289:"LINE 1 - Great King Kartapu, Hero, Mursili’s son. LINE 2 - When he (i.e. Kartapu) conquered the country of Muska, the enemy came down (into) the land. The Storm-god of heaven (and) all the gods placed 13 (enemy) kings (into) the hand (of) His Majesty, Great King Hartapu. (And) he (i.e. Hartapu) took (these) 13 kings down, (with their) shields/protection and cattle (at their/and) 10 mighty-fortresses (with their) great orthostats/stones/walls (within) a year. LINE 3 - And Azari-Tiwata (or less likely Ap(a)ri-Tiwata), the scribe, car."
197:. However, Itamar Singer has proposed instead that Muwatalli II moved the capital as part of a religious reform, attempting to elevate his personal god Pihassassi, the storm-god of lightning, to a more powerful position in Hittite religious observance. A third explanation is that at this point in time, Tarhuntassa was more centrally located within the network of overland and sea routes connecting the Hittite empire and beyond, making it an ideal capital for managing trade and communication throughout the territory.
49:
20:
372:Şerifoğlu, Tevfik Emre, et al., "The Final Two Seasons of the Lower Göksu Archaeological Salvage Survey Project (2016–2017)", Proceedings of the 11th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: Vol. 2: Field Reports. Islamic Archaeology, edited by Adelheid Otto et al., 1st ed., Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 395–408, 2020
294:
related to Tarḫuntašša and continue to stand by that view though not precluding the site being Tarḫuntašša in Middle Bronze times. At the site of Kızıldağ, about 13 kilometers to the south-southeast, there is another inscription (one of 4 similar inscriptions found there) of a
Hartapu on an outcrop.
188:
to
Tarhuntassa. The reasons for this move remain unclear. Official records postdating Muwatalli II's death state that he moved the capital as the result of an omen. Generally, archaeologists explain the move as a military strategy, in order to be closer to the Syrian region in preparation for battle
293:
Because an already known inscription referred to a
Hartapu son of Mursili which some suggested was Mursili III a known king of Tarḫuntašša some researchers speculated Türkmen-Karahöyük was Tarḫuntašša. The excavators determined that the inscription dated to the 8th century BC, much too recent to be
297:
At this time the collation, the translation, and the chronology of both the Kızıldağ inscriptions and the Türkmen-Karahöyük inscription (as well as similar inscriptions at BURUNKAYA and Topada) are still unsettled. Dating for the various related inscriptions, including the ones naming
Hartapu, has
298:
been determined to be either 12th century BC or 8th century BC. In the case of the Türkmen-Karahöyük inscription it is thought that not all three lines were inscribed at the same time. The scientific consensus is that there was an earlier
Hartapu and a later one.
280:
inscription in an irrigation ditch. Investigation showed that the stone had originally been at the top of the mound but had been moved during illegal excavations. The inscription detailed a ruler named Harapu's victory over Muska, which the epigraphers propose is
684:Şenyurt, Y./A. Akçay, "Topada Yazıtına Farklı bir Bakış: Geç Hitit Döneminde Orta Anadolu’da Güç Dengeleri / A Different Viewpoint for Topada Inscription: Balance of Power in Central Anatolian Late Hittite Period", TÜBA-AR 22, pp. 95–117, 2018
272:-600 BC). At those times it reached an extent of over 120 hectares making it largest site in west and central Anatolia. During a 2019 regional archaeological survey, called the Konya Regional Archaeological Survey Project,
591:
Massa, Michele and
Osborne, James F., "On the Identity of Hartapu: Textual, Historical and Archaeological Analysis of an Anatolian Iron Age Ruler", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 85-103,
212:
as king in
Tarhuntassa. The treaty mostly refers to the appointed king as Ulmi-Tessup; consequently, some scholars believe that Ulmi-Tessup and Kurunta are two different rulers of Tarhuntassa.
743:
Sürenhagen, Dietrich, "Untersuchungen zur
Bronzetafel und weiteren Verträgen mit der Sekundogenitur in Tarḫuntašša", Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, vol. 87, no. 4–5, pp. 341–356, 1992
573:
Goedegebuure, Petra, et al., "Türkmen-Karahöyük 1: a new
Hieroglyphic Luwian inscription from Great King Hartapu, son of Mursili, conqueror of Phrygia", Anatolian Studies 70, pp. 29-43, 2020
234:
Kurunta later claimed the title of Great King for himself. Whether or not this claim extended to the whole domain of Hatti, the court in
Hattusa contested it (and buried the treaty).
754:
Zimmermann, Thomas, et al., "The Metal Tablet from Boğazköy-Hattuša: First Archaeometric Impressions*", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 225–29, 2010
123:
for a time and later became a regional power in its own right. The kingdom controlled by the city is known by the same name and its approximate borders are known from texts.
163:(formerly known as Maltepe). Kızıldağ has been suggested based on the idea that Hartapus was possibly a ruler of Tarḫuntassa. Another proposed location is at the site of
704:
Hawkins, J. David, and Mark Weeden, "The New Inscription from Türkmenkarahöyük and its Historical Context", Altorientalische Forschungen 48.2, pp. 384-400, 2021
734:
F. Imparati and F. Pecchiol Daddi, "Le relazioni politiche fra Hatti e Tarhuntassa all'epoca di Hattusili III e Tuthaliya IV", Eothen 4, pp. 23–68, 1991
143:, was investigated and put forward as the site of Tarḫuntassa by Michele Massa, James Osborne and Christoph Bachhuber. Previously proposed locations include
799:
582:
Peker, Hasan, "Türkmen-KarahöyükK 1, A New Reading and Interpretation", Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires (NABU) 2020/4, pp. 249-250, 2020
555:
Massa, M., and J. Osborne, "The KRASP 2019 field season and the discovery of an Iron Age capital at Türkmen-Karahöyük", Heritage Turkey 33, pp. 34, 2019
737:
Singer, Itamar, "Western Anatolia in the Thirteenth Century B.C. According to the Hittite Sources", Anatolian Studies, vol. 33, pp. 205–17, 1983
564:
Osborne, James F., et al., "The city of Hartapu: results of the Türkmen-Karahöyük Intensive Survey Project", Anatolian Studies 70, pp. 1-27, 2020
675:
d’Alfonso, L., "War in Anatolia in the Post-Hittite Period: The Anatolian Hieroglyphic Inscription of TOPADA Revised", JCS 71, pp. 133–152, 2019
626:
651:
449:"The Making of Hittite Imperial Landscapes: Territoriality and Balance of Power in South-Central Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age"
393:"The Making of Hittite Imperial Landscapes: Territoriality and Balance of Power in South-Central Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age"
804:
381:
Bryce, T. R., "Some Geographical and Political Aspects of Mursilis’ Arzawan Campaign", Anatolian Studies, vol. 24, pp. 103–16, 1974
307:
719:
D'ALFONSO, LORENZO, "Tarḫuntašša in einem Text aus Emar", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 314–321, 1999
809:
330:
Martino, Stefano de, "Ura and the boundaries of Tarḫuntašša", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 291-300, 1999
231:
Land on the Aegean coast. This implies that Tarhuntassa's stature was now a matter of importance for all western Anatolia.
227:. This treaty, unlike previous treaties involving Tarhuntassa, calls to witness the Hittites' vassal kings of Mira and the
693:
Oreshko, R., "New Readings in the Hieroglyphic-Luwian Inscriptions of BURUNKAYA and KIZILDAĞ 4", Kadmos 55, pp. 1–16, 2016
273:
764:
81:
769:
258:
Though occupied beginning in the Late Chalcolithic period this site was most heavily occupied in the Late Bronze Age (
223:
re-ratified Kurunta as king in a treaty inscribed in bronze. At this time, Kurunta was leading his forces to war with
749:
132:
728:
Hawkins, J. D., "Kuzi-Tešub and the ‘Great Kings’ of Karkamiš", Anatolian Studies, vol. 38, pp. 99–108, 1988
55:
33:
722:
Del Monte, Giuseppe F., "ULMITEŠUB RE DI TARHUNTAŠA", Egitto e Vicino Oriente, vol. 14/15, pp. 123–48, 1991
602:
355:
37:
731:
Hawkins, J.D., "The Hieroglyphic Inscription of the Sacred Pool Complex at Hattusa (Südburg)", Wiesbaden, 1995
770:
Luwian Royal Inscription - Türkmen-Karahöyük, Turkey - Archaeology - BENJAMIN LEONARD - January/February 2021
751:
Woudhuizen, Fred, "Luwian hieroglyphic texts in late Bronze Age scribal tradition", Harrassowitz Verlag, 2021
789:
48:
775:
The City of Hartapu: Results of the Türkmen-Karahöyük Intensive Survey Project - James F. Osbourne - video
277:
59:
740:
Singer, Itamar, "Great Kings of Tarhuntašša", Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici 38, pp. 63–71, 1996
716:
R. H. Beal, "Kurunta of Tarhuntassa and the Imperial Hittite Mausoleum", AnSt 43, pp. 29–39, 1993
702:
164:
148:
746:
T. P. J. van den Hout, "A Chronology of the Tarhuntassa-Treaties", JCS 41, pp. 100–114, 1989
470:
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119:) mentioned in contemporary documents. Its location is unknown. The city was the capital of the
794:
460:
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27:
247:
243:
725:
O. R. Gurney, "The Treaty with Ulmi-Tešub", Anatolian Studies, 43, pp. 13–28, 1993
434:
Muwatalli's Prayer to the Assembly of Gods through the Storm-God of Lightning (CTH 381)
194:
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627:"Oriental Institute archaeologists help discover lost kingdom in ancient Turkey"
603:"Archaeologists discover lost city that may have conquered the kingdom of Midas"
356:"Archaeologists discover lost city that may have conquered the kingdom of Midas"
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652:"VICE - Archaeologists Have Discovered a Lost Ancient Kingdom in Turkey"
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inscription that Hatti had attacked and sacked the city of Tarhuntassa.
544:
The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History
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A New Iron Age Kingdom in Anatolia: King Hartapu and his Capital City
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Türkmen-Karahöyük Intensive Survey Project at the Oriental Institute
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and that Tarḫuntassa was another name for Hulaya River Land.
345:(lecture; video) Oriental Institute, University of Chicago.
208:
deposed Mursili, the new king appointed Muwatalli's son
436:. Atlanta: American Schools of Oriental Research.
131:In 2019, a previously little-researched site at
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204:later moved the capital back to Hattusa. After
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546:. Oxford, New York 2012, p. 21 f, 29, 145.
503:, according to Gurney (1993), p. 19.
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340:James Osborne & Michele Massa, 2019,
453:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History
397:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History
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38:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
276:archaeologists unearthed a monumental
242:Toward the end of the Hittite empire,
7:
14:
800:Former populated places in Turkey
40: instead of cuneiform script.
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308:Cities of the ancient Near East
285:but which is still unresolved.
265:-1100 BC) and Middle Iron Age (
184:moved the Hittite capital from
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180:In the early 13th century BC,
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512:This treaty is referenced as
274:Oriental Institute of Chicago
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826:
631:University of Chicago News
238:Fall of the Hittite Empire
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62:in this article correctly.
805:Late Bronze Age collapse
447:Matessi, Alvise (2016).
391:Matessi, Alvise (2016).
466:10.1515/janeh-2017-0004
432:Singer, Itamar (1996).
410:10.1515/janeh-2017-0004
524:106 in Gurney (1993).
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216:Kurunta of Tarhuntassa
111:city in south-central
26:This article contains
810:Lost cities and towns
533:Bronze Tablet III 59.
60:Anatolian hieroglyphs
362:. 21 February 2020.
248:Hieroglyphic Luwian
200:Muwatalli II's son
176:New Hittite capital
82:Hieroglyphic Luwian
658:. 25 February 2020
633:. 20 February 2020
278:Luwian Hieroglyphs
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133:Türkmen-Karahöyük
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784:Categories
662:2020-06-28
637:2020-06-28
612:2020-06-28
319:References
270: 900
229:Seha River
109:Bronze Age
86:𔖖𔓢𔕙𔑯𔗦
77:𒀭𒅎𒋫𒀸𒊭
475:133662324
419:133662324
191:Ramses II
607:phys.org
516:IV 10 +
499:And not
360:phys.org
302:See also
127:Location
113:Anatolia
107:) was a
99:City of
795:Luwians
283:Phrygia
210:Kurunta
186:Hattusa
171:History
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153:Cilicia
139:on the
135:, near
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159:, and
117:Turkey
471:S2CID
415:S2CID
225:Parha
189:with
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137:Çumra
592:2022
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