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This appears to be talking about a different subject, instead of the subject of this article. I don't think the Qing ever officially adopted the concept "Zhonghua minzu" before its downfall, although the immediate roots of the concept did lie in the Qing dynasty, and Qing considered Manchu and Han
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it might be interesting to discuss the evolution of national identity, including how "Manchu" itself included specify group of Han, so their "Zhonghua Minzu" maybe a rehash of their own evolution of the Manchu identity... as
Russian and Korean population grew along the frontier, the need for
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all as "Chinese subjects" since the 17th century, as shown in official documents and treaties from that time, even though they have maintained Manchu identity at that time. As pointed out by scholars, the Manchu rulers assigned new meaning to the word 'China' while becoming
Chinese. --
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population to maintain control of their frontier region and stop foreign settlement probably influence their shift in view.
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