186:
17:
307:, the Thervingian king Athanaric began to assail the Taifals. Athanaric had not included the Taifals in his defensive construction efforts against the Huns earlier (376). The breaking of the alliance between Thervingia and Taifal may have had something to do with disagreements over tactics in light of the Huns and the crossing of the Danube, the Taifals being horsemen and the Thervingi infantry.
94:
339:
322:
It is said that this nation of the
Taifali was so profligate, and so immersed in the foulest obscenities of life, that they indulged in all kinds of unnatural lusts, exhausting the vigour both of youth and manhood in the most polluted defilements of debauchery. But if any adult caught a boar or slew
1254:
454:
in 399, and they may have been the same unit as the
Equites Honoriani seniores mentioned around the same time. Thus, the Equites Honoriani Taifali seniores served in Britain while the Equites Honoriani Taifali iuniores served in Gaul under the
221:(ii.31.3), a 500-man Taifal cavalry regiment engaged the Romans in a "running fight", and there is no evidence that this campaign was a failure. Nonetheless, the Taifals largely fell into the hands of the Romans at this time.
240:
in 367 and 368 were inhibited by the independence of
Oltenia. It is possible, however, that the Taifals at this time were still fighting alongside the Goths. In 365 the emperor ordered the construction of defensive towers in
776:
Maenchen-Helfen, 26 n50, says there is "no evidence they were
Germans". Dalton, I, 172 n7, calls them "probably of Asiatic descent." Wolfram, 92, mentions hypothesised Vandalic origin which equates the Taifals with the
1543:
20:
The dragon-and-pearl device of the shields of the
Equites Honoriani Taifali iuniores unit based in Gaul. The dragon was blue, as was the "pearl". The boss was blue and the band around the boss was red. The field was
1204:
In
Gregory, Wolfram, 238. Gregory's generally friendly attitude towards the Taifals attests to their orthodoxy and to their relative lack of Gothicisation considering their many years spent in Gothic alliances.
61:
origin, first documented north of the lower Danube in the mid third century AD. They experienced an unsettled and fragmented history, for the most part in association with various
275:—from Central Asia changed the political layout of Dacia: "the Huns threw themselves upon the Alans, the Alans upon the Goths, and the Goths upon the Taifali and Sarmatae."
461:. The Taifali iuniores used the dragon-and-pearl device on their shields. The Equites Taifali seniores had mirrored bears holding the shield boss, as illustrated in the
140:, dividing the territory with the Goths, who maintained political authority over all of it. In Spring 291 they formed a special alliance with the Gothic
1528:
1533:
866:
579:(all meaning "Taifal country") in the sixth century. The Taifals were instrumental in defeating the Visigothic cavalry hand to hand at the
232:
of Rome and
Oltenia lay outside Roman control. They launched campaigns as allies of the Romans from their own Oltenic bases, against the
723:
1523:
415:
in 378 meant that those
Taifals who remained with the Visigoths fought against their cousins at Châlons. In 412, the Taifals entered
1430:
1411:
739:
999:
Id. Ammianus wrote of their annihilation, but
Zosimus placed them second to the Goths in importance. They were evidently numerous.
1513:
271:, the Taifals were harassing the Roman province of Dacia in the mid fourth century. However, the arrival of a new threat—
65:
peoples, and alternately fighting against or for the Romans. In the late fourth century some
Taifali were settled within the
1381:
524:
1030:. Greenberg, 243, believes this refers to practices of ritualistic homosexual pederasty among the Taifal warrior class.
600:
who had served the Romans also served as garrisons for the Franks, but this is not referred to in primary records. The
185:
299:
in late autumn that year. The Taifals were prominent among the survivors of Farnobius' coalition. After the Gothic
1452:"The Army Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine and Their Modifications up to the Time of the Notitia Dignitatum."
126:
1518:
1370:
Byzantine Praetorians: An Administrative, Institutional and Social Survey of the Opsikion and Tagmata, c. 580–900
655:. They also left their mark in the municipal nomenclature of the region: asides from Tiffauges, mentioned above,
16:
1422:
214:
338:
407:
c. 400. Some Taifals allied with the Huns as early as 378, and some were later still allied with them at the
323:
a bear single-handed, he was then exempted from all compulsion of submitting to such ignominious pollution.
190:
1394:"Initium mali Romano imperio: Contemporary Reactions to the Battle of Adrianople (in History and Ideology)."
731:
1489:
1361:
656:
500:
to suggest that these Phrygian Taifals were the ancestors of the Gothograeci of the 7th–10th centuries.
296:
202:
388:
652:
580:
474:
412:
408:
400:
315:
300:
369:
Subsequent to their defeat and falling out with Athanaric, the Taifals were officially resettled as
489:
280:
218:
838:
delivered on 1 April 291 which refers to Thervings and Taiflas defeating a Vandal-Gepid coalition.
205:
conquered Oltenia and the Taifals, probably taking this opportunity to resettle a large number in
1291:
520:
442:
437:
432:
870:
643:. The Taifal influence extended into the ninth century and their fortresses, like Tiffauges and
617:
236:(358 and 359) and the Sarmatians (358). However, campaigns against the Thervingi by the emperor
154:
Tervingi, pars alia Gothorum, adiuncta manu Taifalorum, adversum Vandalos Gipedesque concurrunt
1426:
1407:
1027:
816:
735:
680:
225:
164:
by 350 "at the very latest". Archaeological evidence suggests that the Gepids were contesting
81:
armies. By the sixth century their region of western Gaul had acquired a distinct identity as
700:
1353:
1284:
965:
782:
609:
457:
371:
351:
210:
121:
closely related to the Goths, although some believe they were related to the (non-Germanic)
118:
54:
691:
owes its name to these people, but if so, it is unknown if the Taifals were established in
1336:
1064:
668:
612:, the principal source for the Taifals in the sixth century, says that a certain Frankish
283:
to the Taifalian territory and the Huns forced the Taifals to abandon Oltenia and western
224:
Around 336 they revolted against Constantine and were put down by the generals Herpylion,
74:
46:
1538:
1493:
1467:
764:
436:
of the early fifth century, there was a unit called the Equites Taifali established by
392:
376:
243:
169:
34:
1507:
1060:
719:
497:
160:, the Taifals and Thervingi were the tribes mentioned as having possessed the former
651:. It has even been suggested that the Asiatic Taifals and Sarmatians influenced the
672:
648:
640:
605:
478:
404:
332:
311:
272:
165:
66:
628:
dates from year 565, but their Oltenic remnants almost certainly took part in the
664:
528:
493:
247:, but whether this was Oltenia is unclear. Archaeological evidence evidences no
194:
161:
137:
78:
1486:
624:); they revolted and killed him. The last mention of the Taifals as a distinct
660:
288:
233:
122:
101:
One of the earliest mentions of the Taifals puts them in the following of the
835:
621:
447:
416:
396:
304:
292:
276:
252:
174:
157:
141:
58:
604:
were formally integrated into the Merovingian military establishment under
335:
faith probably occurred through Roman evangelism in the mid fifth century.
1474:. Thomas J. Dunlap, trans. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
144:, forming a tribal confederation from this date until 376, and fought the
778:
692:
644:
629:
560:
451:
427:
328:
284:
268:
97:
Taifals in Oltenia and the political landscape in the 4th-century Balkans
523:
may preserve the name of some Taifali who remained in Britain after the
1441:
1316:
1306:
1287:
699:) by the Romans before 412 or by the Visigoths after that. The town of
696:
688:
684:
556:
485:
264:
206:
179:
145:
1451:
1393:
1377:
1326:
93:
1052:
1049:
636:
504:
380:
237:
172:, with the Thervingi and Taifals. The Taifals were subsequently made
149:
133:
114:
70:
117:
in 250 and the years following. They are sometimes classified as a
1307:"Military Organization in Aquitaine under the Early Carolingians."
753:
Taifali. Germanic or Sarmatian group, renowned as light cavalry...
384:
337:
184:
110:
106:
102:
92:
62:
15:
593:
564:
553:
praefectus Sarmatarum et Taifalorum gentilium, Pictavis in Galia
639:, who founded an abbey at the Roman ruins which are now called
588:
178:
of the Romans, from whom they obtained the right to settle in
77:
and continued to be a significant source of cavalry for early
1419:
The Germanic Invasions: The Making of Europe AD 400–600
1378:"The Huns and the End of the Roman Empire in Western Europe."
1544:
Military units and formations established in the 4th century
492:, writing in the tenth century, mentions them alongside the
1404:
The World of the Huns: Studies in their History and Culture
1048:
This MS was bought by the Bodleian from the estate of the
683:
owe their names to Taifal settlement. Perhaps the town of
422:
The Taifals were often teamed with the Sarmatians and the
1387:
See map for Taifal migration route in Balkans, p. 8.
450:. Possibly this unit may have been sent to the island by
1337:"Tealby, the Taifali, and the End of Roman Lincolnshire"
217:
to attack the Thervingi, who were routed. According to
1317:"Another Forty Missing Persons (A. D. 260–395)."
1397:
Transactions of the American Philological Association
620:"oppressed" the Taifals (probably in the vicinity of
69:, notably in western Gaul in the modern province of
1385:, Vol. 110, No. 435. (Feb., 1995), pp 4–41. (
1322:, Vol. 28, No. 2. (Summer, 1974), pp 224–233.
1302:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1971.
182:. They were at that time independent of the Goths.
1406:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973.
295:against Rome; they crossed the Danube in 377, but
73:. They subsequently supplied mounted units to the
1295:, Vol. 45, No. 3. (Jul., 1970), pp 435–441.
228:, and Ursus. By 358 the Taifals were independent
1437:. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1965.
1300:Merovingian Military Organization, 481–751
1288:"Procopius, Agathias and the Frankish Military."
703:in northern Italy was also a Taifal settlement.
586:Under the Merovingians, Theiphalia had its own
193:, 5th century, possibly of Taifal origin, from
1312:, Vol. 49, No. 1. (Jan., 1974), pp 1–33.
914:Barnes, "Forty", 226, and "Constans", 331–332.
132:In the late third century they settled on the
922:
920:
889:
887:
125:with whom they might have emigrated from the
8:
1402:Maenchen-Helfen, J. Otto; Knight, Max (ed).
901:
899:
477:, which was probably formed in the reign of
1059:.1806). It was originally made in 1436 for
830:
828:
826:
802:
800:
961:
959:
1496:group portray members of the late Roman
1464:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966.
867:"Prezentare Locala - Comuna Cosoveni DJ"
632:migration and invasion of Italy in 568.
344:Insignia viri illustris magistri Equitum
1364:, trans. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.
728:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
711:
567:. The region of Poitou was even called
403:. Abandoned Oltenia was settled by the
1330:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
972:, X.10, quoted in Maenchen-Helfen, 20.
1435:Les Invasions: Les Vagues Germaniques
1399:, Vol. 127. (1997), pp 129–168.
7:
1447:, Vol. 26. (1991), pp 139–146.
1341:Lincolnshire History and Archaeology
1332:, Vol. 79. (1975), pp 325–333.
527:. If so, it suggests the unattested
346:from manuscript Canon. Misc. 378 of
310:Sometime before their conversion to
287:by 370. The Taifals allied with the
1462:The Visigoths in the Time of Ulfila
1498:Equites Honoriani Taifali seniores
1425:, trans. London: Paul Elek, 1975.
970:Expositio evangelii secundum Lucam
820:, iii.17, cited in Thompson, 9 n2.
596:). It is possible that the Taifal
555:, that is, a Sarmatian and Taifal
426:by the Romans and subsequently by
14:
1457:, Vol. 13. (1923), pp 1–55.
1348:The Construction of Homosexuality
251:(Taifal settlements) east of the
1529:Romania in the Early Middle Ages
781:and considers "Taifali" to be a
327:The Taifals were probably never
1372:. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH.
1327:"Constans and Gratian in Rome."
1173:Dalton, I, 226, who calls them
419:in the train of the Visigoths.
726:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
1:
1534:History of the western steppe
1382:The English Historical Review
647:, continued in use under the
484:Some Taifals were settled in
469:also lists a unit called the
1455:The Journal of Roman Studies
1055:Matteo Luigi Canonici (1727–
981:Maenchen-Helfen, 26 and n50.
543:Presence in Merovingian Gaul
488:in the late fourth century.
1445:Metropolitan Museum Journal
1442:"The Dragon and the Pearl."
635:The most famous Taifal was
1560:
1433:. Originally published as
1343:, Vol. 46 (2011), pp 5–10.
834:Wolfram, 57ff, mentions a
399:by the victorious general
331:. Their conversion to the
279:had refused to extend his
1524:Late Roman military units
1358:The History of the Franks
213:. In 332 he sent his son
53:) were a people group of
1423:Edward and Columba James
1368:Haldon, John F. (1984).
695:(probably to subdue the
168:, the region around the
732:Oxford University Press
525:Roman withdrawal in 410
191:first hoard of Coşoveni
162:Roman province of Dacia
1514:Early Germanic peoples
1490:historical reenactment
547:Also according to the
354:
325:
281:defensive preparations
198:
109:when he campaigned in
98:
50:
38:
22:
1305:Bachrach, Bernard S.
1298:Bachrach, Bernard S.
905:Wolfram, 61 and n141.
413:victory of Adrianople
341:
320:
301:victory at Adrianople
203:Constantine the Great
188:
136:on both sides of the
127:Pontic–Caspian steppe
96:
89:Settlement in Oltenia
19:
1472:History of the Goths
1285:Bachrach, Bernard S.
893:Thompson, 11 and n3.
411:(451). However, the
350:, since 1817 in the
316:Ammianus Marcellinus
209:, in the diocese of
1500:in northern England
490:Arethas of Caesarea
430:. According to the
259:Crossing the Danube
1346:Greenberg, David.
1244:Dalton, I, 172 n7.
1085:Wolfram, 478 n562.
990:Wolfram, 408 n225.
671:in Aquitaine, and
577:Theofalgicus pagus
521:kingdom of Lindsey
463:Notitia Dignitatum
443:comes Britanniarum
433:Notitia Dignitatum
355:
348:Notitia Dignitatum
199:
197:, Oltenia, Romania
99:
23:
817:Panegyrici Latini
581:Battle of Vouillé
409:Battle of Châlons
375:to farm lands in
333:Orthodox Catholic
226:Virius Nepotianus
156:. Along with the
39:Taifali, Taifalae
1551:
1519:Migration Period
1460:Thompson, E. A.
1440:Nickel, Helmut.
1417:Musset, Lucien.
1376:Heather, Peter.
1373:
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869:. Archived from
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610:Gregory of Tours
519:) in the former
458:magister Equitum
424:Citrati iuniores
352:Bodleian Library
249:sedes Taifalorum
211:Nicholas of Myra
189:Buckle from the
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545:
503:The village of
471:Comites Taifali
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91:
12:
11:
5:
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1200:
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1164:, 29 and 38.
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1103:Nischer, 51.
1099:
1094:Nickel, 139.
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1022:
1017:Wolfram, 99.
1013:
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871:the original
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847:Thompson, 4.
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794:Wolfram, 56.
790:
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727:
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673:Chauffailles
657:Taphaleschat
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637:Saint Senoch
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601:
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585:
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312:Christianity
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153:
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1259:Google Maps
1213:Musset, 88.
1162:Merovingian
1149:Merovingian
1136:Merovingian
856:Musset, 36.
747:January 26,
669:Touffaillou
665:Touffailles
529:Old English
494:Gothograeci
170:Someş River
138:Carpathians
79:Merovingian
1508:Categories
1231:Bachrach,
1160:Bachrach,
1147:Bachrach,
1134:Bachrach,
1026:Ammianus,
877:2013-07-06
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234:Limigantes
123:Sarmatians
75:Roman army
1487:Comitatus
1360:. 2 vol.
1233:Aquitaine
1175:foederati
1138:, 12 n30.
836:panegyric
724:"Taifali"
677:Taïfailia
622:Tiffauges
513:Tauelesbi
509:Tavelesbi
448:Britannia
417:Aquitaine
397:Aquitaine
305:Fritigern
293:Farnobius
277:Athanaric
263:With the
253:Olt River
230:foederati
175:foederati
158:Victufali
142:Thervingi
59:Sarmatian
1310:Speculum
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1050:Venetian
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693:Hispania
681:Burgundy
645:Lusignan
583:in 507.
569:Thifalia
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285:Muntenia
267:and the
195:Coşoveni
83:Thifalia
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51:Taïfales
43:Theifali
1350:. 1988.
1320:Phoenix
1278:Sources
1121:Green,
1028:31.IX.v
765:Wolfram
701:Taivola
697:Basques
689:Navarre
687:in the
685:Tafalla
661:Corrèze
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265:Iazyges
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180:Oltenia
146:Vandals
31:Tayfals
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329:Arians
238:Valens
150:Gepids
134:Danube
115:Moesia
103:Gothic
71:Poitou
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1539:Dacia
1235:, 24.
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602:laeti
598:laeti
385:Parma
363:laeti
269:Carpi
111:Dacia
107:Cniva
105:king
35:Latin
1492:and
1427:ISBN
1408:ISBN
749:2020
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667:and
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