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infected with HIV may sometimes become more primed for survival through the downregulation of pro-apoptotic genes such as TNFRSF14 and the upregulation of anti-apoptotic genes such as MTRNR2L2, OPA1 and STK24. The regulation of apoptotic genes promotes the survival of HIV-infected cells and protect cells from cytotoxic T cell responses. NSV has also been associated with a downregulation of IFN signaling which are important inflammatory responses for the immune system. When compared to individuals who are ART-suppressed, individuals with NSV often show decreased transcripts for IRF3, IRF7 and OAS1 which are important genes for host immune responses. With the mediation of different antiviral and immune pathways, HIV-infected cells in NSV can continue to survive and produce virions.
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regions with higher number of H3K36me3 histones, which are associated with more permissively transcribed chromatin. This may explain why most of plasma virions detected match the producer provirus. Nonproducer proviruses are also associated with large deletions and non-intact reservoirs which may prevent the complete transcription of HIV viral components.
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individuals with HIV will need to continue being on ART even after viral loads are initially suppressed. Upon interruption of ART, individuals with HIV often experience a rebound of HIV virions. The replication and persistence of HIV can be observed using three models: the active viral replications stage, prolonged survival and clonal expansion.
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of pro-apoptotic genes. This allows the infected cell to survive and become a persistent viral reservoir. When infected CD4+ T cells replicate, they replicate the integrated HIV sequence along with its genome, leading to a process known as clonal expansion where the viral reservoir increases through the expansion of the infected clone.
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The diameter of a red blood cell is ~60x larger than the diameter of an HIV virion. Because volume scales as 4/3*pi*r^3, a red blood cell is in fact ~113,000x larger than an HIV virion. As worded now, this part at the head of the structure & genome section is highly misleading, since most people
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There has been evidence to show that producer proviruses are often seen in highly transcribed sites leading to a higher transcription rate, compared to nonproducer proviruses which are more often seen in less transcribed regions of the chromosome. Producer proviruses are also more observed to be in
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In active viral replication, an infected CD4+ T cell produces new viral particles which infects other CD4+ T cells. Upon usage of ART, the CD4+ T cell may not be able to produce new viral particles but will have been primed for survival due to upregulation of anti-apoptotic genes and downregulation
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states that the best sources include general or systematic reviews in reputable medical journals, widely recognised standard textbooks written by experts in a field, or medical guidelines and position statements from nationally or internationally reputable expert bodies. The information provided by
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Non-Suppressible
Viremia (NSV) is often described when an individual is on ART but cannot suppress their viral loads and continuously observes low, detectable viremia. Several factors may contribute to this condition including prolonged clonal expansion and regulated immune responses. CD4+ T cells
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Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been an effective measure to lower viral loads in the plasma to undetectable levels, integrated proviral sequences in CD4+ T cells will still be present in infected cells and continue to produce viral particles even after treatment . This is why most
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other sources such as websites, blogs, newsletters, advocacy publications, and the vendors of unproven remedies range from factual to fraudulent, with many containing misinformation and unfounded claims. These types of sources are therefore not appropriate for
Knowledge articles.
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There is a higher frequency of producer proviral sequences integrated in chromosome 19. Although the integration of HIV is thought to be relatively random process, different integration sites may differentiate whether a provirus becomes a producer or nonproducer.
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Hi, new user so apologies if this is in the wrong place. I noticed reference 15 has a broken link. As it happens, the ICTV has also released an updated version of the database (however, the taxonomy for HIV remains unchanged). The new link can be found
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This article is substantially duplicated by a piece in an external publication. Since the external publication copied
Knowledge rather than the reverse, please do not flag this article as a copyright violation of the following source:
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Rout, Saurav S et al. “Distinct effects of treatment with two different interferon-alpha subtypes on HIV-1-associated T-cell activation and dysfunction in humanized mice.” AIDS (London, England) vol. 36,3 (2022): 325-336.
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Producer proviral sequences are often defined as integrated HIV sequences that can produce infectious particles, whereas nonproducer sequences show no evidence in being able to produce complete virions in the plasma.
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Doehle, Brian P et al. “Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mediates global disruption of innate antiviral signaling and immune defenses within infected cells.” Journal of virology vol. 83,20 (2009): 10395-405.
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Li, Jonathan Z et al. “The size of the expressed HIV reservoir predicts timing of viral rebound after treatment interruption.” AIDS (London, England) vol. 30,3 (2016): 343-53. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000000953
520:"Antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis after sexual, injection-drug use, or other nonoccupational exposure to HIV in the United States: recommendations from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services"
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Ren, Yanqin et al. “BCL-2 antagonism sensitizes cytotoxic T cell-resistant HIV reservoirs to elimination ex vivo.” The
Journal of clinical investigation vol. 130,5 (2020): 2542-2559. doi:10.1172/JCI132374
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Vansant, Gerlinde et al. “The chromatin landscape at the HIV-1 provirus integration site determines viral expression.” Nucleic acids research vol. 48,14 (2020): 7801-7817. doi:10.1093/nar/gkaa536
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Vansant, Gerlinde et al. “The chromatin landscape at the HIV-1 provirus integration site determines viral expression.” Nucleic acids research vol. 48,14 (2020): 7801-7817. doi:10.1093/nar/gkaa536
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Proof missing. How can a virus without a brain formulate a strategy? Based on which information received from whom? Then how does the virus project future events and devise counter measures?
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Benotsch EG, Kalichman S, Weinhardt LS (December 2004). "HIV-AIDS patients' evaluation of health information on the internet: the digital divide and vulnerability to fraudulent claims".
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Einkauf, Kevin B et al. “Parallel analysis of transcription, integration, and sequence of single HIV-1 proviruses.” Cell vol. 185,2 (2022): 266-282.e15. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.011
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Halvas, E. K. et al. HIV-1 viremia not suppressible by antiretroviral therapy can originate from large T cell clones producing infectiousvirus.J.Clin.Invest.130,5847–5857(2020).
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Bongiovanni, Marco et al. “Treatment interruptions in HIV-infected subjects.” The
Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy vol. 58,3 (2006): 502-5. doi:10.1093/jac/dkl268
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Kalichman SC, Cherry C, Cain D, et al. (March 2006). "Health information on the
Internet and people living with HIV/AIDS: information evaluation and coping styles".
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Q2: Some sources say that the AIDS epidemic is a result of behaviours such as receptive anal sex and drug use. Why does our article not emphasize this?
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Mohammadi, A., Etemad, B., Zhang, X. et al. Viral and host mediators of non-suppressible HIV-1 viremia. Nat Med 29, 3212–3223 (2023).
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Mohammadi, A., Etemad, B., Zhang, X. et al. Viral and host mediators of non-suppressible HIV-1 viremia. Nat Med 29, 3212–3223 (2023).
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Mohammadi, A., Etemad, B., Zhang, X. et al. Viral and host mediators of non-suppressible HIV-1 viremia. Nat Med 29, 3212–3223 (2023).
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Mohammadi, A., Etemad, B., Zhang, X. et al. Viral and host mediators of non-suppressible HIV-1 viremia. Nat Med 29, 3212–3223 (2023).
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Coovadia H (2004). "Antiretroviral agents—how best to protect infants from HIV and save their mothers from AIDS".
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Producer and Nonproducer Proviruses which can lead to nonsuppressible viremia
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Understanding and Management of Special Child in Pediatric Dentistry
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I agree, it is misleading. I will see what can be done. Thank you.
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RBCs are 100,000x larger than an HIV particle, not 60x.
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459:or, better
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2157:Categories
1976:References
1906:|answered=
865:column on
682:under the
540:2009-03-31
505:References
2124:Not done:
910:is rated
855:Main Page
323:citations
101:if needed
84:Be polite
34:talk page
2144:contribs
1830:Thanks,
1111:Medicine
1046:Medicine
912:GA-class
786:Reviewed
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696:reassess
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535:15660015
476:See also
321:Include
222:Archives
191:Springer
156:Cochrane
69:get help
42:This is
40:article.
2136:''']'''
1963:Shkim19
1677:on the
1568:on the
1457:on the
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985:viruses
941:Viruses
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259:90Â days
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640:PMID
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572:PMID
532:PMID
482:AIDS
385:and
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346:view
198:Trip
172:Gale
164:DOAJ
86:and
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1669:Top
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