953:). His 7-factor system of personality involved a four-factor measure of temperament, which he theorized is inborn and had neurochemical correlates. An additional 3 factors of character, which included Self-Directedness (SD), Cooperativeness (C), and Self-Transcendence (ST), could be developed over the course of a person's lifespan. The systems proposed by Eysenck and by Cloninger each have psychometric instruments that can be used to measure a subject's personality traits. Reference: Cloninger CR, Svrakic NM, Svrakic DM. The Role of personality self-organization in development of mental order and disorder. Development and P psychopath theology. 1997;9(4):881–906.
1290:
kept as an independent concept for further studies and not be conflated with personality." Even so, I'd argue the history of temperament studies is clearly relevant to the history of personality studies and the philosophers mentioned in "Temperament and
Philosophy" all wrote over a hundred years ago; therefore, I'd fold this material into the History section and would present these thinkers in chronological order from earliest to latest, and would suggest a History section follow immediately after the lede. All the influential theorists mentioned in the lede should at least appear in the History section, I would think.
938:
construct comprising the content characteristics of human behavior (such as values, attitudes, habits, preferences, personal history, self-image). Temperament researchers point out that the lack of attention to extant temperament research by the developers of the Big Five model led to an overlap between its dimensions and dimensions described in multiple temperament models much earlier. For example, neuroticism reflects the traditional temperament dimension of emotionality, extraversion the temperament dimension of "energy" or "activity", and openness to experience, the temperament dimension of
Sensation Seeking.
930:
that they belong to temperament since personality is a socio-cultural concept. Researchers of adult temperament point out that, similarly to sex, age, and mental illness, temperament is based on biochemical systems whereas personality is a product of socialization of an individual possessing these four types of features. Temperament interacts with social-cultural factors, but still cannot be controlled or easily changed by these factors. Modern theories of temperament converge to 12 components, all based on ensemble interaction between brain
983:
patterns of interaction called the transference. Otto
Kernberg has categorized a system of understanding and treating disorders of personality, based on how disruptive these internal representations are to relationships. He calls these typical patterns of internal representations and their outward behavioral manifestations Personality Organizations. ref: Kernberg, O. F. (2019) Therapeutic Implications of Transference Structures in Various Personality Pathologies. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 67:951-986
213:
706:
728:
674:
658:
445:
424:
858:
809:
267:
246:
204:
1324:
temperament, I think it is highly relevant to include, and that the article would be incomplete without at least some discussion of it. Particularly as that construct in its modern form is arguably the biological component of personality, i.e. about 50% of it, and it's relevant to any discussion of development of personality as it is consistent throughout childhood. --
356:
335:
560:
529:
570:
926:
held to induce melancholy, signified by a sombre, gloomy, pessimistic outlook. Phlegmatic people were thought to have an excess of phlegm, leading to their sluggish, calm temperaments. Finally, people thought to have high levels of blood were said to be sanguine and were characterized by their cheerful, passionate dispositions.
455:
925:
during the second century CE. The "Four
Humours" theory held that a person's temperament was based on the balance of bodily humours; yellow bile, black bile, phlegm, and blood. Choleric people were characterized as having an excess of yellow bile, making them irascible. High levels of black bile were
1498:
With the topic of
Personology being mentioned I believe that adding the Thematic Apperception Test to the measuring category would be necessary. I also believe that the Biology and Developing Biological Model sections could be merged to help with conciseness. There is not much is said in the Biology
1289:
HISTORY: The current section "Historical development of the concept" ought to be expanded to sketch out the whole arc of development of the study of personality, and should start from the beginning, with
Hippocrates and Galen, as someone else noted above. An editor above wrote "temperament should be
982:
Personality is a manifestation of a person's internal representation of themselves and expectations of other people, a constellation that is consistent over time and in different situations. This constellation is observable in psychotherapeutic, particularly psychoanalytic, treatments in the form of
937:
Therefore, temperament should be kept as an independent concept for further studies and not be conflated with personality. Moreover, temperament refers to dynamical features of behaviour (energetic, tempo, sensitivity and emotionality-related), whereas personality is to be considered a psycho-social
1236:
I've added the theory of tho dimensions. When i was taught this subject in my psychology bachelor, i first learnt the two dimensions as proposed by
Eysenck and then the big five. In many factor analyses it's a matter of how strongly you boil down your factors whether you find the big five or these
998:
Hello
Wikipedians, I am interested in adding a section on Galen's temperament theory of personality to this article. There's some content on the theory itself and how it was applied using the four humours. Since Galen was one of the first to describe personality, I thought it would be important to
929:
There are debates between researchers of temperament and researchers of personality as to whether or not biologically-based differences define a concept of temperament or a part of personality. The presence of such differences in pre-cultural individuals (such as animals or young infants) suggests
1458:
I agree with the comments on the introduction paragraph; it lists several psychologists who are not mentioned at all in the article: Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Gordon
Allport, Hans Eysenck, Abraham Maslow, and Carl Rogers. There are also no sources following these names. I think Freud should be
1323:
as a number of your suggestions relate to it, although your suggestions seem broadly in line with it (especially because detail that appears in the lead should basically always be explained in the body). I'll also say, because you've mentioned that someone has previously argued against including
1293:
CURRENT APPROACHES: Each of the major current approaches deserves its own section. Temperament could / should be one of those and could include Chess and Thomas's breakdown of 9 temperament classifications. I would also add a section on the current psychodynamic approach to
945:). Each of these dimensions exist on a spectrum of traits, from one extreme to the other. For instance, one dimension, Extroversion, is measured on a spectrum from Extroversion to Introversion. Robert Cloninger developed an instrument (Knowledge page exists:
949:) that measures personality, roughly based on the Eysenck model, but at least theoretically based on the action of levels of specific neurotransmitters, as well as the system of Personality Disorder Diagnosis used at the time (DSM-3, wikipedia page exists:
821:
1440:
that makes sense to go first, and the history sectin to go last. That could just be personal preference, however, when it comes to writing articles or informational papers, it usually starts with the broadest topics and funnels from there.
1550:
1432:
The article could benefit from an organizational standpoint. The
Introduction of the article mentions topics and subjects that arent talked about or expanded upon in the body of the article; it almost feels misleading.
978:
I believe modern psychoanalytic concepts of personality disorders, especially their presentation and treatment through the transference, should be included in the discussion of Personality. Something like the following:
862:
166:
1630:
1540:
1286:
LEDE: The lede could use another paragraph summarizing the overall current state and direction of personality psychology, perhaps referring to the five factor inventory that is often used by researchers.
1555:
317:
1635:
1565:
307:
1625:
739:
1570:
681:
543:
283:
1560:
1640:
1444:
I also think a this paper would benefit from a section on age and how young personality can be defined, as well as how personality changes throughout the stages of life.
591:
on Knowledge. If you would like to support the project, please visit the project page, where you can get more details on how you can help, and where you can join the
274:
251:
160:
1580:
396:
1615:
665:
539:
406:
1590:
1339:
I also agree that Temperament (inborn) and Character (changeable) are both aspects of Personality. Robert Cloninger's work, cited above, reflects that well.
1315:, these all sound like very reasonable edits to make. If you have citations to support the statements (if you're unfamiliar with how citing on WP works, see
501:
1605:
628:
618:
511:
1164:
Trofimova, IN (2016). "The interlocking between functional aspects of activities and a neurochemical model of adult temperament". In Arnold, M.C. (ed.).
92:
1436:
I would also say tha swapping the first and 2nd paraphraph would make the paper feel stronger as a whole. Not only that, but there is a section called
1278:
I came to this page because it's the current Article for Improvement, but it also happens to fit right into the WikiProject I am currently working on:
1620:
1535:
882:
833:
1595:
1319:), then in my view it would be appropriate for you to make these changes yourself. It may also be useful to have at least passing familiarity with
1545:
372:
1179:
Trofimova, IN; Robbins, TW (2016). "Temperament and arousal systems: a new synthesis of differential psychology and functional neurochemistry".
1610:
1575:
1081:
593:
477:
98:
1600:
1585:
57:
713:
363:
340:
1050:
1282:. Please reach out if you're interested in collaborating with me on that WikiProject. A few suggestions for improving this page:
1206:
Trofimova, IN (2010). "An investigation into differences between the structure of temperament and the structure of personality".
1094:
Rusalov, VM (1989). "Motor and communicative aspects of human temperament: a new questionnaire of the structure of temperament".
583:
534:
468:
429:
217:
1459:
given a mention in the History section, as his theory of the id, ego, and superego was among the first mentions of personality.
1530:
112:
43:
1316:
1013:
I agree, this is an important historic root of personality theory (if not the most important one) and it should be mentioned.
861:
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available
778:
773:
768:
763:
117:
33:
181:
87:
226:
148:
1259:
17:07, 27 December 2019 (UTC) I agree, I added a paragraph about the Eysenck and the Cloninger systems of measurement.
78:
950:
733:
1464:
746:
142:
1004:
122:
1512:
1504:
1302:
1407:
1370:
1344:
1264:
1000:
988:
969:
961:
866:
232:
138:
1166:
Temperaments: Individual Differences, Social and Environmental Influences and Impact on Quality of Life
1460:
1279:
1388:
without a merge, as there wasn't really anything worth keeping that isn't already discussed here. --
203:
1340:
1260:
984:
965:
957:
825:
188:
174:
68:
476:
on Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
371:
on Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
282:
on Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
1393:
1329:
1020:
890:
841:
812:
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between
752:
83:
705:
1508:
1500:
1449:
1425:
1381:
1355:
1312:
1298:
1078:
918:
575:
460:
64:
1403:
1366:
1215:
1188:
1103:
946:
931:
870:
791:
748:
1144:
Structure of Temperament and Its Measurement. Toronto, Canada: Psychological Services Press
1054:
942:
905:
The theory of individual differences started from the concept of temperament suggested by
154:
1485:
Ewen, R. B. (2014). An introduction to theories of personality. Psychology Press. 17-25
1047:
673:
657:
1524:
1389:
1325:
1239:
1107:
1015:
886:
874:
837:
1192:
941:
Hans Eysenck developed a 3 dimension concept of personality (Knowledge page exists:
1445:
1421:
368:
1219:
1385:
1359:
906:
857:
808:
444:
423:
37:
1499:
section that could not also be said in the Developing Biological Model section.
951:
https://en.wikipedia.org/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders
588:
565:
473:
450:
954:
279:
266:
245:
1320:
914:
750:
587:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of content related to
355:
334:
559:
528:
1516:
1468:
1453:
1411:
1397:
1374:
1348:
1333:
1306:
1268:
1026:
1008:
992:
973:
894:
845:
922:
910:
1551:
Knowledge level-3 vital articles in Society and social sciences
753:
700:
197:
28:
15:
947:
https://en.wikipedia.org/Temperament_and_Character_Inventory
672:
656:
1126:
Temperament: A Psychological Perspective. New York: Plenum
943:
https://en.wikipedia.org/Eysenck_Personality_Questionnaire
1631:
Low-importance social and political philosophy articles
1541:
Knowledge vital articles in Society and social sciences
1069:
1067:
921:. The explanation was further refined by his successor
173:
1556:
C-Class vital articles in Society and social sciences
1168:. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. pp. 77–147.
1077:, p. 438. Pearson Canada, United States of America.
852:
Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
803:
Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
472:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of
367:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of
278:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of
1636:
Social and political philosophy task force articles
1566:
Mid-importance Marketing & Advertising articles
639:
292:Knowledge:WikiProject Marketing & Advertising
1626:C-Class social and political philosophy articles
1571:WikiProject Marketing & Advertising articles
295:Template:WikiProject Marketing & Advertising
46:for general discussion of the article's subject.
187:
8:
1561:C-Class Marketing & Advertising articles
717:on 18 October 2021 for a period of one week.
1048:"Personality Psychology and the Workplace"
722:
636:
523:
418:
329:
240:
1641:Knowledge former articles for improvement
1119:
1117:
955:https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457949700148X
883:Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment
834:Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment
1137:
1135:
1478:
1039:
881:Above undated message substituted from
832:Above undated message substituted from
525:
420:
331:
275:WikiProject Marketing & Advertising
242:
201:
1181:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
1096:Personality and Individual Differences
597:about philosophy content on Knowledge.
1581:High-importance neuroscience articles
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
7:
1616:Low-importance epistemology articles
581:This article is within the scope of
466:This article is within the scope of
361:This article is within the scope of
298:Marketing & Advertising articles
272:This article is within the scope of
1591:High-importance psychology articles
1142:Rusalov, VM; Trofimova, IN (2007).
1075:Psychology the Science of Behaviour
231:It is of interest to the following
36:for discussing improvements to the
1606:Low-importance Philosophy articles
817:
813:
381:Knowledge:WikiProject Neuroscience
14:
711:This article was selected as the
384:Template:WikiProject Neuroscience
1621:Epistemology task force articles
1536:Knowledge level-3 vital articles
1428:) 03:41, 26 September 2023 (UTC)
856:
820:. Further details are available
807:
726:
704:
603:Knowledge:WikiProject Philosophy
568:
558:
527:
486:Knowledge:WikiProject Psychology
453:
443:
422:
354:
333:
265:
244:
211:
202:
58:Click here to start a new topic.
1596:WikiProject Psychology articles
1507:) 21:07, 24 January 2024 (UTC)
1193:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.008
682:Social and political philosophy
623:This article has been rated as
606:Template:WikiProject Philosophy
506:This article has been rated as
489:Template:WikiProject Psychology
401:This article has been rated as
312:This article has been rated as
1546:C-Class level-3 vital articles
1454:03:40, 26 September 2023 (UTC)
1317:Help:Referencing for beginners
1208:American Journal of Psychology
964:) 18:47, 20 October 2021 (UTC)
1:
1611:C-Class epistemology articles
1576:C-Class neuroscience articles
1412:16:42, 15 December 2023 (UTC)
1398:06:58, 29 November 2022 (UTC)
1027:17:09, 27 December 2019 (UTC)
480:and see a list of open tasks.
375:and see a list of open tasks.
286:and see a list of open tasks.
55:Put new text under old text.
1517:21:06, 24 January 2024 (UTC)
1469:06:10, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
1375:04:27, 31 October 2022 (UTC)
1349:10:37, 21 October 2021 (UTC)
1334:00:35, 20 October 2021 (UTC)
1307:16:10, 18 October 2021 (UTC)
1269:18:47, 20 October 2021 (UTC)
1220:10.5406/amerjpsyc.123.4.0467
1108:10.1016/0191-8869(89)90017-2
1073:Carlson, Neil, et al. 2010.
993:10:37, 21 October 2021 (UTC)
974:19:07, 20 October 2021 (UTC)
895:06:26, 17 January 2022 (UTC)
846:02:16, 18 January 2022 (UTC)
1601:C-Class Philosophy articles
1586:C-Class psychology articles
1274:Some suggested improvements
289:Marketing & Advertising
252:Marketing & Advertising
63:New to Knowledge? Welcome!
1657:
1009:17:12, 13 March 2018 (UTC)
629:project's importance scale
512:project's importance scale
407:project's importance scale
790:This page is archived by
680:
664:
635:
622:
553:
505:
438:
400:
349:
311:
260:
239:
93:Be welcoming to newcomers
22:Skip to table of contents
1420:Organization of Article
1402:That makes sense to me.
364:WikiProject Neuroscience
21:
714:article for improvement
640:Associated task forces:
1531:C-Class vital articles
1494:Suggested Improvements
677:
661:
584:WikiProject Philosophy
469:WikiProject Psychology
88:avoid personal attacks
1365:seemingly same stuff
865:. Student editor(s):
824:. Student editor(s):
676:
660:
387:neuroscience articles
218:level-3 vital article
113:Neutral point of view
544:Social and political
118:No original research
1124:Strelau, J (1998).
609:Philosophy articles
492:psychology articles
1354:Proposed merge of
1053:2012-04-11 at the
863:on the course page
822:on the course page
678:
662:
594:general discussion
227:content assessment
99:dispute resolution
60:
1382:Personality style
1356:Personality style
1082:978-0-205-64524-4
932:neurotransmitters
919:four temperaments
800:
799:
795:
721:
720:
699:
698:
695:
694:
691:
690:
687:
686:
576:Philosophy portal
522:
521:
518:
517:
461:Psychology portal
417:
416:
413:
412:
328:
327:
324:
323:
196:
195:
79:Assume good faith
56:
27:
26:
1648:
1486:
1483:
1380:I've redirected
1256:
1242:
1237:two dimensions.
1224:
1223:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1161:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1091:
1085:
1071:
1062:
1044:
1023:
1018:
897:
860:
848:
819:
815:
811:
789:
754:
730:
729:
723:
708:
701:
647:
637:
611:
610:
607:
604:
601:
578:
573:
572:
571:
562:
555:
554:
549:
546:
531:
524:
494:
493:
490:
487:
484:
463:
458:
457:
456:
447:
440:
439:
434:
426:
419:
389:
388:
385:
382:
379:
358:
351:
350:
345:
337:
330:
318:importance scale
300:
299:
296:
293:
290:
269:
262:
261:
256:
248:
241:
224:
215:
214:
207:
206:
198:
192:
191:
177:
108:Article policies
29:
16:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1521:
1520:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1461:Charlottercrane
1430:
1363:
1276:
1254:
1240:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1162:
1151:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1072:
1065:
1055:Wayback Machine
1045:
1041:
1021:
1016:
913:. Hippocrates'
903:
901:Removed section
880:
854:
831:
818:5 December 2018
814:29 October 2018
805:
796:
755:
749:
727:
645:
608:
605:
602:
599:
598:
574:
569:
567:
547:
537:
508:High-importance
491:
488:
485:
482:
481:
459:
454:
452:
433:High‑importance
432:
403:High-importance
386:
383:
380:
377:
376:
344:High‑importance
343:
297:
294:
291:
288:
287:
254:
225:on Knowledge's
222:
212:
134:
129:
128:
127:
104:
74:
12:
11:
5:
1654:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1429:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1362:
1352:
1337:
1336:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1275:
1272:
1253:
1248:
1233:
1232:Two dimensions
1230:
1226:
1225:
1214:(4): 467–480.
1198:
1171:
1149:
1131:
1113:
1086:
1063:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
902:
899:
853:
850:
826:Sanjanamahtani
804:
801:
798:
797:
788:
787:
784:
783:
782:
781:
776:
771:
766:
758:
757:
756:
751:
747:
745:
744:
731:
719:
718:
709:
697:
696:
693:
692:
689:
688:
685:
684:
679:
669:
668:
663:
653:
652:
650:
648:
642:
641:
633:
632:
625:Low-importance
621:
615:
614:
612:
580:
579:
563:
551:
550:
548:Low‑importance
532:
520:
519:
516:
515:
504:
498:
497:
495:
478:the discussion
465:
464:
448:
436:
435:
427:
415:
414:
411:
410:
399:
393:
392:
390:
373:the discussion
359:
347:
346:
338:
326:
325:
322:
321:
314:Mid-importance
310:
304:
303:
301:
284:the discussion
270:
258:
257:
255:Mid‑importance
249:
237:
236:
230:
208:
194:
193:
131:
130:
126:
125:
120:
115:
106:
105:
103:
102:
95:
90:
81:
75:
73:
72:
61:
52:
51:
48:
47:
41:
25:
24:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1653:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1493:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:WP:Psychology
1273:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1231:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1046:Storm Paula,
1043:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:Adam firlotte
997:
996:
995:
994:
990:
986:
980:
976:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
935:
933:
927:
924:
920:
917:gave rise to
916:
912:
908:
900:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
878:
876:
872:
868:
867:Adam firlotte
864:
859:
851:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
829:
827:
823:
810:
802:
793:
786:
785:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
760:
759:
742:
741:
736:
735:
725:
724:
716:
715:
710:
707:
703:
702:
683:
675:
671:
670:
667:
659:
655:
654:
651:
649:
644:
643:
638:
634:
630:
626:
620:
617:
616:
613:
596:
595:
590:
586:
585:
577:
566:
564:
561:
557:
556:
552:
545:
541:
536:
533:
530:
526:
513:
509:
503:
500:
499:
496:
479:
475:
471:
470:
462:
451:
449:
446:
442:
441:
437:
431:
428:
425:
421:
408:
404:
398:
395:
394:
391:
374:
370:
366:
365:
360:
357:
353:
352:
348:
342:
339:
336:
332:
319:
315:
309:
306:
305:
302:
285:
281:
277:
276:
271:
268:
264:
263:
259:
253:
250:
247:
243:
238:
234:
228:
220:
219:
209:
205:
200:
199:
190:
186:
183:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
140:
137:
136:Find sources:
133:
132:
124:
123:Verifiability
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
110:
109:
100:
96:
94:
91:
89:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
70:
66:
65:Learn to edit
62:
59:
54:
53:
50:
49:
45:
39:
35:
31:
30:
23:
20:
18:
17:
1509:Avaught23001
1501:Avaught23001
1497:
1481:
1473:
1457:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1364:
1338:
1313:Hypoplectrus
1299:Hypoplectrus
1297:
1294:personality.
1277:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1235:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1165:
1143:
1125:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1074:
1058:
1042:
1034:
1014:
981:
977:
940:
936:
928:
915:four humours
904:
879:
855:
830:
806:
738:
732:
712:
666:Epistemology
624:
592:
582:
540:Epistemology
507:
467:
402:
378:Neuroscience
369:Neuroscience
362:
341:Neuroscience
313:
273:
233:WikiProjects
216:
184:
178:
170:
163:
157:
151:
145:
135:
107:
32:This is the
1404:SnailsSpace
1386:Personality
1367:fgnievinski
1360:Personality
1187:: 382–402.
1102:: 817–827.
907:Hippocrates
871:Amcampbell2
792:ClueBot III
161:free images
44:not a forum
38:Personality
1525:Categories
1474:References
1035:References
600:Philosophy
589:philosophy
535:Philosophy
483:Psychology
474:Psychology
430:Psychology
1059:MLA Forum
280:Marketing
221:is rated
101:if needed
84:Be polite
34:talk page
1390:Xurizuri
1341:Vinculo3
1326:Xurizuri
1321:MOS:LEAD
1261:Vinculo3
1241:PizzaMan
1051:Archived
1017:PizzaMan
985:Vinculo3
966:Vinculo3
958:Vinculo3
887:PrimeBOT
875:Mabuckle
838:PrimeBOT
734:Archives
69:get help
42:This is
40:article.
1446:Moro430
1438:biology
1422:Moro430
627:on the
510:on the
405:on the
316:on the
223:C-class
167:WP refs
155:scholar
1061:, 2006
229:scale.
139:Google
1358:into
999:add.
923:Galen
911:Galen
740:Index
210:This
182:JSTOR
143:books
97:Seek
1513:talk
1505:talk
1465:talk
1450:talk
1426:talk
1408:talk
1394:talk
1371:talk
1345:talk
1330:talk
1303:talk
1265:talk
1079:ISBN
1005:talk
989:talk
970:talk
962:talk
909:and
891:talk
842:talk
816:and
779:2020
774:2017
769:2014
764:2013
502:High
397:High
175:FENS
149:news
86:and
1384:to
1255:♨♨♨
1216:doi
1212:123
1189:doi
1104:doi
1022:♨♨♨
885:by
836:by
619:Low
308:Mid
189:TWL
1527::
1515:)
1467:)
1452:)
1410:)
1396:)
1373:)
1347:)
1332:)
1305:)
1267:)
1257:]]
1210:.
1185:64
1183:.
1152:^
1134:^
1116:^
1100:10
1098:.
1066:^
1057:,
1007:)
991:)
972:)
934:.
893:)
877:.
873:,
869:,
844:)
828:.
743:)
646:/
542:/
538::
169:)
67:;
1511:(
1503:(
1463:(
1448:(
1424:(
1406:(
1392:(
1369:(
1343:(
1328:(
1301:(
1263:(
1222:.
1218::
1195:.
1191::
1146:.
1128:.
1110:.
1106::
1084:.
1003:(
987:(
968:(
960:(
889:(
840:(
794:.
737:(
631:.
514:.
409:.
320:.
235::
185:·
179:·
171:·
164:·
158:·
152:·
146:·
141:(
71:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.