Talk:Calque - Knowledge (XXG)

1934:- I disagree with including this term. First, it depends on the context of the English "as well." For example, in the sentence "I like to sing, as well," French would not use "aussi bien." In the sentence "I sing as well as you do," French does use "aussi bien," but I would not call this an example of calque because "aussi" is not the primary word used to mean "as;" "as" usually translates as "comme," and "aussi" usually means "also" or "too." Perhaps if the English expression was "also well" then this would be a calque. Instead this is really an example of two different languages using words with two different meanings when making comparatives. 2489:"pineapple": All the etym dictionaries I checked -- Merriam Webster, Dictionary.com, American Heritage, Online Etym, Word Detective, etc -- only list it as Middle English origin, originally applied to the pinecone; the name got tagged to the fruit because of its resemblance to the cone, whence the second name was coined. The only cite is website for a landscaper; and while he may be knowledgeable about botany, I cannot see any credentials on his site as an etymologist, linguist, or philologist; for our purposes, I don't think he's a 1183:

Weltanschaunung, where there can be no motivation for the loanword if the apparent loan-translation is in fact already in the language. (This is a problem with the article because of the separation from the one on loanwords - IMO it would be better to have a single article on linguistic borrowing which discusses the various categories and their inter-relation.) Often the loan translation is first found in a translated work. I don't see that every example needs to be explained, but the general techniques could be usefully covered. --

4570:

are calqued from the latin, as opposed to normal derivation from latin. Since neither "trans" nor "lation" are english words, I don't understand how this can be a calque in English, or 80% of the other language on that list. Maybe I just don't get it, but wouldn't a calque of the latin "translatio" be an "across-bringing"? Please explain this to me and revise the article to clarify. In the meantime, I'm deleting it because it is clearly a weird edge case and is not conducive to understanding whatsoever.

2946:

same applies here. Some phrases a learner would struggle with, because they don't "fit" in a known pattern. For example "beer garden". There are "rose gardens" -- with roses, there are "herb gardens" -- with herbs, there are "botanical gardens" -- which emphasize botanical varieties, but what's a "beer garden" in that framework? A garden where beer is grown? It's useful to understand that the phrase is a calque. It's a concept from a foreign culture.

1926:- I dont think that OVNI should be included because it is not a literal word-for-word translation, as I understand the meaning of calque to be. "Objet Volant Non Identifié" does actually make sense in French. I think that if this were a true calque, it would be "Non Identifié Volant Objet" (with the French words in the English word order). No matter which language this first appeared in, it does not seem to be a calque in either one. 569:

French word for pomegranate evolved into 'Adam's apple'. How empathy (a Latin word.. or is it Greek?) comes from the German Einfühlung is beyond me, especially since Einfühlung is not a particularly common German word. The connection between Commonwealth and Res publica is also unclear (publica=common and res=thing=wealth??). Is this really the result of a literal translation or is it a native English derivation?

416: 350: 612:"In linguistics, a calque (pronounced /kælk/) or loan translation is a phrase borrowed from another language by literal word-for-word translation. For example, in some dialects of French, the English term "weekend" becomes la fin de semaine ("the end of week"), a calque, but in some it is left untranslated as le week-end, a loanword. "Loan translation" is itself a calque of German Lehnübersetzung." 4700:

that. I think the previous version would have been fine as well, but needed to be careful using of the word "Translation" at all, since it is not a calque, and the language that have calqued "translatio" have not done so from the English "translation". However, I do enjoy the additional information on traduccion as well as the English explanation, which is interesting and informative contrast.

1316:- If this is a calque, I think the listing needs to include the explanation about it coming from the Old English "godspell", etc., listed above in the "Latin loanwords" section, because when I read the article, I had no idea why that was a calque, as "gospel" is not a compound word made from any two Modern English words. It only made sense when I read the above comment on this talk page. 688:. But note that there are other ways to metaphorically suggest that you are exerting your will on someone or something, besides "flowing in" -- for example, you could "sprinkle on" your influence, or maybe your influence could "adhere to" the intended target. The fact that the Russian happens to use the exact same metaphor as the Latin -- namely, the idea that influence is, glug-glug, 627:

The confusion is compounded by the fact that in many of the examples, the original word is a compound word, whereas the target language (for the translation) will not form such a compound. And then there are other examples whose status as a "word for word translation of a phrase" is doubtful, such as 'vlijanie' (the Russian example) being offered as a calque from French 'influence'.

340: 2935:

hundreds in English alone. This is not even taking into account the rather cursory standards of verifiability encountered in most of the etymologies used as sources. OK, a dictionary is cited - where did the dictionary get it from? - a conventional dictionary without citations is not a reliable source for much else besides widely accepted meanings and spelling conventions.

313: 191: 243: 2967:" is probably unuseful as a typical example. The Wiki entry shows it is "rare", so as an example it's weak. However, there is another aspect to "staircase wit", which, again, might make it a useful example of a special case. From what the Wiki page says, staircase wit comes from both the French and the German. That's an amusing concept, worth investigation. 222: 4997: 1768:". I don't think it's commonly used in France, but rather the english straighforward. I know it's officially used in Québéc though (traditional french as spoken in Canada), i don't know about the Flamand (french language variation used in Belgium) which is set somewhere the "Québécois" (traditional french) and France french (modern french). 1603:

French phrase is the words are used in "convention d'entreprise" when the french employees have to travel to another country (UK/US) to learn the ways of the enterprise. These words are also imported by American/English companies establishing in France and using their domestic technical language (McDonalds, Packard-Bell, Chevrolet, etc).

615:

ordinary French phrase. The examples do little to clarify things. Some (such as vanguard) seem to be English corruptions of foreign words, while others seem to be phrases that would be the same in another language with or without borrowing (such as "liver sausage" -- it's a sausage made out of liver, what else would you call it?).

1820:" ever heard of? it refers to Bernard Kouchner (french fame doctor, works at the UN) and humanist's "Médecins sans Frontière" (lit.: "Doctors whithout border") NGO. It is not a calque though since "Docteur français" doesn't exist in french as it "Médecins sans Frontière". This is en english "abus de langage"! ^^ 1942:- Although we do say "That's life" in English, I don't think that this really counts as a calque because 1) this does make sense in English, and 2) we have other similar constructions that make sense. For example, I could say "That's politics, for you," etc. Also, a word-by-word translation would be "that's 1151:. I have a hard time believing that all these words and phrases are in fact calques. I think more care must be taken to document these words and to show that they are not the result of parallel linguistic evolution within a common cultural context, i.e. Europe, and show that they have been translated. 2957:

Including entries such as "watershed" in the article may be correct, but a special case. (Or possibly contestable: the OED only says it "probably" comes from the German.) One may know that watershed comes from Wasserscheide, but the word seems idiomatic in German, anyhow ("water" + "separates" ?). It

2889:

Wednesday, thursday and friday did not come from the latin words for those days. These days are named after Germanic gods. Wednesday comes from Woden's day. Thursday comes from Thor's day and Friday comes from Frig's day. I dont know if Germanic tribes had such days, but the names themselves come

2516:

Sorry. Didn't see that SigPig entry below after after his prior removal of almost exactly the same German non-calques I removed (apparently reverted in the interim). Is it certain that a *partial* calque (such as alpenglow or brandywine) is not a calque and therefore doesn't belong on this page? I've

1911:

UFO was the model for OVNI, the French Knowledge (XXG) page states the creation from early American history. Otherwise, several of these examples seem too vague to be calques: "Newbown" and "That's life" seems extremely doubtful. That's "loudspeaker", not "high speaker", and I definitely suspect that

614:

OK, is it that both "la fin de semaine" and "le week-end" are calques? If not, then perhaps a less ambiguous example could be used. Also, why is "la fin de semaine" considered to be a word-for-word translation of "weekend"? I would assume that "semaine-fin" is a calque while "la fin de semaine" is an

4703:

I considered whether an explicit statement that "translation" is not calqued in English is necessary for future readers to avoid the confusion, but I think the version I've saved avoid the need for such a statement. I believe the new paragraph ordering and section header are sufficient to avoid the

4569:

is not even noted in the section, and the example is anything but straightforward. This seems to be a corner case of calquing in the first place, if it even is calquing, excepting the Germanics. It's clear that Ubersetzung is a calque from the latin, but it is unclear how traduccion or translation

4380:

of any other language, and due to its nature as homophonic pun, probably never will be. Can you find a reliable source indicating that a significant number of regular English speakers are now, in day-to-day communication outside of the context of this joke, using "grass mud horse" as a euphemism for

3934:

I agree generally (although not specifically with "beer garden", see my comments above in "Is this really the right approach for this article?"). It is possible for phrases in different languages to have a common syntactical basis. For someone bilingual, the natural (or perhaps lazy) way to select a

3545:

I re-added the entry with a link to answers.com; the cite is from the American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms; it looks like dictionary.com doesn't deal with them any more. I got rid of the Chinese itself, since I can't find evidence of the transliteration, only that it comes from Chinese. I'll add a

2945:

Yes, there are too many undifferentiated examples. When defining something such as "idiom", it's a useful concept, because it helps people learning the language. Labeling it as an idiom says to the learner "Don't attempt to understand this phrase by decomposing it literally." To me, something of the

2534:

As for the proper name, M-W and AHD prefer "loan translation", while RH and Chambers prefer "calque"; AHD includes the meaning of "loanshift" under "calque", so that sense must also be included here, or else "calque" should become a dab page for "loan translation" and "loanshift". However, in all of

626:

I have to agree with the original(?) author of this 'Confused' entry. The definition of 'calque' given in the article does not match up with the given examples. So, for example, the definition insists that it must be a translation of a _phrase_, but many of the examples are translations of a _word_.

4738:

The previous sentence is incorrect. Both of the phrases noted are standard english and there is no indication in any source anywhere that they are calqued from french sources. This is an example of why Knowledge (XXG) is absurd -- things go unchallenged because some dumbass thinks he can get away

4444:

in English can be used in two contexts, i.e. a) "Welcome to our city (our country, our home)" and b) in the exchange, "Thank you...You're welcome". However, standard French has only the first. (For the second, one would say "De rien" or similar.) It is generally thought that the second usage was

2897:

Right; we know all that already. The conention is that this naming was arrived at by simple local-deity name substitution from the Latin originals. I.e., it is a "complex calque", if you will. The sources presently cited, however, do not establish this, making the passage technically an instance

1160:

With very few exceptions, it would be difficult to show the difference. An important exception is the Pushkin vocabulary of Russian. He (and a few of his circle) literally invented a great deal of modern Russian through calques. I don't believe there are many other instances where calques are so

564:

As I understand it, the definition could be rewritten more clearly thusly: 1. In linguistics, a calque or loan translation is the borrowing of a phrase from a foreign language by the literal translation of the original word or phrase. The new word or phrase may retain the original meaning or evolve

4695:

that the article was arguing "translation" was calqued into English. The confusion seems to stem from the use of the word "translation" in the section header, as well as in the first paragraph of the section. Since "translation", the English word, has not been calqued, I'm not sure why it's even

4614:

lists a large number of regular and understandable calques that would certainly be more instructive to readers than "translation". The only helpful aspect of "translation" as a calque is the translation to German -- the English explanation only serves to confuse the reader, and I strongly suspect

4452:

I agree. "Bienvenue" doesn't belong, unless we're saying that it was borrowed from English, even though it already existed in French with a different meaning, which isn't likely. This use of "bienvenue" is more accurately called a "loanshift", using the terminology of Einar Haugen (a native word

3938:

The "strangeness" of a calque is key. It's something beyond the peculiarity of an idiom, because it's an important enough concept in a foreign culture that it's been imported. There's likely a cultural background. An idiom doesn't necessarily have that distinction. Understanding that "beer garden"

3908:

A lot of the examples mentioned under German may not be calques but words that share a common development ("world war," "beer garden," "loan word," "thought experiment," etc.). The compounding process is very similar in English and German and more importantly, both languages share basic idioms and

1176:

is itself just a guess, isn't it? I can't speak for any examples other than those from English and German, but all these are well-established and are cited in the literature and etymological dictionaries. However, the accusation of lack of documentation is fair enough. It would certainly be a good

724:

It is far more likely (and at very least quite possible) that the duplicate metaphor is a holdover from Proto-Indo-European or some intermediate language between the forking of the Slavic and Latinate language groups. It is also possible that it's simply a coincidence. The metaphor similarity is

4935:

I think it's better if the words link to Wiktionary rather than Knowledge (XXG), like in the "mouse" section. Wiktionary is concerned with words, after all, and its goal is to have entries for all these words. The same can't be said for Knowledge (XXG), which may never have an appropriate page to

4699:

In the revised version you produced, the English is discussed in the first paragraph, further compounding the problem. In other words, if translation is not calqued in English, then why is it the section title and first paragraph's subject? I've revised the ordering of the paragraphs to reflect

4490:

German is full of calques because, at times, Germans have taken pride in avoiding Latin and Greek. Thus "Fernsprecher" where everybody else says telephone and "Mitleidigkeit" for condolence, sympathy. (Since the war Germans have adopted words enthusiastically: "handy" for mobile phone even though

3912:

What distinguishes a calque from a word of common origin for me is the tendency for a calque have a strangeness to it if one thinks about it literally. This is not the case for most of the words listed under German except perhaps "superman," "antibody," "standpoint," etc. G. Csikos, 26 June 2008

3572:

Lots of Chinese in the nineteeth century American west; perhaps what the linguistics world needs (or may already have) is a name for the creole that the injuns and the rail workers and the bastard cowboys and everyone else used when they were drinking together in frontier saloons and a-hootin and

1544:

Academic french is the true official one, the one used in schoolbooks and dictionary (Le Robert, Larousse, etc), the one that is teached at school. Academic french is slow to evolve, new words have to be discussed by officials (at "l'Académie Française") before to be added in the new edition of a

1375:

pu + courielle = pourielle. Does that seem like a calque? Also whoever said weekend is only used in france is wrong, I hear it here all the time, even though it's discouraged, and I would go for fin de semaine being a calque because good grammar would get fin de la semain, but a calque might drop

1319:

Also, while the Old English "godspell" may have been a calque of the Greek "evangelion," I don't think that the Modern English corruption "gospel" really counts as a calque. Rather, I think that this is really just an interesting etymological anecdote, because of the fact that the expression "the

568:

The examples given are questionable or unclear. Not being a liguist (in either French, German, Spanish or Hebrew) I can't judge the veracity of the examples, but I have never heard that breakfast evolved from dejeuner (I always thought the meaning was literal) and I need an explanation of how the

547:

I played around with the structure of the article a bit--I thought it would be more logical to group calques by language rather than by part of speech. Hopefully we'll be able to come up with calques in languages other than English (I checked out the calque page in the French Knowledge (XXG) and

2934:

I think it's useful to have a few well established examples of calques as well as a few non-calques, but an exhaustive list of calques seems for one to serve little purpose but also to be doomed to failure, considering that there must be 10s of thousands of calques in various languages, probably

2871:

Further explanation is needed with regard to those items under Latin, since it will not at all be evident to the average reader how these are actually calques through deity name substitution, in several cases. The source quoted for Wedenesday actually covers all of them, and the one for Tuesday

2120:

Rückbildung is more primarily used as "degeneration", though it is not always the best usage «Verfall» is more often used in the normal English meaning of things falling apart. Regardless, «Bildung» on its own, in the noun form means "education", and in this compound usage; "formation". It never

1524:

There is a strong difference between spoken french which is a free form rapidly evolving including TV quotes, alien languages, frenglish, verlan (spelling backward), argot (slang) or jargon (technical slang incorporating alien words). Spoken french is known as urban french or "abus de language".

4605:

Thanks for modifying, it is much more clear. However, I'm afraid you're missing the forest for the trees on this word. This is a poor representative example of a calque, as according to this article, the defining feature of a calque is a literal translation to the new language. "Translation"

3693:

It would be nice if someone cast their eye over my edits to check them and get a second opinion. Furthermore, I fully agree with SigPig's later removals; I should have picked those up myself! It's nice to read this talk-page and find a large group of editors doing so much work and research to

1602:

The words you think are loanwords are only "abus de language", technical english words used in the marketing business ("business" itself is "abus de langage", urban variation is "bizness", but the french word is "les affaires" which is not a calque). The reason these English words are used in a

1182:

Contrary to what Donald says, there are perfectly straightforward lexicographical techniques for distinguishing loan-translations, certainly for recent times where we have good documentation. Such as the fact that the loan-translation often lives alongside a loan for a while, e.g. worldview and

869:

I would suggest that the entire Russian section be re-written. Karamzin and Zhukovsky are by-far the best known calquers of the early Russian literary language. Karamzin specifically used calques to expression foreign ideas relating to the burgeoning Romantic and phenomenological movements in

1533:

like "parking" for "car park") or using brands (ex: "mobilhome"). French spoken mass media often uses "abus de language". The alien word are accepted as french when there are no academic french words to tell the same thing. The reason is each word is different, synonyms are slow variations not

4494:

Japanese makes up Chinese words the way we make up Greek ones. Sometimes this gives a calque. "Sekiyuu" is written with two Chinese characters. The first is used on its own for the word ishi, stone, but seki in compounds; the second is abura, oil on its own but yuu in compounds. So sekiyuu is

632:

I have to doubt that this is correct, since the noun 'vlijanie' is formed very naturally by adding the thoroughly Russian suffix 'nie' to the verb-stem 'vlija-' from 'vlijat'. To claim that this is a calque, one would have to show that this verb was never used in this sense until after French

2951:

Knowing something is a calque also helps understanding words in foreign languages. For example, the French word "ligne" in the phrase "en ligne". Knowing it's not a part of the regular patterns of the use of the word "ligne" avoids having someone with limited French skills scrambling for a

821:

While editing the Russian section, I reformatted the examples in hopes of illustrating more clearly how the compound words can be parsed into their individual roots, which might be a helpful modification to some of the other language sections. I also added Latin transliterations of the

2344:

I agree; see my entry below. "(Proper name's) disease" from "(Proper name's) Krankheit" isn't a loan translation, unless the proper name is translated too (which would be erroneous, since proper names are generally NOT translated). I'd say there'd be more of an argument if there were

3939:

comes from modern German, one can go to German sources for a comprehensive explanation. An idiom, somewhat oppositely, may have originated within a language; its meaning is likely to become obscured by the passage of time; its original meaning may be unrecoverable or speculative.

448:"Inside the walls?" I took it out, as well as with the preceding phrase, which may or may not have been vandalism; for "inside the walls" I think it's too long of a stretch from intramuros to downtown- in fact, I have never heard the term "inside the walls" used quite like that. 560:

I have to say that this entry is a bit confusing. It's not clear from the examples gathered if a calque is a word that's translated literally but then takes on a different meaning, or one that's translated literally but used for a different meaning or used for the same meaning.

3462:

Even though this expression does sound like the sort that would come from the Chinese language, I do remember reading in a general-interest book that this expression came from Native Americans. If so, then the source I read doesn't agree with the one posted on the article.

3495:

Furthermore, I have just clicked on the reference given by the original author and found a dead link. Therefore I'm going to remove the sentence, although it's interesting, until someone can provide a reputable citation. I'll post the removed section for record here:

701:

I would suggest that calques, by nature, will inevitably have some sort of figurative, metaphorical logic underlying them, and one way to "test" whether a word is a calque from another language or an independent coinage is if the metaphors match in a suspiciously similar

3690:. Persistent and repeated insertion of incorrect material without discussion is highly disruptive; the editor in question seems to have misunderstood the distinction between calques and straight loanwords, and does not seem to have much experience in German translation. 3068:

I'm not sure about the provenance of the diseases, machines, etc of the form "Normalverbraucher Dingsbums" or "Mustermann Krankheit", where only one part of the compound is translated, and the other, being a proper name, is brought in directly. If CJ disease was called

5154:

Does anyone know what source material these are referencing? Search engine results limited to the date 9/12/2020 for articles named "Calque" did not uncover an answer for me and I'm very interested in referencing the original material cited several times in this Wiki.

3769:

Chashmal is not a Hebrew calque of Greek's Electra, and is actually a new twist for an old word found in the book of Prophets to describe a fiery power or substance. I recommend that it be removed from the article. You can see a longer explanation of Chashmal here:

3488:

Here is a simple links that support that this phrase is actually a native-american one. Having personally read about this at least once from a printed source, I don't totally trust wikipedia and the internet on the consensus that the phrase is of Chinese origin.

4029:

The words were calqued using the equivalent Norse gods substituting the Roman. Mars = Tyr, Mercurius = Odin, Jupiter = Thor, Venus = Freya/Frigg. (For some reason Saturn/Saturday was never calqued, just borrowed or replaced with a random name, although

757:

In the specific case of Russian, it's a matter of historic fact that Russian literary figures of the 19th century, such as Pushkin and Lermontov, were prodigiously busy calquers who brought in a large stock of foreign vocabulary by Slavicizing the

1881:" (eng) from "casse couille" (fre), with english "ball" coming from "boule" ("balle" is closer and also exists in french). a ball breaker is very same as a "casseur de couille!" ("boule" is also used in french for "couille"). Excuse my french! LOL 4610:), but I'm unable to verify it. Nevertheless, even if it has been called a calque at some point, it does not seem instructive to feature this word, as it is a bizarre corner case of calquing, to the extent that it is a calque. The article at 2315:

realistic politics, which is not a term used in English (It's not even in Wiktionary, and instances in the "Google corpus" are either apparent glosses of the German term (in quotes) or simple adjective-noun constructions rather than established

2774:

I agree, and further suggest as a general practice to improve readability, that Cyrillic and Greek (but especially Cyrillic) characters be bolded when they occur in the midst of Latin text -- otherwise it's easy to confuse, e.g., the Cyrillic

5108:

It’s sort of like if the article on Elvis ended with several paragraphs explaining why he can’t possibly secretly be alive and pretending to be Obama. Sure, it’s true, and I guess it’s Elvis related, but... nobody thought that, you know?

2578:

Isn't French "pellicule (photographique)", Spanish "película (fotográfica)", Portuguese "película (fotográfica)" and Italian "pellicola (fotografica)" calques of (photographic) film, with both words originally referring to skin or hide?

4516:

So, um, wtf, people? A 13k article with a 70k talk page?? Only in linguistics. :D Anyways, the section that talks about the word "translation" seems to state that it both is and is not a calque. The first line says its derived from

3960:

Chinese vocabulary uses innumeral calques from Greek and other western languages for scientific (ie. hippopotamus, is translated word-for-word as "river horse"), political, and economic words. Should I try to put in some of them?

3681:

Hi! I performed most of the removals yesterday, before I had read the talk-page here. It is very frustrating to learn that most of the entries I had to removed as incorrect or unsourced have already been removed twice before by

3729:

Do pidgin phrases really count as calques? They're more a combination of two languages than one language borrowing entirely from another, especially since phrases like "long time no see" didn't exist until such pidgin sprung up.

2517:

always thought of several such terms in English as of the same sort as other loan translations. (I prefer 'loan-translation', as it's a very common term and 'calque' strikes me as arcane. Or is there a slight difference in use?)

1290:

I checked Dictionary.com because I was confused as to whether this was Latin or Greek, which what the article says it is. Greek is correct, so I created a new section, "From other languages," below, in which to discuss this one.

969:

Is that really a calque from Chinese? How much contact have the Finnish had with the Chinese? It seems much more plausible that "aivopesu" calques the English "brainwash"—what the English word happens to do would be irrelevant.

4089:

Also, this talk page is getting quite hairy, and I can only imagine that most of the questions raised here have been dealt with. Someone who's been watching this article for longer than I have could offer a better assessment.

922:

Addition: it is impossible to calque the word "by" or "av" as is, as in Finnish, grammatical cases are used instead of the word "by". Thus, it is necessary to make up some word that makes some, if limited, sense, and that is

936:

The parallel is lost with the upper sections, which is an aesthetic loss that throws the reader and may obfuscate the meaning. It is better to keep the initial example up front and see if it makes the article gel better -

2526:

The dicdefs I consulted (M-W, AHD, RH, Chambers) do not mention partial calques; they seem to indicate that it must be a complete translation. They could perhaps be listed in a separate section, with a subsection over at

4770:

Dutch "wolkenkrabber". The article claims that the latter is a loan translation while the former is a phraseological calque. The latter, however, isn't a perfect calque because it means "cloudscraper" not "skyscraper".

4606:

contains no English roots other than those taken directly from the loaning Latin word. I see a citation to a printed reference to support your contention that this is indeed a calque (notably, it is not included in

4829:

It's a noun-noun compound, that just happens to be written as two words because of English spelling rules. It's not a phrase, syntactically. So there should be a more appropriate example for phraseological calques.

3909:

syntatical relationships. It's inevitable then that either identical compound words would appear simultaneously in both languages or the development of a new word in one would be imitated immediately in the other.

2216:

In English the verb "to storm" also means "to assault" so the two would be synonyms in a millitary context - I'm assuming "assault" can translate "sturm"? My German isn't good enough to answer that question

1385:

are you claiming the French got their "end of week" concept ("fin de semaine") from the English? week-end is a loanword only used in France, it's not used in Québec and i'm not sure about Bénélux and Swiss.

643:

Finally (on this example), even if this usage really did derive from French, it is NOT a word for word translation of a _phrase_. SO no, it does not meet the definition given (in this article) for 'calque'.

3748:

One can see that pidgins would invent calques for convenience (or use existing calques), but as you imply, pidgin creation is not dependent on calques. Probably there are pidgins with no calques whatever?

153: 2613:

There are a few others I'm concerned about, but I won't touch them until I have done further research. Nor will I add any calques I know of until I can find a decent cite (like "captain of industry"). --

1813:

Under Louis XVI's reign, French was the international language like the English became in the late XXth and early XXIst centuries that's why you'll find many french calques created around this period.

1177:

idea for a couple of the examples to be explained in detail and some suitable etymological dictionaries to be cited at the end. Obviously it would be even better to cite a dictionary for each example.

5210:

As has been mentioned before on this talk page there is a long and pointless discussion at the end of the article about the Latin word "translātiō" and the English word "translate" and how it infact

3269:

This is for all the phrases in the english language using the name of a foreign country to describe something. English Phrase using a foreign countries as and adjective for a better formatting see:

2329:

I suggest that diseases where the name of the disease is adopted as is with the English 'disease' substituted for 'Krankheit', as it must be, is not a loan-translation, but it's certainly arguable.

5110: 1419:

i have no source for "face to face" yet, but i know the english "face" comes from the french word, hence the french expression came before the english expression. sounds logical don't you agree?

3733:

Additionally, is "long time no see" (most of the Chinese-English pidgin phrases, for that matter) really a calque from Chinese? It's more of a phrase that originated in English out of necessity.

5248: 5008: 1122:

The element "chop" in the Chinese examples came from imitating the pronunciation of an actual Chinese word (tsap). I took "chop chop" and "chopsticks" out and left the true calques. --

3873:

Since the English word for burning is "burning", and not "brandy", then brandywine is clearly not a calque. It is just a plain borrowing, respelt using English spelling conventions.

295: 5098:

It goes for three paragraphs describing the etymology of various languages’ adoptions of two forms of “translate” in Latin, and ultimately concludes that none of them are calques.

4472:

It's unclear to me exactly why all these words are calques. What is the original language from which they are calqued? If it is Latin, then the article must state explicitly that

1630:" ask a french about "Spin Doctor" he will be puzzled or will answer "Two Princes". This is not academic french you'll find in a dictionary. The french wiki stub only states: < 5243: 285: 5214:

a calque. I don't see any reason for it being here other than taking up space in the article. Unless you can give a good reason why it should stay I think it should be removed.

5095:

Everything from “ The Latin word translātiō ("a transferring")… ” on in the meat of the article seems tacked on like something a student would do to fluff out their word count.

3983:"mandag (Monday), from Old Norse mánadagr ("moon day") calques Latin dies lunae. The name of every day of the week, except lørdag (Saturday), are loan-translations from Latin." 2723:

From the article (Skyscrapers section): Telugu: ""అంబరచుంబితం"" ("aMbaracuMbitaM") appears to be a phonetic. Is there a literal translation? Otherwise, this may be vandalism.

1797:

the french latin calque -"trou du cul du monde" also exists but is rarely used, because of it's vulgarity, the straightforward latin is commonly used instead in this language.

1643:

I'm affraid the french wiki cannot be refered as an official dictionary, since everyone from the planet can write what he wants inthere (including false theories, rumor, etc).

692:

someone as though you're spiking the fruit punch with vodka -- seems to me a dead giveaway that the Russian word was invented by calquing an older model from another language.

2746:

Latin-charset transliterations were used when giving terms in Greek, Chinese, Russian, etc. Without the latter, the non-Latin text is meaningless "noise" to most readers. —

1024:

Evidence for this? My dictionary says "empathy" is a translation from German. Did you guys actually research this at all, or are you just being high-handed? -AG, 2 March 09

3812:"The modern Macedonian language inherits much of its lexicon from Old Church Slavonic. The Saints Cyril and Methodius who developed the language in the 9th century(...)" 5253: 4476:

is Latin for "translation" (which it doesn't currently). The mother-daughter relationship between Latin and the Romance languages makes these cases especially tricky.

1268:

I suggest that it would be useful to include one of the most famous examples of loanwords from Latin - gospel (Old English 'godspell', literally good news" from Latin

3831:

You dispute that the Macedonian language inherits a large portion of its lexicon from OCS or that the Saints Cyril and Methodius developed OCS in the 9th century? --

3636: 406: 2192:"sturm" is "storm" not "assault", therefore not a calque, since soundtrack is not considered a calque. ("storm riffle" is not "assault rifle"). I've removed: < 4622:, so I'm not sure what function this entry would serve even if it were terribly straight-forward. Would you agree to replacing with another calque, or removal? 2319:

submarine, which, as a vessel, is transferred from the adjective, an old borrowing from Latin ('Submarine boat' would be a loan-translation, but does not occur.)

425: 323: 147: 5263: 5238: 396: 4058:

After a quick glance at the article it's pretty clear to me that there needs to be a more in-depth and better-structured page solely dealing with topics like:

79: 1027:

Hmmm, it might be a retranslation, connecting the German Einfühlung to an older unrelated Greek empatheia (which had a different meaning in the older corpus)

904:"Tulee" is clearly stated to be a calque of "kommer att" so that one is fine, though the different style from the other entries buries the key words a bit. — 468:

needs to be parsed so that we understand that a "fast" is being "broken"? Is it, in fact? If not, then it's not a calque. Fancy terms need accurate examples.

1475:

is a straightforward borrowing, not a calque. A calque is a loan translation. if the phrase is not translated literally, it is not a calque. A hypothetical

638:

This is not impossible, and it may even be true. But without some reference to how this happened, 'vlijanie' should _NOT_ be used as an example of a calque.

261: 250: 227: 2036:

Civil war probably from Latin in both cases; civil status (not "civil state") arguable; soundtrack not a calque ("track" is not a translation of "bande").

2309:

gramophone, masochism, microphone, which are borrowings adaptated to English spelling convention (convention relating to words from Greek or Latin roots)

1586:" (lit. "mouth to ear") which is an old expression. I don't think "buzz" is in the Robert dictionary yet. This is definitely not a loanword nor a calque. 4664:

been one of the two principal sources of European languages' words for the concept—words that certainly comprise Germanic or Slavic roots, respectively.

5278: 3275:

What they call it in the adjectival country's language What the foreign phrase literally means translated into English Meaning in English Contributor

4768:

As far as the descriptions and examples go, these are pretty much the same thing, it seems. I see no difference in nature between "flea market" : -->

372: 2706:

The last isn't a calque; it's the proper name of an organization. It would be a calque if "doctors without borders" were a common English phrase. --

572:

Finally, if I really do understand the definition of calque correctly, I will offer one in German: Wolkenkratzer from skyscraper. &#91-- anon]

4365:

into the target language, to the extent of being listed in dictionaries of that language. All the other examples on this page meet this criteria.

85: 4148:

A calque is any word or phrase in a language formed by translating a word in another language word-for-word or morpheme-by-morpheme, according to

1242:

The definition of calque is not strong enough for a layman to distinguish between calque and loanword. Neither is the definition scholarly enough.

5032:

When language X directly borrow a word from language A and same time semantic loaned directly from language B, what the term for this situation?

4453:

that shifts its meaning as a result of foreign language contact). It would be better off in the Language Contact article, or at least Loanword.

5273: 2147:

must refer to what a craftsman has to deliver when wantig to become a master of his trade. Since I did not check the source, I haven't changed

941:"from the action of", then the explanation. On a semantic level, I actually disagree that it fits, but I'm willing to reserve judgment. - Dave 5258: 2106: 4990: 2081:

are the same, but "super" exists in deutsch so it's more supermensch-superman. Super comes from Latin "supra" and means "on top of" (over).

5221: 4454: 4399: 3920: 1198:

koiné in which many calques are meticulously traced throughout early literature and the first Bible translation in Yoruba from the hand of

30: 1760:

I've found a english to french which was added in the French "Le Robert" academic dictionary (the French's holy bible) in the 00's it is "

800:

evidence of calqueing -- that's why I put "test" in scare-quotes -- but I do think that a close match of metaphors is a clue suggesting a

363: 318: 5268: 4014: 3793: 1898:(Unidentified Flying Object) / OVNI (Objet Volant Non Identifié): french and english are sthe same but i just know which one is the 1st. 779:

specifically was among the large number of calqued coinages from the 19th century, so I've removed it from the list of Russian examples.

529: 2312:

Kris Kringle, which is a fanciful interpretation of the German, possibly a folk etymology, but certainly not a translation in any sense

5129: 5114: 3774: 3734: 3478: 1952: 1321: 1292: 1277: 913:

The grammatical category of an agent ("by someone") does not exist in Finnish, and the calque is the category, not the word itself. --

4966:

Thank you for a very constructive suggestion. That should work well, so long as all the pertinent words are entered into Wiktionary.

99: 1545:

dictionary. You are not supposed to use urban french, nor "abus de langage" at school, this is not correct and marked as a mistake.

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tank, which is independent of Panzerwagen and the pre-existing English word is not semantically related to either Panzer or Wagen

5105:

a calque, so there’s no reason to do three paragraphs worth of text to explain that something isn’t what nobody thought it was.

4691:

Ahh, the heart of the matter. Thanks for working it through with me. The previous version indeed implied to me and apparently

2055:

the word itself) existed long before the "submarine" English word, therefore "submarine" could be a translation (and a calque).

1980:

sunbath (english) / bain de soleil (french): i'm not sure which came first as "bath" is not a french word but an old german one.

74: 4790:

I think an example should be given in the first example. The examples in the second paragraph are too meta/recursive to help. -

3615:

I'm not overly comfortable with "pineapple": only cite is a gardener's website; and while I do not deny he may be an expert in

3447: 3338:

Scotch mist Scotch Mist refers to a light, steady drizzle, the name being typical of the Scottish penchant for understatement.

3792:

Despite the given source at etymonline.com, the correct term in german is "Intelligenzquotient" or "Intelligenz-Quotient". --

202: 44: 65: 4969:

I have, incidentally, been finding Wiktionary an excellent (if not always invariably complete) resource in composing texts.

3707:...and I've had to remove them again. Same entries, same reasons to remove them. This needs watching for in the future. 3239:

The others that got flushed with the revert, I'm putting back in, with either a cite (if I can find one) or a fact tag. --

2349:

common-noun elements along with a proper name: those two (or more) elements might satisfy the requirements of a calque. --

2325:

parentship test, which has absolutely no instances in a Goolge search (2 pages both referring to the quality of parenting)

1367:

is also a calque or is it a french neologisme. It's used here in Manitoba and translates to junk mail(when it's email) so

1083:

It might be, but the source of the calque was originally from Russian. Maybe it is a calque in Russian at the same time. -

4893:

Perhaps someone could help clarify the concept of "phrase" in this context? Does it have to denote "more than one" word?

3308:

La vice anglais: French slang ( argot ) meaning English-vice , sadomasochistic sexual activities involving flagellation.

2092: 4357:, nothing more. Most straight word-for-word translations are not calques, because the key attribute of a calque, like a 2257: 1996:

English kindergarten calques German Kindergarten? Seems like a loanword, unless the change in capitalization counts! --

4131:

This seems like a terrible example to me. Unlike every other item listed on the page, the Chinese phrase has not been

3942: 3750: 2972: 1977:

there is probably "autoroute" (french) / "autobahn" (german): i don't know which country had the infrastructure first.

3117:

That's not a calque. An English calque of the German would be "mechanized wagon". "Automobile" comes from the French.

2121:

means "building", which is always some form of «Bau». In addition the footnote contains no mention of «Rückbildung»

1339:

Shouldn't the Ukrainian words be written in the Cyrillic alphabet (as the Russian words are) and not transliterated?

168: 4481: 4153: 3639:- makes any reference to Dutch. The only reference to a non-English origin that I can find is Robert Hendrickson's 1691:" (but academic officials are figthing for "restauration rapide" which is actually a calque, we found one at last!) 1525:"Abus de language" means taking some liberties with the academic french including using a word for another, using " 1428:

No, the reasoning is faulty, that "face" is a loanword does neither prove nor disprove "face to face" is a calque.

135: 5177:

of the Knowledge (XXG) Calque article. This is not an acceptable form of referencing. It was added to the page in

2099:

The german origin sounds bizarre because the german word comes actually from latin trans (cross) vestio (dress).

109: 5147:

I can't seem to determine the actual source used in references #10, #12, and #13, which all show a variation of:

4875: 4696:

used in the article. Wouldn't a header of "translatio" make more sense? I think this would avoid the confusion.

4495:

stone-oil - petroleum. Since the war they have borrowed words so now they say gasorin and write it phonetically.

3054: 2678: 1206: 5218: 4403: 3924: 3824: 2110: 1634:"spin doctor" is not even a loanword, i's an english word used by very few. If searching for the hypothetical " 4458: 1010:

got the directionality backwards, and intended to say that the German word is a calque of the Greek original (

208: 4746: 4018: 3797: 528:* or something similar, or, as Iopq says, the English would be "defast"*, "unfast"* (or "disfast"*, even). — 254:, a collaborative effort to expand, improve and standardise the content and structure of articles related to 5178: 5133: 3778: 3738: 2684: 2267: 1956: 1325: 1296: 1281: 533: 4010: 3916: 3466: 3435: 2102: 1152: 999:

Empathy is a greek word which was used before germans were historically relvant. Therefore I removed it. --

5174: 3858: 3592:

apple strudel: ditto - "Strudel" is not an English word, its literal translation is "whirlpool" or "eddy".

3474: 2872:

appears to be a mis-cite, since it does not address "Tuesday" at all. Didn't look at the rest of them. —

2176: 2160: 1831:" (english word "age" comes from the french "âge" so the french expression was created before the english) 1447: 901:

The anonymous questioner seems to have a point with #1: Which non-Finnish word is "toimesta" calqued from?

5163: 4743: 3643:(1997, Checkmark Books, NY, ISBN: 0-8160-4088-5) which says "The Spanish conquistadores named this fruit 3620: 55: 5078: 5037: 4477: 3878: 3604: 2461: 2218: 2207: 2082: 2056: 1987: 1902: 1798: 1772: 1733: 1705: 1651: 1546: 1535: 1420: 1396: 1387: 371:

on Knowledge (XXG). If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join

129: 2388: 1058: 648: 70: 3014: 5187: 5101:

While this seems superficially relevant, there’s no indication that anyone would think “translation”

4976: 4900: 4812: 4709: 4682: 4627: 4596: 4575: 4557: 4114: 3966: 3712: 2126: 1203: 1133: 5159: 1215:

Eh? Funny indenting, there. Anyway, most of the entries look OK to me. I removed one false entry. --

971: 190: 5215: 4530: 4498: 3443: 2788: 2728: 2690: 1202:. Fagborun devotes a sizable part of his study to the development of a methodological framework. — 1015: 1000: 823: 705: 256: 161: 125: 2473:"brandywine": Partial calque; true calque would be "burning wine", as attested within the article. 500:

itself started switching meaning only in the middle of 19th c. (and only in some French dialects).

5052: 4887: 4502: 4418: 3893: 3687: 2822: 2518: 2330: 2262: 2252: 1221: 1199: 589: 549: 355: 4287: 4263: 4172: 3537: 3026: 1732:" (common use for a musical promo movie, french is "séquence vidéo" which sounds like a calque) 1632:"spin doctor": La traduction française la plus approchante proposée est : docteur folimage": --> 1053:

I added one because in Ukrainian there are a lot of calques from Russian. Can someone add more?

4671:, it seems fitting to highlight the calque sources of many languages' words for the concept of 4586:

I have revised the "translation" section. I think the current version addresses your concerns.

2910:

and soon, or the article is in danger of either AfD or truncation of the offending material. —

1983:

middle class: concept probably introduced by Marx and coming form the German "mittlere Klasse".

4776: 4343: 4292: 4268: 4177: 4043: 3836: 3628: 3470: 2636: 2277:

So does this mean that the deletion should be undone? (Just making sure resolution occurs.) —

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I have no clue though as of the formation of the English equivalent... Hope this helps. :-) --

175: 51: 3602: 1623:" what's this? never heard about, even not in english! this can't be an official french word. 1028: 5074: 5033: 4795: 4754: 4422: 4330: 4095: 3874: 3820: 3673: 3564: 3525: 3507: 3253: 3035: 2913: 2875: 2826: 2749: 2715: 2561: 2507: 2486:, a calque of which would be "Saint Nicholas", which undoubtedly already existed in English. 2449: 2363: 2334: 2280: 1103: 905: 850: 732: 5004: 4667:

Since many words have entered the world's languages via translation, including translation

1646:

There are many comic sketches (for gag) about people using neologism or english tech words

1245:

If the list of calques grows any longer, each section should be put into their own article.

5182: 4972: 4957: 4925: 4896: 4808: 4705: 4678: 4642: 4623: 4619: 4618:

Secondarily, there is already an example of a loan-translation calque on this page, and a

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Whomever is involved in the editing of the page should correct this accordingly. Thanks.

3962: 3708: 3695: 3058: 1195: 616: 5047:

Not sure I understand what you mean. Maybe if you gave an example it would be clearer. --

3624: 2899: 2547:" should be converted into a table (English word, original word, language, note, cite).-- 2490: 1493: 1343:

I was lazy when I typed it in. Either someone else do it, or I'll do it when I get home.-

3216:, borrowed from Greek. Since it's not translated into English, it's not a calque anyway. 2051:" is a Latin word (under) used by English language. The "Submarinus" Latin concept (and 4692: 4526: 4135:

into any other language; it has merely been translated in order to explain the joke. –

3850:

2.Secondly if such words exist, they should be cited as calques of Old Church Slavonic.

3533: 3439: 2724: 2073:

is arguable (since overman does not exist in english and is only a rough translation),

1997: 2469: 5232: 5048: 5015: 4941: 4835: 3889: 3632: 3619:

field, it does not make him an expert linguist. None of the dictionaries I checked -

3365:

Sex is rife with examples: - Mal de Naples French Letters a Brazilian Jerry Williams

3080: 2964: 2466: 2399: 2375:"alpenglow:" Partial translation only; "Alpenglow is a partial translation of German 2196: 1457: 1252: 1217: 1162: 980:

I'm also skeptical about "siniverinen"; Finnish has no natural contact with Spanish.

4381:"motherfucker" or "victim of censorship"? If not, it doesn't belong on this list. – 2652: 141: 4772: 4445:

introduced into Quebec French by native speakers of English who (incorrectly) used

4339: 4039: 3832: 3771: 3586: 3156:

At least this is a calque, but the dictionaries give its origin as American, 1800s.

3133: 3124: 2936: 2858: 2797: 2764: 2037: 2028: 2006: 1913: 1745: 1515: 1429: 1411: 1075: 1032: 2958:

might be worth noting in the article that calques of idioms are themselves idioms.

2431:"cookbook": cite links nowhere; dictionaries only list the word as an Americanism. 1612:" and "lobby" are used on media and talk, but the french academic for "lobby" is " 3935:

phrase in one language is to use a phrase they already know in another language.

3593: 2644: 2412: 2171:

I checked the reference, understood the misunderstanding, and changed the entry.

5205: 5065:(to harvest). Then in English 'download' (in computing). Then Indonesian borrow 4791: 4750: 4672: 4200: 4091: 3816: 3683: 3660: 3606: 3551: 3490: 3240: 2707: 2697: 2658: 2630: 2614: 2548: 2494: 2436: 2350: 469: 368: 5124:

English book chapter 5 translation in full urdu and words meaning paragraph 345

4807:

Could you please be more specific? I don't understand your meaning. Thanks.

1951:

This is my first time posting on Knowledge (XXG) so I hope I did this right. :)

1597:" but "slogan" is commonly used since quite a time now so i'm ok with this one! 1511: 349: 4953: 4921: 4417:

Shouldn't this article have a link to the List of Calques, and vice-versa? --

4382: 4157: 4149: 4136: 4074:

Are there languages which are particularly notable for their usage of calques?

3223: 3202: 3189: 3172: 3163: 3097: 3042: 2640: 2122: 1184: 506: 415: 345: 4309:

has been used in major English-language media to refer to the mythical animal

3656: 2671: 1888:" (english) / "haut parleur" (français). i don't know which one came first. * 1508: 4950: 3180: 2997: 2303:

cobalt, dollar, glitz, glitzy, which are simple borrowings (with respelling)

1582:"'s a 00's media, spoken word and technical media word only. The french is " 1530: 1526: 1344: 1084: 599:"res" commonly means wealth in Latin, see Horace, Epistles I.1. alexalderman 513: 260:. If you would like to participate, you can edit this article, or visit the 3007:

Only one part is translated; if it were a calque, it would be "Alpine glow"

1488: 5150:" listed in the 3:30, 12 September 2020 edition of the "Calque" article." 3659:

only mentions "Europeans" naming the fruit to an existing English word. --

3588: 3090:

Only the first word is translated, the second is a loanword. Not a calque.

1529:" (to create new words), mixing parts of alien and french words together ( 1479:

might well be a calque if translated literally from another language. And

4937: 4831: 4358: 3146: 2528: 2296:

I've taken out quite a few non-examples from the German-to-English list:

1505: 1123: 1006:

Presumably, whoever originally cited "empathy" as a calque of the German

985: 928: 914: 889: 512:

Heh sounds like it should have really been defast or unfast in English :)

4996: 1562:

This basic introduction made, let's take a look at these words of yours:

1194:

Pfold is right. Another good example is Fagborun (1994); a study on the

4078:

and the rest of the content (the long, currently messy list) should be

3107: 2531:

referring back here, since a partial calque is also a partial loanword.

1685:" (short for "self service" restaurant/gas station meanings only, loan) 664:

is a calque of 'influence,' I would point out that the Latin root verb

4223:

depictions featuring a true horse, even though some depictions of the

3270: 1638:" calque, you'll find peanuts. These are urban words used by very few! 1616:" which is not a calque. I don't think there is french for "lobbying". 339: 312: 4852: 4848: 4649: 4376:. It has no independent existence from the Chinese phrase. It is not 4324: 4208: 4196: 4035: 3847:

1.Prove all the words you cited that were constructed in 9th century.

3515: 1575:" which is not a calque (BTW "market" comes from the french "marché") 1498: 729:

evidence of calqueing in the absence of other clear corroboration. —

24: 242: 221: 4540:

The various-language terms, as stated, have been calqued either on

3986:

This is incorrect. Tuesday through Friday are all from Norse gods.

2845:

If someone would like to find sources, I could recommend the sites

2796:

In that case, I'd prefer italics. Bold text stands out too much...

463:"English breakfast calques French déjeuner (which now means lunch)" 4739:

with it, and no one else cares. In other words CITATION NEEDED.

4280: 4228: 4216: 4212: 4185: 4031: 3110: 4156:

is very similar, even though it is not worded in the same way as

1571:" no this is tech slang (loanword), the academic french word is " 1031:

Anyway, it's a complex example so it might be best excluding it.

3655:, which they also called the cones of the pine tree." (p. 527) 2023:

Submarine is not a translation, therefore not a calque. German

4764:

Difference between loan translation and phraseological calque?

4645:" would claim to be an exhaustive list of the world's calques. 2005:

Yes, it's a loanword, a calque would have been "Childgarden".

1853:" (with vulgar "ass" removed and replaced by neutral "heels"). 1149:

This article strikes me as a questionable product of guesswork

451:

As for the other one, I'm pretty sure it's self explanatory.

264:, where you can join the project and see a list of objectives. 184: 15: 5003:

An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect

4851:

example stems from the Webster's-dictionary definition of a "

2300:

automobile, where the Latin roots do not translate the German

577: 5224: 5192: 5167: 5137: 5118: 5082: 5056: 5041: 5022: 4995: 4980: 4961: 4945: 4929: 4904: 4839: 4816: 4799: 4780: 4758: 4713: 4686: 4631: 4600: 4579: 4561: 4534: 4506: 4485: 4462: 4426: 4407: 4388: 4347: 4234:

An ordinary individual being oppressed by government censors

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country or region names used in english phrases (CORNUIEPS)

2306:

mad cow disease, which does not translate Creutzfeldt-Jakob

3647:

because of its pine-cone shape and the English translated

2742:

It would be very helpful if both non-Latin character sets

1276:

Don't calques require more literal translations than that?

1029:

http://inpress.lib.uiowa.edu/poroi/papers/depew050301.html

4398:

What does "running dog" mean? The link goes to a book! --

4368:"Grass mud horse" does not qualify, because the phrase's 3641:

The Facts On File Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins

2428:

to "pack" is a stretch and leans toward OR without a cite

2411:

is a German loanword; a calque would be "apple whirlpool"

962:

from Chinese: aivopesu (brainwash, from Chinese "xi nao")

796:

SMcClandish is correct that metaphoric similarity is not

4951:

https://en.wiktionary.org/loppemarknad#Norwegian_Nynorsk

4372:

current life in English and other languages consists of

3597:

backpack: No dictionary evidence that it's derived from

3546:(see also below) with a link to Online Etym, as soon as 660:

To address the question above about whether the Russian

588:

were already up there so I decided to leave them alone.

1239:

Many of the examples are uncited and of dubious quality

4890:

lexical item and working as a unit within a sentence."

4227:

feature an appearance that has similarities with true

2424:

would calque into English as "backsack"; to translate

610:

is. Currently, the first paragraph of the article is:

524:

This is not a calque. If it were, the French would be

160: 4615:

the status of "translation" as a calque is debatable.

2991:

I removed the following (English calques of German):

2854: 1483:

is not the only word in French borrowed from English.

1161:

clearly documented and attributable to an individual.

4859:

that can function as a grammatical structure (e.g.,

4589:

Please let me know of any further concerns. Thanks.

3284:

Brazil nuts castanhas-do-Pará chestnuts from Pará",

1671:" (there is no french word for this, this is a loan) 1132:

Doesn't Chinese calque every foreign word they find?

367:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of 4261:is a word-for-word translation of Mandarin Chinese 4071:

How are they different from loanwords and cognates?

3420:Yorkshire puddings Bob Carne creme anglais Custard 3073:("mad cow disease"), that's definitely be a calque. 2930:

Is this really the right approach for this article?

1874:" (english) is a calque from "aussi bien" (french). 174: 5249:WikiProject Translation studies (general) articles 4109:. The other suggestions made here are good ones. 2416:"backpack": no citation to prove it's a calque of 1816:i know a newy it's an english from french, it is " 672:("to pour") both refer rather specifically to the 4449:in this sense. However, I cannot document this. 2787:, "restaurant") with the Latin "p" in "petunia." 2539:a noun, not a verb. I think the all the entries " 3772:http://www.pantheon.org/articles/c/chashmal.html 1504:comes via English thought the origin is Gaelic) 951:Is tankki really a calque, isn't it a loanword? 33:for general discussion of the article's subject. 4521:, but it is also listed as a word calqued from 4316:Is there a different linguistic term that fits 4188:that eats grass and plays in the mud. However, 2468:"Underwrite", already mentioned, is the calque. 1791:" latin giving "asshole of the world" english. 775:That said, I don't have evidence that the word 270:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Translation studies 4878:" article states: "A phrase is a sequence of 4195:The mythical creature, usually depicted as an 1057:Translate their meaning into English, please. 496:'fast') still exist in French. Also, the word 4207:has also been depicted in some sources as an 4105:Had the same idea and split out the lists to 3573:a-hollerin and whatnot and yippee ki yi yay. 3491:http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=long 3265:Is there a special word for this concept???? 2027:is more likely (but not certainly) a calque. 1320:Good News" is today used to mean the Gospel. 8: 5244:High-importance Translation studies articles 4704:confusion that Eaglizard and I experienced. 4512:Section on "translation" is (still?) unclear 3233:Ditto. Not a calque. And from Greek, anyway. 1371:. Any how seeing as how it sounds more like 1070:a calque, or at least a semantic calque, of 4769:Dutch "vlooienmarkt" and "skyscraper" : --> 3853:3.All Slavic languages inherited from OCS. 576:I got most of the calques I added from the 492:'undo/quit doing/do in reverse/whatever' + 5091:That end bit doesn’t really seem relevant. 3815:This is silly at best. I suggest removal. 2591:chopsticks: "Chop" from Pidgin for "quick" 1842:" (it was already in the list you removed) 1395:what about "face to face" ("face à face") 668:("to flow") and the corresponding Russian 307: 216: 4253:fits the definition of a calque because: 2598:, circular argument, not "vicious circle" 2403:"apple strudel": Partial trans of German 2231:, for instance, is "assault" (noun), and 5254:WikiProject Translation studies articles 4847:I understand that your objection to the 4374:discussions of the original Chinese joke 1867:" (english) from "c'est la vie" (french) 1755:Sure English to French calque (dialects) 1376:that la since english doesn't use it. 273:Template:WikiProject Translation studies 248:This article is within the scope of the 5073:then give this semantic loan download. 4491:they do not usually use the letter y.) 4468:"Translation" as an example of a calque 4068:Where does the term "calque" come from? 3585:Alpenglow: Partial translation at best: 2805:Please don't use italics for Cyrillic: 381:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Linguistics 309: 218: 188: 5111:2601:1C2:5000:1472:D94D:40C7:4731:A8DD 4548:; in the case of the English term, on 1892:" (eng) "champs de foire" (fre): same. 1860:" (english) from "nouveau né" (french) 1725:" (a commercial failure used by media) 5143:Unclear source of references 10,12,13 4886:theories two or more) built around a 4361:, is that it must actually have been 4038:is quite distinct from Freya/Frigg.) 2906:actually be cited. The point is, it 7: 5264:High-importance Linguistics articles 5239:C-Class Translation studies articles 4656:"translation" is a calque. But the 4283:that eats grass and plays in the mud 4279:has a meaning different from a true 3195:Not calques, because not translated. 1097: 361:This article is within the scope of 4825:"flea market" is a loan translation 3956:Chinese academic vocabulary calques 3694:maintain this article's integrity. 3347:The English Disease Jerry Williams 3271:http://foreignnames.wikispaces.com/ 1456:It might be, but we need a source. 984:is probably calqued via English. -- 680:conveys the same idea as the Latin 676:, and similarly the Russian prefix 207:It is of interest to the following 23:for discussing improvements to the 4652:" article does not argue that the 4552:. Seems pretty straightforward. 3888:I noticed that too. Will remove. 3408:Norwegian Omelette Jerry Williams 3402:Cullinary examples Jerry Williams 2420:(itself a loanword into English). 14: 4170:is a word-of-word translation of 4152:. The definition provided by the 4000:(Thursday) is from Tor/Thor; and 3362:China (porcelein) Jerry Williams 2817:(т in italics) visually equal to 2465:"subscribe": Loanword from Latin. 1782:Sure Words (Latin-French-English) 1662:Known english to french loanwords 50:New to Knowledge (XXG)? Welcome! 5279:WikiProject Linguistics articles 5199:Long spiel at the end of article 4054:Split article, archive talk page 3788:From german: Intelligenzquotient 3396:Chinese Whispers Andrew Garside 3374:Portuguese Man of War Bob Carne 2460:"clinker": Loanword, not calque. 606:I'm still confused as to what a 384:Template:WikiProject Linguistics 348: 338: 311: 241: 220: 189: 45:Click here to start a new topic. 3992:(Tuesday) is from the god Tyr; 3411:Spanish Omlette Jerry Williams 3386:Mexican Stand-off Dave Andrews 3332:Swede "kålrot" (cabbage root). 1744:(Aren't these true loanwords?) 1700:" (coming from the Old French " 401:This article has been rated as 290:This article has been rated as 251:WikiProject Translation Studies 5083:02:17, 23 September 2020 (UTC) 5057:20:18, 19 September 2020 (UTC) 5042:19:49, 19 September 2020 (UTC) 4874:However, the Knowledge (XXG) " 4436:I distrust the explanation of 4427:15:46, 15 September 2010 (UTC) 3520: 3452:15:09, 23 September 2007 (UTC) 3399:China syndrome Jerry Williams 3139:Mispronuciation, not a calque. 2831:15:44, 22 September 2010 (UTC) 2618:05:53, 25 September 2006 (UTC) 2155:, but would propose to do so. 884:Does this really belong here? 847:That all makes sense to me. — 620:17:59, 19 September 2006 (UTC) 1: 5274:Etymology Task Force articles 5023:21:14, 18 November 2019 (UTC) 4905:23:21, 22 December 2018 (UTC) 4840:15:17, 22 December 2018 (UTC) 4759:07:09, 25 February 2013 (UTC) 4749:moved here from the article. 4714:05:26, 19 December 2016 (UTC) 4687:03:35, 18 December 2016 (UTC) 4632:00:40, 18 December 2016 (UTC) 4601:04:00, 17 December 2016 (UTC) 4580:06:29, 12 December 2016 (UTC) 4486:02:41, 21 December 2011 (UTC) 4408:22:22, 25 February 2010 (UTC) 4048:00:44, 22 February 2009 (UTC) 3971:17:21, 31 December 2008 (UTC) 3802:17:51, 17 February 2008 (UTC) 3783:03:36, 27 December 2007 (UTC) 3743:21:26, 21 December 2007 (UTC) 3717:00:59, 28 December 2007 (UTC) 3353:Polish Spirit Jerry Williams 3350:Welsh Rarebit Jerry Williams 3281:Turkish Delight rahat lokum, 2884:19:06, 10 February 2007 (UTC) 2247:(= "storm" (noun)), but from 2115:09:38, 18 February 2008 (UTC) 1912:French calqued English here. 1461:20:47, 27 November 2006 (UTC) 1286:21:30, 21 December 2007 (UTC) 1256:20:56, 27 November 2006 (UTC) 1230:I want to sound the call for 1166:06:24, 28 February 2006 (UTC) 1156:23:58, 27 February 2006 (UTC) 1014:= em - pathy = "in feeling") 741:22:40, 22 December 2006 (UTC) 709:11:57, 22 December 2006 (UTC) 565:to have a different meaning. 423:This article is supported by 375:and see a list of open tasks. 42:Put new text under old text. 5259:C-Class Linguistics articles 5173:It seems to be referring to 4817:19:46, 5 December 2017 (UTC) 4800:19:28, 5 December 2017 (UTC) 4389:16:55, 6 November 2009 (UTC) 4348:01:37, 5 November 2009 (UTC) 4143:21:55, 1 November 2009 (UTC) 4100:20:26, 21 October 2009 (UTC) 4023:00:27, 4 February 2009 (UTC) 3699:10:25, 26 October 2007 (UTC) 3676:15:32, 25 October 2007 (UTC) 3426:Yorkshire pudding Yorkshire 3414:French Beans Jerry Williams 3405:Baked Alaska Jerry Williams 3359:Mexican Wave Jerry Williams 2862:12:47, 9 February 2007 (UTC) 2801:02:05, 18 January 2007 (UTC) 2792:01:56, 18 January 2007 (UTC) 2768:01:47, 17 January 2007 (UTC) 2758:23:20, 11 January 2007 (UTC) 2587:...I removed the following: 2564:13:23, 14 October 2007 (UTC) 2522:00:26, 14 October 2007 (UTC) 2510:08:27, 13 October 2007 (UTC) 2452:07:57, 13 October 2007 (UTC) 2366:07:23, 13 October 2007 (UTC) 2339:23:17, 12 October 2007 (UTC) 2289:23:22, 11 January 2007 (UTC) 1127:13:36, 24 January 2006 (UTC) 1112:23:19, 11 January 2007 (UTC) 1019:01:28, 18 January 2007 (UTC) 888:If it doesn't, what does? -- 859:23:18, 11 January 2007 (UTC) 827:03:22, 10 January 2007 (UTC) 686:into the inside of something 652:22:04, 9 December 2006 (UTC) 578:American Heritage Dictionary 276:Translation studies articles 5061:There are term in Javanese 4562:18:32, 13 August 2012 (UTC) 4535:02:57, 13 August 2012 (UTC) 4440:as used in Quebec French. 4240:One who insults your mother 3567:02:33, 5 October 2007 (UTC) 3483:00:51, 5 October 2007 (UTC) 3064:Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Krankheit 2963:Including entries such as " 2718:04:14, 9 January 2007 (UTC) 2701:02:12, 9 January 2007 (UTC) 2594:vicious circle: from Latin 2583:While I was adding cites... 2535:these entries, "calque" is 2390:; "Origin: 1870–75; < G 1961:06:48, 24 August 2008 (UTC) 1451:02:07, 15 August 2006 (UTC) 1330:07:21, 24 August 2008 (UTC) 1301:07:21, 24 August 2008 (UTC) 1137:18:19, 2 October 2006 (UTC) 1079:07:00, 8 January 2006 (UTC) 1062:02:53, 8 January 2006 (UTC) 989:10:39, 4 January 2006 (UTC) 975:12:56, 3 January 2006 (UTC) 548:found it to be unhelpful). 517:23:19, 4 October 2005 (UTC) 5295: 5269:C-Class etymology articles 4920:, but no such page there . 4301:both have similar meanings 4154:Merriam-Webster Dictionary 4119:18:07, 14 April 2010 (UTC) 3996:(Wednesday) is from Odin; 3898:19:22, 26 April 2008 (UTC) 3883:19:22, 27 March 2008 (UTC) 3826:18:19, 10 March 2008 (UTC) 3807:Old Church Slavonic -: --> 3611:Santa Claus: not a calque. 3389:german shepherd Bob Carne 3356:Swiss Roll Jerry Williams 3256:05:38, 3 August 2007 (UTC) 2922:05:16, 19 March 2007 (UTC) 2857:. Try to avoid guesswork. 2733:06:27, 25 April 2013 (UTC) 2181:23:18, 1 August 2009 (UTC) 2165:23:11, 1 August 2009 (UTC) 2010:23:17, 4 August 2006 (UTC) 2001:23:05, 4 August 2006 (UTC) 1917:23:31, 4 August 2006 (UTC) 1749:11:52, 3 August 2006 (UTC) 1467:Academic French discussion 1433:09:46, 6 August 2006 (UTC) 1210:13:01, 23 March 2006 (UTC) 1188:11:47, 23 March 2006 (UTC) 407:project's importance scale 296:project's importance scale 5225:07:19, 26 July 2022 (UTC) 5193:00:51, 16 June 2022 (UTC) 5168:20:02, 15 June 2022 (UTC) 5119:11:05, 7 April 2022 (UTC) 4876:constituent (linguistics) 4638:Thanks for your comments. 4004:(Friday) is Frey/Freya. 3951:18:00, 20 July 2008 (UTC) 3929:23:42, 26 June 2008 (UTC) 3863:13:33, 19 July 2008 (UTC) 3841:13:49, 2 April 2008 (UTC) 3759:18:10, 20 July 2008 (UTC) 3581:I also rm the following: 3529: 3511: 3383:Venetian blinds BobCarne 3380:Eau de Cologne Bob Carne 3055:Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 2981:17:30, 20 July 2008 (UTC) 2851:http://www.dictionary.com 2847:http://www.etymonline.com 2682:(an NGO) calques English 2482:] itself a corruption of 1849:" is used in english as " 1225:05:03, 18 June 2006 (UTC) 1041:20:35, 4 March 2009 (UTC) 722:Correlation != causation. 509:02:44, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC) 472:20:14, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC) 422: 400: 333: 289: 236: 215: 80:Be welcoming to newcomers 5138:11:06, 10 May 2022 (UTC) 5007:. Please participate in 4991:Redirects for discussion 4981:18:33, 4 July 2019 (UTC) 4962:10:20, 4 July 2019 (UTC) 4946:09:23, 4 July 2019 (UTC) 4930:08:08, 4 July 2019 (UTC) 4781:17:49, 20 May 2016 (UTC) 4507:15:08, 29 May 2012 (UTC) 4463:04:16, 11 May 2013 (UTC) 3371:Indian summer Bob Carne 3368:Danish pastry Bob Carne 2940:01:02, 18 May 2007 (UTC) 2867:Days of the week cleanup 2273:16:09, 15 May 2006 (UTC) 2222:18:36, 13 May 2006 (UTC) 2131:14:01, 12 May 2008 (UTC) 2091:Vorwort and not Vorwart 1335:Transliterated Ukrainian 1088:00:35, 20 May 2006 (UTC) 1003:10:38, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC) 932:17:11, 17 May 2005 (UTC) 927:"from the action of". -- 918:13:06, 17 May 2005 (UTC) 909:23:09, 16 May 2005 (UTC) 893:21:11, 16 May 2005 (UTC) 592:20:42, 15 Jan 2005 (UTC) 552:05:21, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC) 538:16:30, 15 May 2008 (UTC) 5011:if you wish to do so. 5009:the redirect discussion 4747:User talk207.237.88.130 4184:literally means a true 2679:Médecins sans Frontière 2476:"Santa Claus": Loan of 2251:(= "assault" (verb)). — 2211:09:13, 3 May 2006 (UTC) 2086:09:12, 3 May 2006 (UTC) 2060:09:05, 3 May 2006 (UTC) 2041:08:04, 3 May 2006 (UTC) 2032:07:31, 3 May 2006 (UTC) 1991:09:10, 3 May 2006 (UTC) 1906:08:12, 3 May 2006 (UTC) 1838:" english from french " 1827:" english from french " 1802:05:39, 3 May 2006 (UTC) 1776:20:09, 2 May 2006 (UTC) 1737:20:08, 2 May 2006 (UTC) 1709:20:07, 2 May 2006 (UTC) 1655:20:06, 2 May 2006 (UTC) 1550:20:49, 2 May 2006 (UTC) 1539:20:48, 2 May 2006 (UTC) 1519:19:47, 2 May 2006 (UTC) 1424:20:06, 2 May 2006 (UTC) 1415:20:03, 2 May 2006 (UTC) 1400:20:06, 2 May 2006 (UTC) 1391:19:39, 2 May 2006 (UTC) 1348:21:57, 1 May 2006 (UTC) 1172:But your accusation of 364:WikiProject Linguistics 5000: 4219:. I have not seen any 3943:Alpha Ralpha Boulevard 3751:Alpha Ralpha Boulevard 3393:scotch eggs Bob Carne 2973:Alpha Ralpha Boulevard 2902:, though of course it 2890:from there, not Latin. 2685:Doctors without border 2623:Multi-language calques 2574:Romance words for film 2227:In this context, yes. 1593:" academic french is " 1406:Have you a source for 419: 197:This article is rated 75:avoid personal attacks 5028:Semantic loan hybrid? 4999: 4660:of that English word 4237:To insult your mother 2691:Artsen zonder Grenzen 2666:is said to come from 2601:dog days: from Latin 418: 201:on Knowledge (XXG)'s 100:Neutral point of view 4641:I don't think that " 4199:, that lives in the 3377:Sardines? Bob Carne 3071:wütende Kuhkrankheit 2135:The German word for 1363:Does anyone know if 1309:From other languages 1049:Calques in Ukrainian 955:Quoth the article: 426:Etymology Task Force 387:Linguistics articles 105:No original research 4744:User:207.237.88.130 4065:How do they happen? 3577:Calques from German 3212:Nope. Inversion of 3020:Alzheimer Krankheit 3015:Alzheimer's disease 1967:English from German 1847:cul par dessus tête 1494:fr:Buzz (marketing) 1442:Do we really think 972:Felix the Cassowary 267:Translation studies 257:Translation Studies 228:Translation studies 5001: 4989:"Calaq" listed at 4525:. So which is it? 3825:_Macedonian?": --> 3608:itself a loanword. 3429:Lancashire hotpot 2855:http://www.m-w.com 2543:calques Grenovian 2243:doesn't come from 2069:being the same as 1614:groupe de pression 1200:Samuel A. Crowther 674:movement of liquid 486:to break the fast. 444:Calques from Latin 420: 356:Linguistics portal 203:content assessment 86:dispute resolution 47: 4857:two or more words 4855:" as "a group of 4742:Above comment by 4062:What are calques? 4013:comment added by 3931: 3919:comment added by 3485: 3469:comment added by 3454: 3438:comment added by 3296:Russian roulette 2900:original research 2898:of the forbidden 2394:with "glow" r. G 2151:into the correct 2117: 2105:comment added by 1234:for this article. 441: 440: 437: 436: 433: 432: 306: 305: 302: 301: 183: 182: 66:Assume good faith 43: 5286: 5209: 5190: 5185: 4913:nn.wikipedia.org 4478:Grover cleveland 4331:loan translation 4180:) into English. 4025: 3914: 3670: 3665: 3633:Online Etymology 3561: 3556: 3531: 3522: 3513: 3504:long time no see 3464: 3458:Long Time No See 3433: 3326:Spanish Bowline 3250: 3245: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2821:(m in italics). 2756: 2753: 2752: 2712: 2656:calques English 2637:marché aux puces 2603:diēs canīculāris 2596:circulus vitisus 2558: 2553: 2504: 2499: 2446: 2441: 2360: 2355: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2208:EnthusiastFRANCE 2100: 2083:EnthusiastFRANCE 2057:EnthusiastFRANCE 1988:EnthusiastFRANCE 1903:EnthusiastFRANCE 1799:EnthusiastFRANCE 1773:EnthusiastFRANCE 1764:" from englais " 1734:EnthusiastFRANCE 1706:EnthusiastFRANCE 1652:EnthusiastFRANCE 1636:docteur folimage 1584:bouche à oreille 1557:French Loanwords 1547:EnthusiastFRANCE 1536:EnthusiastFRANCE 1514:.... all loans. 1421:EnthusiastFRANCE 1410:being a calque? 1397:EnthusiastFRANCE 1388:EnthusiastFRANCE 1354:French / English 1153:BrianGCrawfordMA 1110: 1107: 1106: 1098:#Transliteration 857: 854: 853: 739: 736: 735: 389: 388: 385: 382: 379: 358: 353: 352: 342: 335: 334: 329: 326: 315: 308: 278: 277: 274: 271: 268: 245: 238: 237: 232: 224: 217: 200: 194: 193: 185: 179: 178: 164: 95:Article policies 16: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5229: 5228: 5203: 5201: 5188: 5183: 5145: 5126: 5093: 5030: 5014: 4994: 4915: 4827: 4788: 4766: 4736: 4643:List of calques 4620:List_of_calques 4612:List_of_calques 4608:List_of_calques 4514: 4470: 4434: 4415: 4396: 4319:grass mud horse 4306:Grass mud horse 4298:grass mud horse 4276:Grass mud horse 4258:Grass mud horse 4250:grass mud horse 4247:I believe that 4225:grass mud horse 4221:grass mud horse 4205:grass mud horse 4190:grass mud horse 4182:Grass mud horse 4167:Grass mud horse 4129: 4126:Grass mud horse 4107:List of calques 4084:List of calques 4056: 4034:original name * 4008: 3980:The page says, 3978: 3958: 3906: 3871: 3810: 3790: 3767: 3727: 3666: 3661: 3621:Merriam-Webster 3579: 3557: 3552: 3548:Without a Trace 3460: 3455: 3320:Eau de Cologne 3314:French windows 3263: 3246: 3241: 3227:calques German 3206:calques German 3184:calques German 3167:calques German 3150:calques German 3128:calques German 3101:calques German 3084:calques German 3062:calques German 3059:Mad cow disease 3048:Braunsche Röhre 3046:calques German 3032:Aronssche Röhre 3030:calques German 3018:calques German 3001:calques German 2989: 2932: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2843: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2740: 2738:Transliteration 2708: 2634:calques French 2625: 2585: 2576: 2554: 2549: 2500: 2495: 2442: 2437: 2371:More removals: 2356: 2351: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2200:calques German 2189: 2107:129.199.121.250 2090:foreword -: --> 2020: 1974: 1969: 1890:for "fairground 1851:head over heels 1810: 1784: 1757: 1718: 1716:False loanwords 1664: 1573:étude de marché 1559: 1469: 1382: 1361: 1356: 1337: 1311: 1266: 1264:Latin loanwords 1232:quality control 1145: 1134:Cameron Nedland 1120: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1051: 997: 882: 855: 849: 848: 737: 731: 730: 558: 545: 484:) is literally 460: 446: 403:High-importance 386: 383: 380: 377: 376: 354: 347: 328:High‑importance 327: 321: 292:High-importance 275: 272: 269: 266: 265: 231:High‑importance 230: 198: 121: 116: 115: 114: 91: 61: 12: 11: 5: 5292: 5290: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5231: 5230: 5216:FishandChipper 5200: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5158: 5153: 5144: 5141: 5125: 5122: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5029: 5026: 5012: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4970: 4967: 4948: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4894: 4891: 4872: 4865:giving parties 4826: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4787: 4784: 4765: 4762: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4701: 4697: 4693:User:Eaglizard 4676: 4665: 4646: 4639: 4616: 4590: 4587: 4513: 4510: 4469: 4466: 4455:98.236.186.230 4433: 4430: 4414: 4411: 4400:213.130.255.33 4395: 4392: 4351: 4350: 4336: 4335: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4310: 4302: 4284: 4272: 4271:) into English 4244: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4162: 4161: 4128: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4076: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4050: 3977: 3974: 3957: 3954: 3921:99.245.242.195 3905: 3904:German calques 3902: 3901: 3900: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3865: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3809: 3805: 3789: 3786: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3726: 3723: 3722: 3721: 3720: 3719: 3702: 3701: 3691: 3657:Word Detective 3629:Dictionary.com 3613: 3612: 3609: 3595: 3590: 3578: 3575: 3570: 3569: 3542: 3541: 3534:pidgin English 3459: 3456: 3431: 3417:Chinese Walls 3392: 3344:Maltese cross 3317:Prussian Blue 3302:Dutch courage 3293:Dutch courage 3290:French Polish 3268: 3262: 3259: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3234: 3219: 3218: 3217: 3198: 3197: 3196: 3176: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3093: 3092: 3091: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3050: 3038: 3022: 3010: 3009: 3008: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2983: 2969: 2968: 2960: 2959: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2947: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2892: 2891: 2868: 2865: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2834: 2833: 2789:Throbert McGee 2771: 2770: 2739: 2736: 2721: 2720: 2695: 2694: 2674: 2648: 2624: 2621: 2611: 2610: 2599: 2592: 2584: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2532: 2513: 2512: 2487: 2474: 2471: 2463: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2414: 2401: 2369: 2368: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2235:usually means 2214: 2213: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2168: 2167: 2133: 2118: 2097:cross-dressing 2094: 2088: 2063: 2062: 2044: 2043: 2034: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2012: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1948: 1947: 1936: 1935: 1928: 1927: 1920: 1919: 1900: 1899: 1893: 1882: 1875: 1868: 1861: 1854: 1843: 1832: 1821: 1814: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1795: 1783: 1780: 1770: 1769: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1741: 1740: 1726: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1694: 1686: 1679: 1672: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1624: 1617: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1598: 1587: 1576: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1542: 1512:fr:Spin doctor 1502: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1485: 1484: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1403: 1402: 1393: 1381: 1380:French calques 1378: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1336: 1333: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1275: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1213: 1212: 1191: 1190: 1179: 1178: 1169: 1168: 1158: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1066:Isn't Russian 1050: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1016:Throbert McGee 996: 993: 992: 991: 967: 966: 965: 964: 953: 949: 948: 947: 946: 945: 944: 943: 942: 920: 902: 896: 895: 881: 878: 876: 874: 873: 872: 871: 867: 866: 865: 864: 863: 862: 861: 836: 835: 834: 833: 832: 831: 830: 829: 824:Throbert McGee 812: 811: 810: 809: 808: 807: 806: 805: 787: 786: 785: 784: 783: 782: 781: 780: 766: 765: 764: 763: 762: 761: 760: 759: 748: 747: 746: 745: 744: 743: 714: 713: 712: 711: 706:Throbert McGee 703: 696: 695: 694: 693: 655: 654: 645: 644: 640: 639: 635: 634: 629: 628: 623: 622: 603: 602: 601: 600: 594: 593: 557: 554: 544: 541: 522: 521: 520: 519: 502: 501: 459: 456: 445: 442: 439: 438: 435: 434: 431: 430: 421: 411: 410: 399: 393: 392: 390: 373:the discussion 360: 359: 343: 331: 330: 316: 304: 303: 300: 299: 288: 282: 281: 279: 246: 234: 233: 225: 213: 212: 206: 195: 181: 180: 118: 117: 113: 112: 107: 102: 93: 92: 90: 89: 82: 77: 68: 62: 60: 59: 48: 39: 38: 35: 34: 28: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5291: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5227: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5198: 5194: 5191: 5186: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5148: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5104: 5099: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5010: 5006: 4998: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4912: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4849:"flea market" 4846: 4845: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4824: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4740: 4734:An IP comment 4733: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4648:The current " 4647: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4450: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4431: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4245: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4059: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4015:208.66.208.36 4012: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3910: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3794:80.136.83.143 3787: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3773: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3746: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3724: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3664: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3582: 3576: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3555: 3549: 3544: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3527: 3523: 3521:hǎojiǔ bùjiàn 3517: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3492: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3423:Russian vine 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3341:Chinese Burn 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3287:French Leave 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3244: 3232: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3081:apple strudel 3077: 3072: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2993: 2992: 2987:Removal of OR 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2965:staircase wit 2962: 2961: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2938: 2929: 2923: 2915: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2893: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2877: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2751: 2745: 2737: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2702: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2686: 2681: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2620: 2619: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2582: 2580: 2573: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2552: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2530: 2525: 2524: 2523: 2520: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2498: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2440: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2387:, 'to glow.'" 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2354: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2290: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2219:Reynardthefox 2212: 2209: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2197:assault rifle 2191: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1818:french doctor 1815: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1678:" (same here) 1677: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1648:dans le texte 1645: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1548: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1509:fr:Think tank 1507: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1477:tour of force 1474: 1473:tour de force 1471: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1446:is a calque? 1445: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1373:rotten e-mail 1370: 1366: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1334: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1317: 1315: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1273: 1271: 1263: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1117: 1113: 1105: 1099: 1095: 1089: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1048: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1012:Ein - fühlung 1009: 1004: 1002: 994: 990: 987: 983: 979: 978: 977: 976: 973: 963: 960: 959: 958: 957: 956: 952: 940: 935: 934: 933: 930: 926: 921: 919: 916: 912: 911: 910: 907: 903: 900: 899: 898: 897: 894: 891: 887: 886: 885: 879: 877: 868: 860: 852: 846: 845: 844: 843: 842: 841: 840: 839: 838: 837: 828: 825: 820: 819: 818: 817: 816: 815: 814: 813: 803: 799: 795: 794: 793: 792: 791: 790: 789: 788: 778: 774: 773: 772: 771: 770: 769: 768: 767: 756: 755: 754: 753: 752: 751: 750: 749: 742: 734: 728: 723: 720: 719: 718: 717: 716: 715: 710: 707: 704: 700: 699: 698: 697: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 658: 657: 656: 653: 650: 647: 646: 642: 641: 637: 636: 631: 630: 625: 624: 621: 618: 613: 609: 605: 604: 598: 597: 596: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 574: 573: 570: 566: 562: 555: 553: 551: 543:Restructuring 542: 540: 539: 535: 531: 530:217.46.147.13 527: 518: 515: 511: 510: 508: 504: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 474: 473: 471: 467: 464: 457: 455: 452: 449: 443: 428: 427: 417: 413: 412: 408: 404: 398: 395: 394: 391: 374: 370: 366: 365: 357: 351: 346: 344: 341: 337: 336: 332: 325: 320: 317: 314: 310: 297: 293: 287: 284: 283: 280: 263: 259: 258: 253: 252: 247: 244: 240: 239: 235: 229: 226: 223: 219: 214: 210: 204: 196: 192: 187: 186: 177: 173: 170: 167: 163: 159: 155: 152: 149: 146: 143: 140: 137: 134: 131: 127: 124: 123:Find sources: 120: 119: 111: 110:Verifiability 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 97: 96: 87: 83: 81: 78: 76: 72: 69: 67: 64: 63: 57: 53: 52:Learn to edit 49: 46: 41: 40: 37: 36: 32: 26: 22: 18: 17: 5211: 5202: 5175:this version 5157: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5130:39.38.189.56 5127: 5107: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5031: 5017: 5016: 5002: 4917: 4916: 4883: 4879: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4828: 4789: 4767: 4741: 4737: 4668: 4661: 4657: 4654:English word 4653: 4566: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4522: 4518: 4515: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4473: 4471: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4435: 4416: 4397: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4367: 4362: 4354: 4353:Yes, it's a 4352: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4304: 4296: 4286: 4274: 4262: 4256: 4248: 4224: 4220: 4204: 4189: 4181: 4171: 4165: 4132: 4130: 4088: 4079: 4077: 4057: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3959: 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