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drum. The two rollers are connected to each other by a belt- or chain-drive so that their relative speeds cause the storage drum to gently pull fibres from the licker-in. This pulling straightens the fibres and lays them between the wire pins of the storage drum's card cloth. Fibre is added until the storage drum's card cloth is full. A gap in the card cloth facilitates removal of the batt when the card cloth is full.
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roving, by stretching it thinner and thinner, until it is the desired thickness (often rovings are the thickness of a wrist). (A rolag differs from a roving because it is not a continuous strand, and because the fibres end up going across instead of along the strand.) Cotton fibres are fed into the machine, picked up and brushed onto flats when carded.
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269:, had at least 11 card clothing factories and by 1893, it was generally accepted as the card cloth capital of the world, though by 2008 only two manufacturers of metallic and flexible card clothing remained in England: Garnett Wire Ltd., dating from 1851, and Joseph Sellers & Son Ltd., established in 1840.
152:
Common to all carders is card clothing. Card clothing is made from a sturdy flexible backing in which closely spaced wire pins are embedded. The shape, length, diameter, and spacing of these wire pins are dictated by the card designer and the particular requirements of the application where the card
1419:
that naturally comes with the wool has not been washed out, leaving the wool with a slightly greasy feel. The large drum carders do not tend to get along well with lanolin, so most commercial worsted and woollen mills wash the wool before carding. Hand carders (and small drum carders too, though the
226:
From the 1780s, the carding machines were set up in mills in the north of
England and mid-Wales. Priority was given to cotton but woollen fibres were being carded in Yorkshire in 1780. With woollen, two carding machines were used: the first or the scribbler opened and mixed the fibres, the second or
1520:
Straightened fibres are carried by the swift to the fancy. The fancy's card cloth is designed to engage with the swift's card cloth so that the fibres are lifted to the tips of the swift's card cloth and carried by the swift to the doffer. The fancy and the swift are the only rollers in the carding
1516:
As the swift carries the fibres forward, from the nippers, those fibres that are not yet straightened are picked up by a worker and carried over the top to its paired stripper. Relative to the surface speed of the swift, the worker turns quite slowly. This has the effect of reversing the fibre. The
1202:
The cotton comes off of the picking machine in laps, and is then taken to carding machines. The carders line up the fibres nicely to make them easier to spin. The carding machine consists mainly of one big roller with smaller ones surrounding it. All of the rollers are covered with small teeth, and
1238:
combines 4 slivers into one. Repeated drawing increases the quality of the sliver allowing for finer counts to be spun. Each sliver will have thin and thick spots, and by combining several slivers together a more consistent size can be reached. Since combining several slivers produces a very thick
99:
suitable for subsequent processing. This is achieved by passing the fibres between differentially moving surfaces covered with "card clothing", a firm flexible material embedded with metal pins. It breaks up locks and unorganised clumps of fibre and then aligns the individual fibres to be parallel
1440:
The simplest machine carder is the drum carder. Most drum carders are hand-cranked but some are powered by an electric motor. These machines generally have two rollers, or drums, covered with card clothing. The licker-in, or smaller roller meters fibre from the infeed tray onto the larger storage
1378:
Hand cards are typically square or rectangular paddles manufactured in a variety of sizes from 2 by 2 inches (5.1 cm Ă— 5.1 cm) to 4 by 8 inches (10 cm Ă— 20 cm). The working face of each paddle can be flat or cylindrically curved and wears the card cloth. Small cards,
1524:
The slowly turning doffer removes the fibres from the swift and carries them to the fly comb where they are stripped from the doffer. A fine web of more or less parallel fibre, a few fibres thick and as wide as the carder's rollers, exits the carder at the fly comb by gravity or other mechanical
1270:
When the fibre comes off the drum, it is in the form of a bat – a flat, orderly mass of fibres. If a small drum carder is being used, the bat is the length of the circumference of the big drum and is often the finished product. A big drum carder, though, will then take that bat and turn it into
1512:
Raw fibre, placed on the in-feed table or conveyor is moved to the nippers which restrain and meter the fiber onto the swift. As they are transferred to the swift, many of the fibres are straightened and laid into the swift's card cloth. These fibres will be carried past the worker or stripper
1300:
279:
A 1780s scribbling mill would be driven by a water wheel. There were 170 scribbling mills around Leeds at that time. Each scribbler would require 15–45 horsepower (11–34 kW) to operate. Modern machines are driven by belting from an electric motor or an overhead shaft via two pulleys.
249:
invented the first practical machines to use a wire card. He patented this machine and also a new form of card with layers of cloth and rubber. The combination of these two inventions became the standard for the carding industry, using machines first built by Parr, Curtis and Walton in
1363:
1266:
A carder that takes up a full room works very similarly, the main difference being that the fibre goes through many more drums often with intervening cross laying to even out the load on the subsequent cards, which normally get finer as the fibre progresses through the system.
1306:
1304:
1302:
1305:
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Cottage carding machines differ significantly from the simple drum card. These carders do not store fibre in the card cloth as the drum carder does; rather, fibre passes through the workings of the carder for storage or for additional processing by other machines.
1517:
stripper, which turns at a higher speed than the worker, pulls fibres from the worker and passes them to the swift. The stripper's relative surface speed is slower than the swift's so the swift pulls the fibres from the stripper for additional straightening.
1444:
Some drum carders have a soft-bristled brush attachment that presses the fibre into the storage drum. This attachment serves to condense the fibres already in the card cloth and adds a small amount of additional straightening to the condensed fibre.
1303:
195:, England, invented two hand driven carding machines. The first used a coat of wires on a flat table moved by foot pedals. This failed. On the second, a coat of wire slips was placed around a card which was then wrapped around a cylinder.
1367:
1364:
149:. When blending, the carding process combines the different fibres into a homogeneous mix. Commercial cards also have rollers and systems designed to remove some vegetable matter contaminants from the wool.
172:
ascribes the invention of bow-instruments used in textile technology to India. The earliest evidence for using bow-instruments for carding comes from India (2nd century CE). These carding devices, called
184:
At the turn of the eighteenth century, wool in
England was being carded using pairs of hand cards, in a two-stage process: 'working' with the cards opposed and 'stripping' where they are in parallel.
1479:
153:
cloth will be used. A later version of the card clothing product developed during the latter half of the 19th century and was found only on commercial carding machines, whereby a single piece of
1366:
1219:
itself is the combing of the tangled lap into a thick rope or sliver of 1/2 inch in diameter, it can then be optionally combed, is used to remove the shorter fibres, creating a stronger yarn.
276:, in the 1780s. In the 1890s, the town produced one-third of all hand and machine cards in North America. John and Arthur Slater, from Saddleworth went over to work with Slater in 1793.
1301:
1283:
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A typical cottage carder has a single large drum (the swift) accompanied by a pair of in-feed rollers (nippers), one or more pairs of worker and stripper rollers, a fancy, and a
1574:
1382:
A pair of cards is used to brush the wool between them until the fibres are more or less aligned in the same direction. The aligned fibre is then peeled from the card as a
1239:
rope of cotton fibres, directly after being combined the slivers are separated into rovings. These rovings (or slubbings) are then what are used in the spinning process.
1203:
as the cotton progresses further on the teeth get finer (i.e. closer together). The cotton leaves the carding machine in the form of a sliver; a large rope of fibres.
1501:. In-feed to the carder is usually accomplished by hand or by conveyor belt and often the output of the cottage carder is stored as a batt or further processed into
1801:
1274:
Some hand-spinners have a small drum carder at home especially for the purpose of mixing together the different coloured fibre that are bought already carded.
1584:
1365:
1415:
Carding of wool can either be done "in the grease" or not, depending on the type of machine and on the spinner's preference. "In the grease" means that the
1679:
1257:
The carders used currently in woollen mills differ very little from machines used 20 to 50 years ago, and in some cases, the machines are from that era.
1464:
1506:
1962:
1889:
1386:. Carding is an activity normally done outside or over a drop cloth, depending on the wool's cleanliness. Rolag is peeled from the card.
211:. Arkwright's second patent (of 1775) for his carding machine was subsequently declared invalid (1785) because it lacked originality.
2046:
1939:
1708:
1338:
was a cottage industry that used the same processes but on a smaller scale. These skills have survived as an artisan craft or as a
2119:
1318:
1993:
1639:
1372:
117:, as dried vegetable teasels were first used to comb the raw wool before technological advances led to the use of machines.
1260:
Machine carders vary in size from the one that easily fits on the kitchen table, to the carder that takes up a full room
1254:
reduces it to a finer thread, gives more twist, makes more regular and even in thickness, and winds onto a smaller tube.
1242:
For machine processing, a roving is about the width of a pencil. The rovings are collected in a drum and proceed to the
125:
These ordered fibres can then be passed on to other processes that are specific to the desired end use of the fibre:
2317:
1379:
called flick cards, are used to flick the ends of a lock of fibre, or to tease out some strands for spinning off.
2226:
1539:
1980:
Richards, R.T.D. (1972), "The development of the modern woollen carding machine", in
Jenkins, J. Geraint (ed.),
273:
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31:
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1614:
246:
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214:
79:
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1579:
1207:
In a wider sense carding can refer to the four processes of willowing, lapping, carding and drawing. In
95:
is a mechanical process that disentangles, cleans and intermixes fibres to produce a continuous web or
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obtained a similar patent in the same year, and probably used it in his spinning mill at
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1982:
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37:
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yarn, etc. Carding can also be used to create blends of different fibres or different
2301:
2271:
2231:
2180:
2089:
1701:
The
Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilisation, and Colonial Rule in India
1668:
697:
690:
160:
Carding machines are known as cards. Fibre may be carded by hand for hand spinning.
196:
1647:
1428:
203:, but this burnt down in 1754. The invention was later developed and improved by
2014:
1952:
2281:
2190:
2099:
1534:
1485:
Diagram showing name, location, and rotation of rollers used on a cottage carder
1195:
266:
227:
the condenser mixed and formed the web. The first in Wales was in a factory at
126:
2195:
2159:
1505:
and wound into bumps with an accessory bump winder. The cottage carder in the
1389:
1250:
are used to repeat the slubbing process to produce a finer yarn, and then the
262:
200:
192:
188:
1756:
The
Strutts and the Arkwrights 1758-1830: a Study in the Early Factory System
2154:
2149:
392:
353:
181:, would loosen the texture of the fibre by the means of a vibrating string.
154:
41:
Dyed wool being carded with a 1949 Tatham carding machine at
Jamieson Mill,
17:
2009:
157:
wire was wrapped around a roller, became known as metallic card clothing.
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1554:
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114:
50:
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42:
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directions may not recommend it) can be used to card lanolin-rich wool.
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1975:(Third ed.), Deansgate, Manchester: John Heywood Ltd, p. 637
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1190:: the fibres are separated and then assembled into a loose strand (
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in 1789. These carding mills produced yarn particularly for the
2069:
1350:
134:
2028:
1672:
1312:
A wool carder from 1913 at the
Mueller Tuchfabrik, Euskirchen
1215:
the dust is removed to create a flat sheet or lap of fibres;
2024:
1954:
Power from Steam: A History of the
Stationary Steam Engine
1408:
This product (rovings, rolags, and batts) can be used for
1622:
Journal of
Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management
1769:
1767:
1765:
1722:
1720:
218:
A "Cotton carder": an old engraving copied from artist
27:
Process that disentangles, cleans and intermixes fibres
1703:. the State University of New York Press. p. 57.
1575:
Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution
2219:
2173:
2127:
2062:
1882:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts, Volume 1
1981:
1743:. Manchester University Press. pp. 419–448.
104:, carding is the step that comes after teasing.
1200:
1988:(1 ed.), London : Routledge & Kegan,
1758:. Manchester University Press. pp. 65–80.
1324:19th-century ox-powered double carding machine
2040:
1741:The Cotton Industry and Industrial Lancashire
254:, and from 1857 by Jams Walton & Sons at
100:with each other. In preparing wool fibre for
8:
1683:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1585:Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
1957:, Cambridge University Press, p. 244,
1821:. Newtown: Phillips & Son. p. 308.
108:
2047:
2033:
2025:
1984:The wool textile industry in Great Britain
1800:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1615:"The Technology of Terry Towel production"
1246:which adds twist, and winds onto bobbins.
1739:Wadsworth, A. P.; Mann, J. de L. (1931).
1525:means for storage or further processing.
1773:
1754:Fitton, R. S.; Wadsworth, A. P. (1958).
1726:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1855:
1843:
1831:
1605:
1460:
1276:
60:Cotton carder (known as dhunuri or lep
1793:
1867:
1628:(4). North Carolina Stare University.
1613:Yilmaz, Nasire Deniz; Powell (2005).
1470:Using a cottage carder to card white
7:
1436:hair with a hand-cranked drum carder
272:Baird from Scotland took carding to
1198:) at the conclusion of this stage.
107:The word is derived from the Latin
25:
1640:"Preparing Wool for Handspinning"
2118:
2008:
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1934:, Pergamon Press, p. 258,
290:Cotton manufacturing processes
1646:. 27 July 2007. Archived from
1373:Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum
1334:Predating mechanised weaving,
1289:A restored carding machine at
284:Cotton manufacturing processes
83:William Tatham Breaker carder.
1:
1521:process that actually touch.
1973:The Students Cotton Spinning
1786:Jenkins, J. Geraint (1969).
1455:Workings of a cottage carder
1211:the fibres are loosened. In
1884:. Oxford University Press.
1278:Historical Carding Machines
2334:
1815:Williams, Richard (1894).
1788:The Welsh Woollen Industry
29:
2227:Cotton-spinning machinery
2116:
1880:Campbell, Gordon (2006).
1790:. Cardiff. pp. 33–4.
1540:Cotton-spinning machinery
1159:
316:
312:
307:
1971:Nasmith, Joseph (1896),
1818:Montgomeryshire worthies
1047:Sizing/slashing/dressing
314:
310:
305:
274:Leicester, Massachusetts
32:Carding (disambiguation)
1930:Collier, Ann M (1970),
1680:Encyclopædia Britannica
1509:supports both outputs.
2247:Magnetic ring spinning
2242:DREF friction spinning
2021:) at Wikimedia Commons
1932:A Handbook of Textiles
1699:Baber, Zaheer (1996).
1550:DREF friction spinning
1513:rollers to the fancy.
1437:
1405:
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1359:
1227:
1205:
1184:
223:
109:
84:
76:
53:
2252:Mule spinners' cancer
1949:Hills, Richard Leslie
1580:Textile manufacturing
1431:
1393:A carding machine in
1392:
1370:
1353:
1225:
1182:
217:
82:
59:
40:
2287:Wool combing machine
222:'s 1782 illustration
30:For other uses, see
2220:Industrial spinning
2174:Hand spinning tools
1905:Matherne, Patrick.
1545:Doubling (textiles)
1248:Intermediate Frames
291:
113:meaning thistle or
1438:
1406:
1376:
1360:
1340:art form and hobby
1228:
1185:
426:Finishing scutcher
289:
224:
168:Science historian
85:
77:
54:
2318:Indian inventions
2295:
2294:
2237:Open-end spinning
2013:Media related to
1964:978-0-521-45834-4
1907:"What is Carding"
1891:978-0-19-518948-3
1834:, pp. 66, 67
1560:Open end spinning
1368:
1336:hand loom weaving
1307:
1226:A combing machine
1176:
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205:Richard Arkwright
16:(Redirected from
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2211:Spinner's weasel
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1358:using hand cards
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1291:Quarry Bank Mill
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1449:Cottage carders
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1399:Hainan Province
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1348:
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1322:
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1310:
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1183:Carding machine
1177:
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220:Pierre Sonnerat
209:Samuel Crompton
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35:
28:
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22:
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12:
11:
5:
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2277:Throstle frame
2274:
2269:
2267:Spinning jenny
2264:
2262:Spinning frame
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2221:
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2206:Spinning wheel
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
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2170:
2168:
2167:
2165:Twist per inch
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2157:
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2147:
2142:
2137:
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2129:
2125:
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2117:
2115:
2113:
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2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
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264:
261:By 1838, the
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1983:
1972:
1953:
1931:
1924:Bibliography
1910:. Retrieved
1900:
1881:
1875:
1863:
1856:Collier 1970
1851:
1846:, p. 69
1844:Collier 1970
1839:
1832:Collier 1970
1827:
1817:
1810:
1787:
1781:
1755:
1749:
1740:
1734:
1700:
1678:
1663:
1652:. Retrieved
1648:the original
1643:
1634:
1625:
1621:
1608:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1496:
1492:
1443:
1439:
1424:Drum carders
1414:
1407:
1381:
1377:
1346:Hand carders
1333:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1251:
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1201:
1187:
1186:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1155:
890:Weaving shed
889:
704:
658:Fine roving
480:Carding room
479:
468:
318:Blowing room
317:
308:Bale breaker
278:
271:
260:
247:James Walton
244:
225:
197:Daniel Bourn
186:
183:
178:
174:
167:
159:
151:
124:
106:
92:
91:production,
86:
2282:Water frame
2191:Niddy noddy
1870:, p. 4
1535:Cotton mill
1507:image below
1354:Creating a
267:Cleckheaton
263:Spen Valley
18:Teased wool
2302:Categories
2196:Nostepinne
2160:Short draw
2128:Techniques
1995:0710069790
1868:Hills 1993
1654:2014-09-16
1596:References
513:Sliver lap
242:industry.
201:Leominster
193:Birmingham
189:Lewis Paul
177:(bow) and
2155:Scutching
2150:Long draw
2063:Materials
1796:cite book
1644:La Hottée
1293:in the UK
1209:willowing
846:Bleaching
610:Slubbing
354:Willowing
2308:Spinning
2145:Heckling
2056:Spinning
2019:category
1951:(1993),
1565:Spinning
1555:Gig-mill
1529:See also
1432:Carding
1410:spinning
1061:Spooling
841:Bundling
797:Doubling
705:Spinning
592:Drawing
436:Teasing
399:Batting
393:scutcher
391:Breaker
245:In 1834
229:Dolobran
187:In 1748
155:serrated
121:Overview
102:spinning
51:Scotland
47:Shetland
43:Sandness
2201:Spindle
2186:Distaff
2140:Combing
2135:Carding
2110:Worsted
2015:Carding
1417:lanolin
1232:drawing
1217:Carding
1213:lapping
1188:Carding
1100:Weaving
1009:Gassing
995:Warping
957:Cabling
943:Beaming
905:Winding
836:Winding
786:Reeling
550:Combing
469:Carding
431:Lapping
252:Ancoats
240:flannel
179:dhunaki
164:History
147:colours
143:worsted
139:woollen
131:batting
110:Carduus
93:carding
89:textile
70:Kolkata
2313:Fibers
2105:Woolen
2090:Staple
2085:Sliver
2080:Roving
1992:
1961:
1938:
1888:
1707:
1503:roving
1499:doffer
1472:alpaca
1395:Haikou
1192:sliver
1164:Bundle
647:Roving
233:Meifod
127:Cotton
115:teasel
97:sliver
66:Howrah
62:wallah
2075:Rolag
1912:8 May
1618:(PDF)
1601:Notes
1434:llama
1403:China
1384:rolag
1356:rolag
1330:Tools
1156:Cloth
237:Welsh
231:near
175:kaman
74:India
64:) in
2070:Noil
1990:ISBN
1959:ISBN
1936:ISBN
1914:2012
1886:ISBN
1802:link
1705:ISBN
207:and
135:felt
2100:Tow
2095:Top
1230:In
1196:tow
1194:or
191:of
141:or
87:In
2304::
1798:}}
1794:{{
1764:^
1719:^
1689:^
1677:.
1642:.
1624:.
1620:.
1412:.
1401:,
1397:,
1342:.
1263:.
1234:a
258:.
137:,
133:,
129:,
72:,
68:,
49:,
45:,
2048:e
2041:t
2034:v
2017:(
1916:.
1894:.
1804:)
1713:.
1657:.
1626:4
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
