353:
and displacement of the affected tooth. Most people with talon cusp will live their normal lives unless the case is severe and causes a cascade of other dental issues that lead to additional health problems. Generally talon cusps on lower teeth require no treatment, but talon cusps on upper teeth may interfere with the bite mechanics and may need to be removed or reduced.
419:, 92% of these patients had talon cusp. Other researchers are attempting to trace talon cusp to ancestors and comparing dentition to modern humans. Another study done in 2007 examined the dentition of 301 Native American Indian skeletons for the presence or absence of talon cusp. The results showed five skeletons (2 percent) in the population had the trait.
40:
284:
This anomaly is large enough to be seen with the naked eye. One can see the projection on the incisal edge of a tooth looking into the mouth of the affected person. The structure is described to be "T'shaped" or "X-shaped" however will differ depending on its shape, size, structure, location and site
138:
Most commonly, the extra cusp is located on the lingual surface, giving a three-pronged appearance. Rarely, however, the extra cusp may be situated on the facial surface, or there may be extra cusps on both lingual and facial surfaces. There may be a deep groove between the talon cusp and the rest of
94:
Although talon cusp may not appear serious, and in some people may be completely benign, it can cause clinical, diagnostic and functional problems, and alters the appearance of a person's teeth. The condition was first described by W.H. Mitchell in 1982 and named by J. Kimball Mellor B.S., D.D.S. and
352:
Treatment is only required if the occlusion or bite of the person is compromised and causing other dental problems. Multiple long-term clinical problems can arise such as occlusal interferences, aesthetic disturbances, loss of pulp vitality, irritation of tongue during mastication and speech, caries
398:
In order to prevent any future dental complications, when talon cusp is present due to an early diagnosis it would be best to see a dentist regularly every six months for routine dental checkups, remain under observation, brush and floss properly and undergo regular topical applications of fluoride
288:
When looking at a radiograph some features to look for would be location, edge, shape and number. The location would be on an anterior tooth, the edge would be clear and well defined and can be seen even by the naked eye, and the shape would appear "talon-like" over the top portion or crown of the
422:
In 2011, only 21 cases of talon cusp have been reported and are in literature. It appears that as of 2014 and 2015, additional research continues in hopes of finding the cause and mechanism of talon cusp. With the majority of cases of talon cusp being unreported, it remains difficult to conduct
239:. This occurs during the morphological differentiation stage of tooth development. During the developmental stages of tooth formation, certain dental follicle cells were differentiated incorrectly which formed the excess enamel and incorrect morphology of the affected tooth.
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Since many cases of Talon cusp go unreported, it is hard to draw linkage maps but it is safe to assume that dental formation is influenced by genetic factors. Talon cusp is also seen in association with conditions such as
134:
Talon cusp will show physical signs of the irregular dental formation of the teeth and cause other symptoms of the disease that could possibly lead to dental problems in the future, depending on severity of the deformity.
175:
The cause of talon cusp is unknown. The anomaly can occur due to genetic and environmental factors but the onset can be spontaneous. Prevention is difficult because the occurrence happens during the development of teeth.
296:
Type I - Talon: The additional cusp or talon projects from the palatal surface of a primary or permanent anterior (front) tooth that extends at least half of the distance from the cemento enamel junction to the incisal
542:
Shirolkar S, Das M, Gayen K, Mukhopadhayay S, Sarkar S, Roychowdhury S. Managing a facial talon: A rare morphological variation on maxillary permanent central incisor. J Dent Res Rev 2021 ;8:217-20. Available from:
95:
Louis W. Ripa, D.D.S., M.S. due to its similar appearance to an eagle's talon. Some sources define a talon cusp as an extra cusp which extends at least half the distance between the
76:
or cusp-like projection on an anterior tooth, located on the inside surface of the affected tooth. Sometimes it can also be found on the facial surface of the anterior tooth.
285:
of origin. X-rays and radiographs can also show evidence of the abnormality. The digital images would show a tooth with talon cusp as if it were "double teeth".
211:. A person belonging to one of these particular demographics or one who has any of these deformities or syndromes may have a higher risk of having a talon cusp.
106:
The incidence of talon cusp has been found to range from 1% to 6% of the population. Talon cusp tends to occur on permanent teeth only, being very rare in
292:
Talon cusp can fall under three categories: Type I, Type II and Type III. They are created based on the cusp formation shape and length of extension.
747:"Talon Cusp: A Prevalence Study of Its Types in Permanent Dentition and Report of a Rare Case of Its Association with Fusion in Mandibular Incisor"
300:
Type II - Semi Talon: The semi talon cusp measures about 1mm or more in length but extends less than half of the distance seen in Type I Talon.
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641:
83:; however, talon cusp is more specifically the manifestation of dens evaginatus on the anterior teeth. Talon cusp can be simply defined as
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edge of the tooth. Other sources classify all enlarged cingula as talon cusps, and classify them according to the degree of enlargement.
47:
Periapical radiograph of talon cusp on a partially erupted upper left permanent maxillary incisor in an 8 year-old male of Arabic descent
188:
703:
391:, and if large enough, may pose an aesthetic problem. Talon cusps that are too large are filed down with a motorized file, and then
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Small talon cusps that produce no symptoms or complication for a person can remain untreated. However large talon cusps should not.
333:
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Talon cusp can progress into severe dental problems if the severity of the cusp affects the person's hygiene and oral functions.
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416:
408:
196:
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descent are affected more commonly. Talon cusp is also highly observed in patients with orofacial digital II syndrome and
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Talon cusp affects men and women equally, however the majority of reported cases are of the male gender. Individuals of
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341:
321:
115:
111:
33:
Eagle's talon, dens evaginatus, interstitial cusp, tuberculated premolar, evaginated odontoma, supernumerary cusp
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The condition is usually benign, but it can cause mild irritation to soft tissues around the teeth and the
289:
affected tooth. There could potentially be one, two or multiple protrusions depending on the type of cusp.
96:
143:. When viewing talon cusp from the occlusal, the projection will appear "x-shaped", as well as appears
266:
1069:
69:
778:
Sumer, A. P.; Zengin, A. Z. (2005-10-08). "An unusual presentation of talon cusp: A case report".
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556:
Mellor, J. Kimball; Ripa, Louis W. (1970-02-01). "Talon cusp: A clinically significant anomaly".
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908:
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Hennekam, R. C.; Van Doorne, J. M. (1990-01-01). "Oral aspects of
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome".
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Mallineni, Sreekanth-Kumar; Panampally, George-Kurian; Chen, Yong; Tian, Tian (2014-10-01).
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307:(also known as the "cervical third") of the root and is enlarged or prominent in any form (
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tests, come up with conclusions, conduct surgery and perform research with small numbers.
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syndromes. A former study showed a direct correlation in which 45 affected patients with
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488:"Bilateral Palatal Talon Cusps on Permanent Maxillary Lateral Incisors: A Case Report"
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Talon cusp may occur on its own or associated with other dental anomalies such as
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and talon cusp is unknown. It has been suggested that the anomaly is caused by an
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200:
84:
227:. The formation of the "cusp" is due to excess layering of the internal enamel
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Future studies will look further into the relationship of talon cusp and
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199:. Other anomalies that occur with talon cusp can include peg laterals,
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39:
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388:
936:"Labial talon cusp - The Journal of the American Dental Association"
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184:
16:
Rare dental anomaly resulting in teeth having more than one cusp
981:"Mandibular talon cusps: A Systematic review and data analysis"
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Type III - Trace Talon: The projection originates from the
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teeth. In most cases, the involved teeth are the permanent
628:. Vol. 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 80–81.
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gel to prevent caries and to promote enamel strength.
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The term 'talon cusp' refers to the same condition as
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Neville BW; Chi AC; Damm DD; Allen CA (13 May 2015).
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51:
29:
24:
545:https://www.jdrr.org/text.asp?2021/8/3/217/324411
893:American Journal of Medical Genetics. Supplement
985:Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry
694:Neville, B.W., D. Damm, C. Allen, J. Bouquot.
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139:the tooth. The extra cusp typically contains
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834:"Mandibular facial talon cusp: Case report"
722:"Presentation and Management of Talon Cusp"
558:Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology
486:Ozcelik, Bahar; Atila, Burcu (2011-01-01).
147:, and mimic the shape of an eagle's talon.
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940:Journal of the American Dental Association
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219:The exact mechanism of the formation of
745:Sharma, Gaurav; Nagpal, Archna (2014).
452:Journal of Dental Sciences and Research
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157:Irritation of soft tissues and tongue
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832:Oredugba, Folakemi A. (2005-12-08).
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154:Interference with occlusion or bite
696:Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology
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698:. Second edition. 2002. Page 78.
334:Incontinentia pigmenti achromians
625:Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
359:Some common treatments include:
150:Symptoms of talon cusp include:
952:10.14219/jada.archive.2007.0205
445:"Talon Cusp in a Primary Tooth"
1:
1097:Developmental tooth disorders
492:European Journal of Dentistry
570:10.1016/0030-4220(70)90089-7
443:Praveen, P (February 2011).
366:Composite resin restoration
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338:Berardinelli-Seip syndrome
330:Ellis–van Creveld syndrome
116:maxillary central incisors
112:maxillary lateral incisors
634:10.1007/s12105-007-0007-4
417:Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome
409:Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome
322:Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome
197:Rubinstein Taybi syndrome
46:
37:
751:Journal of Oral Diseases
160:Accidental cusp fracture
905:10.1002/ajmg.1320370607
792:10.1038/sj.bdj.4812741
780:British Dental Journal
504:10.1055/s-0039-1698866
380:(endodontic treatment)
163:Susceptible to dental
97:cementoenamel junction
91:of an anterior tooth.
72:resulting in an extra
934:Mayes, A. T. (2007).
851:10.1186/1472-6831-5-9
342:Sturge–Weber syndrome
275:supernumerary teeth.
203:, dens envaginatus,
764:10.1155/2014/595189
413:oral-facial-digital
201:supernumerary teeth
120:mandibular incisors
114:(55%), followed by
997:10.4317/jced.51476
393:endodontic therapy
257:teeth, peg-shaped
237:stellate reticulum
130:Signs and symptoms
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643:978-1-4557-7052-6
395:is administered.
369:Reduction of cusp
315:or tubercle-like)
259:maxillary incisor
124:maxillary canines
68:is a rare dental
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19:Medical condition
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403:Recent research
363:Fissure sealing
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221:dens evaginatus
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189:Native American
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81:dens evaginatus
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462:November 1,
225:evagination
141:pulp tissue
85:hyperplasia
30:Other names
965:2015-12-10
731:2015-11-02
458:(1): 35–40
427:References
411:and other
383:Extraction
378:Root canal
271:gemination
229:epithelium
122:(6%), and
66:Talon cusp
25:Talon cusp
1005:1989-5488
913:1040-3787
899:: 42–47.
860:1472-6831
800:0007-0610
680:ignored (
670:cite book
512:1305-7456
373:Pulpotomy
348:Treatment
280:Diagnosis
267:cleft lip
247:mesiodens
235:into the
215:Mechanism
209:impaction
108:deciduous
58:Dentistry
53:Specialty
1091:Category
1023:25593665
960:17403743
878:16336661
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816:30334582
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530:21228961
305:cingulum
255:impacted
251:odontome
205:agenesis
99:and the
89:cingulum
1014:4282910
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757:: 1–6.
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309:conical
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101:incisal
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185:Arabic
165:caries
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1060:K00.2
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448:(PDF)
313:bifid
297:edge.
193:Inuit
181:Asian
171:Cause
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1019:PMID
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700:ISBN
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658:PMID
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231:and
207:and
191:and
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