Talk:Alchemical symbol

2267:

details are sometimes all that separates symbols with different meanings. For example, 🜉 means 'alcohol'. Rotate it, and it means 'gold'. Add an extra ring, and it means 'horse manure'. That's why the Newton Chymistry Project is so careful with their identification of variant glyphs. If the symbol ⚩ were in any way notable, we should be able to find RS's for it. And if it's not notable, there's no reason to include it here: we don't bother including thousands of other non-notable alchemical symbols. What makes this one so special that it has to be included, despite us not knowing what it represents or what it's supposed to look like?

1708:, you'd have read: "In the 16th century, manganese dioxide was called manganesum (note the two Ns instead of one) by glassmakers, possibly as a corruption and concatenation of two words, since alchemists and glassmakers eventually had to differentiate a magnesia nigra (the black ore) from magnesia alba (a white ore, also from Magnesia, also useful in glassmaking). Michele Mercati called magnesia nigra manganesa, and finally the metal isolated from it became known as manganese (German: Mangan). The name magnesia eventually was then used to refer only to the white magnesia alba (magnesium oxide), 557: 3077: 3066: 2983: 2866: 2788: 2780: 2729: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2554: 2531: 885:

exists in an unoxidized form. Even the other proto-science of Astrology (from wich came Astronomy) started with basic observations, such as the seasons getting colder when the big glowing thing in the sky didn't move as far across the sky (or various stars were in certain positions at certain times of day meant the monsoon season was coming). Those two proto-sciences only became psuedo-sciences when people continued at them despite the science being shown as flawed.

349: 328: 438: 417: 547: 526: 448: 3126:– What a remarkable capacity for projection: you imagine things, and pretend they're mine. No-one's claimed that *acids* (like calces) were the "true state" of substances according to phlogiston theory, let alone that ants and whole lemons themselves were used to dissolve anything. Again, if by "manganese" Bergman meant the metal rather than the calx, why did he then symbolize the calx rather than the metal? – 256: 235: 2830: 204: 3259:– but you deleted that citation, later marking it and other citations in the same pair of footnotes , never specifying whether this applied to one, some, or all of the sources, nor what claim "failed verification", nor how. In conversation you proved unaware of the linked contents, meaning your 'fv' tag was unfounded: without reading them, you can't have tried to "verify" them.Claiming 3072: 3048: 3524:

Perhaps previous editor saw the date "1932" on 2nd-printing's title page, and ignored or missed turning to the original publication date "1931" on the original title page just 6 pages (3 sheets) later in that book. Also, FYI, the cite-book 'at' parm is used when there's more than numeric 'page/pages'

862:

I'm curious was the use of symbols during their studies (such as in their notes on how to perform experiments) so that no one else could understand them outside of those who already would have understand them and they could claim credit for whatever it was they were attempting to do, or was it due to

849:

Well, it's actually a pseudo-science, or proto-science if you prefer. Not Satanic (whatever that means) of course. Most alchemists where Christians, Jews and Muslims in Europe and the Middle East and Buddhists, Taoists etc. in Asia. It was pretty stupid though--based upon a false understanding of the

2262:

You're engaging in OR. Nowhere do we see it's specifically magnesia alba. By 1932 that was probably the case, but Rosemont doesn't say what era the symbol comes from, so we can't know it was recent enough. Anyway, it's contradicted by your original source, which claimed it was magnesium. Perhaps you

958:

Not really, I mean, yes, but not in the same sense as there used to be back then. Since chemistry is so succesful there is no need for Alchemists. There is a market for the philosophy of Alchemists, though every single alchemical text is pretty unreliable. They all contradict each other, which makes

3169:

and their symbols, simply by replacing the 'calx' symbol with the 'regulus' symbol – but didn't. Why not?Again, Bergman wrote about phlogiston as a real thing (I won't repeat that link this time); and in phlogiston theory the calx is the "true" or "essential" substance (see above for multiple links

2905:

In the early 18th century Georg Stahl renamed the substance phlogiston (from the Greek for 'burned') and extended the theory to include the calcination (and corrosion) of metals. Thus, metals were thought to be composed of calx (a powdery residue) and phlogiston; when a metal was heated, phlogiston

1363:

Look up the current Unicode chart. No "magnesium". Look up that Newton Chymistry link. No "magnesium". If you don't like my personal anecdotes, then you can ask Unicode yourself, but meanwhile you don't have a single RS that this symbol means magnesium. And, given the hundreds of alchemical symbols

3143:

I don't know, Ravin, you're literate, what do you think? Why did he write "gold" instead of "calx of gold"? Do you think perhaps he omitted "calx of" from each item to save space and because it was patently obvious from the heading "metallic calces", just as he left off "acid of" from each item in

2924:

You're still engaged in OR, your personal interpretation of what the sources mean. But your opinion is not a RS. Do you or do you not have a RS that actually states that ☾ is not silver, ☿ is not mercury, ♀ is not copper, ☉ is not gold, ♂ is not iron, ♃ is not tin and ♄ is not lead, but rather the

2847:

Do you have any direct evidence? Not your chain of OR, using WP as a source, but anything in Berger where he identifies what the symbols mean? Because if the symbol without the calx symbol means the calx, and the symbol with the calx symbol means the metal, then per Berger's table the Sun alone is

2373:

And would you please try to be consistent? You've repeatedly claimed to base your argument on something stated by the Newton Chymistry Project – though you've never linked an RS of that statement, only alleged off-WP conversations – but you've also repeatedly deleted an actual linked cite of a PDF

1656:

But you're not claiming that ⚩ is magnesia alba, you're claiming it's magnesium. And even if you were to change that to magnesia alba, you haven't provided a source for that either that I can see, just that a symbol which looks rather similar is reported to be "magnesia", which might be any of the

2224:

has already been quoted to tell you, by the time the word "magnesia" was used without a color-adjective, it referred to the "alba" variety, magnesium oxide, because the "nigra" variety was already being called by a different name, "manganesum". So, yes, we do know to which material LRdR's symbol

1597:

earth' came in several varieties. He mentions five, one of them, called 'magnet', clearly being the celebrated lodestone; the others varied in color from black to white.... As for the material to which the name 'magnesia alba' ultimately became attached, it was a neglected residue of the process

884:

Um ... Actually, Alchemy wasn't really all that "stupid". The term "proto-science" is a good description (first time I've seen the term used; I like it). We all know you can't turn Lead into Gold without a nuclear reaction, but only because we've been told. Both are very similar: soft, metallic,

844:

The only thing that I see to be wrong in your paragraph is the simple fact that this isn't cool. Alchemy was meant to be serious because of the fact that it could become extremely harmful if the process wasn't in the correct order. This isn't FMA where you can come back with metal limbs and have

1445:

Do we have adequate reason to include ⚩ as an alchemical symbol for 'magnesium'? There are two references. The first one is a reference to Unicode 5; by Unicode 6, the identity of ⚩ as 'magnesium' had been retracted. (I contacted Unicode about this: see previous thread.) And, of course, Unicode

1303:

I removed ⚩ as a supposed symbol for magnesium because it was unsourced. The identity appeared in Unicode 5 but was retracted by Unicode 6. I contacted Unicode to ask why, and they said that they didn't have a good source, as in the proposal to add the symbol to Unicode it was only sourced to a

2266:

If we had a RS that ⚩ was magnesia, then it wouldn't be a stretch to assume that Rosemont's symbol was the same. But we don't. And it's not just a missing barb due to a printer's error: there's an additional element, perhaps something like Mercury's cup, at the top of the cross bar. Such small

2232:– Because the tiny upper 'barb' of the arrowhead is missing? That's the big difference? Scribal carelessness or printing error (perhaps even just on this copy) could easily account for that. We see greater differences between renditions of other symbols, for instance the 45-degree rotation of 2187:

plate 4 after page 261. I didn't know at first if the difference between the de Rosemont symbol and Liungman's ⚩ might just be just an extraneous blot of ink or a Xerox artefact, but from this cleaner image it's clear that it's not ⚩. (It's possible that Liungman's ⚩ is a misreading of the de

2906:

was set free and the calx remained. The process could be reversed by heating the metal over charcoal (a substance believed to be rich in phlogiston, because combustion almost totally consumed it). The calx would absorb the phlogiston released by the burning charcoal and become metallic again.

2862:

You're thinking of the metal as the true element, and the calx as the combined (oxidized) form — which is exactly how modern chemistry regards them. But to phlogiston believers, the calx was the true element, and the metal was the combined (phlogisticated) form. So to Bergman , his symbols

1626:

In 1270, Syrian chemist Hasan al-Rammah described a purification process for obtaining purified potassium nitrate from saltpeter. First, the saltpeter is boiled in a small amount of water and then reacted with potassium carbonate from wood ashes. This removes calcium and magnesium salts as

1148:

What purpose does the table of miscellaneous symbols (underneath the table of Unicode alchemical symbols) serve? A few of them may be related to alchemy, but the majority of them aren't, so I don't understand why it's there. I just want to confirm if there's a reason before removing it. --

1063:

Certainly, a work producing an exhaustive list exists on this subject that is likely better than what I have above from an internet search can be sourced. A book on the topic. This article has so much potential because so much more history is actually there than here currently displayed.

3198:

I've given you RSs here in this discussion; and I've added RS footnotes to the attached article (among others) – which you've then either reverted or marked , after which it became clear in conversation you hadn't read the linked sources (were unaware of their content), i.e., you hadn't

3388:

That would go all the way back to the classical period when (as footnote 8's Multhauf 1975, "A history of magnesia alba", cited Pliny from the 1st century) there were five types of "magnesia" or "magnesian earths" (called such from the region Magnesia) — one of them actually

979:

Many alchemical substances are missing that were represented by symbols, and nearly all variations of alchemic "products" represented by symbols are missing as well. Not to mention types of processes that are modified zodiac symbols, not the simple zodiac glyphs themselves.

2582:

And I reverted you because once again you're engaging in OR rather than following the sources. Bergman workeh after that date, and this is specifically manganese metal. Possibly it doesn't belong in this article, as it's arguably early chemistry rather than alchemy.

3012:– No, my understanding is that a 'calx' is the oxide of a metal, because I learned modern chemistry. Bergman, however, did not, hence phlogiston was mentioned throughout his book. To phlogiston theorists, a metal was the combination of a calx plus phlogiston.: --> 1232:

I believe there have been several color associations, which don't all agree, but don't know the details. The ones you listed make sense, though: iron rusts to red, copper to green, and black fits with ponderousness. I don't know about Jupiter or Mercury, though.

1769:. / • hydrated magnesium carbonate used as an antacid and laxative. / late Middle English (referring to a mineral said to be an ingredient of the philosopher's stone): via medieval Latin from Greek Magnēsia, denoting a mineral from Magnesia in Asia Minor. 820:

I may be only 13 but I love alcheny. It is so cool and intertaining. Some people think it is either satanic or retarted. But it isn't. I love the element of it, and it just bets my adrenilin pumpin. It is a great science to study and get excited about!

3232:

Anyway, you have demonstrated a complete inability to learn, so I've concluded that discussing things with you is a waste of time. No more discussion: supply RS's or not, it's up to you -- but without RS's, all of your claims will be reverted.

1304:

popular general account of symbols, and they now believe that author got it wrong. They removed the claim, along with several others, after they received objections by experts in the field, likely from the Newton Chymistry Project.

2400:

research, from as far back as 1808. You've thumped private offline conversation(s) you claim to have had but never given a verifiable RS for the statements you allege were made in them, despite my repeated requests; and that's

2020:

This RfC could use a recap. Also, stop useing "as you wrote" and "as you know" constructs. Knowledge is nor a RS, nor are such personal references. IOW, keep the argumerntation clean, don't leave it to others to destill sense.

2147:

extinguisher!), it will just keep oxidizing=burning, and the released hydrogen can then also burn when it hits fresh oxygen in the air; you need to smother it with sand or a Class D "dry" extinguisher to deprive it of oxygen.

686:

all of the symbols are consistent with the symbols i've found in the tree of life. include some sort of connection somewhere with the ten sphered map of the tree of life, it would be helpful in any future research they have.

850:

nature of matter. All that messing about with chemicals did lead to the eventual creation of the science known as chemistry (and black powder and Greek fire centuries before that), so alchemy wasn't a total waste of time. --

3206:

You in turn almost never cite an RS, despite repeated requests ("Bergman 1775" being one exception), merely repeat unsourced edits if reverted. So once again your lecturing is misplaced. Try living by the rules you thump.

1446:

definitions are not a RS for alchemy, only for Unicode. The second ref appears to be a smoke-screen, with no mention of the symbol. At best, it appears to be a tenuous OR chain trying to equate magnesium with magnesia.

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Yes, and he wrote "gold" next to calx of gold, "platina" next to calx of platinum, and "silver" next to calx of silver -- because they're in a table of "Metallic Calces", as it says at the top of the column.

2081:

the links they deleted as "fv spurious sources" (they later marked them "failed verification" and "citation needed" – marks still in the present version) brings up an epistemological question: how did they

1946:(Specifically, pp. 109-116, in the Collected Works version linked above, cover the extraction of the metal he calls "magnium" from – and its subsequent oxidation into – the white powdery material he calls " 1485: 1469: 959:(again) chemistry more apealing. The only "Alchemists" that exist today are the ones triying to sell their knoledge in 3 easy payments of 99.99, or the ones writting pretty inacurate esoterical texts.-- 2405:, if anything is – "The phrase 'original research' (OR) is used on Knowledge to refer to material—such as facts, allegations, and ideas—for which no reliable, published sources exist." Example: citing 1403:

As I've pointed out to you multiple times, that's a reference to Unicode 5: it's an item in Table 1, "Existing Coverage of Alchemical Symbols in Unicode." Well, it's not existing coverage any more.

3097:

Similarly, in the column to the left, of "Acids", those are all acids. That is, "+C" is not a lemon, but acid of lemon (citric acid). "+🜿" is not tartar, but acid of tartar (tartaric acid), and "+

3028:– when 'calx' (as you have been given multiple cites) explicitly is not the metal but its oxide... which phlogiston theorists (of whom Bergman was one) regarded as the "true form" of the substance. 508: 1218: 2505:

personal bf addressing). This needs uninvolved guidance. Without changes, admin ruling comes in sight. Incidentally: the discussion is not to follow let alone contributed to by third epersons. -

2435:– clearly not "false claims" in any sane interpretation. If you want that source removed, justify its deletion in discussion, rather than edit-warring with such blatantly false edit-comments. – 3271:– but despite my repeatedly asking you for an RS of the "retraction" you asserted, you have provided nothing that verifiably supports your assertion, merely repeated it.What a difference. – 3525:

info, as is the case here; that way the abbreviation "p." is not put in front of the text "4 plates...", making it incorrectly look like "p. 4" is the reference followed by "plates...". –

2348:

You're not paying attention. You repeatedly debunk things that were never claimed. Would you please read what you respond to, so that your responses bear some relevance to the discussion?

1786:, MgO, a white, tasteless powder, used as a mild laxative and antacid, and as an insulating substance, in firebrick, etc. / 2. hydrated magnesium carbonate, also used as a laxative / ModL 2476:"de Rosemont symbol for magnesia". Fifth item in the middle column, M-shaped, with a small circle at the base of the left stem. Again we see more than one symbol for the same concept. – 3184:

Again, you appear to be playing stupid. I'm done enabling your bad-faith argumentation. This is all quite simple: You need a RS for your claims, or per WP policy they will be deleted.

2210:– A few errors there. Just above you'd insisted on the difference between "magnesium" and "magnesia", but here you use the wrong word twice. Louis Ruetter de Rosemont calls it "Magnesi 1121:

The Unicode characters appear as rectangular boxes containing hexadecimal codes on my Firefox version 31 in Windows 8. On Opera they appear as blank boxes. The article page links to

2298:"That's why the Newton Chymistry Project is so careful with their identification of variant glyphs. If the symbol ⚩ were in any way notable, we should be able to find RS's for it." 793:

I was wondering what sources were used to categorize the symbols for the Alechmical processes/ Zodiac section, and if there were any alternate symbols for the processes out there.

2807:': "According to the obsolete phlogiston theory, the calx was the true elemental substance that was left after phlogiston was driven out of it in the process of combustion." – Or 2650:, furniſhes an admirable proof..." — yet on the image file, your description continued: "(together with 'calx', this symbol indicates metallic manganese)" — no, Bergman said the ' 1381:

Once again: "Proposal for Alchemical Symbols in Unicode" by William R. Newman, John A. Walsh, Stacy Kowalczyk, Wallace E. Hooper, Tamara Lopez. Indiana University, March 6, 2009:

2833:; note that, as befits the "principle of fire", it contains the fire symbol 🜂). Thus which was he calling the true elemental substance "manganese" – the metal, or its calx? – 2191:

So, (a) we don't know if the de Rosemont symbol is for magnesium alba, magnesium nigra or both, and (b) it looks like it's not our symbol anyway. So, yeah, fails verification.

3625: 2732:) what's been called 'magnesia nigra' or later 'manganesum' or 'manganesa', actually a group of several oxides – just as 'magnesia alba' or later simply 'magnesia' refers to 623: 613: 3416:(note the two Ns instead of one) by glassmakers, possibly as a corruption and concatenation of two words, since alchemists and glassmakers eventually had to differentiate a 1907:"Electro-chemical researches on the decomposition of the earths; with observations on the metals obtained from the alkaline earths, and on the amalgam procured from ammonia" 160: 3610: 3101:" is not his symbol for "ants", but of "acid of ants" (formic acid). Note that he didn't write the "+" next to 🜋 for "acetous (acid)", because vinegar is already an acid. 498: 1086:

The Character Map on Ubuntu says Unicode U+26A8 is ferrous iron sulfate (⚨), and unicode U+26A9 is Magnesium (⚩). This seems to differ slightly from what we've got up.

3630: 1279:: if you look at a Tree of Life, the Sefiroth are all numbered from 1 to 10, descending from the Fixed Stars and the Zodiac, down through the seven Classical planets. 940:

From the article: "Some modern alchemists consider the symbols for these planets to represent the radioactive metals Uranium, Neptunium and Plutonium, respectively"

3620: 3605: 3465:, and Isaac Newton's alchemical studies were late 17th – early 18th century. The term "phlogiston" is itself a date giveaway, since (as quoted in footnote 9 from 2980:

would use them, given your understanding, without evidence that's how they were actually used. Really, this is not difficult: do you or do you not have a RS that

2681:

and labels it "manganese", under the heading of "metallic calces", just as he does with the other metals. If ♆☉ is calx of gold, and ♆☾ is calx of silver, then ♆

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But if, as you just said there, the symbol indicates the metal "together with" the calx, then why are you fighting over naming them both in the symbol entry? –

583: 757:

Great job! It was very helpful for my research. I couldn't see the Magnesium symbol very well. There is a big list of alchemical symbols at the following GIF:

2263:

can scour Rosemont's text and find a more specific description, but a simple table doesn't provide enough info to draw such conclusions. Doing so would be OR.

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an RS (Bergman, that is, not yourself!) when you cited it as "alchemical symbol for manganese or possibly magnesia in Bergman 1775" on the Commons file? Tsk.

2149: 3595: 399: 389: 92: 1508:, I can't tell. But even if so, it's for "magnesia", not "magnesium". Those are two different things, as you know full well. As for the retraction, try 1389:— "= magnesium (alchemy and older chemistry)" — I had copied-and-pasted it from that PDF, and cited that PDF. You deleted it for "spurious sources". – 57: 3060: 579: 570: 531: 3229:

to support them. You got angry with me for "templating" your talk page, but if you're this ignorant of how WP works, then you need to be templated.

3600: 1007: 824: 796: 3108:" is the alchemical symbol for ants and "+C" is the alchemical symbol for a lemon, then I'm afraid you'll need a supporting RS for that reading. 3615: 3590: 2617:

Which time should we believe you, since you didn't link your source either time? Undoing the above edit, which made a citationless claim, i.e.

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And I still wonder about your second, apparently fake reference. Where in all that verbiage does it say that this symbol means 'magnesium'?

1087: 870: 828: 800: 365: 1058: 2293:), and LRdR even shows it twice with a 45° rotation difference – representing the same thing every time. So acceptable variants do exist. 1512:. (I expected you to be able to look up a Unicode character by yourself.) Come on, cut the BS. Where is there a single RS that <⚩: --> 3585: 2976:

But none of that tells us what the symbols mean. That's where you're engaged in OR: you assume that the meanings of the symbols are how

1488:" was, as it happens, the same chart kwami had added to the article. See that eighth item down. If it's not an RS, why did kwami add it? 1154: 1054: 921: 747:

I've pretty much changed everything about this article from when I started. I'm still working to add more symbols. Comments welcome. —

1222: 960: 774: 694: 646: 3545: 3248: 2501:

signals editwarring, before RfC closure or even sight of resolvence. Already, I have asked for proper talkflow (eg source ref usage,

2307: 1805:, mag-nē′shi-um, or -si-um, n. a metal of a bright, silver-white colour, which while burning gives a dazzling white light, and forms 1382: 1340: 3575: 2939:

My "opinion" has nothing to do with it, nor does your (pretense of?) incomprehension. Did you bother to read that direct quote from

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What we need are individuals to redraw and upload said images free of copyright violation from a comprehensive work on the subject.

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precipitates, leaving a potassium nitrate solution. Evaporating the liquid yielded the chemical, which was used to make gunpowder.

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special powers of some sort. So, please, don't attempt to do any experiments without someone who is licensed in this kind of area.

2744:

from which MgO can be extracted by heating with charcoal... and as, more familiarly to most people, 'rust' refers to iron oxide,

1000: 276: 2316:(which included that symbol as 26A9, 2nd from the bottom on p.11) as a "spurious source". Would you please make up your mind? – 1101:

Unicode changed those identities after people objected that they were wrong, and they found they didn't have any RS's for them.

181: 3016:– What "other" sources? I keep asking you for RSs supporting your claims, and when you do (rarely) answer those requests, it's 1260: 356: 333: 112: 43: 2427:

And now you have deleted as "false claims" Sir Humphry Davy's 1808 report of isolating "magnium" (magnesium) from "magnesia" (

2216:", the same word Davy uses for magnesium oxide (which is white, hence the "alba"). "Magnesia nigra" is the mineral from which 1718: 148: 1150: 474: 461: 422: 117: 33: 3393:"magnetic", the lodestone which was called "magnet". That your source covers so far back is indicated by the title: look up 1797:— Webster’s New World College Dictionary, 4th Edition. Copyright © 2010 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved. 87: 1683:, is a white hygroscopic solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium (see also oxide)." 3370:

121). Sendivogius's context indicates that it is a life-giving natural force with attractive, possibly magnetic powers.

2815:, "... once seen as being the essential substance left after the expulsion of phlogiston..." – i.e. the metal was the " 1126: 215: 2374:

actually at the Newton Chymistry Project's website (one of those sources you called "spurious"). Is it an RS or not? –

1349:, "are you able to cite and link an RS of that retraction?" You never answered there. The above I take as your "No." – 1331:, giving that very symbol, was in fact from "The Chymistry of Isaac Newton" Project's webpages at Indiana University ( 1026: 1954:, and quickly changed in air, becoming covered with a white crust, and falling into a fine powder, which proved to be 1715:... Oh, but Knowledge itself is not RS, so see the sources, like the one footnoted at the end of that last paragraph: 1018: 578:

content on Knowledge. If you would like to participate, you can edit the article attached to this page, or visit the

575: 272: 268: 263: 240: 78: 1038: 3165:, ♆, from any of those lines, which he could easily have done. He also could easily have made that column a list of 1164:

I think it's OK to remove them. They aren't sourced anywhere, and I'm pretty certain the protoscientific alchemists

1256: 948: 142: 3358:"Magnesia" possesses a wide range of meanings in alchemy, from one of the ingredients of the philosopher's stone ( 1050: 2458: 2184: 562: 3124:"If you want to argue that "+f" is the alchemical symbol for ants and "+C" is the alchemical symbol for a lemon" 2869:

conveyed "true" or "essential" manganese. Since you don't read article footnotes before marking them "fv", here:

2757:. We just don't usually call 'rust' a 'metal', precisely because of that oxidation, but the metallic element is 1042: 1091: 874: 778: 3400:

But I linked texts that were specific about the time periods that names were used, including the well-sourced

832: 804: 649:, though I'm not sure if I put them in the right lists, any alchemy experts care to look over these? Thanks — 138: 1129:. What is needed are clear working instructions that allow readers to display Unicode fonts on these pages. - 1043:

small example of symbols for processes, symbols meaning "at that time" or process resulting in 'red fire' etc

925: 3477:(from the Greek for 'burned') and extended the theory to include the calcination (and corrosion) of metals." 2883: 1122: 964: 698: 122: 2951: 727: 996: 2955: 2334:– Magnesium oxide IS magnesium, oxidated: "burnt magnesium" it's sometimes called. It's not manganese. – 2281:

This is neither rotated nor has such a major difference as an added ring. As I pointed out above, Pulvis

188: 3378: 3304: 3238: 3189: 3152: 3113: 2995: 2954:("Once burned, the 'dephlogisticated' substance was held to be in its 'true' form, the calx.") Likewise 2930: 2853: 2698: 2588: 2353: 2272: 2196: 1873: 1662: 1518: 1451: 1408: 1372: 1309: 1252: 1238: 1106: 985: 981: 944: 914:

Interesting there is one for Bismuth, which was not actually discovered until alchemy was mostly dead.

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means magnesia nigra, or for that matter that ⚩ means either magnesium or magnesia alba? If we have to

2925:

calces of those metals? And if you're right, why do we not correct those entries along with manganese?

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I remember reading that the symbols for the seven planetary metals also had number and color meanings:

975:

Missing a lot. Mostly have 'planet & zodiac signs' but alchemic symbols *extend* upon these types.

2947: 1918: 917: 888: 866: 719: 690: 3520:

Restored full citation including publisher, location, link, and correct original publication year,

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You don't understand what a RS is, and you don't understand what OR is. As for me supplying RS's:

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https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/newton/fonts/Alchemy%20Unicode%20Proposal---March%2031%202009.pdf

1341:

https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/newton/fonts/Alchemy%20Unicode%20Proposal---March%2031%202009.pdf

1213:

Is there any reliable source backing these connections up? I remember a connection to John Dee's

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on Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join

1936: 1823: 1735:— the relevant paragraph being the third one under the heading "The Metals and Their Properties". 1554: 1072: 1046: 83: 3056: 1559: 1030: 3140:

You read the table as it's written, not as how you think it should be written based on your OR.

2188:

Rosemont symbol -- they don't provide a source -- but that's idle speculation at this point.)

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the source, it doesn't count -- especially when your deduction contradicts all other sources.

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on its own is magnesia nigra? And no, some comment I made on Commons does not count as a RS.

2037:

the asker had previously seen (and deleted) text including the metal-isolated-in-1808 detail,

3374: 3300: 3234: 3185: 3148: 3109: 3076: 3065: 2991: 2982: 2926: 2887: 2865: 2849: 2787: 2779: 2728: 2694: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2584: 2553: 2530: 2510: 2349: 2268: 2208:"(a) we don't know if the de Rosemont symbol is for magnesium alba, magnesium nigra or both" 2192: 2068: 2026: 1995: 1926: 1906: 1869: 1658: 1594: 1578: 1514: 1447: 1404: 1368: 1346: 1305: 1275: 1234: 1173: 1134: 1102: 466: 453: 2891: 2816: 1014: 1011: 437: 416: 3458: 3425: 2428: 2121: 1691: 748: 716:

There already is a page on astronomical symbols, a link to that page would be preferable.

674: 3534: 2043:– the same section from which I quoted at the top of the paragraph you're replying to. – 1922: 1034: 974: 348: 327: 3366:), to "the active, vitalistic alchemical agent Mercurius," or the quintessence itself ( 3249:"The Chymistry of Isaac Newton" Project's symbols proposal online at Indiana University 2655: 2567:; before that, alchemists knew the less pure, compound, forms under the older names. – 2545: 2300:– You cite the Newton Chymistry Project yourself; clearly you regard it as RS. But you 2221: 1705: 1282: 1710:

which provided the name magnesium for the free element when it was isolated much later

546: 525: 3569: 3445: 2959: 2200: 1968:

For modern industrial processes to extract magnesium from magnesium oxide (MgO), see

1847: 1672: 1537: 1455: 1068: 751: 664: 3455:(I cited that text's source, Calvert 2003, "Chromium and Manganese", in footnote 8.) 2140:

This, by the way, is why you can't put a magnesium fire out with water (nor with a C

1757:

3354:(2003, CUP). There were several, actually, but this one was from the fn on p. 180: 3350:

For anyone reading through this, I found the following definition of "magnesia" in

3268: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3017: 2793: 2618: 2402: 1887: 1722: 1324: 1320: 650: 3313:

True enough. Corrected to RdR. Also see the Basil Valentine plate, same symbol. –

2848:

calx of gold and the Moon alone is calx of silver. I've never seen that anywhere.

2687:

is calx of manganese, which as you note is magnesia nigra. Do you have a RS that

1754: 1022: 3553: 3526: 3501: 3497: 3314: 3272: 3208: 3171: 3127: 3081: 3032: 2963: 2911: 2834: 2829: 2762: 2659: 2626: 2568: 2506: 2477: 2436: 2414: 2375: 2335: 2332:"... it's contradicted by your original source, which claimed it was magnesium." 2317: 2249: 2155: 2091: 2064: 2060: 2044: 2022: 2005: 1991: 1977: 1855: 1831: 1643: 1570: 1494: 1441:

Do we have adequate reason to include ⚩ as an alchemical symbol for 'magnesium'?

1418: 1390: 1350: 1169: 1130: 1950:": "It sank rapidly in water, though surrounded by globules of gas, producing 1509: 2736:('burnt') magnesium, MgO, found as the mineral periclase or even in the magnes 2658:", precisely what you've just denied. You're contradicting your own source! – 2541: 1582: 759: 552: 443: 2285:

differs between Unicode and LRdR in the number of cross-strokes on the stem (

1598:

conventional in Europe from the 14th century for the production of saltpetre.

3449: 3405: 3401: 3071: 3047: 2560: 2549: 2537: 2526: 2432: 2040: 1973: 1969: 1883: 1851: 1698: 1031:

list of highly specific aspect symbology to more general alchemical concepts

361: 255: 234: 3561: 3509: 3382: 3322: 3308: 3280: 3242: 3216: 3193: 3179: 3156: 3135: 3117: 3089: 3040: 2999: 2971: 2934: 2919: 2857: 2842: 2770: 2717:

Bergman... labels it "manganese", under the heading of "metallic calces"...

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At a certain point, it becomes disingenuous to deny the term's referent. –

1666: 1651: 1522: 1502: 1426: 1412: 1398: 1376: 1358: 1313: 1290: 1264: 1242: 1226: 1181: 1158: 1138: 1110: 1095: 968: 952: 929: 900: 878: 854: 836: 808: 782: 731: 702: 677: 667: 663:

Should we add the symbols for the planets here? They're clearly related. —

653: 3104:

That's the common-sense reading of the table. If you want to argue that "+

2800:

Where does the symbol appear in isolation, to refer to the isolated metal?

1336: 2808: 1687: 1417:⚩ still produces ⚩. That's what I just typed now to get it. – 2825:

Bergman held to the phlogiston theory, as you can read in that same book

2370:

or mark as ? You can't have tried to "verify" something you didn't read.

2410: 1364:

out there, no reason to think this one would be notable even if it did.

943:

This (to me) raises the question: There are modern alchemists? like me

473:

on Knowledge. Please participate by editing this article, or visit the

470: 2237: 1939: 2248:). Is Unicode "wrong" or is LRdR, or are those accepted variants? – 2823:

of calx (the "true" or "essential" substance) plus phlogiston – and

2004:

This isn't an article, & I was commenting on the cited book. –

2946:

If that's not enough for you, try the Royal Society of Chemistry's

3026:"(together with 'calx', this symbol indicates metallic manganese)" 2675:

Okay, to spell it out: Bergman shows the 'calx' symbol ♆ next to

3397:. As for the OED, I quoted/linked that definition myself, above. 2804: 2722: 2651: 1824:

Chambers's Twentieth-Century Dictionary (1908), Part 2 of 4, E–M

1493:

Where, oh where, is kwami's RS for that claimed "retraction"? –

3424:(a white ore, also from Magnesia, also useful in glassmaking). 2597:

How odd: you yourself, when creating that image file, stated:

2238:

how many cross-strokes are on the stem in the Unicode symbol (

197: 28: 15: 1385:– page 11, character 26A9 (2nd from the bottom of the page): 3352:

The Alchemy Reader: From Hermes Trismegistus to Isaac Newton

3247:

For comparison and contrast. Citing in detail, and linking,

2413:, since no-one else can verify your off-WP conversations. – 2138:

O) when the oxygen has been taken away to oxidize magnesium.

2090:

having read them? IOW, those marks are utterly unfounded. –

1536:

What alchemists had available to them was the salt, called "

1345:

I had over four days earlier (05:03 15 April) asked you, at

1965:

material? (Bonus question: what gas were those "globules"?)

1744:

n. "(alchem.) ingredient of the philosophers' stone," s.v.

582:, where you can join the project and/or contribute to the 275:, where you can join the project and/or contribute to the 3522:

inexplicably among the details removed as "false claims".

3432:, and finally the metal isolated from it became known as 3053:

as at the bottom of Reutter de Rosemont plate 6, column 1

2086:

the sources were "spurious" or had "failed verification"

1911:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

1890:

in England in 1808. He used electrolysis on a mixture of

1886:

article, either: "The metal itself was first isolated by

3057:'regulus', 'The metallic component refined from an ore.' 3014:"... when your deduction contradicts all other sources." 1990:

Why are all sources inline? Why not use footnoting ref?

1782:

in American English / (mægˈniʒə ; mægniʃə ) / noun / 1.

3521: 2498: 2301: 2036: 1332: 1273:

The number associations for the planets/metals are all

3452:

for the free element when it was isolated much later."

2726:' is its oxide – as in the case of manganese's calx (♆ 1319:

Retelling your personal off-WP conversation(s) is not

173: 3225:

the one making the unsupported claims, so it's up to

3061:

on p. 385 Bergman wrote "manganese" next to the calx

3006:"You assume that the meanings of the symbols are how 3550:

the Newton Chymistry Project, p.13, 2nd from bottom.

3444:

eventually was then used to refer only to the white

3362:), to marcasite or a mixture of silver and mercury ( 2563:) the pure metal "manganese" was not isolated until 1657:

five substances mentioned by Pliny for all we know.

1127:

Help talk:Special characters#Confusing and unhelpful

360:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of 2791:on its own is the pure metal manganese? Or did you 2672:

Why would you cite me as a RS for one of you edits?

2407:"I contacted Unicode to ask why, and they said ..." 2059:"You haven't read" is not a relevant contribution, 3261:"I contacted Unicode to ask why, and they said..." 3022:"I contacted Unicode to ask why, and they said..." 2646:"The calx of manganeſe, known alſo by the name of 1558: 673:I've added these for the "7 Planetary Metals." — 1701:or magnesia, a natural mineral of magnesium oxide 911:Was there a symbol for carbon (or charcoal, etc) 2183:The de Rosemont symbol for magnesia can be seen 1642:) are what you deleted as "spurious sources". – 1255:. Nothing leaps off the page in a quick scan. -- 1117:Unicode does not render on my Firefox version 31 46:for general discussion of the article's subject. 2715: 2612: 2598: 2230:"(b) it looks like it's not our symbol anyway." 1844:For the sake of clarity, changing the entry to: 1755:Glossary at Harvard's Geoffrey Chaucer Website, 1638:But these and Reutter de Rosemont (whose chart 863:persecution, or something entirely different? 2827:(you've even SVG'd his symbol for phlogiston, 2457:"de Rosemont symbol for magnesia" can be seen 2236:for Pulvis even within LRdR's chart, and note 1704:If you had tried what Pliny would have called 1188:Other meanings for the seven planetary metals? 2621:; going by the original file, which at least 2431:) – also previously cited without dispute in 1001:substances, (e.g. glass, substrate of copper) 589:History of Science Collaboration of the Month 187: 8: 3010:would use them, given your understanding..." 1507:That symbol might be a variant of <⚩: --> 1125:but that does not help fix the problem, see 3448:(magnesium oxide), which provided the name 1787: 1593:By the time of Pliny (first century A.D.) ' 1476:Histoire de la pharmacie a travers les ages 1198:Jupiter; Tin; Blue; Moon; Silver; White; 3 1005:bismuth, magnesium, antimony, even platinum 267:, an attempt to structure and organize all 3626:Mid-importance history of science articles 3492:referred only to what had previously been 3170:and a couple of quotes).Just a thought. – 2111:. Oxidized "magnium" (now "magnesium") is 1513:is the alchemical symbol for "magnesium"? 717: 688: 520: 411: 322: 229: 203: 201: 3611:Low-importance chemical elements articles 3024:, which no-one can look up to verify, or 2614:... this is specifically manganese metal. 1930: 1868:You still have no source for your claim. 574:, an attempt to improve and organize the 3488:, there's no ambiguity left, as by then 1961:Oxidized "magnium" (now "magnesium") is 598:Knowledge:WikiProject History of Science 465:, which gives a central approach to the 271:. If you wish to help, please visit the 3631:WikiProject History of Science articles 3516:Louis Reutter de Rosemont's Histoire... 1337:https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/newton 601:Template:WikiProject History of Science 522: 413: 324: 231: 3621:List-Class history of science articles 3055:), among several recorded symbols for 2396:- I'm citing the published results of 2122:Magnesium oxide (MgO), a.k.a. magnesia 1612:"Saltpeter or Potassium Nitrate Facts" 1610:Helmenstine, Anne Marie (2022-03-01). 1533:magnesium was not isolated until 1808. 1219:2606:A000:7D44:100:4577:8946:6B83:6C28 3606:List-Class chemical elements articles 1168:didn't know of lithium or magnesium. 1051:microcosm / macrocosm alchemic symbol 7: 3496:magnesium oxide. Clear now? No more 3045:You've seen ♆ for 'calx'; check out 2892:10.1093/acref/9780199204632.001.0001 2468:after page 261, i.e. the plate just 1765:/ noun ᴄʜᴇᴍɪsᴛʀʏ / noun: magnesia / 645:I added some elements/compunds from 354:This article is within the scope of 261:This article is within the scope of 3069:.Where did he do so for the metal, 2797:deduce that from its calx's symbol? 2134:. Hydrogen, what's left of water (H 1474:Reutter de Rosemont, Louis (1931). 647:Image:Alchemy-Digby-RareSecrets.png 220:It is of interest to the following 36:for discussing improvements to the 1792:(alba), lit., (white) magnesia.... 1717:Calvert, J. B. (24 January 2003). 14: 3596:Low-importance Chemistry articles 2761:there, and it can be isolated. – 2129:. What gas were those "globules"? 1478:(in French). Paris: J. Peyronnet. 3475:renamed the substance phlogiston 3075: 3070: 3064: 3046: 2981: 2864: 2828: 2786: 2778: 2727: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2600:alchemical symbol for manganese 2552: 2529: 1675:link, did you? First sentence: " 555: 545: 524: 446: 436: 415: 347: 326: 254: 233: 202: 58:Click here to start a new topic. 3412:, manganese dioxide was called 3408:— to quote the latter: "In the 3144:the adjacent column of "acids"? 1144:"Miscellaneous" Unicode symbols 618:This article has been rated as 503:This article has been rated as 394:This article has been rated as 374:Knowledge:WikiProject Chemistry 305:This article has been rated as 3601:WikiProject Chemistry articles 2803:Read the second paragraph of ' 2783:on its own is magnesia nigra?" 930:03:23, 13 September 2007 (UTC) 586:. You can also help with the 571:History of Science WikiProject 483:Knowledge:WikiProject Elements 377:Template:WikiProject Chemistry 1: 3616:WikiProject Elements articles 3591:List-Class Chemistry articles 1227:18:51, 13 December 2016 (UTC) 1139:18:19, 1 September 2014 (UTC) 1023:some random more complex ones 982:here are some process symbols 879:00:15, 12 December 2010 (UTC) 855:04:38, 5 September 2007 (UTC) 783:00:47, 12 February 2007 (UTC) 654:10:27, 30 November 2004 (UTC) 486:Template:WikiProject Elements 459:This article is supported by 368:and see a list of open tasks. 55:Put new text under old text. 3581:Low-importance List articles 2874:Daintith, John, ed. (2008). 2313:the Newton Chymistry Project 2220:is derived. As above-linked 1560:"A history of magnesia alba" 1251:is available at Archive.org 1201:Mercury; Mercury; Violet; 4 1159:22:40, 15 October 2016 (UTC) 1039:small, difficult to make out 703:08:36, 10 October 2005 (UTC) 568:This article is part of the 3515: 2641:page 102 of Bergman's 1775 1527:As you know full well, the 752:04:59, 14 August 2005 (UTC) 678:05:59, 14 August 2005 (UTC) 604:history of science articles 285:Knowledge:WikiProject Lists 63:New to Knowledge? Welcome! 3647: 3586:WikiProject Lists articles 3562:05:19, 25 April 2023 (UTC) 3535:19:58, 23 April 2023 (UTC) 3510:17:15, 28 April 2023 (UTC) 3383:09:59, 28 April 2023 (UTC) 3323:00:17, 26 April 2023 (UTC) 3309:23:59, 25 April 2023 (UTC) 3281:07:35, 26 April 2023 (UTC) 3243:06:33, 26 April 2023 (UTC) 3217:06:20, 26 April 2023 (UTC) 3194:01:57, 26 April 2023 (UTC) 3180:01:39, 26 April 2023 (UTC) 3161:He didn't omit the 'calx' 3157:01:26, 26 April 2023 (UTC) 3136:00:50, 26 April 2023 (UTC) 3118:00:33, 26 April 2023 (UTC) 3090:23:38, 25 April 2023 (UTC) 3041:19:58, 25 April 2023 (UTC) 3000:18:39, 25 April 2023 (UTC) 2972:07:30, 25 April 2023 (UTC) 2948:"The Logic of Phlogiston", 2935:07:04, 25 April 2023 (UTC) 2920:05:51, 25 April 2023 (UTC) 2858:05:26, 25 April 2023 (UTC) 2843:12:21, 24 April 2023 (UTC) 2771:10:38, 24 April 2023 (UTC) 2703:06:34, 24 April 2023 (UTC) 2668:22:53, 23 April 2023 (UTC) 2635:22:36, 23 April 2023 (UTC) 2593:20:39, 23 April 2023 (UTC) 2577:19:44, 23 April 2023 (UTC) 2559:... because (as stated in 2515:10:55, 23 April 2023 (UTC) 2486:00:13, 24 April 2023 (UTC) 2445:03:57, 23 April 2023 (UTC) 2423:15:48, 22 April 2023 (UTC) 2384:15:03, 22 April 2023 (UTC) 2366:the sources you delete as 2358:06:46, 22 April 2023 (UTC) 2344:04:02, 22 April 2023 (UTC) 2326:03:13, 22 April 2023 (UTC) 2277:01:58, 22 April 2023 (UTC) 2258:01:03, 22 April 2023 (UTC) 2201:20:39, 21 April 2023 (UTC) 2164:17:46, 22 April 2023 (UTC) 2100:00:28, 22 April 2023 (UTC) 2073:11:09, 21 April 2023 (UTC) 2053:00:20, 22 April 2023 (UTC) 2031:09:51, 21 April 2023 (UTC) 2014:00:03, 22 April 2023 (UTC) 2000:09:49, 21 April 2023 (UTC) 1986:08:44, 21 April 2023 (UTC) 1878:07:02, 21 April 2023 (UTC) 1864:05:26, 21 April 2023 (UTC) 1840:04:35, 21 April 2023 (UTC) 1667:03:33, 21 April 2023 (UTC) 1652:03:19, 21 April 2023 (UTC) 1523:03:01, 21 April 2023 (UTC) 1503:02:49, 21 April 2023 (UTC) 1468:Cf. item 8, "Magnesia" in 1461:And, of course, kwami had 1456:02:40, 21 April 2023 (UTC) 1427:04:54, 21 April 2023 (UTC) 1413:03:08, 21 April 2023 (UTC) 1399:02:42, 21 April 2023 (UTC) 1377:02:27, 21 April 2023 (UTC) 1359:02:16, 21 April 2023 (UTC) 1347:User talk:.Raven#Magnesium 1314:20:58, 19 April 2023 (UTC) 1265:00:05, 20 April 2023 (UTC) 1243:21:00, 19 April 2023 (UTC) 1111:21:01, 19 April 2023 (UTC) 1096:22:14, 7 August 2009 (UTC) 1077:09:50, 7 August 2009 (UTC) 953:16:20, 14 April 2008 (UTC) 936:The seven planetary metals 837:02:31, 11 April 2007 (UTC) 809:19:52, 23 March 2007 (UTC) 668:02:56, 28 March 2005 (UTC) 624:project's importance scale 489:chemical elements articles 400:project's importance scale 311:project's importance scale 288:Template:WikiProject Lists 3480:So when we're discussing 3467:A Dictionary of Chemistry 2941:A Dictionary of Chemistry 2880:A Dictionary of Chemistry 2720:That's right: a metal's ' 1970:Magnesium#Pidgeon process 1583:10.1080/00033797600200231 1546:" – and you also removed 1440: 1182:17:10, 19 July 2021 (UTC) 1151:Joyful spherical creature 969:22:32, 14 June 2009 (UTC) 901:09:20, 3 April 2014 (UTC) 732:18:13, 8 March 2009 (UTC) 617: 563:History of science portal 540: 502: 431: 393: 342: 304: 249: 228: 93:Be welcoming to newcomers 22:Skip to table of contents 3576:List-Class List articles 2903:– via Oxford Reference. 2785:– Do you have a RS that 2472:the plate you said held 2394:"You're engaging in OR." 1815:got by burning magnesium 1813:, a light white powder, 1719:"Chromium and Manganese" 1207:Venus; Copper; Green; 6 21: 2884:Oxford University Press 2777:"Do you have a RS that 2712:accurately representing 2497:I call broken process. 2368:"fv (spurious sources)" 2077:That the asker had not 1327:. One of the cites you 1291:19:40, 9 May 2023 (UTC) 1195:Saturn; Lead; Black; 1 1123:Help:Special characters 742: 269:list pages on Knowledge 3428:called magnesia nigra 2813:in Wiktionary's 'calx' 2719: 2654:' was also known as " 2616: 2608: 1932:10.1098/rstl.1808.0023 1788: 1774:— Oxford Dictionaries 1671:You didn't follow the 1249:The Hieroglyphic Monad 1215:The Hieroglyphic Monad 210:This article is rated 88:avoid personal attacks 3420:(the black ore) from 1974:Magnesium#YSZ process 1882:You haven't read the 1817:, used as a medicine. 1465:deleted another ref: 1210:Sun; Gold; Golden; 7 997:some alternate metals 827:comment was added by 799:comment was added by 357:WikiProject Chemistry 113:Neutral point of view 3299:That's not Bergman. 2602:or possibly magnesia 2039:which was linked to 1575:Taylor & Francis 1333:http://chymistry.org 990:more process symbols 816:I Love This Science! 743:Fourthgeek's changes 462:WikiProject Elements 118:No original research 3546:that same proposal 3484:and a 'calx' named 3395:Hermes Trismegistus 2952:"Phlogiston Theory" 2876:"Phlogiston theory" 2609:... but now you say 2548:), source of later 1923:1808RSPT...98..333D 1725:on 31 December 2016 1555:Multhauf, Robert P. 1204:Mars; Iron; Red; 5 1015:and those continued 3471:early 18th century 2525:I have changed "* 1850:, source of later 1688:Magnesia#Chemistry 659:Planetary Symbols? 595:History of Science 576:history of science 532:History of Science 380:Chemistry articles 216:content assessment 99:dispute resolution 60: 3482:phlogiston theory 3406:Manganese#History 3402:Magnesium#History 3203:to "verify" them. 3059:You've seen that 2950:or Chem Europe's 2909: 2606: 2561:Manganese#History 2433:Magnesium#History 2362:Would you please 2041:Magnesium#History 1905:Davy, H. (1808). 1566:Annals of Science 1047:thumbnail of such 932: 920:comment added by 891:comment added by 869:comment added by 840: 812: 734: 722:comment added by 705: 693:comment added by 638: 637: 634: 633: 630: 629: 519: 518: 515: 514: 477:for more details. 467:chemical elements 410: 409: 406: 405: 321: 320: 317: 316: 264:WikiProject Lists 196: 195: 79:Assume good faith 56: 38:Alchemical symbol 27: 26: 3638: 3147:Just a thought. 3079: 3074: 3068: 3050: 2985: 2956:Purdue Chemistry 2908: 2871: 2868: 2832: 2790: 2782: 2731: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2605: 2604:in Bergman 1775 2556: 2533: 1943: 1934: 1888:Sir Humphry Davy 1791: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1721:. Archived from 1629: 1623: 1622: 1600: 1590: 1589: 1562: 1479: 1178: 945:Communisthamster 915: 903: 881: 822: 794: 772: 606: 605: 602: 599: 596: 565: 560: 559: 558: 549: 542: 541: 536: 528: 521: 509:importance scale 491: 490: 487: 484: 481: 456: 454:Chemistry portal 451: 450: 449: 440: 433: 432: 427: 419: 412: 382: 381: 378: 375: 372: 351: 344: 343: 338: 330: 323: 293: 292: 289: 286: 283: 258: 251: 250: 245: 237: 230: 213: 207: 206: 205: 198: 192: 191: 177: 108:Article policies 29: 16: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3635: 3566: 3565: 3558: 3544:🜛 appears in 3542: 3531: 3518: 3506: 3459:Torbern Bergman 3426:Michele Mercati 3319: 3277: 3213: 3176: 3132: 3086: 3037: 2968: 2916: 2901: 2873: 2839: 2767: 2756: 2750: 2743: 2664: 2631: 2573: 2523: 2494: 2482: 2441: 2429:magnesium oxide 2419: 2380: 2340: 2322: 2284: 2254: 2160: 2145: 2137: 2096: 2049: 2010: 1982: 1904: 1860: 1848:Magnesia (alba) 1836: 1784:magnesium oxide 1767:magnesium oxide 1728: 1726: 1716: 1692:Magnesium oxide 1677:Magnesium oxide 1648: 1620: 1618: 1609: 1587: 1585: 1553: 1499: 1473: 1443: 1423: 1395: 1388: 1355: 1301: 1190: 1174: 1146: 1119: 1084: 977: 938: 909: 886: 864: 823:—The preceding 818: 795:—The preceding 791: 769: 767: 765: 763: 761: 758: 745: 661: 643: 603: 600: 597: 594: 593: 561: 556: 554: 534: 488: 485: 482: 479: 478: 452: 447: 445: 425: 379: 376: 373: 370: 369: 336: 290: 287: 284: 281: 280: 243: 214:on Knowledge's 211: 134: 129: 128: 127: 104: 74: 12: 11: 5: 3644: 3642: 3634: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3568: 3567: 3554: 3541: 3538: 3527: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3502: 3494:magnesia alba: 3478: 3456: 3453: 3418:magnesia nigra 3398: 3372: 3371: 3348: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3334: 3333: 3332: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3328: 3327: 3326: 3325: 3315: 3297: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3283: 3273: 3230: 3209: 3204: 3172: 3145: 3141: 3128: 3102: 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1702: 1684: 1644: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1557:(1975-12-09). 1534: 1495: 1490: 1489: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1419: 1391: 1386: 1365: 1351: 1343: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1280: 1268: 1267: 1245: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1145: 1142: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1088:72.207.248.117 1083: 1080: 1055:set of symbols 1012:basic symbols. 976: 973: 972: 971: 937: 934: 908: 905: 871:72.220.158.143 829:69.139.215.199 817: 814: 801:152.17.115.226 790: 787: 786: 785: 744: 741: 740: 739: 738: 737: 736: 735: 709: 708: 707: 706: 681: 680: 660: 657: 642: 639: 636: 635: 632: 631: 628: 627: 620:Mid-importance 616: 610: 609: 607: 567: 566: 550: 538: 537: 535:Mid‑importance 529: 517: 516: 513: 512: 505:Low-importance 501: 495: 494: 492: 458: 457: 441: 429: 428: 426:Low‑importance 420: 408: 407: 404: 403: 396:Low-importance 392: 386: 385: 383: 366:the discussion 352: 340: 339: 337:Low‑importance 331: 319: 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