Talk:Goji/Archive 2 - Knowledge (XXG)

2081:***Now armed with the FT-IR spectral signature technique, goji scientists began to collect samples of Lycium species from every well known growing region throughout Asia: Ningxia, Xinjiang, Gansu, Tianjin Shi, Qinghai, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Sichuan andTibet. As they fed the berries into the spectrometer, an interesting pattern began to emerge. There seemed to be a great similarity between the spectral signatures of goji berries from each of these regions. That was to be expected, as all goji varieties have a close family resemblance. They are all of the Lyciumgenus. There were several peaks, however, that varied greatly in height for different samples of berries. Spectral signature graphs of berries from Xinjiang and Ningxia tended to exhibit the highest peaks, with the rest of the samples showing peaks that were lower to varying degrees. To the researchers, the discovery of these peaks indicated that there might be some unknown active compounds present in the goji berry, and that they were found in the famous berries of Ningxia and Xinjiang at higher levels than in the less renowned berries. It had become obvious that the best goji berries were those with the highest peaks on their spectral signature graphs. Now it was time to find out what phytochemicals were responsible for those peaks. From information gleaned from the spectral signatures, scientists were able to determine the chemical nature of the unnamed active compounds in the goji berry. They did not know their exact structure, but they knew that they would be looking for bioactive polysaccharides, and that made them very excited. Until recent years, scientists had lumped all polysaccharides together with other carbohydrates such as starches and sugars. They had considered them to be of value only as a source of energy. But that had all changed when it was discovered that certain types of polysaccharides could cause profound and beneficial changes in the human body. What are Bioactive Polysaccharides? Bioactive polysaccharides, also called proteoglycans, are a family of complex carbohydrates that are bound to proteins. They are produced by some plants as an extremely effective defense mechanism against attack by viruses, bacteria, fungi, soil-borne parasites, cell mutations, toxic pollutants and environmental free radicals. *** 172:: "Contributor Lumos3 has rewritten the section, apparently accepting information from the obscure Tanaduk Botanical Research Institute in Tibet, founded by Dr. Bradley Dobos. There is no published research I could find from this institute or from Dr. Dobos. Native Chinese regard the Tibetan berry as either a myth or with such rarity that only a few hundred tons in total from the whole Tibetan region could be produced annually. In contrast, 40,000 tons are cultivated and harvested from commercial wolfberry farms annually in the one Chinese province of Ningxia (does not include picking of wild fruit). With the adverse geographical factors and poverty of Tibetan agriculture, it is unlikely that any reasonable quality or production of Lycium barbarum L. or its cultivars exists in Tibet. We need to help dispel this unsubstantiated marketing message from association with the increasingly commercialized Chinese wolfberry. The original text should be restored. -- 2086:

very specific studies on specific bonds. Of course it may be used to “fingerprint” Goji “polysaccharides” (you get an infrared spectra resulting from hundreds of overlapping absorptions of different bonds of a mixture of different substances at different concentrations and compare this mess with another mess coming from somewhere else and notice that they are different. WOW! “A spectral signature!” I am going to order the chinese articles about FTIR to have a look at these spectra). There are so many more useful analytical techniques (NMR, Mass spectroscopy) which are now used routinely to get adequate information and are carried out after an at least partial purification of the substances you are examining (rather than “feeding the berries to the spectrophotometer”). Part of these procedures were actually used in the article I cited before to characterize wolfberry glycopeptides. So, there is some hope.

381:

presented as entirely inhospitable to agriculture: the Himalaya Mountain chain was. The second paragraph that was removed does state that agriculture is possible in some of the valleys of Tibet. A recent South China Morning Post article found that most Tibetans encountered by the journalist, who traveled throughout the country, did not recognize the berries, and all the traditional medicine shops in Lhasa were carrying only Ningxia/Chinese produced wolfberries. Further, the "Lycium tibetica" epithet seems to be fictional, as I do not see this species listed anywhere other than on marketing sites. I also do not see any evidence that the spelling "goji" (which obviously comes from the Chinese "gou qi") was used to refer to the wolfberry earlier than the early 21st century.

2188:-- a study on breastfeeding and the use of alcohol, caffeine, nicotine and marijuana -- which says, "avoid vegetables containing considerable amounts of nicotine - eggplant, green and pureed tomatoes and cauliflower. Ten grams of eggplant provides the same amount of nicotine obtained in three hours in a room with minimal tobacco smoke (Laurence 1985)." (For the context of this sentence, realize that 10g is very small -- a typical eggplant portion is more like 100g.) This link is very interesting, and I recommend it. Eggplant apparently contains copious amounts of nicotine; tobacco is by far not the only plant to do so. 1914:"fibres" as they go unaltered all the way down to feed our intestinal host bacteria. As you correctly pointed out, what we learn from the articles I cited is merely that the components of "polysaccharides or whatever it is that has an antioxidant properties" in wolberry are some aminoacids and a bunch of carbohydrates. Not enough information to say anything conclusive. I tend to agree with you that most probably the O-glycan bond would be broken already in the mouth even before arriving to the stomach...and probably all the rest will fall apart in the stomach or possibly be fermented to SCFA as you suggested. 2136:

the Himalayan Goji Berry in juice form. Certain attributes of the berry have been intentionally removed such as proteins. The Himalayan Goji Juice produced by the U.S. Company states on its label that a 1 liter bottle contains reconstituted Himalayan goji juice from whole Lycium barbarum fruit, grape juice concentrate, pear juice concentrate, apple juice concentrate, pear pruee and natural flavor, with sodium benzoate and potassium sorbated added to maintain freshness. The other additive ingredients are used for flavor and preservation.

1484:

Tibetan medicine, contrary to the numerous websites that claim it as an integral part of Tibetan culture. Of the several websites distributing traditional Tibetan herbal medicinal blends, none contains this berry, but instead uses other indigenous herbs. These facts need to be addressed in a serious manner. Further, the name "goji" is incorrect; I do not believe this is the actual term for the berries in the Tibetan language, as I have seen no proof of such. Let's have some actual facts behind these claims.

436:"This ancient Lycium is aligned with a compassionate culture that needs help on all fronts. Tibetans have been, and continue to be brutalized by the Chinese to this very day. Tibetans are being imprisoned for saying they believe in Tibet and The Dalai Lama and are being executed by the Chinese government at this very time. Most recently last month, a Lama and his attendant were executed for showing support to Tibet. Chinese are now also claiming the Goji berry." 31: 1463:, which is not in the Himalaya Region). What is disputed is that the companies stating that the wolfberries they sell have been grown in the Himalaya Mountains or the Tibetan Plateau, by the dozens of tons, are selling berries that indeed were grown in this region. Mindell, for example, calls his FreeLife berries "Himalayan," yet his website states that the berries are not from the Himalaya Mountain Chain nor Tibet, but instead from 1343:"Tibet Authentic is working closely with the Tibetan Medical college and the Tibetan Government to prevent this practice from occurring across the world. Tibet Authentic Genuine Tibetan Goji Berries are pollution and chemical free and are unprecedented in benefits and taste. Tibet Authentic Goji Berries are wildly grown and 100% certified grown, harvested, picked and sun dried in the pristine and pure Himalayan mountains of Tibet." 1164: 1861:

above). They have instead a complex structure - to cite again the latest article - "composed of 6 kinds of monosaccharides (Ara, Rha, Xyl, Man, Gal and Glc), galacturonic acid and 18 kinds of amino acids. CONCLUSION: LBP is a kind of complex polysaccharides consisting of acidic heteropolysaccharides and polypeptide or protein, and LBP has Glycan-O-Ser glycopeptide structures".

1328:"The Tibetan Government and Tibetan Medical College will only certify Tibet Authentic Goji Berries as originating in Tibet and will not certify any other Goji or wolf berry on the market as Tibetan. Tibet Authentic company directors and management are regularly in Tibet to personally inspect the harvesting and packing of Tibet Authentic authentic Tibetan Goji berries. 2089:- Proteoglycans are a very specific group of glycoproteins having a number of characteristic carbohydrate chains, which by the way DO NOT seem to be present in goji according to the only available article where their structure was elucidated (“LBP was composed of 6 kinds of monosaccharides (Ara, Rha, Xyl, Man, Gal and Glc and galacturonic acid”). 519:, so has sweeping effects on EU food safety and standardization (influencing the world the way the FDA does) -- there won't be any way to skirt around the label requirements. No matter what it's called or where it's from, the magnifying lens will be applied. FYI -- in the UK, the berry has been popularized as "goji" just by public discussion, see 1918:

those who come here to know more about "their goji" that the fact that "polysaccharides with characteristic spectral peaks" are present in wolfberry before they eat them does not mean much, until these are isolated, structurally characterised, and their putative (antioxidant, anticancer...antimindell) activity demonstrated. --

3085:

impossible to grow Wolfberries anywhere in the vast region of Tibet is not what Knowledge (XXG) is for. Stick to citing sources. There is no evidence of an export trade. That statement will do unless evidence does emerge. Also please don't cite wikipedia itself as support for an assertion, this is bad practise.

134:

transporting out of Tibet? It was just a few months ago that China established a train route in and out of Tibet. Were berries transported before then via camel or yak? I think there is no objective proof that Tibetan wolfberry products are real -- just marketers' claims and a gullible public accept this.

2998:

This seems well reasoned but might merit its own separate article (which could be linked under a heading similar to, though not necessarily as strongly worded as the one you propose above). Don't forget also the claim that the berries are grown without the use of any synthetic chemicals whatsoever.

2141:

This is marketing information not appropriate for the Article. As stated above in this part of the Discussion, the science concerning goji polysaccharides is only at the laboratory stage, giving no confirmable evidence or significance to what Mindell states are "unique" properties (a fraud claimed by

1699:

That's the question. I'm not sure even most of them know. They just say, "Oh, we never do that." As far as medicinal products, they do say, however, that proper "cooking" brings out the active components of medicines, which they do apparently consider wolfberry primarily to be --(a medicine rather

1636:

This sentence, however, is poorly worded; in Chinese (and Korean, Japanese) culture, the dried berries are usually steeped in hot water, often with other herbs, to produce herbal teas, or boiled with meat and other herbs to produce a medicinal soup. The Chinese I've spoken to maintain that in Chinese

1567:

appear to show growing of wolfberries, presumably in the summer months, in an area of Tibet and Jacobson apparently has made deals with various Tibetans, but it is still not clear that any percentage of his berries (let alone all of them) are grown in Xizang (Tibet). Birds do also eat wolfberries in

1246:

I presume that a number of the resellers are selling the same juice formula, purchased from the producing factory. We know that at least some manufacturers state on the label that their juice is made directly from ripe, fresh berries. However, it should be determined, and stated in the article, how

1219:

What is the evidence that commercially available "goji juice" is made from fresh, ripe berries rather than from reconstituted dried ones? If the former, the juice would have to be extracted in China, then shipped in liquid form (very expensive) or concentrated form (less expensive) to North America.

557:

Concerning granny Li Qing Yuen, here is a passage from my "Guinness Book of Records", Ed 1972: "No single subject is more obscured by vanity, deceit, falsehood and deliberate fraud than the extremes of human longevity (...) The height of credulity was reached on 5 May 1933, when a news agency solemny

442:

Monograph No. 3 under “lycium research”: everything stated on that page as a health benefit is a myth. Where reference is made to more preliminary research results, the studies were conducted on Chinese wolfberries and have been published mostly by Chinese scientists. By my extensive search, there is

215:

We need to address this issue objectively and not be persuaded by sympathies for Tibet or charming stories, undocumented anywhere in objective literature, such as our current article's reference to the Tibetan Tanaduk Institute whose publications and lead scientist can be found nowhere in the world's

3122:

I disagree with you about using Knowledge (XXG) as a reference. What are we doing this for if not to build the best fact base available? If one uses Knowledge (XXG) thoroughly, including cross-checks on other internal links and references provided, the information quality is the highest one can find

3084:

The South China Morning post article states that wild berries grow in the region. This is now cited in the article as Note 4 . - "Fruitless Search for the Tibetan Goji Berry" by Simon Parry, from South China Morning Post, December 2, 2006 (PDF file). My point is that trying to argue here that it is

2060:

People consulting Knowledge (XXG) come here possibly supplanted with misinformation about goji] berries as provided by Mindell's writing and public presentations. It is our obligation to expose fraud where it exists, discuss science here as thoroughly as possible, then insert the best facts into the

2045:

There is no published science to support a relationship between spectral signal and specific polysaccharides. Publications on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR, indicate it can be used to “fingerprint” goji or other plant species from different cultivation regions, but this does not rely

1874:

Paul, I can confirm that (glyco)peptides do have: "specific, receptor-mediated effects on cells, even indicating they have special defensive roles in the plant cellular receptors in mammals, and “master” control properties over other bioactive chemicals like hormones and neurotransmitters". Well, I

205:

As previously evaluated and borne out by absence from credible, objective sources, the Tibetan and/or Mongolian goji berries (in commercial volumes supplying all of the vendors one can see on the web) are myths created by marketers of these products mainly in the USA and UK. Although an encyclopedia

141:

4. "... source produces only 280 tons of berries per year." Another unverified quote from the Tanaduk website. As Dr. Dobos and the Tanaduk Institute have no publications in accessible literature, it is difficult to accept this source as valid. Email to Dr. Dobos produces an "undeliverable" message.

2293:

The references below from GRIN indicate the name "medlar" derived probably as a mistake of translation between Chinese-English. Does anyone know the original source for using Medlar as a common name for Lycium barbarum? Medlar is not listed as a common name for Lycium in the USDA-GRIN database, but

2085:

A couple of comments: - IR is a very rough technique used since ever (the “FT” part is just a mathematical elaboration of the spectra obtained) to get a very first idea on the structure of molecules you are faced with on the basis of the chemical bond they contain. Nowadays it is mainly applied for

2028:– these are long-chain sugar units digested into smaller carbohydrates or fermented as fiber (above discussion) that take on special control properties after ingestion. Interpreting Mindell's book, one would assume the new molecule becomes bioactive by forming protein-carbohydrate complexes called 1898:

I read the abstract of the new publication on wolfberry polysaccharides you referenced above, and ask the same question: despite isolation of a polysaccharide-protein complex from a fruit sample in the laboratory, what is the fate of that complex during a meal of wolfberries after exposure to acids

1589:

My mother-in-law owns a health food store on Phillip Island in Victoria, AUS, and has several brands of Goji berries in her store; Tibet "Authentic" included. The other brand is from a company called Power Super Foods. Their Goji berries are certified organic so I think I would much rather buy this

1338:"Do not accept imitations. Tibet Authentic is committed to prevent the misleading assertions that products originate from Tibet when they do not. Tibet Authentic is now contacting Government enforcement agencies across the world to assist in the prevention of misleading advertising concerning Tibet. 572:

Hmm, interesting story. Does it mention wolfberry? The wolfberries I have are certified organic from Mountain Rose Herbs and are labeled "Lycii berries." The older batch I had were marked "Lycium barbarum" and the ones I have now are marked "Lycium chinense, aka Chinese wolfberry." I wonder why

504:

If they're going to be so stringent, why are they, in their preliminary press release, already using a mythical name for the berry (putting its actual name in a parenthetical reference)? If no official from this EU agency will actually travel to the purported growing areas in Xizang or wherever to

423:

under “Lycium research”, the odd statement about natural abundance of the Tibetan Goji berry and its extremely rich nutrient content. There is no evidence at all of goji berries growing abundantly in Tibet (plentiful reasons why it could not) and Tanaduk has not reported assays of the rich nutrient

133:

3. promote and market the "Tibetan and Mongolian variety". First, a Tibetan varietal of Lycium barbarum may exist but is it reasonable to think its commercial volume is sufficient to be marketed? What resources exist in western Tibet that would enable commercial-size farming, drying, and especially

2135:

It must be noted that in the broadcast, the interviewer attempted to assert the Himalayan Goji Berry properties to the Himalayan Goji Juice. The actual Goji Berry properties and the Himalayan Goji Juice are different for a specific reason in isolating the four unique polysaccharides attributed to

1917:

I propose we mention anyway in the article that wolfberries do contain these "polysaccharides" or "glycopeptides" or whatever they are, as demonstrated by several research groups, and also because they are increasingly mentioned in the commercial sites. What we need to do is to clearly indicate to

586:

I chose 3 dried berries (generic Chinatown, different packaging so likely different geographic crop origins) by size - small, medium and large - and placed them in a bowl of water for 24 hr. Not only did the berries become larger by soaking up the water but the seeds seemed to be a brighter yellow

2158:

is evident in the Knowledge (XXG) article on them, defining a structural and energy source of plant foods that would be broken down into smaller units within the acid and enzyme environment of the stomach, dismissing any in vivo physiological "uniqueness" observed in the laboratory petrie dish or

1832:

Simply stated, polysaccharides are a source of dietary fiber which, upon fermentation in the colon, yields products with health properties. There is no literature to indicate that polysaccharides are in control of other molecules or cellular functions as claimed by Earl Mindell. Available science

1483:

article that found regular Tibetans all over the country to be unaware of commercial production of this berry within their region, and in fact many elderly Tibetans had never seen the berry before. This implies that this particular berry is not, and has not been, an important part of traditional

1351:

companies out there that are able to distribute Goji berries worldwide in large amounts. Certainly not the extent of the crops produced in China, but at least are free from industrial farming techniques and do not contain trace elements of toxic chemicals and heavy metals that industrially farmed

400:

As with any scientific organization claiming credibility, however, the Tanaduk must be held to a high standard. When inconsistencies, outright fabrications, misleading pseudo-science and conspicuous political motivations are present on the same website as credible information appears, the good is

2016:

1) from ancient myths, legends and research too preliminary to allow any conclusions about health benefits, Mindell exaggerates the effects regular consumption of goji juice may have on its users, claiming more than two dozen health benefits (book chapter 2). Among these are longer life, lowered

1506:

I actually just phoned Tibet Authentic, as I'm based in Melbourne, Asutralia, and they didn't seem very concerned about Knowledge (XXG) (pfft, one of the most searched resource sites on planet, why should we care? pfft!) and didn't really want to discuss the issue with me, even though I actually

438:

Need we say more? The Tanaduk is a soapbox for elevating sympathies toward Tibetans. I (and likely most people in free countries) sympathize with the Tibetans for their past and current unpleasant political situation. Using the goji berry story as a lever for political emotions, fund raising and

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Hello, you seem knowledgeable about this subject; are you affiliated with the Tanaduk Institute? Is that based in Tibet because the website does not give a mailing address other than one in the United States. Regarding the paragraphs that were blanked (and which I have restored), Tibet was not

1860:

The bottomline of those pubblications is that such "polysaccharides" seem to be bioactive (mainly showing some kind of antioxidant activity) in themselves. Importantly, they have nothing to do with "conventional" polysaccharides (the glucose polymers like cellulose or starch that Paul mentioned

1653:

Personally, I prefer the dried berries as they are, even if needing some additional moisture which can be supplied simply by exposing the berries to the open-air kitchen environment for a few hours, placing a small piece of moistened paper towel in the bag, or adding moist fruit like raisins or

1516:

The fact that they tout the Tibet Authentic seal, but don't have any formal certifitation by the BFA, or other health and farming governing body says to me that they are from the Ningxia province. I hope there aren't any damn pesticides in them as that's one of the main things I try to avoid by

536:

I just carefully counted the number of seeds in a large specimen of dried Chinese gouqi and again counted 51. The article says 10-30. Can some of you give this a try (it takes about 10 minutes, using the tip of a sharpened pencil to count them out) and see how many seeds your cultivars have?

2861:

is that the evidence shows that wolfberries were described in Shang times, and even well before, used primarily to produce fermented alcoholic beverages (i.e. wines). Needs to be evaluated (keeping in mind that it could be considered speculative propaganda from a wolfberry producing region).

1892:

Stefano, thanks for adding to the analysis and your new section on glycopolysaccharides for the article. This is distant from my expertise, so I defer to you. I did call a senior scientist who works with fiber and was cautioned again about making comparisons about how polysaccharides that show

888:

Small dried red berries marketed as King of Medlar/Fructus Lychii/Dried Chinese Berry. Chinese text identifies product as Wolfberry Fruit (Fructus lycii). Packaged in 6 ways: a) 12 oz. City Aroma brand King of the Medlar b) 30 lb bulk King of the Medlar, Tiandu brand c) 10 oz Roxy briand Dried

1913:

Fully agree with you Paul. It all depends on how resistant their chemical bonds are to our digestive enzymes both in the stomach and in the intestine. We can happily digest starch to glucose by ourselves, while we lack the enzymes to break cellulose or fructans, which are therefore considered

1878:

To give you another example, glycopeptides are ultimately responsible for our blood groups (the A,B,AB and O nomenclature simply refers to groups of individuals having different glycopeptide chains at the blood cells surface). Just google for "glycopeptide" to enjoy a sudden dive into complex

1734:

3.marketers of goji juice products claim polysaccharides have specific, receptor-mediated effects on cells, even indicating they have special defensive roles in the plant, characteristic spectral peaks that reveal definition of one berry's geographic origin from another, cellular receptors in

1675:, both types of plums). Those are usually marinated with salt, sugar, and often also licorice and red chili, and eaten as a snack. The question is, do locals where wolfberries grow snack on them as fresh berries? The Chinese do have some fruits that they eat fresh, without peeling, such as 1807:

3.The concept that polysaccharides are “master molecules” is obscure to identify in origin – it is not even apparent why anyone would propose such a mechanism of action. The products of polysaccharide metabolism by bacterial fermentation -- short-chain fatty acids -- provide potential health

1647:

It's both a traditional and now conventional matter about how the berries are consumed, as western cultures are perhaps more fond of moistened dehydrated fruit like raisins and prunes. It's possible that berries and all herbs such as leaves for tea were cooked before consumption in Old Asian

396:

Lumos, thanks for bringing this debate to the discussion. Your list contains some activities of the Tanaduk that are credible and look productive. Let's hope good horticultural research is going on there and rigorous, accurate discoveries will eventually be published to share with the world.

1236:

Some manufacturers apparently are freezing crushed berries (as a puree) that would contain less water than juice or concentrate but still enough for making juice later after shipping. A 50% juice concentrate is available from some importers whereas others are spray- or heat-drying the juice

1184:

I've just been through over 100 old and new sources on Google Books and think it's fairly conclusive that "Lycium" has no relationship with the Greek word for "wolf," the still somewhat inexplicable English name "wolfberry" notwithstanding. It seems to come from the ancient country of

137:

Second, why mention Mongolia, an autonomous region thousands of km from Tibet? There are numerous regions and provinces in China that produce commercial quantities of wolfberries. Mongolia represents no special qualities as a source from research I have done. Please supply evidence.

1870:

To me - a modest peptide chemist - this meant BOOM! "They are glycopeptides". It all make sense now. For unknown reasons, glycopeptides present in wolfberry have always been - wrongly - called "polysaccharides" and directly sold this way by Mindell & Co to "the goji customers".

3050:

That’s what the section now says. Lengthy (and unsourced) descriptions of the barrenness of the Tibetan plateau and backwardness of its agriculture are unnecessary and are pushing a POV argument. They are also probably huge generalisations and a disservice to the Tibetan people.

2659:

The 灵 probably has nothing to do with Lingzhou, it just means that the tree is blessed or "spirit"ed in some way. As for 根老新成瑞犬形, yes it is hard to translate, so my best guess is, "the root is old / matured / ripe, and has newly become the shape of an auspicious dog." --

3010:

It would be nice, however, if we could work together on some of the issues addressed above before starting into new ones. For example, the other Chinese Lycium species should be evaluated, discussion of the root in TCM, interrogation of the early Chinese sources, etc.

3068:

Similarly for the discussion above concerning the Tanaduk Institute, the burden of proof for whether goji berries grow in Tibet in quantities sufficient to supply an export market lies with those making the claim. Lumos, provide your evidence with objective references.

1318:"There are many Wolf berries and supposed Goji berries entering the market. Some brands even claim incorrectly to originate from Tibet. Only Tibet Authentic is the exclusive global business partner of the Tibetan Medical College (part owned by the Government of Tibet). 129:

2. "... term was invented by Dr. Bradley Dobos". So it says on the Tanaduk website, but who actually can believe that when the Mandarin for wolfberry, gouqi, has been pronounced similarly to "goji" over recorded time? See further explanation above under "Badagnani"

431:

Does that not seem strangely unscientific and emotional to you? What Tibetan records exist from thousands of years ago to document the goji berry as originally Tibetan? There are many published Chinese references to the wolfberry from some of the earliest botanical

889:

Chinese Berry/Medlar/Fructus lycheii d) 8 oz. Asian Taste Brand Dried Chinese Berries e) 13 oz. Sinbo brand Dried Chinese Berries f) 7 oz Asian Taste brand Dried Chinese Berries g) 5 lb Tiandu brand Dried Medlar Large h) 20 lb bulk King of Medlar, Recall # F-582-5.

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1. "...Himalaya region". Other than from global marketing sources, what evidence or even deductive reasoning exists to support wolfberries growing in commercial quantities amid the Himalayas whose foothills are above 10,000' altitude? Western Tibet is a region of

2099:

Guys, I had no idea people could go so far with misinformation. I do feel sorry for those reading this “book” and actually believing it. My question for you as wiki experts is: is it an article in wikipedia the right place to expose Dr Mindell as a charlatan ?

1899:

and enzymes of the stomach and small intestine, i.e, after digestion? My bet is that the protein is cleaved away from the polysaccharide shortly after entry of the fruit (or juice) to the stomach acid environment. Then, the polysaccharide molecule -- being a

2049:

There are only three preliminary publications (two by the same Beijing research group; from original Chinese, so only English abstracts are available) describing use of this method on wolfberries and none since 2004, indicating a relatively dormant research

1478:

If the Australian Jacobson claims that all of his berries are grown in Himalayan regions of the Xizang province, it will be helpful to know the name of the county/town in this province where they are grown. The above comment seems to ignore the recent

2020:

2) from Chinese abstracts and no research of his own, Mindell extrapolates preliminary science by others into an illogical theory, but publishes this in promotional literature that marketers of the juice use religiously to impress gullible consumers.

1230:

I'm aware of no such evidence. Dried berries would be a poor candidate source for making juice as they contain 10% or less water but you may be right about "reconstituting" water content in dried berries by rehydrating them after shipment, then making

3036:

Claims of marketers that their berries are grown in Tibet (i.e. Xizang) are not supported by facts and recent articles have shown that such berries are not grown in commercial volumes there, and are in fact largely unknown to the population there.

493:

will require marketers and retailers of wolfberries (goji berry products including juices) throughout the EU to state nutritional facts and provide no misleading claims on their labels, assuring the death of the Tibetan goji berry marketing story.

1992:

Ciao signor Badagnani...I am afraid that this is going to be rather boring and to take a looong time... I am not even able to correctly write this single sentence I had to write it 5 times before it became readible. Time to go to sleep for me!

1735:

mammals, and “master” control properties over other bioactive chemicals like hormones and neurotransmitters. This is visibly the most important marketed message for the uniqueness of wolfberries supposedly used to make Himalyan Goji Juice

2403:-era poem, in 7-syllable phrases--which apparently references wolfberries--is as follows. It seems that the actual name wolfberry isn't in the poem itself but in the introduction or title. The poem mentions "deep/blood red berries" ( 145:

I feel we need to critique the Tibetan goji berry story as a myth developed by income-minded marketers of goji juice and dried berry products. It's a charming story that has proved commercially popular by an unquestioning public.

1368:. The berries sold by this company appear to come from Ningxia (north-central China, thousands of km from Tibet) or other undefined wolfberry-growing regions of China, and are packed in and shipped from Chengdu, Sichuan, China. -- 2950:

I suggest we build an explanation of fraud that is in the goji juice and dried berry industries (e.g., Authentic Tibetan Goji Berries), together, arguably, 90%+ of all wolfberry products sold today in the world outside of China.

2164:

Furthermore, there are not just 4 but 8 total polysaccharides identified to date by Chinese extraction and physicochemical studies, each having a distinct molecular weight (and therefore different physical characteristics).

1070:

I learned that Linnaeus may have first considered the geographical origin of a plant to propose a new genus name. Because wolfberry was a native Asian plant, my sources speculated that Lycium came from the ancient region of

2007:

A disservice to consumers occurs when a credentialed spokesperson makes glorified statements about health values of a natural product when no scientific fact exists to support those claims. Such has occurred in the case of

2012:

as the authority figure speaking on behalf of a goji juice manufacturer. In his book called Goji: The Himalayan Health Secret (ed. 1, 2003), Mindell enters two general areas where trained, credible scientists do not go:

93:

The current article segment is a new entry (Nov 28) that overwrote a researched, critical article on the unlikely existence of Tibetan goji berries in any significant quantities on the world market. At present, it reads

1107:

Chinese colleagues have told me the native legend is that wolves of mid-China were seen (hundreds of years ago) using the thick vines of wolfberry for cover, hunting small animals, and as a food source for themselves.

329:

that berries may grow in some parts of Tibet, but evidence does not exist for commercial-volume production and scientific studies published under peer-review or independent contract lab assays. Please state your case.

1399:

I for one would like the text edited under the Tibet section to state that there is, at least, contention over the Goji berry industry in Tibet, not that "there's no chance in hell that Goji berries exist in Tibet"

2209:

Because wolfberries would be eaten only when ripe -- and the dried fruits we eat are from ripened berries -- it could be assumed nicotine content would be immeasurably low when ripened berries are good for eating.

1845:

I always wanted to understand more about the magic "polysaccharides" allegedly present in Lycium Barbarum. Thanks to Paul for inviting us to read more...and I tell you immediately that - with my deepest surprise -

1409:

Please change this text accordingly until we have some serious clarification. There obviously isn't enought proof either way yet; although it is stearing towards China as they seem to be best able to provide large

2709:

Lycium root bark (dìgǔpí; 地骨皮) should be given serious treatment, as the article is not just about berries. (Wouldn't it be funny if this part of the plant were to have been the one that caught on in the West?)

1075:(Greek, often confused as a Latin name) in western Asia (present day Turkey) and barbarum (Latin) means "foreign" which may have been apt for a region just being discovered by Europeans in the mid-18th century. 2035:

Mindell further proposes these goji berry polysaccharide glycoconjugates are “in balance” in the goji juice to control and direct communications between cells, another fabrication without scientific evidence.

1169:

Interesting that Linnaeus described tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) first in his monograph (on page 185) and that Lycium barbarum came on page 192, so there was already a reference to give the name "wolfberry".

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like Knowledge (XXG) should not normally engage in debate on commercial products, there is a prevalance of attention given the goji berry at present so consumers may come to Knowledge (XXG) looking for facts.

89:

As our obligation is to be as factual as possible, I want to raise this matter for discussion to get it right for the Article and so help the public who may come to Knowledge (XXG) for accurate information.

1700:

than a snack). The above discussion of fat bringing out the fat-soluble zeaxanthin compounds would seem to go along well with the tradition of cooking the berries in meat-based soups. Some fruits, like

1247:

exactly this juice is made. My guess is that the 90+% of the product comprises juices other fruits and berries, and the wolfberry component is in fact the wolfberry powder or other extract you mention.

1173:

There is insufficient information, however, to educate us further about whether Linnaeus himself called Lycium barbarum "wolfberry" after he had already named tomato Solanum lycopersicum or "wolf-peach".

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production of berries from Tibet, i.e., thousands (or hundreds of thousands) of tons annually, as many in the public are led to believe by the countless vendors of Tibetan Goji Berries or Himalayan Goji

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cousins of wolfberry) -- showed each had nicotine content with decreasing levels progressively during ripening. The amounts, however, were very small on the order of 0.000004 grams per kg of fresh weight

274:

Inviting discussion and debate on this topic valuable as a public service, I suggest a 3 day period from now for consideration and input after which I intend to reinstate the critical discussion above.

267:

Discussion needs to be added for Mongolia (why these two geographically-disparate regions are linked together presently to discuss wolfberry is another mystery), as the Knowledge (XXG) treatise on the

1599:

I think the berries are excellent and have got a real buzz from the tea before now - but I just hope that wasn't from my body reacting to potential pesticides rather than from the beneficial effects.

2039:

Lastly, Mindell makes a simple invalid inference that if a high spectral signal is found in certain goji berries, then this signal must be associated with the four master polysaccharides he proposes

1833:

indicates polysaccharides are passive, not active, molecules both to plants and to humans who consume them within plant foods, gaining nutritional benefits as from other sources of dietary fiber. --

2741:

has information about the specific times of the year of the harvest, and also explains why it's called "wolfberry" (because the root, when dug up, is in the shape of a dog). Is that verifiable?

1829:

and Goji Juice marketers, it may be concluded that this is another area of misrepresentation commonly used by these people to mystify and glorify the goji story without use of published science.

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Like me, did you think the Tanaduk Institute is located in Tibet? It doesn't say so specifically anywhere on the website but the following appears at the bottom of the page on Tibetan Medicine --

1365:

There is evidence by an independent reporter, Simon Parry of the South China Morning Post, that the story about Himalayan or Tibetan origin of goji berries marketed by Tibet Authentic is a fraud

1323:"Only Tibet Authentic goji berries are certified by the Tibetan Government to have originated in Tibet. Only Tibet Authentic goji berries can be traced conclusively to have originated in Tibet. 1333:"We challenge any competitor selling wolf berries or goji berries to provide evidence that their supposed Tibetan Goji berries originate from Tibet and that they have personally been to Tibet. 2207: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2055: 2053: 2051: 1811: 1978:

Well, of course the article can start out short, then get longer over time. And as a chemist working in this field, who better than you to elucidate our readers about this subject? :)

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and larger than in dried fruit. Interesting how the inside of a water-logged wolfberry reminds me of a cut-open tomato -- afterall, they are botanically related and a tomato is really a "

1875:

admit I have never heard of any antioxidant glycopeptide, as those reportedly present in wolfberry, but I cannot exclude that they exist (and I'm too lazy to look in pubmed again).

1559:

Good work. It is predictable, however, that you'd get few or no specifics from that company. Regarding pesticides and other synthetic chemicals on the berries, it does seem, from

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that small plantations are growing near Lhasa and there are rare finds of isolated goji berry vines growing wild in Tibet, as reported in Simon Parry's article. The emphasis is on

1893:"bioactivity" in vitro are almost certainly different after digestion and fermentation in vivo (which is not scientifically possible to measure at the level of the living colon). 1728:

1.dried berries are sometimes described as having a significant percentage of polysaccharides, around 30% of dry weight, a relatively large component with potential food value;

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2.the scientific properties of wolfberry polysaccharides have been described only in laboratory research – 25 papers since 1998 addressing some of the same properties as for

1154:

I found a site indicating that the USDA has been cultivating wolfberry at their facility in Pullman, WA for over 40 years, now indicating it as a germplasm resource via seeds

1704:

are cooked for medicinal purposes from dried fruits, although the fresh fruits can be found canned and fresh when in season, in southern regions. I'll keep asking around.

1758:– the main structural component of plants -- is a polysaccharide) or for stored energy supplied by splitting off smaller sugar molecules for energy use as the plant grows. 1963:

WOW signor Badagnani...I am afraid that this is going to be rather boring and to take a looong time... I am not even able to correctly write this single sentence...:o)--

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The only confirmed way the polysaccharides are unique is that their molecular weights (therefore, their molecular sizes, diameters and linkage structures) are different

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mushrooms which include immune-stimulation and activity against tumors in vitro, although none of these effects has been confirmed in humans by modern western science.

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culture they are not ever eaten "as is" from hand to mouth without cooking first, as some Western marketers recommend. I recommend changing the text to reflect this.

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Need translation of this text about the "Immortals Village" supposedly recognized by an ancient king, in Penglai County, where every household has a wolfberry plant:

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There is no mention of nicotine in wolfberries according to medical literature searchable via PubMed (US National Library of Medicine). An interesting study of other

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Until further reliable structural studies are done, probably “glycoconjugate” is a vague enough term to be used in the article to define wolfberry “polysaccharides”.

2017:

blood cholesterol, weight loss and cancer prevention – that is, major effects on major diseases. No peer-reviewed, published science exists to support these effects.

1189:, for which the important ancient extract/juice/medicine lycium (Greek: lykion) is named, though this bitter medicine was likely made from a different plant such as 1762:

uses sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to synthesize a plant's starch components such as glucose which chains into polysaccharides for fuel storage and structure.

2947:

People using Google to search for "wolfberry" or "goji" will find Knowledge (XXG) near the top of retrieved searches, and will come to the Article for facts.

505:

verify that the berries are actually grown there, the resellers can probably continue to label the country of origin however they like, just as they do now.

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Recalling Firm: West Honest International, City of Industry, CA, by press release on May 4, 2005 and May 20 and May 26, 2005, and by letters on June 7, 2005.

2728:

be added? One particularly interesting one is the "black-fruited wolfberry," which is said to grow in Tibet and other dry, cold places with saline soils.

1352:

Goji berries have been shown to contain. Tibet Authentic have been approached to specify the location of their berry crops so we can confirm their origin.

475:

a link to an email from Richters, pretty well-known "herb specialists", exposing "Dr." Dobos and his Tanaduk Botanical Research about their Goji-juice. --

2003:

Pseudo-science and fabrication for a marketing advantage: misinformation about goji polysaccharides as "master molecules" with unique spectral signatures

1563:, that pesticides are indeed conventionally used in the growing of these berries in order to ensure an attractive (and non-eaten by birds) crop. Photos 429:"...wolfberry has undergone many environmental, climatic and toxic changes since it was taken from Tibet thousands of years ago and cultivated in China." 257:

and poor crop transportation facilities exist in Tibet. Although limited fertile regions suitable for crop production do exist in Tibet's river valleys

366: 1725:

I'd like to start a debate on this topic as it often comes into focus about wolfberries in 3 significant ways that should be covered in the article:

1237:

concentrate into a powder for shipment. It reconstitutes into a juice again simply by mixing it with water. The result is actually fresh-tasting. --

242:

as a significant wolfberry source is almost certainly a myth, however, as it is an unlikely region for commercial supplies of berries of any kind.

190:

No other input on this topic so I'm proposing we go back to the original text that had been resident for many months and addresses misinformation

447:"The people of Inner Mongolia who eat this berry live free of arthritis, cancer and diabetes with life expectancies well over one hundred years." 2279:

This questioning came up after I discovered use of the term medlar from a China Daily post last week about the 2007 wolfberry harvest in Ningxia

1754:

They're long-chain units of sugar molecules called starch or fiber that are used by plants in two ways – either for structural scaffolds (e.g.,

558:

filed a story from China with a Peking dateline that Li Chung Yun, the "oldest man on Earth", born in 1680, had just died aged 256 years" (sic).

3026:

This section diverges from the topic and uses unencyclopedic language. I have trimmed it down and added a citation to support the assertions.

1780:

From other plants that have been well-researched for their polysaccharide content, physiological properties and potential health benefits are

1882:

We can now discuss that the way they are sold for their "characteristic spectral peaks" is pretty ridiculous...but that's another story. --

1903:-- proceeds on its way through the digestive tract, unaltered, until it is fermented as a prebiotic dietary fiber by colonic bacteria. -- 1825:

acids. Without any scientific evidence that polysaccharides have active physiological roles involving their own receptors as proposed by

1264:

1/28/2007 The direct link to Chet Day, A friendly skeptic looks at goji... is a commercial site. It has a direct link to "our products".

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specifically fabricated science, a) anti-cancer effects, b) polysaccharides as "master molecules", c) spectral signature of goji berries

2032:

that have specific receptor-mediated actions. There is no published science at all to demonstrate this for goji berry polysaccharides.

1731:

2.about 25% of all scientific publications on wolfberries have focused on polysaccharide properties, the largest category of research;

1355:

This information may or may not be correct, but it certainly doesn't read as encyclopedic in its current form. Please edit accordingly.

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Lumos, I suggest you put together your arguments about why you think the Tanaduk website is trustworthy, and we'll debate it out here.

1797:

1.Contract assays by different laboratories report consistently high polysaccharide content of 20-31% within the berries themselves

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Yes, absolutely. Who overwrote the original section? They did that without discussion? That's no good; we should work together.

472: 1455:

species do grow wild (and are cultivated to a very limited extent) in some regions of Tibet (speaking specifically of the current

1745:-- a fascinating controversy in itself -- Mindell mentioned what he believes are special properties of goji berry polysaccharides 439:

historical claims that might create a marketing advantage for the Tibetan Goji Berry Company is not a place for an encyclopedia.

1590:

brand from now on. If you guys have heard anything, good or bad, about this company and their Goji product, please let me know.

301:

This argument from theory cannot be said to be proof that Goji beries do not grow in the Himalaya. This source claims they do

1853:

I had a look to the last 4 paper in pubmed related to wolfberry, all of which are actualy dealing with its "polysaccharides".

1115:

to tomato, the "wolfpeach". Have a look at the closeup picture of wolfberries in the article. Does each not look like a small

2046:

on polysaccharides specifically, nor is it widely accepted scientifically or in common practice within the berry industry.

2892:, the Chinese Hawthorn). 杞 appears in poems 76, 162, 169, 172, 174, 204, and 205. The modern name 枸杞 is never used in the 2979:

requirements the FDA would make to qualify use as a "drug" (examples of mangosteen (Xango) and noni juice products -- see

1690:

Have you learned why Chinese do not eat dried wolfberries raw? Is it a matter of taste, tradition, precaution, or what? --

1104:. It seems Lycium would safely be connected to the Greek, lyco-, so why would Linnaeus have linked this berry to wolves? 449:

In fact, Mongolia has one the poorest health and longevity records on the planet. The average life expectancy is 63 years

2954:

Here's a possible title and list of topics -- let's flesh this out here first to get it right -- input invited by anyone

461:

I could go on for another page or two, but the point is made. The Tanaduk website self-destructs as a credible source. --

249:

is more than 10,000 ft altitude with poor soil and arid climate conditions unfavorable for fruit crops. Defined by the

1654:

craisins to the sealed bag. The berries tend to plump up easily and are more enjoyable to chew as a snack this way. --

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assures it is another impoverished desert region unlikely to be growing fresh fruit of any kind, quality or quantity.

1765:

When humans consume polysaccharide-rich foods, the nutritional benefit occurs as dietary fiber metabolized when the

359:

They do not claim the Goji berry is in anyway different to the wolfberry except in the location in which it is grown

1155: 198:

because this is the only location where information exists about Tibetan or Mongolian goji berries, i.e., there is

38: 2282:-- a report that stimulates the question, "why would Chinese sources be using medlar as a synonym for wolfberry?-- 1663:

If you go to the Chinese grocery store, you'll see a wide variety of preserved fruits (most popular are preserved

1045:(cur) (last) 23:15-23:21, 15 December 2006 Badagnani (Talk | contribs | block) (→Wolfberry contamination) (undo) 2254:

In the Introduction, the article states that one of wolfberry's names is "medlar" which I believe is inaccurate.

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with unfavorable climate, moisture and irrigation, growing season, soil conditions, and cultivation practices.

2090: 369:

by the Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations, as active in local agricultural development.

2274:, one can search for synonyms of a given plant. Medlar does not retrieve any relationship to Lycium barbarum. 1200:

The etymology of the English vernacular "wolfberry" needs to be examined, but the theory that Linnaeus chose

420:

illogical insistence that Tibet and Mongolia are linked via the goji berry and somehow geographically related

1953:

WOW signor Badagnani...I am afraid that this is going to be rather boring and to take a looong time... :o)--

1063:. Most explanations (not by me, but others) seem deduced. I had researched this and found references to how 547:

Guys you are doing a GREAT JOB! Getting rid of all the marketing myths was not easy. Let's keep it this way.

254: 253:, year-round cold temperatures and frost would inhibit bud development and prevent fruit formation. Minimal 123: 100:

The name Tibetan Goji berry is in common use in the health food market for berries from this plant that are

1950:

WOW signor Badagnani...I am afraid that this is going to be rather boring and to take a looong time... :o)

1602: 1529: 1425: 210: 2886:

may refer to the wolfberry, or maybe to something else: the willow tree, or the "medlar" fruit (possibly

2649:

seems to imply that the plant's roots look like a dog. It's the hardest part of the poem to figure out.

605:

page, I found this -- how interesting in relation to the topic and etymology we are interested in studying

1879:

carbohydrates, peptides, antibiotics and immune sistem). Immune sistem ? Goji ? Does this ring a bell ?

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him and used by marketers of Tibetan goji berries and Himalayan goji juice as unique health properties).

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http://en.wikipedia.org/search/?title=Wolfberry&curid=1147329&diff=104193203&oldid=104081986

268: 2683:

Miller should be discussed in the article--what is it? Some websites say it's essentially the same as

1390:

Like many others we are very offended that the entry for the Tobetan Goji Berries has not been updated.

1111:

If this derivation is correct, it gives more depth to the common name "wolfberry" which is related via

2944:

From above, News Site -- this is information that should be given a separate section in the Article.

1606: 1569: 1533: 1429: 1366: 1166:

where Lycium barbarum is documented as an original species catalogued and named by Linnaeus in 1753.

1270: 259:], there are no objective commercial, scientific, or government reports for commercial production of 2280: 2266:, a disparate species from Lycium barbarum. The berries from the two plants bear little resemblance. 194:

about the uniqueness and special qualities of the "Tibetan" and "Mongolian" goji berry. I emphasize

362:

They point out that the term Goji berry is a marketing term invented to enable maketing in the west

76: 71: 59: 1769:

are fermented by the billions of bacteria in the large intestine – the Knowledge (XXG) article on

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Thanks, Stefano. Please make a suggestion here at Discussion about what you'd like to see added.

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I have removed the paragraphs that falsely portray Tibet as a desert in which nothing grows. The

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berry plants grow in Tibet. We understand from other sources cited in the Article's News Stories

2858: 2738: 1788:, perhaps one of the most thoroughly-studied and effective herbs in Asian traditional medicine. 2184:? Eggplant and other solanum vegetables, which are related to wolfberry, do; see, for example, 954: 2931: 2040: 1781: 1476: 1356: 552:

Badagnani, I have tried to count the seeds on my wolfberry and they are never more than 15-20.

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derives from a word in the Nahuatl language, tomatl. The specific name, lycopersicum, means "

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Removal of paragraph from Article section discussing marketing claims in Canada and the US

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content – how do they know this other than from available research on Chinese wolfberries?

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states, so likely pesticides would be used in growing them there as well, sorry to say.

456:

The Tanaduk center is in the San Juan Islands located off the coast of Washington state.

3038: 3012: 3000: 2914: 2897: 2863: 2844: 2810: 2793: 2780: 2742: 2729: 2711: 2696: 2650: 2607: 2381: 2371: 2307: 2245: 2220: 2189: 1979: 1937: 1759: 1705: 1682: 1638: 1634:"Wolfberries are usually used directly, and do not need to be rehydrated prior to use." 1573: 1564: 1560: 1485: 1464: 1288: 1248: 1221: 1205: 574: 538: 520: 506: 382: 160: 2840: 2093:

is an article which perhaps makes it clearer the structure of these glycoconjugates.

106:

term was invented by Dr. Bradley Dobos of the The Tanaduk Botanical Research Institute

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describes these physiological actions and benefits of metabolizing fiber sources via

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is clearly different from the bulk of commercial exploiters of the Goji berry name.

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He does so by saying that eating wolfberries or drinking the juice yields four goji

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derives from the Nahuatl language, tomatl. The specific name, lycopersicum, means "

1059:

I have never felt satisfied with how the botanical name was derived for wolfberry,

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Check out the references by cutting and pasting 杞 into a CONTROL-F search through

2128: 1746: 1475:, which are all provinces of China located hundreds of miles from those mountains. 2370:. None of the websites that cite the poem state in which book it may be found. 3086: 3052: 3027: 1120: 1116: 1016: 1012: 812: 370: 309: 231: 46:

If you wish to start a new discussion or revive an old one, please do so on the

2272: 1141:. We might use some of it to modify "our" botanical description of the plant.-- 1138: 350:

It describes a local initiative to preserve the medicinal plants of the region.

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Fair enough. I stand corrected. It does look like a marketing ploy doesn't it?

1112: 234:

market for berries from this plant that are claimed to have been grown in the

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Fraud Exposed in Marketing of Himalayan Goji Juice and Tibetan Goji Berries

2896:, so it isn't clear exactly what plant is being referred to in each case. 1090:" (compare the related species S. lycocarpum, whose scientific name means " 618:" (compare the related species S. lycocarpum, whose scientific name means " 365:

The Tanaduk Botanical Research & Institute is referenced independently

3123:

for many topics. If you have more complete references, please use them. --

2882: 2820: 2789: 2661: 2620: 2396: 2367: 2263: 2259: 2181: 1468: 1194: 1064: 1008: 806: 235: 2119:. It was inserted beneath the first paragraph in the section discussing 443:

no reference anywhere in the medical literature to a Tibetan goji berry.

211:

http://www.foodproductdesign.com/blogs/doug/?m=art&a=6ch5144019.html

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The section below in italics was posted on 20 Feb by unregistered user

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Using that site, I found that the British Natural History Museum has a

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no publications or peer-reviewed research reports listed on the website

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It states names of people and places who have contributed to this work.

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During the recently-aired investigative interview by CBC TV News with

1632:

The article now has this text regarding wolfberries' use/preparation:

515:

Typical of previous assessments of the UK FSA -- which reports to the

2255: 2236:"Squawberry" and "Desert Thorn" seem to be more vernacular names for 1822: 1701: 1456: 1079: 602: 2366:

We need to get a source for the purported poem about wolfberries by

1850:

My point of view - a bit long but I got excited - is the following:

1312: 1067:

assigned names. Lycium barbarum was first used apparently in 1753.

904:

Manufacturer: Fujian Fuzhou Tian Shan Foods Co., LTD, Fujian, China.

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There are some interesting articles relating to Goji at this site:

2202:

species -- including tomato, potato, chili pepper and tobacco (all

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Among most important of these are short-chain fatty acids such as

1204:

to refer to wolves is not plausible from the available evidence.

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Impending death of the Tibetan goji berry story, February 9, 2007

417:

no published scientific history of the founder, Dr. Bradley Dobos

1101:

Searching for "lyco" in Greek: lyco-, lyc-, lycos-, (Greek:wolf)

2606:(seems to be Liu's complete poems, in simplified characters). 2121:

Marketing claims under scrutiny in Canada and the United States

186:

Proposal to Reinstate Critical Discussion of Tibetan Goji Berry

1665: 404:

Then, in my opinion, nothing from that source is trustworthy.

305:. The method of cultivation and locations are described here 25: 596:

The small berry had 19 seeds, the medium 43 and the large 38.

2079:

Here is the (simply shameless) relevant part of “the book”:

2219:

Thanks--but the study you found doesn't include eggplant?

1137:

Hi, I have found a very well-done description of wolfberry

2695:? I'm not sure the article is clear about that either. 522:, search on goji, Regions (approx. per capita results) -- 2970:

misleading nutrient composition and antioxidant strength

1561:

the U.S. government's seizures of wolfberries from China

1451:

It is agreed (and, in fact, stated in the article) that

1311:

The following is taken from the Tibet Authentic website

1004:

Xi An Techteam Engineering And Industry (Group) C0., Ltd

114:

source produces only about 280 tons of berries per year.

1285: 2071:

Following Paul advice I read the goji book chapter 8 (

1308:

We would ask that Earl Mindell's proof be backed up.

356:

Most of the people named have academic qualifications

2615:

Two interesting things in this poem: the character

2819:Yep, old Penglai County = current Penglai City. -- 2687:. Also, what are the specific differences between 1517:

eating certified organic foods! <rolls eyes: -->

263:species ("goji" berries, wolfberries) from Tibet. 2294:is listed as a common name for the species below. 2186:http://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/drugs.html 563:Should we mention this at all in the article ? -- 1857:goes even further and analyses their structure. 1792:What is the science on wolfberry polysaccharides 1082:page, however, I found this reference: The word 1721:Controversy of Wolfberry (Goji) Polysaccharides 209:Notice this web essay published this past week 2321:Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. (Japanese- 1305:. It was the only such post from this user... 85:Discussion of the "Himalayan Goji Berry" Issue 2853:Wolfberry in the most ancient Chinese records 8: 978:Shaanxi Bio-Herb Health Technology CO., Ltd. 392:Why the Tanaduk Institute is Not Trustworthy 2604:http://www.lingshidao.com/gushi/liuyuxi.htm 1864:Here is another article on Lycium barbarum 799:14 Qianjin Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China 118:The four italicized areas are questionable 1794:and what more can be said in the article? 1381:It seems you have done the editing for me. 1347:I hope that clears up the fact that there 796:Ningxia Commercial Foreign Trade Co., Ltd. 285:Completely agree. Lose the internet hype. 2258:is described on Knowledge (XXG) as genus 2154:. The diversity of physical structure of 2309:to enter the query: common name = medlar 1936:, to explain what these compounds are? 325:It is acknowledged in the Article under 2940:Section in the Article to Address Fraud 870:54FYT99 852570792764 WOLFBERRY POWDER 401:irreversibly contaminated by the bad. 2909:, which contains the full text of the 2271:From GRIN, the USDA germplasm resource 340:Why the Tanaduk website is trustworthy 202:scientific or government information. 102:have been grown in the Himalaya region 44:Do not edit the contents of this page. 3098:No reasonable person would argue that 2973:misleading and/or false health claims 2619:is the same as the first syllable in 2314:Crataegus azarolus L. (Mediterranean- 1784:, -- mushrooms also called Reishi or 914:Product contains undeclared sulfites. 112:of the wolfberry in the west. . This 7: 2416:卷360_8 「楚州开元寺北院枸杞临井繁茂可观群贤赋诗因以继和」刘禹锡 2073:http://www.gojibook.com/pdf/SC08.pdf 751:Ningxia Federal Intertrade Co., Ltd. 601:When I checked on Knowledge (XXG)'s 307:http://www.tanaduk.com/projects.html 1162:Linnaean Plant Typification Project 830:358991 SEA-DO FEI# 3002875234 703:Tangshan Haida Foodstuffs Co., Ltd. 2788:蓬莱县 = Penglai County. Is this in 2380:See below for poem and analysis. 1932:Why not create a WP article about 840:Yinchuan Ningxia, China (Mainland) 573:so many seeds compared to yours? 24: 2075:) and almost suffocated laughing. 1078:When I visited Knowledge (XXG)'s 907:Firm initiated recall is ongoing. 895:No codes are applied to products. 2929:http://www.freelifegojinews.com/ 2123:, addressing statements made by 999:Dried Goji Berries (Wolfberries) 835:Ningxia Commercial Foreign Trade 646:US FDA seizures of wolfberries: 303:http://www.tanaduk.com/goji.html 219:Concerning the section entitled 149:Debate and feedback welcomed! -- 29: 706:Donghuangyu Town, Quanxi County 2843:, to evaluate for inclusion. 1284:Isn't this a commercial site? 1052:Derivation of Botanical Name, 754:Building 34, Chuang Xin Garden 728:DZ1-3019690-7 FEI# 3004337184 1: 3128:20:31, 23 February 2007 (UTC) 3090:18:34, 23 February 2007 (UTC) 3074:15:23, 23 February 2007 (UTC) 3056:10:18, 23 February 2007 (UTC) 3042:10:10, 23 February 2007 (UTC) 3031:10:06, 23 February 2007 (UTC) 3016:18:09, 13 February 2007 (UTC) 3004:18:07, 13 February 2007 (UTC) 2993:18:00, 13 February 2007 (UTC) 2935:05:23, 13 February 2007 (UTC) 2918:21:38, 12 February 2007 (UTC) 2901:21:35, 12 February 2007 (UTC) 2867:08:29, 11 February 2007 (UTC) 2848:08:17, 11 February 2007 (UTC) 2829:01:33, 12 February 2007 (UTC) 2814:06:01, 11 February 2007 (UTC) 2797:06:00, 11 February 2007 (UTC) 2784:05:57, 11 February 2007 (UTC) 2746:05:46, 11 February 2007 (UTC) 2670:01:36, 12 February 2007 (UTC) 2654:05:01, 11 February 2007 (UTC) 2611:04:29, 11 February 2007 (UTC) 2385:07:50, 11 February 2007 (UTC) 2170:15:21, 20 February 2007 (UTC) 918:VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 636:16:18, 14 December 2006 (UTC) 578:15:34, 14 December 2006 (UTC) 568:10:30, 14 December 2006 (UTC) 542:08:43, 13 December 2006 (UTC) 290:21:31, 10 December 2006 (UTC) 280:20:03, 10 December 2006 (UTC) 177:19:57, 28 November 2006 (UTC) 110:Tibetan and Mongolian variety 2733:22:37, 8 February 2007 (UTC) 2715:19:20, 8 February 2007 (UTC) 2700:19:18, 8 February 2007 (UTC) 2375:06:11, 7 February 2007 (UTC) 2249:08:19, 6 February 2007 (UTC) 2224:02:29, 6 February 2007 (UTC) 2215:02:12, 6 February 2007 (UTC) 2193:21:51, 5 February 2007 (UTC) 2127:in the CBC TV News interview 2105:22:46, 7 February 2007 (UTC) 2066:20:30, 7 February 2007 (UTC) 1998:23:08, 6 February 2007 (UTC) 1983:23:08, 6 February 2007 (UTC) 1968:23:06, 6 February 2007 (UTC) 1958:23:05, 6 February 2007 (UTC) 1941:22:59, 6 February 2007 (UTC) 1923:22:56, 6 February 2007 (UTC) 1908:17:31, 6 February 2007 (UTC) 1887:21:28, 5 February 2007 (UTC) 1848:Mindell seems to be correct! 1838:21:09, 3 February 2007 (UTC) 1709:23:28, 3 February 2007 (UTC) 1695:22:23, 3 February 2007 (UTC) 1686:21:21, 3 February 2007 (UTC) 1659:21:20, 30 January 2007 (UTC) 1642:19:41, 30 January 2007 (UTC) 1619:01:21, 30 January 2007 (UTC) 1577:00:37, 30 January 2007 (UTC) 1546:00:30, 30 January 2007 (UTC) 1489:00:18, 30 January 2007 (UTC) 1442:00:20, 30 January 2007 (UTC) 1373:19:04, 29 January 2007 (UTC) 1360:14:06, 29 January 2007 (UTC) 1292:23:04, 29 January 2007 (UTC) 1274:00:33, 29 January 2007 (UTC) 1252:04:01, 26 January 2007 (UTC) 1242:02:52, 26 January 2007 (UTC) 1225:20:45, 25 January 2007 (UTC) 1209:10:50, 6 February 2007 (UTC) 1179:18:52, 29 January 2007 (UTC) 1146:21:47, 27 January 2007 (UTC) 1132:19:55, 19 January 2007 (UTC) 527:20:30, 9 February 2007 (UTC) 510:19:11, 9 February 2007 (UTC) 499:18:48, 9 February 2007 (UTC) 480:21:47, 27 January 2007 (UTC) 466:03:21, 19 January 2007 (UTC) 407:My evidence (not all of it) 386:18:00, 18 January 2007 (UTC) 374:17:34, 18 January 2007 (UTC) 335:18:47, 17 January 2007 (UTC) 313:10:07, 16 January 2007 (UTC) 164:23:13, 5 December 2006 (UTC) 154:17:45, 5 December 2006 (UTC) 2963:Topics pertaining to both: 2737:==Another Chinese website== 2342:Vangueria infausta Burch. ( 2299:GRIN for Lycium barbarum L. 1843:Good. Back to biochemistry, 1301:Removed material posted by 898:RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER 846:20BGH99 DRIED WOLFBERRIES 414:no competitive grants shown 3146: 108:to promote and market the 2876:The use of the character 2356:18:35, 25 July 2007 (UTC) 2287:13:00, 24 July 2007 (UTC) 1752:What are polysaccharides? 1031:No.181 South Tai Bai Road 867:SEA-DO 112-8530792-1/1/1 843:SEA-DO EE6-1226192-9/1/1 517:European Medicines Agency 1777:occurring in the colon. 1481:South China Morning Post 760:Yinchuan, Ningxia, China 490:This news released today 230:is in common use in the 223:was this previous text: 2839:Historical information 2720:Related Chinese species 2328:Mespilus germanica L. ( 2180:Does wolfberry contain 1459:province of China, not 981:37 Lianhu Rd., Room 602 642:Wolfberry contamination 255:subsistence agriculture 124:subsistence agriculture 2835:Historical information 2240:species, in this case 1267:It should be removed. 1028:3/F Borough A, Block A 427:statements like this: 216:scientific community. 2623:, an ancient city in 2232:More vernacular names 665:64 Nanxun West Street 662:Sinotrans Ningxia Co. 269:Geography of Mongolia 42:of past discussions. 2859:this Chinese article 2739:This chinese website 2390: 2335:Mimusops elengi L. ( 1507:enjoy their product. 984:Xian, Shaanxi, China 946:Xian, Shaanxi, China 2681:Lycium halimifolium 2262:from plant family, 3022:Tibetan goji berry 1125:San Marzano tomato 791:Wolfberries, dried 698:Wolfberries, Dried 327:Tibetan goji berry 251:geography of Tibet 228:Tibetan Goji berry 221:Tibet and Mongolia 98:Tibet and Mongolia 2967:geographic origin 2872:Shi Jing mentions 2242:Lycium andersonii 2176:Nicotine content? 2082: 1782:Ganoderma lucidum 1605:comment added by 1532:comment added by 1428:comment added by 1037:FEI #: 3004663338 940:Shaan Xi Bio-Herb 859:Shaan Xi Bio-Herb 657:Wolfberries Dried 82: 81: 54: 53: 48:current talk page 3137: 2751:Need translation 2705:Lycium root bark 2080: 1901:resistant starch 1621: 1548: 1444: 1094:", common name " 943:Rm. 406 Shenzhou 932:Wolfberry powder 743:Wolfberry powder 622:", common name " 471:I'd like to add 68: 56: 55: 33: 32: 26: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3135: 3134: 3024: 2942: 2925: 2874: 2855: 2837: 2807:Eight Immortals 2805:-- home to the 2753: 2722: 2707: 2678: 2627:, and the line 2393: 2391:Liu Yuxi's poem 2364: 2306:Use GRIN search 2234: 2178: 2156:polysaccharides 2112: 2026:polysaccharides 2005: 1767:polysaccharides 1723: 1630: 1628:Use/preparation 1600: 1527: 1423: 1299: 1282: 1262: 1260:Commercial site 1217: 1061:Lycium barbarum 1057: 1054:Lycium barbarum 987:FEI# 3004261316 975:359013 SEA-DO 969:FEI# 3005475672 779:FEI# 3004802127 776:347452 SEA-DO 709:Tangshan, China 687:FEI# 3004319653 644: 534: 532:Number of seeds 488: 344:Tanaduk website 247:Tibetan Plateau 196:on the internet 192:on the internet 188: 87: 64: 30: 22: 21: 20: 12: 11: 5: 3143: 3141: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3130: 3117: 3116: 3115: 3114: 3093: 3092: 3081: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3058: 3045: 3044: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3018: 3007: 3006: 2986: 2985: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2941: 2938: 2924: 2921: 2873: 2870: 2857:The thesis of 2854: 2851: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2831: 2752: 2749: 2721: 2718: 2706: 2703: 2677: 2674: 2673: 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