyan sent his vizier,
755:a battle with the Christians near Albacete
534:of al-Muzaffar. Due to his young age, his
41:
25:
1963:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 985–986.
1379:(wife and successor of El Cid): 1099–1102
827:as suzerains and remained independent of
786:until 1155 and the Castilians controlled
369:, Spain. It gained independence from the
16:Moorish state in Iberia from 1010 to 1238
2019:The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad
1596:
913:Abd al-Malik ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Muẓaffar
658:). El Cid confronted them and called on
633:
175:• Independence from the Almoravids
1877:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1772:
1753:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1699:
1680:
1665:
1648:
1633:
1621:
1581:
1569:
1503:
1491:
1484:
670:In 1097, the Almoravid ruler himself,
612:. The latter called for help from the
509:, a grandson of the Amirid and former
198:• Independence from the Almohads
1358:Following the overthrow of al-Qadir:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1286:
1266:
1246:
1244:
1242:
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1228:
1215:
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930:
205:
195:
182:
172:
159:
146:
133:
123:
119:
7:
409:, after which it was annexed by the
737:In January 1146, Ibn 'Iyad invited
362:
2866:History of the Valencian Community
761:, known simply as Ibn Mardanish.
417:. It was finally conquered by the
47:Taifa Kingdom of Valencia, c. 1037
14:
2070:Kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula
2022:. Praeger/ABC-CLIO. p. 118.
1979:The Almoravid and Almohad Empires
1342:: 1065–1075 (Valencia annexed to
2896:1238 disestablishments in Europe
2475:Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar ("El Cid")
542:. Not long after his accession,
325:
311:
297:
283:
258:
922:Amirid and Dhunnunid dynasties
759:Muhammad ibn Sa'd ibn Mardanish
386:in 1065, which in turn fell to
2633:Tomb of El Cid and Doña Jimena
1982:. Edinburgh University Press.
1468:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
388:Alfonso VI of León and Castile
1:
2886:1010 establishments in Europe
2761:
2746:
2708:
2693:
2680:
2667:
1890:Fletcher, Richard A. (1991).
1787:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
2289:Constantina and Hornachuelos
1424:Ibn 'Iyad (again): 1146–1147
753:. However, he was killed in
616:, who had recently captured
2016:Messier, Ronald A. (2010).
1976:Bennison, Amira K. (2016).
1896:. Oxford University Press.
766:
729:
610:Abu Ahmad Ja'far Ibn Jahhaf
538:Ibn 'Abd al-Aziz served as
502:in return for protection.
489:
472:
2912:
2876:12th century in al-Andalus
2871:11th century in al-Andalus
2719:Crónica particular del Cid
1857:. McFarland. p. 132.
1851:Flood, Timothy M. (2018).
587:
437:was one of many cities in
18:
2610:Diego Fernández of Oviedo
2604:García Ramírez of Navarre
1322:
1306:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1264:
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1160:
1156:
1150:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1073:
1071:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
989:
985:
983:
981:
975:
851:to enlist the aid of the
478:(former slaves) from the
237:
219:
120:
40:
35:
21:Valencia (disambiguation)
2531:Battle of Almenar (1082)
1922:Lévi-Provençal, Évariste
1454:Valencia annexed by the
1434:Valencia annexed by the
1419:): January–February 1146
1397:Abu 'Abd al-Malik Marwan
1383:Valencia annexed by the
1025:Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar
887:Labib al-Fata al-Saqlabi
641:orders the execution of
513:ruler of the caliphate,
2815:(animated series, 1980)
2772:Crónica popular del Cid
1037:Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo
686:was also defeated near
2206:Santa Maria do Algarve
1997:Kennedy, Hugh (1996).
646:
629:long siege of the city
578:took control of Toledo
515:Ibn Abi Amir al-Mansur
185:• Annexed by the
162:• Annexed by the
2831:(animated film, 2003)
2186:Murviedro and Sagunto
1111:Abd al-Aziz al-Mansur
907:Abd al-Aziz al-Mansur
876:non-dynastic rulers:
816:, who took control.
739:Sayf al-Dawla ibn Hud
637:
627:king. El Cid began a
596:Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar
63:Common languages
2757:Mocedades de Rodrigo
2663:Carmen Campidoctoris
2629:(cultural itinerary)
1893:The Quest for El Cid
1584:, pp. 153, 165.
1448:Zayyan ibn Mardanish
1415:("Zafadola", of the
1042:Caliphate of Cordoba
950:Caliphate of Cordoba
881:Mubarak and Muzaffar
814:Zayyan ibn Mardanish
745:ruler of the former
590:Lordship of Valencia
484:Mubarak and Muzaffar
449:Caliphate of Córdoba
415:Zayyan ibn Mardanish
371:Caliphate of Córdoba
266:Caliphate of Cordoba
208:• Conquered by
149:• Conquered by
19:For other uses, see
2820:Rodrigue et Chimène
2812:Ruy, the Little Cid
2783:(tragicomedy, 1637)
2519:Battle of Golpejera
1841:, pp. 269–270.
1829:, pp. 265–266.
1741:, pp. 192–193.
1702:, pp. 117–118.
1683:, pp. 116–117.
1636:, pp. 114–115.
1531:Lévi-Provençal 1960
1391:Second Taifa period
1219:Valencia: 1075-1085
722:family). The local
710:Second Taifa period
680:Battle of Consuegra
558:, the ruler of the
394:, then by his wife
321:Kingdom of Valencia
126:• Established
2828:El Cid: The Legend
2760:(cantar de gesta,
2655:Historical sources
2592:Cristina Rodríguez
2513:Battle of Llantada
1938:Lévi-Provençal, E.
1442:Third Taifa period
1340:Al-Mamun of Toledo
1304:Zaragoza 1085-1110
1294:Valencia 1085-1092
1115:Valencia 1021-1061
1096:Valencia 1065-1075
1089:Al-Mamun of Toledo
1040:chief minister of
869:First Taifa period
837:Battle of the Puig
795:Third Taifa period
741:, son of the last
647:
500:Count of Barcelona
482:household, called
430:First Taifa period
136:• Annexed by
2861:Taifa of Valencia
2846:
2845:
2839:(TV series, 2020)
2799:(sculpture, 1927)
2775:(biography, 1498)
2738:Cantar de mio Cid
2722:(biography, 1512)
2704:Historia Roderici
2536:Battle of Morella
2441:
2440:
2201:Saltés and Huelva
2029:978-0-313-38590-2
1903:978-0-19-506955-6
1864:978-1-4766-7471-1
1333:Dhulnunid dynasty
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
893:Mujāhid al-ʿĀmirī
841:siege of Valencia
810:James I of Aragon
747:Taifa of Zaragoza
672:Yusuf Ibn Tashfin
584:Capture by El Cid
463:Muslim rule began
355:Taifa of Valencia
351:
350:
337:
336:
333:
332:
293:Almohad Caliphate
271:
270:
93:Roman Catholicism
30:Taifa of Valencia
2903:
2796:El Cid Campeador
2766:
2763:
2751:
2750: 1140–1207
2748:
2713:
2712: 1181–1190
2710:
2698:
2695:
2685:
2682:
2672:
2669:
2542:Battle of Bairén
2468:
2461:
2454:
2445:
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2054:
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2038:
2033:
2012:
1993:
1972:
1908:
1907:
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1528:
1507:
1501:
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1489:
1291:Toledo 1075-1085
1210:Valencia 1061-65
1093:Toledo 1043-1075
928:
927:
919:
769:
767:Sharq al-Andalus
732:
492:
475:
364:
329:
328:
315:
314:
301:
300:
287:
286:
279:Almoravid Empire
275:
274:
262:
261:
255:
254:
239:
238:
45:
26:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2764:
2749:
2743:cantar de gesta
2725:
2711:
2696:
2683:
2670:
2650:
2615:
2612:(father-in-law)
2598:María Rodríguez
2586:Diego Rodríguez
2568:
2547:
2525:Battle of Cabra
2507:Battle of Graus
2495:
2477:
2472:
2442:
2437:
2370:
2294:Guadix and Baza
2248:
2071:
2065:
2030:
2015:
2009:
1996:
1990:
1975:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1804:
1797:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1760:
1752:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1706:
1698:
1687:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1655:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1603:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1464:
1456:Crown of Aragon
1444:
1393:
1344:Taifa of Toledo
1315:
1303:
1292:
1290:
1217:
1208:
1113:
1094:
1092:
1039:
947:
883:: 1010/1–1017/8
871:
866:
858:Crown of Aragon
821:Abbasid caliphs
802:Idris al-Ma'mun
797:
712:
592:
586:
530:, who took the
432:
427:
419:Crown of Aragon
326:
312:
307:Crown of Aragon
298:
284:
259:
212:
199:
189:
176:
166:
153:
140:
138:Taifa of Toledo
127:
48:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2909:
2907:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2853:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2753:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2715:
2700:
2687:
2674:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2627:Camino del Cid
2623:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2278:Beja and Évora
2275:
2269:
2263:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2013:
2008:978-1317870418
2007:
1994:
1989:978-0748646821
1988:
1973:
1934:Kramers, J. H.
1930:Gibb, H. A. R.
1916:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1882:
1880:, p. 271.
1870:
1863:
1843:
1831:
1819:
1817:, p. 270.
1802:
1795:
1777:
1775:, p. 195.
1758:
1756:, p. 194.
1743:
1731:
1729:, p. 189.
1719:
1717:, p. 166.
1704:
1685:
1670:
1668:, p. 116.
1653:
1651:, p. 115.
1638:
1626:
1624:, p. 165.
1601:
1586:
1574:
1572:, p. 140.
1562:
1555:
1535:
1508:
1506:, p. 133.
1496:
1494:, p. 130.
1483:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1452:
1451:
1443:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1367:
1366:
1356:
1355:
1352:Yahya al-Qadir
1348:
1347:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:Valencia: 1085
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1301:Al-Musta'in II
1298:
1296:
1288:Yahya al-Qadir
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
959:
957:
956:
954:
952:
948:chancellor of
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
924:
923:
917:
916:
910:
900:Amirid dynasty
897:
896:
890:
884:
870:
867:
865:
864:List of rulers
862:
853:Hafsid dynasty
796:
793:
751:caliphal title
711:
708:
588:Main article:
585:
582:
570:Yahya al-Qadir
431:
428:
426:
423:
349:
348:
343:
339:
338:
335:
334:
331:
330:
323:
317:
316:
309:
303:
302:
295:
289:
288:
281:
272:
269:
268:
263:
251:
250:
245:
235:
234:
225:
221:
220:
217:
216:
213:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
161:
158:
157:
154:
148:
145:
144:
141:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
112:
111:Historical era
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
82:
78:
77:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
46:
38:
37:
33:
32:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2908:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2849:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2823:(opera, 1993)
2822:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2791:(opera, 1885)
2790:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2688:
2678:
2675:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2645:Vivar del Cid
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:. Routledge.
2000:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1796:9789004161658
1792:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1599:, p. 46.
1598:
1597:Bennison 2016
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1556:9780748696482
1552:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1450:: 1228/9–1238
1449:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1429:
1428:Ibn Mardanish
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1417:Hudid dynasty
1414:
1413:Sayf al-Dawla
1411:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1321:
1318:
1302:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1250:
1248:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1193:
1190:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1097:
1090:
1082:
1080:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1011:
999:
997:
996:
987:
979:
977:
973:
971:
960:
958:
951:
945:
929:
926:
925:
921:
920:
914:
911:
908:
905:
904:
903:
901:
894:
891:
889:: 1017/8–1019
888:
885:
882:
879:
878:
877:
875:
868:
863:
861:
859:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
794:
792:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
733:
731:
725:
721:
717:
709:
707:
705:
701:
697:
692:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
661:
657:
651:
644:
640:
636:
632:
630:
626:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
606:
601:
597:
591:
583:
581:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
562:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:'Abd al-Malik
524:
522:
521:
516:
512:
508:
507:'Abd al-'Aziz
503:
501:
497:
493:
491:
485:
481:
477:
476:
474:
466:
464:
460:
456:
455:
450:
446:
445:
440:
436:
429:
424:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:Ibn Mardanish
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
383:
378:
377:
372:
368:
360:
356:
347:
344:
342:Today part of
340:
324:
322:
319:
318:
310:
308:
305:
304:
296:
294:
291:
290:
282:
280:
277:
276:
273:
267:
264:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
236:
233:
229:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:
201:
191:
188:
178:
168:
165:
155:
152:
142:
139:
129:
116:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
44:
39:
34:
27:
22:
2848:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2807:(film, 1961)
2802:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2755:
2736:
2717:
2707:(chronicle,
2702:
2692:(historian,
2679:(historian,
2666:(epic poem,
2661:
2647:(birthplace)
2489:
2431:
2375:13th Century
2364:
2253:12th Century
2237:
2076:11th Century
2018:
1998:
1978:
1960:
1953:
1915:Bibliography
1892:
1885:
1878:Kennedy 1996
1873:
1853:
1846:
1839:Kennedy 1996
1834:
1827:Kennedy 1996
1822:
1815:Kennedy 1996
1786:
1780:
1773:Kennedy 1996
1754:Kennedy 1996
1739:Kennedy 1996
1734:
1727:Kennedy 1996
1722:
1715:Kennedy 1996
1700:Messier 2010
1681:Messier 2010
1666:Messier 2010
1649:Messier 2010
1634:Messier 2010
1629:
1622:Kennedy 1996
1582:Kennedy 1996
1577:
1570:Kennedy 1996
1565:
1545:
1538:
1504:Kennedy 1996
1499:
1492:Kennedy 1996
1487:
1453:
1433:
1382:
1357:
1331:
1316:
1293:
1218:
1209:
1206:Abd al-Malik
1114:
1095:
898:
872:
856:part of the
845:Ibn al-Abbar
818:
798:
763:
736:
723:
720:Banu Ghaniya
715:
713:
693:
669:
652:
648:
624:
622:
603:
599:
593:
567:
560:
531:
525:
518:
510:
504:
487:
470:
467:
458:
452:
443:
433:
404:
381:
374:
363:طائفة بلنسية
354:
352:
248:Succeeded by
247:
242:
89:Christianity
87:(official),
2765: 1360
2697: 1109
2684: 1100
2671: 1083
2580:Jimena Díaz
2538:(1084–1088)
2492:(1094–1099)
1950:Pellat, Ch.
1942:Schacht, J.
1926:"Balansiya"
1430:: 1147–1172
1407:: 1145–1146
1377:Jimena Díaz
1373:: 1094–1099
1365:: 1092–1094
1091:(Dhunnunid)
915:: 1061–1065
909:: 1021–1061
700:Jimena Díaz
684:Alvar Fañez
602:led by the
600:coup d'état
544:Ferdinand I
243:Preceded by
115:Middle Ages
2855:Categories
2730:Depictions
2690:Ibn Bassam
2677:Ibn Alqama
2606:(grandson)
2600:(daughter)
2594:(daughter)
2488:Prince of
2324:(III / IV)
2318:(II / III)
2083:Albarracín
1474:References
1385:Almoravids
1363:Ibn Jahhaf
643:Ibn Jahhaf
614:Almoravids
574:Alfonso VI
439:al-Andalus
400:Almoravids
164:Almoravids
103:Government
2088:Algeciras
1969:495469456
1959:Volume I:
1946:Lewis, B.
1789:. Brill.
1479:Citations
1458:in 1238.
1438:in 1172.
1405:Ibn 'Iyad
1387:in 1102.
696:bishopric
563:of Toledo
556:al-Ma'mun
421:in 1238.
402:in 1102.
384:of Toledo
81:Religion
71:Mozarabic
36:1010–1238
2639:Torrecid
2490:Valencia
2432:Valencia
2427:Orihuela
2365:Valencia
2339:Santarém
2334:Purchena
2301:(I / II)
2244:Zaragoza
2240:(I / II)
2238:Valencia
2234:(I / II)
2228:(I / II)
2182:(I / II)
2160:Mallorca
2156:(I / II)
2099:Alpuente
2095:(I / II)
1952:(eds.).
1924:(1960).
1462:See also
1436:Almohads
1346:in 1065)
1309:daughter
1216:Abu Bakr
1200:daughter
946:(Amirid)
944:Almanzor
806:Abu Zayd
776:Almohads
665:Almenara
608:(judge)
511:de facto
473:ṣaqāliba
465:in 711.
435:Valencia
411:Almohads
367:Valencia
224:Currency
187:Almohads
106:Monarchy
57:Valencia
2500:Battles
2410:Menorca
2316:Mértola
2283:Carmona
2272:Badajoz
2260:Almería
2232:Tortosa
2216:Seville
2211:Segorbe
2165:Mértola
2129:Granada
2119:Córdoba
2114:Carmona
2109:Badajoz
2093:Almería
1195:Isma'il
874:Saqlabi
829:Ibn Hud
825:Baghdad
788:Almeria
784:Granada
780:Seville
772:Levante
770:or the
704:Mazdali
676:Cordoba
552:Castile
490:ṣaqlabī
425:History
97:Judaism
53:Capital
2836:El Cid
2804:El Cid
2788:Le Cid
2780:Le Cid
2641:(camp)
2635:(tomb)
2620:Places
2582:(wife)
2573:Family
2564:Colada
2559:Tizona
2552:Swords
2544:(1097)
2527:(1079)
2521:(1072)
2515:(1068)
2509:(1063)
2421:Niebla
2415:Murcia
2404:Málaga
2382:Arjona
2360:Tejada
2355:Tavira
2349:Silves
2344:Segura
2328:Niebla
2322:Murcia
2310:Málaga
2226:Toledo
2221:Silves
2191:Niebla
2180:Murcia
2170:Molina
2154:Málaga
2144:Lisbon
2139:Lleida
2134:Jerica
2026:
2005:
1986:
1967:
1948:&
1900:
1861:
1793:
1553:
1399:: 1145
1371:El Cid
1314:Uthman
1027:d.1008
688:Cuenca
660:Aragon
656:Xativa
639:El Cid
618:Murcia
540:regent
536:vizier
480:Amirid
459:Taifas
454:Taifas
396:Jimena
392:El Cid
359:Arabic
228:Dirham
210:Aragon
202:1228/9
151:El Cid
75:Berber
67:Arabic
2588:(son)
2482:Reign
2423:(III)
2398:Lorca
2392:Dénia
2387:Baeza
2367:(III)
2312:(III)
2305:Jerez
2266:Arcos
2262:(III)
2196:Ronda
2175:Morón
2149:Lorca
2124:Dénia
2104:Arcos
2068:Taifa
1928:. In
849:Tunis
847:, to
743:Hudid
730:ra'is
716:Taifa
625:Taifa
561:Taifa
532:laqab
520:laqab
496:Labib
444:Fitna
382:Taifa
376:Taifa
346:Spain
232:Dinar
85:Islam
2434:(IV)
2406:(IV)
2400:(II)
2394:(II)
2351:(II)
2330:(II)
2299:Jaén
2285:(II)
2274:(II)
2268:(II)
2024:ISBN
2003:ISBN
1984:ISBN
1965:OCLC
1898:ISBN
1859:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1551:ISBN
833:Puig
724:qadi
605:qadi
550:and
548:León
468:Two
353:The
230:and
215:1238
192:1172
179:1145
169:1102
156:1094
143:1065
130:1010
2417:(V)
1961:A–B
823:in
546:of
95:),
2857::
2762:c.
2747:c.
2745:,
2709:c.
2694:c.
2681:c.
2668:c.
1957:.
1944:;
1940:;
1936:;
1932:;
1805:^
1761:^
1746:^
1707:^
1688:^
1673:^
1656:^
1641:^
1604:^
1589:^
1511:^
1335::
902::
860:.
494:,
361::
73:,
69:,
2767:)
2752:)
2741:(
2714:)
2699:)
2686:)
2673:)
2467:e
2460:t
2453:v
2060:e
2053:t
2046:v
2032:.
2011:.
1992:.
1971:.
1906:.
1867:.
1799:.
1559:.
1533:.
357:(
91:(
23:.
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