996:
reported (unless one cryptic sentence in the account of the academic commission may be called a report: “We shall say nothing of the several preliminary experiments, but will turn at once to that which was performed in our presence on 15 October”) Etienne may simply have preceded
Pilatre on the 15th, but it seems more likely that he tried the machine out several days before that. …We do not have the letter in which Etienne did recount the escapade to Adelaide (his wife). Her reply, however, leaves no doubt about the fact: “I have just received your letter, my dear one, where you tell us about your embarking. Although it did not give me much pleasure, I congratulate you on your success and specially on your safe return. I don’t much like these aerial voyages….” In a letter to Etienne from his irate father (Pierre) dictated to his eldest son, Jean-Pierre Montgolfier l’aine, it reads in part “He requires you to give him no further cause for distress and…not to get in the machine. You’ve already got out of it what you wanted to know.” Those lines were countersigned… “Ton pere Montgolfier.” On the basis of the flight(s) he had been obliged to confess previous to 15, 17, and 19 October he modified the balloon.
562:
200:
859:
233:
1131:
to have flown either very early on the 15th or some day(s) prior to the 15th. In addition, in other notes in your possession(i.e.- if you rec'd my email!)as a result of his flight he "modified the balloon" (see page 46, left-hand side, 3rd paragraph)prior to Rozier's flight on the 15th. I strongly suspect, as does
Gillispie, that Etienne flew before the 15th because he had to have some time to modify the balloon.
395:
384:
373:
362:
351:
500:
476:
323:
699:
611:
590:
257:
448:
621:
191:
267:
836:
knowledgeable about the subject fix this? (ii) Slightly more detail (number of people watching; downpour ending the show) about JC's flight is provided in this article than in the article on the man himself. Unfortunately these details are unsourced, but if verifiable, I think that they should be moved to the JC article.
510:
1126:
I hope you have received the several pages from
Gillispie's book I sent you via email. I would call you attention to page 45, right hand column, Gillispie says..."Her reply leaves no doubt about the fact...these aerial voyages." See reference note 47 on page 184, "Adelaide appended this response to a
1130:
My reasoning for asserting that statement: Let's assume
Etienne flew. The day he flew or perhaps some days later he writes to his wife regarding the flight. It takes days for the letter to get to her. She digests what he has written. Even if she wrote back the same day she received his letter he had
885:
Etienne became the first human to lift off the earth in a tethered balloon. It occurred sometime in August 1783. A letter from his wife, dated sometime in August 1783, refers to his safe return from the flight. This informaton was not known until approximately 1983 when
Gillispie published it in his
733:
Also, the first flight across the
English Channel was in a hydrogen balloon... which was invented by Jacques-Alexandre-CĂ©sar Charles, about whom there is no article. The hydrogen balloon was used extensively for the next 200 years, while the hot air balloon floated into obscurity until the discovery
729:
Looking round numerous websites, it seems there is confusion about the date of the first manned and unmanned ascent. I think April 4, 1783 might be unmanned, June 5 manned. Also there is wide variation on the Net of the statistics associated with the events, such as balloon volume, distance, height
1016:
The academic commission mentions "several preliminary experiments", there are several letters from
Montgolfier family members relating Etienne's tethered flight that surfaced almost 200 years after the fact as a result of Gillispie's research into the Montgolfier family archives in circa 1983, and
995:
Was Pilâtre de Rozier the first airman? The distinction is always accorded him…for his feat of soloing in the same balloon held captive in test runs on 15, 17, and 19 October . Before that, however, Etienne himself flew the new balloon in experiments that were not then, and have never since, been
835:
This entry contains a description of the work of
Jacques Charles, but it does not compare well with the existing entry on this man. Two things: (i) This article says that JC went into the sky twice on 1 December, but the entry on JC does not mention this. So which is right? So can someone more
1498:
In the original
Highlander movie, the protagonist, upon drinking a 200 year old bottle of wine with a 1783 vintage mused, "1783 was a very good year. Mozart wrote his Great Mass. The Montgolfier brothers went up in the first hot-air balloon. And England recognized the independence of the United
1251:
A small discussion of this interesting decade (a 1780's version of iOS/Android ;-) ) would be appropriate in the existing 'Competing Claims' section to lend the article some historical background, but this article should be focussed on the
Montgolfier's, at present that focus evaporates halfway
1103:
Carefully summarizing or rephrasing source material without changing its meaning is not synthesis—it is good editing. Best practice is to write Knowledge articles by researching the most reliable published sources on the topic and summarizing their claims in your own words, with each claim
1247:
This section should really be for the following launches made by the Montgolfier brothers, not by competitors. Instead, looking back at this page after editing it yesterday and subsequent edits by others, it is looking like a vehicle for people desperate to prove the superiority of other
1196:
There seems to be at least a word missing from the first sentence of the Early experiments section: "Of the two brothers, it was Joseph who first contemplated building machines". My guess is that it should read: "Of the two brothers, it was Joseph who first contemplated building
1311:
But if the Montgolfier balloon took of in 1783, it would be quite impossible to talk about another earlier balloon take-off of 1780, in the year 1709. Unless that writer has the rare ability to see the future... :-D Means: this year needs to be corrected.
1017:
Etienne modified the balloon Rozier used in October as a result of Etienne's flight(s). Yes, I think we can quote Gillispie that Etienne flew first. Rigid requirements of proof were not in place in 1783. viz: FAI was 122 years hence.
778:
I was working on the Dutch lemma the other day and gathered some information. I think the French Knowledge is best informed on the subject, the German Knowledge is also in trouble on that particular subject, but there is a book by :
797:
Gillispie, C.G. (1983) The Montgolfier brothers and the invention of aviation, 1783-1784Â : with a word on the importance of ballooning for the science of heat and the art of building railroads. Princeton, N.J, Princeton University
1065:"Gillispie, in his research into never before seen archival material, circa 1982, uncovered proof that Etienne was the first human to fly a tethered balloon in October 1783 prior to Rozier’s tethered flights in the same month."
1061:
There is no single sentence that makes his point. The two pages along with their notes need to be read to convince the reader re: his assertion concerning Etienne. Here is my suggested sentence for insertion. I'd appreciate your
153:
1582:
1127:
postscript she had already added to a letter to Etienne from abbe, 18 October 1783. (MA IX, 10)." Because Adelaide's letter was dated 18 October 1783, to me, is proof that he flew on or before 15 October.
1308:
Some claim that the hot air balloon was invented about 3 years earlier by the Brazilian/ Portuguese priest Bartolomeu de GusmĂŁo. A description of his invention was published in 1709? in Vienna, ..."
1457:
457:
243:
1577:
1215:
There is a poem that celebrates hard labor and the hard labor that goes into conceiving hot air balloons written by Anna Letitia Barbauld in 1797 called "Washing Day." Here's the link:
1110:
what you suggest might be as good as we're going to get. Without reading the book myself, though, I'd prefer the phrase "strong evidence" over the single word "proof". Objections? -
894:
This is an extraordinary claim, that contradicts numerous reliable sources, and so requires an extraordinary reference. The book might do, if we had a page number and a quotation. -
571:
486:
147:
1542:
1353:
1587:
1461:
1562:
752:
In one paragraph you mention De Rozier flying at 10,000 metres over paris. That's in excess of 30,000 feet --- impossible. Lowe only made 20,000 feet 80 years later.
1612:
790:
writes very literary about the Montgolfier brothers and the balloons, but is using only French sources. His account is very interesting, funny and looks reliable.
1395:
1391:
1377:
1557:
336:
322:
914:
In the Early Years section the first paragraph says that Pierre and Anne had sixteen children. In the second paragraph Joseph is described as the 20th child.
44:
941:
The second paragraph is a typographical error. Joseph was the 12th of 16 children, while Etienne was the 15th. Sandy Morton 08:28, 12 November 2009 (UTC)
1532:
1453:
Should there not be a picture of Joseph-Michel included, instead of two pictures of Jacques-Etienne? I would recommend this image from Wikimedia Commons:
79:
1271:
Is there a particular reason why the two brothers' portraits aren't placed side-by-side in this article in one combined Infobox? See, for example, the
1547:
1527:
1602:
1592:
1537:
677:
667:
528:
204:
1567:
1134:
Based on that reasoning, I would suggest we leave the settled word "proof" versus "strong evidence" in my suggested insertion. Your thoughts.-
1607:
85:
1354:
https://web.archive.org/web/20080602012700/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Lighter_than_air/Early_Balloon_Flight_in_Europe/LTA1.htm
1228:
927:
532:
1572:
1248:
technologies; which is a discussion for the pages, not here. These paragraphs would sit better in the history section of that article.
1552:
1135:
1074:
1026:
957:
887:
536:
1373:
When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.
643:
297:
1357:
527:, a collaborative effort to create, develop and organize Knowledge's articles about people. All interested editors are invited to
168:
1597:
710:
135:
1363:
1522:
523:
481:
99:
30:
1039:
Great. What would be the exact quotation? Is there a single sentence that makes his point? I don't have a copy of the text. -
279:
238:
104:
20:
74:
1438:
634:
595:
213:
129:
65:
284:. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the project and see lists of
125:
1394:
to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the
1319:
285:
1232:
931:
1429:
1345:
1139:
1115:
1044:
1006:
899:
871:
821:
769:
759:
175:
109:
1341:
1070:
1022:
953:
1216:
1413:
If you have discovered URLs which were erroneously considered dead by the bot, you can report them with
1401:
737:
Hey, wouldn't it be fun to try a hot hydrogen balloon - lotsof hydrogen heated by a propane burner! Â ;)
715:
219:
1344:. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit
744:
actually died in hybrid balloon except of course that the flame was not meant to heat the hydrogen...
1337:
1257:
1224:
945:
923:
741:
24:
858:
793:
I assume one of the authers, working on this lemma, was using a book in French on the subject, or:
190:
1315:
161:
55:
642:
on Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
141:
1111:
1040:
1002:
895:
867:
817:
70:
1398:
before doing mass systematic removals. This message is updated dynamically through the template
1358:
http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Lighter_than_air/Early_Balloon_Flight_in_Europe/LTA1.htm
816:
This page has been seriously vandalized and needs someone to check all the facts and rectify. --
561:
1414:
766:
1472:
1287:
1066:
1018:
949:
51:
1364:
https://web.archive.org/web/20070119182148/http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/CVC/ciencia/p2.html
515:
1421:
1480:
1454:
1272:
1253:
1206:
1096:
291:
272:
1380:, "External links modified" talk page sections are no longer generated or monitored by
841:
1420:
If you found an error with any archives or the URLs themselves, you can fix them with
1001:
So, does this mean that we can quote Gillispie as claiming that Etienne flew first? -
1516:
1504:
1367:
626:
1280:
787:
783:
Schama, S. (1989) Citizens. A Chronicle of the French Revolution, p 123-31; 884-5.
256:
232:
1499:
States." In case anyone wished to had a references/legacy section to this page.
1387:
803:
1508:
1484:
1465:
1443:
1323:
1291:
1261:
1236:
1210:
1143:
1119:
1078:
1048:
1030:
1010:
935:
903:
875:
845:
825:
806:
698:
499:
475:
1476:
1386:. No special action is required regarding these talk page notices, other than
1202:
616:
505:
262:
837:
802:
But Schama does not mention it for some reason, and I have not read it yet.
705:
610:
589:
447:
1500:
765:
IMHO we should mention Francesco Lana Terzi, the father of Aeronautics
1455:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/File:Jos._de_Montgolfier.jpg#globalusage
1217:
http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/barbauld/works/bal-washing.html
1275:
Good Article. If no one objects, I'll go ahead and make this change.
639:
866:
spell the name without the 't'. Is that just a typo in the image? -
535:. For instructions on how to use this banner, please refer to the
886:
book "The Montgolfier Brothers and the Invention of Aviation." -
857:
1301:
There seems to be a numeric error. The original section reads:
1201:
machines", but I don't have access to the book to check that.
990:
I cut the following addition from article for discussion here:
693:
184:
15:
1583:
Unknown-importance biography (science and academia) articles
767:
http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/lana.htm
560:
446:
321:
1095:
Quoting his conclusion would be the best, but according to
1348:
for additional information. I made the following changes:
1104:
attributable to a source that explicitly makes that claim.
408:
160:
831:
Description of the work of Jacques Charles needs work
704:
A fact from this article was featured on Knowledge's
1221:The Montgolfier brothers are mentioned at the end.
638:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of
1390:using the archive tool instructions below. Editors
333:
1368:http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/ciencia/p2.html
334:This article has not yet been checked against the
1578:C-Class biography (science and academia) articles
33:for general discussion of the article's subject.
1376:This message was posted before February 2018.
434:assessing the article against each criterion.
174:
8:
1543:Knowledge level-4 vital articles in People
584:
470:
430:| b5<!--Supporting materials    --: -->
426:| b4<!--Grammar and style       --: -->
422:| b3<!--Structure               --: -->
418:| b2<!--Coverage and accuracy   --: -->
414:| b1<!--Referencing and citation--: -->
330:
227:
1336:I have just modified 2 external links on
1588:Science and academia work group articles
411:the following code to the template call:
278:This article is within the scope of the
1563:Aerospace biography task force articles
1458:2600:6C5E:5A80:13F8:40C4:49CF:F24A:E08F
1158:
986:Was Pilâtre de Rozier the first airman?
970:
586:
472:
229:
188:
1613:Selected anniversaries (December 2011)
296:. To use this banner, please see the
7:
1558:C-Class aerospace biography articles
632:This article is within the scope of
521:This article is within the scope of
1494:Cultural references/legacy section?
572:the science and academia work group
407:To fill out this checklist, please
218:It is of interest to the following
23:for discussing improvements to the
1533:Knowledge vital articles in People
917:At least one of these is in error
14:
1471:Makes sense to me. I suggest you
1340:. Please take a moment to review
1548:C-Class vital articles in People
1528:Knowledge level-4 vital articles
1306:Other balloons, competing claims
697:
619:
609:
588:
508:
498:
474:
393:
382:
371:
360:
349:
265:
255:
231:
198:
189:
45:Click here to start a new topic.
672:This article has been rated as
545:Knowledge:WikiProject Biography
458:the aerospace biography project
1603:Mid-importance France articles
1593:WikiProject Biography articles
1538:C-Class level-4 vital articles
1324:00:47, 10 September 2017 (UTC)
904:12:11, 29 September 2009 (UTC)
855:Why does the picture provided
548:Template:WikiProject Biography
306:Knowledge:WikiProject Aviation
1:
1568:WikiProject Aviation articles
1485:13:14, 21 November 2018 (UTC)
1466:02:59, 21 November 2018 (UTC)
1262:13:03, 15 December 2011 (UTC)
1211:13:15, 14 December 2011 (UTC)
1183:C.C. Gillispie, pages 45, 46.
1174:C.C. Gillispie, pages 45, 46.
1165:C.C. Gillispie, pages 45, 46.
1144:07:39, 15 November 2009 (UTC)
1120:14:41, 12 November 2009 (UTC)
1079:07:59, 12 November 2009 (UTC)
807:08:42, 27 February 2007 (UTC)
740:Funny you should mention it,
646:and see a list of open tasks.
569:This article is supported by
455:This article is supported by
309:Template:WikiProject Aviation
42:Put new text under old text.
1608:All WikiProject France pages
1444:13:18, 5 December 2017 (UTC)
1049:21:59, 8 November 2009 (UTC)
1031:07:07, 8 November 2009 (UTC)
1011:18:14, 5 November 2009 (UTC)
936:18:19, 3 November 2009 (UTC)
652:Knowledge:WikiProject France
533:contribute to the discussion
1509:04:35, 19 August 2024 (UTC)
1237:03:29, 8 January 2012 (UTC)
862:Jacques Étienne Montgolfier
734:of propane. -Ryan Callahan
655:Template:WikiProject France
50:New to Knowledge? Welcome!
1629:
1573:C-Class biography articles
1490:iam the king of the world
1407:(last update: 5 June 2024)
1333:Hello fellow Wikipedians,
876:17:06, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
826:09:23, 10 April 2008 (UTC)
678:project's importance scale
354:Referencing and citation:
1553:C-Class aviation articles
1292:15:31, 27 July 2015 (UTC)
890:19:20, 29 September 2009
846:23:00, 29 July 2008 (UTC)
671:
604:
568:
493:
454:
250:
226:
80:Be welcoming to newcomers
1449:Picture of Joseph-Michel
920:Martin Ross 2009-11-3
1598:C-Class France articles
1329:External links modified
851:Spelling of Montgolfier
760:Francesco Lana de Terzi
365:Coverage and accuracy:
1523:C-Class vital articles
977:C.C.Gillispie, page 7.
863:
565:
451:
398:Supporting materials:
326:
75:avoid personal attacks
1475:and make the change.
861:
564:
524:WikiProject Biography
450:
325:
205:level-4 vital article
100:Neutral point of view
1388:regular verification
1338:Montgolfier brothers
770:User:Jeandré du Toit
487:Science and Academia
281:Aviation WikiProject
105:No original research
25:Montgolfier brothers
1378:After February 2018
1252:through the text.
387:Grammar and style:
340:for B-class status:
1432:InternetArchiveBot
1383:InternetArchiveBot
1267:Portrait placement
1243:Following Launches
910:Number of Children
864:
748:How high was high?
730:of ascent etc. PW
635:WikiProject France
566:
551:biography articles
452:
327:
214:content assessment
86:dispute resolution
47:
1408:
1286:
1227:comment added by
962:
948:comment added by
926:comment added by
881:New amazing claim
742:Pilâtre de Rozier
722:
721:
716:December 14, 2011
692:
691:
688:
687:
684:
683:
583:
582:
579:
578:
469:
468:
465:
464:
441:
440:
431:= <yes/no: -->
427:= <yes/no: -->
423:= <yes/no: -->
419:= <yes/no: -->
415:= <yes/no: -->
312:aviation articles
298:full instructions
183:
182:
66:Assume good faith
43:
1620:
1442:
1433:
1406:
1405:
1384:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1239:
1192:Flying machines?
1184:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1163:
978:
975:
961:
942:
938:
701:
694:
660:
659:
656:
653:
650:
629:
624:
623:
622:
613:
606:
605:
600:
592:
585:
553:
552:
549:
546:
543:
529:join the project
518:
516:Biography portal
513:
512:
511:
502:
495:
494:
489:
478:
471:
435:
401:
397:
396:
390:
386:
385:
379:
375:
374:
368:
364:
363:
357:
353:
352:
331:
314:
313:
310:
307:
304:
275:
270:
269:
268:
259:
252:
251:
246:
235:
228:
211:
202:
201:
194:
193:
185:
179:
178:
164:
95:Article policies
16:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1513:
1512:
1496:
1451:
1436:
1431:
1399:
1392:have permission
1382:
1346:this simple FaQ
1331:
1299:
1281:
1279:
1273:Wright brothers
1269:
1245:
1222:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1160:
988:
983:
982:
981:
976:
972:
943:
921:
912:
883:
853:
833:
814:
772:00:24 Jan 2007
763:
727:
658:France articles
657:
654:
651:
648:
647:
625:
620:
618:
598:
550:
547:
544:
541:
540:
514:
509:
507:
484:
406:
399:
394:
388:
383:
377:
372:
366:
361:
355:
350:
311:
308:
305:
302:
301:
273:Aviation portal
271:
266:
264:
241:
212:on Knowledge's
209:
199:
121:
116:
115:
114:
91:
61:
12:
11:
5:
1626:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1515:
1514:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1450:
1447:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1371:
1370:
1362:Added archive
1360:
1352:Added archive
1330:
1327:
1316:SvenLittkowski
1298:
1295:
1268:
1265:
1244:
1241:
1229:74.140.195.177
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1034:
1033:
999:
998:
987:
984:
980:
979:
969:
968:
964:
928:81.152.143.131
911:
908:
907:
906:
882:
879:
852:
849:
832:
829:
813:
810:
800:
799:
785:
784:
775:
762:
757:
755:
726:
723:
720:
719:
702:
690:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
674:Mid-importance
670:
664:
663:
661:
644:the discussion
631:
630:
614:
602:
601:
599:Mid‑importance
593:
581:
580:
577:
576:
567:
557:
556:
554:
520:
519:
503:
491:
490:
479:
467:
466:
463:
462:
453:
443:
442:
439:
438:
436:
433:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
404:
403:
402:
391:
380:
369:
358:
344:
343:
341:
328:
318:
317:
315:
277:
276:
260:
248:
247:
236:
224:
223:
217:
195:
181:
180:
118:
117:
113:
112:
107:
102:
93:
92:
90:
89:
82:
77:
68:
62:
60:
59:
48:
39:
38:
35:
34:
28:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1625:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:AndrewDressel
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:AndrewDressel
1038:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:AndrewDressel
997:
993:
992:
991:
985:
974:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
918:
915:
909:
905:
901:
897:
896:AndrewDressel
893:
892:
891:
889:
880:
878:
877:
873:
869:
868:AndrewDressel
860:
856:
850:
848:
847:
843:
839:
830:
828:
827:
823:
819:
818:Renier Maritz
811:
809:
808:
805:
796:
795:
794:
791:
789:
782:
781:
780:
776:
773:
771:
768:
761:
758:
756:
753:
750:
749:
745:
743:
738:
735:
731:
724:
717:
713:
712:
707:
703:
700:
696:
695:
679:
675:
669:
666:
665:
662:
645:
641:
637:
636:
628:
627:France portal
617:
615:
612:
608:
607:
603:
597:
594:
591:
587:
574:
573:
563:
559:
558:
555:
538:
537:documentation
534:
530:
526:
525:
517:
506:
504:
501:
497:
496:
492:
488:
483:
480:
477:
473:
460:
459:
449:
445:
444:
437:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:
410:
405:
392:
381:
370:
359:
348:
347:
346:
345:
342:
339:
338:
332:
329:
324:
320:
319:
316:
299:
295:
294:
289:
288:
283:
282:
274:
263:
261:
258:
254:
253:
249:
245:
240:
237:
234:
230:
225:
221:
215:
207:
206:
196:
192:
187:
186:
177:
173:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
127:
124:
123:Find sources:
120:
119:
111:
110:Verifiability
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
96:
87:
83:
81:
78:
76:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
57:
53:
52:Learn to edit
49:
46:
41:
40:
37:
36:
32:
26:
22:
18:
17:
1497:
1489:
1452:
1430:
1427:
1402:source check
1381:
1375:
1372:
1335:
1332:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1250:
1246:
1223:— Preceding
1220:
1214:
1198:
1195:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1153:
1136:66.235.17.41
1102:
1067:Sandy Morton
1019:Sandy Morton
1000:
994:
989:
973:
965:
950:Sandy Morton
940:
919:
916:
913:
888:66.235.17.41
884:
865:
854:
834:
815:
801:
792:
788:Simon Schama
786:
777:
774:
764:
754:
751:
747:
746:
739:
736:
732:
728:
709:
673:
633:
570:
522:
456:
335:
292:
286:
280:
220:WikiProjects
203:
171:
165:
157:
150:
144:
138:
132:
122:
94:
19:This is the
944:—Preceding
922:—Preceding
714:section on
711:On this day
400:not checked
389:not checked
378:not checked
376:Structure:
367:not checked
356:not checked
293:task forces
148:free images
31:not a forum
1517:Categories
1439:Report bug
1254:EasyTarget
1154:References
966:References
287:open tasks
1422:this tool
1415:this tool
1282:JGHowes
1062:comments.
812:Vandalism
706:Main Page
542:Biography
482:Biography
244:Biography
208:is rated
88:if needed
71:Be polite
21:talk page
1428:Cheers.—
1225:unsigned
1097:wp:synth
1075:contribs
1027:contribs
958:contribs
946:unsigned
924:unsigned
725:Untitled
337:criteria
303:Aviation
239:Aviation
56:get help
29:This is
27:article.
1473:be bold
1342:my edit
708:in the
676:on the
210:C-class
154:WPÂ refs
142:scholar
1199:flying
804:Taksen
798:Press.
649:France
640:France
596:France
216:scale.
126:Google
1477:Awien
1297:1709?
1203:Awien
197:This
169:JSTOR
130:books
84:Seek
1505:talk
1481:talk
1462:talk
1320:talk
1258:talk
1233:talk
1207:talk
1140:talk
1116:talk
1071:talk
1045:talk
1023:talk
1007:talk
954:talk
932:talk
900:talk
872:talk
842:talk
838:JRGp
822:talk
531:and
290:and
162:FENS
136:news
73:and
1501:Jyg
1396:RfC
1366:to
1356:to
668:Mid
409:add
176:TWL
1519::
1507:)
1483:)
1464:)
1409:.
1404:}}
1400:{{
1322:)
1260:)
1235:)
1209:)
1142:)
1118:)
1099:,
1077:)
1073:•
1047:)
1029:)
1025:•
1009:)
960:)
956:•
934:)
902:)
874:)
844:)
824:)
485::
242::
156:)
54:;
1503:(
1479:(
1460:(
1441:)
1437:(
1424:.
1417:.
1318:(
1304:"
1256:(
1231:(
1205:(
1138:(
1114:(
1069:(
1043:(
1021:(
1005:(
952:(
930:(
898:(
870:(
840:(
820:(
718:.
680:.
575:.
539:.
461:.
300:.
222::
172:·
166:·
158:·
151:·
145:·
139:·
133:·
128:(
58:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
