Template:Harvard citation - Knowledge (XXG)

32: 1701:...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2018|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== ]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2018|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} 83: 121: 2141:

Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many

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Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Knowledge (XXG) or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices

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Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal

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Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full

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Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> More article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> Still more article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=26}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020 |

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Article text.<ref name=Smith2008p25>{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=25}}.</ref> More article text.<ref name=Smith2008p25/> Still more article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=26}}.</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date =

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Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b

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to make the anchor. (As of November 2010, there are only approximately 100 articles that require this technique.) It is also possible that (3) local editors would prefer not to use citation templates. In this case, it is important to discuss what the local editors would like to do about the bad

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Article text.{{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{harvid|Big Government Agency|1999}} }}

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Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2007 | title = Smith's Book }}

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There are several other templates that are designed for use with shortened footnotes. They differ slightly in the way they format the author-date citation and how much of their functionality is automated. A full list of these related templates is

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Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{harvid|A particularly unusual citation}} }}

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Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see

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of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both

5112:== References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} 2843:

Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}}

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Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }}

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There are several templates used to create short citations; they differ in the use and placement of parentheses, in the separator before the page or location, and in whether a terminal full stop (period) is present:

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since 2022. This usage has not been deprecated within internal pages such as Knowledge (XXG) documentation, user pages, or wikiprojects, though there is rarely a practical use for it instead of just using normal

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template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. Any kind of unusual link can also be constructed using the idiom

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Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal

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Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}

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Interesting fact.{{#tag:ref|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2017}}}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2017 | title = Smith's other book }}

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Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See

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Names must be unique. You may not use the same name to define different groups or footnotes. Try to avoid picking a name that someone else is likely to choose for a new citation, such as

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Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2006|p=25}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | title = Smith's book | date = 2006 }}

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The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}.

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can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations.

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Names should have semantic value, so that they can be more easily distinguished from each other by human editors who are looking at the wikitext. This means that ref names like

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To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example

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In a few very rare cases, it may be impossible for the citation templates to create an anchor. Either (1) the citation is formatted with a template that does not support the

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Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1999|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{vcite book | author = Smith K | date = 1999 | title = Smith's 1999 Book | harvid = Smith1999 }}

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error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding

3321:: Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, tag the citation with 7092: 7049: 43: 988:

is used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This parameter is usually not necessary, and it is more common to use

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can be used to create separate explanatory footnotes from short citations, as shown in the first example. An article that uses this technique extensively is

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parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date.

6293: 6499: 6367: 1008:, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter 6271: 2927:

to create an anchor for the Harvard citation templates. This must be set to a concatenation of the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template.

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given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in

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with a link to the full citation. It should only be used within footnotes or on internal pages. Use of inline parenthetical referencing within the

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According to {{harvtxt|Smith|2009|p=25}} ... ==References== * {{citation | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2009 | title = Smith's Book }}

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You may optionally provide reference names even when the reference name is not required. This makes later re-use of the sourced reference easier.

1098:"A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} 1662:(lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as 6603: 6231: 6111: 4344:; please see their documentation pages. Editors editing one of these templates are requested to make parallel changes to the other versions. 3797: 2089:

The above solution to add a letter suffix after the year element also works for multiple authors with the same last name. For example, both

6585: 6504: 4163: 3902: 3365:: check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. 2097:

published books in 2006. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "2006a" and the second one "2006b".

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This template creates a short author–date citation with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page.

6329: 4793:==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John ... Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary ... Jones' book}} 99: 7035: 6818:

Usual not used. Reference value that links the short citation to the full citation. If you specify |ref=none, no hyperlink is created.

6372: 4408:) has the same effect, automatically adds a period (full stop) after the page number, and combines identical footnotes automatically. 7060: 95: 6266: 6224: 4328:

All of these templates have the same parameters and basic functionality. This page describes all of them except the parameters of

3193:, which does not use a trailing period (full stop) when rendering full citations. The postscript is only effective the first time 6509: 1062:

Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}}

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parameter or (2) the source can't be described using our citation templates at all. In these cases, it is possible to use

2920: 213:). This citation style is used to reduce clutter in the edit window and to combine multiple citations to the same source. 39: 6276: 7108: 3686: 3181:

removes the final period. Compare the two examples. Suppressing the default period (full stop) ensures consistency with

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from a Harvard style citation to a full citation at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If:

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appropriately, if necessary). Otherwise consult with local editors on the talk page about how to proceed. Either add

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can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. The parameters

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When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like

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citation templates are used liberally throughout the article, then reformat the full citation with the appropriate

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making it easier to consistently create such internal links in small superscript or plain-text label styles.)

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has been advised to hold this additional information, but it is not suitable for this purpose. Two or more

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The citation does not have an author's, or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors).

2094: 3528:: remove the cite span (these are deprecated) and proceed following the recommendation immediately above. 6479: 6352: 6347: 5540: 5536: 5456: 4312: 3355: 3182: 2176:

Smith; Jones; Brown; Black; Davis; Martinez; Hsu (1994). "Scientific paper written by many scientists".

1876: 323:> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation 5872: 3209:

is recommended in order to make it clear that an editor intended there to be no terminal punctuation.

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in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor.

2113:) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use the 1831:, the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year element of the 1648: 6139: 6124: 3759: 3372:: check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. 232: 206: 6484: 5544: 5221: 5194: 3885: 2798: 2786: 6190: 3758:

associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the

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can be used to change the text which appears at the end of the note in the reference list. (See

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can be used to indicate the location in the source, such as page numbers. For single pages, use

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templates, or remove all templates, depending on what local editors prefer. A few articles use

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This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at

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and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead.

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Smith; Jones; Brown; Black; Davis; Martinez; Hsu (1995). "Another paper by many scientists".

1978:. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: 6555: 6489: 6382: 6093: 5946: 5205: 5178: 5088: 5053: 5011: 4578: 4561: 3911: 3859: 3746: 3739: 3305:

If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted

1473: 1042: 134: 127: 6544: 6205: 6168: 6071: 5992: 5021: 4989: 4970: 4844: 4664: 4641: 4383: 4362: 3806: 3549: 3408: 2878: 2819: 2811: 2283: 2119: 2090: 1673: 1657: 1191: 1034: 999: 991: 5857:|last=Smith|first=John|date=27 January 2006|title=My Life}} 6142:, so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with 5949:

and numerals. If spaces are used, the following technical restrictions become relevant:

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can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote. Examples are below.

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The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g.

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The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from

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Please consider keeping reference names short, simple, and restricted to the standard

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Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref>

4109: 4090: 185:. Any usage of parenthetical references in the body of an article can be converted to 7102: 5842: 5358: 5341: 4873: 4862: 4852: 4676: 4647: 4331: 4231: 4196: 3832: 3504: 3346: 3021: 1681: 1165:

Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content

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in the citation template, which allows a more concise citation in the article text.

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If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in

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Quotation marks are preferred but optional if the only characters used are letters

5548: 5523: 5084: 5049: 4836: 4399: 4356: 4154: 3338: 3196: 3176: 3029: 1849:). Make sure to add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. 1483: 1466: 1449: 1426: 975: 958: 330:> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like 6199:. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. 6089:

To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors,

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template will work correctly inside the footnote, as shown in the second example.

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harv generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters:

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For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date.

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Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|2020|p=25}}</ref>

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to create an anchor for the Harvard citation templates. This can be set with

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that is linked to the full citation at the bottom of the article. Template

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The name is spelled or capitalized differently here than in the citation.

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Alternatively, some style guides recommend using the title of the article.

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templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different

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section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as

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The quote marks must be the standard, straight, double quotation marks (

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Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|Jones|Brown|2020|p=25}}</ref>

5983:. But quote-enclosed reference names may not include a less-than sign ( 5979:, requires that the reference name be enclosed in quotes; for example, 154:("Harvard citation") template creates a short citation in the form of " 6019:); curly or other quotes will be parsed as part of the reference name. 1422:

Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. Templates like

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A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all.

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tag will be different. A workaround is to convert one or some of the

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Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|loc=section 7}}</ref>

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with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in

534:). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. 5905:

Names are case-sensitive. Please do not use raNdOM capitalization.

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Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|loc=chpt. 3}}</ref>

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Article text ({{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}).

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Important Government Report (Report). Big Government Agency. 1999.

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Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|Jones|2020|p=25}}</ref>

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and changes may be widely noticed. Test changes in the template's

2010:|title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }} 554: 526: ) are required, followed by the year of publication (from 209:

in the references section at the end of the article (see example

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Article text.{{sfnm|la1=Smith|y1=2010|p1=25|la2=Jones|y2=2010}}

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Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|ps=none}} == Notes == {{reflist}}

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to achieve the same effect, but this may not be compatible with

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An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Using

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Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</ref>

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in the citation template. A custom ID must follow these rules:

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The correct citation appears at the bottom of the article, and

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message. This message happens because the reference names that

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Common problems and known workarounds are given in the section

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is used for a particular author, year, and location. An empty

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If the Harvard citation uses a handwritten wikilink, such as

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plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template.

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puts parentheses around the year. Compare the two examples.

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to create an anchor as an alternative to standard templates.

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Smith, Karen (Spring–Summer 1993b). "Smith's second paper".

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Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref>

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Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref>

312:> – required; surname of first author or corporate author 5912:

be purely numeric; the software will accept something like

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followed by the concatenation of the following parameters:

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More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the

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for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric (

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Article text. More article text. Still more article text.

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Article text. More article text. Still more article text.

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If a specific link to the page or section is available, a

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Article text. More article text. Still more article text.

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Also note that inline use of these templates, i.e. use of

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Some other description of the location. Can be a URL in .

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Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2011}} == Notes == {{reflist}}

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Knowledge (XXG):Citing sources § In-text attribution

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Article text. More article text. Even more article text.

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Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon."

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Knowledge (XXG):Citation templates and reference anchors

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Knowledge (XXG):Citation templates and reference anchors

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Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011}} == Notes == {{reflist}}

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use a colon to indicate the page number(s) or location.

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Knowledge (XXG):Citing sources § Bundling citations

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Full citations can be created manually or by templates:

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Knowledge (XXG):Citation templates and reference anchors

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Knowledge (XXG):Citation templates and reference anchors

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Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011}} == Notes == {{reflist}}

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is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and

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range of page numbers or multiple separate page numbers

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This template prefers inline formatting of parameters.

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tags, because the following message will be produced:

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creates will be the same, but the content between the

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Knowledge (XXG):Citing sources § Short citations

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The citation uses a citation template which supports

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to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.)

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Smith, Karen (January 1993a). "Smith's first paper".

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Category:All articles with broken links to citations

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is used for a particular author, year and location.

696: 6594: 6578: 6523: 6472: 6424: 6391: 6338: 6302: 6254: 6143: 6103: 5890: 5860: 5848: 3435:The citation uses a template that does not support 6197:<ref name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903" /> 3730:This is a false-positive: list-defined references 2716:Smith, Karen (11 May 1997). "Smith's 1997 paper". 948: 5968:. That is, all printable ASCII characters except 5100: 5096: 5092: 5065: 5061: 5057: 2290:in the citation template can handle these cases. 2259:For a publication by an institution, use either: 1846:{{sfn|Smith|2006b}} 1840:{{sfn|Smith|2006a}} 1827:Where there is a need to cite more than one work 1085:, p. 2: "A quote verifying the information." 550: 379:; information such as a section or figure number. 339:– specific page referenced in the source (alias: 6621:Category:Pages using sfn with unknown parameters 6146:followed by a concatenation of the arguments to 4587:to the full citation at the bottom of the page. 3732:do not work correctly when references are nested 3621:using these templates are added to the category 3451:. Alternatively, an anchor can be created using 2601: 1879:templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to 4509: 4507: 4290: 4251: 3677:Harv embedded in list-defined ref does not work 2764:Smith, Karen (May 1998). "Smith's 1998 paper". 661: 6176:which, in turn, has the same functionality as 6162:should have exactly the same functionality as 5827:parameter in citation templates is preferred. 3368:The year is different here than the citation. 3354:The citation uses a template from the list at 3335:The Harvard citation uses a template (such as 3018:links. It is always possible to simply remove 1907:anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. 1383: 1261: 1238: 6757:4th author's last name or year of publication 6728:3rd author's last name or year of publication 6699:2nd author's last name or year of publication 6232: 5077:The theory was developed by ] and ] (],],]). 3447:: Consider modifying the template to support 3205:will also suppress terminal punctuation, but 1829:by the same author published in the same year 1212:can be added to the location or page number. 371:are inappropriate; may be used to supplement 8: 6625: 6114:) to detect that a link goes to a citation. 4841:is inappropriate for bundled citations; use 4049: 2212: 2085:More than one author with the same last name 542: 6160:|Smith|2006|p=26}} 5845:|Smith|2006|p=25}} 4889:deprecated by the Knowledge (XXG) community 4095:. United States Department of Agriculture. 3659:to the template, or by adding the template 3466:The full citation does not use a template: 2142:scientists | journal = Important Journal }} 1143: 738:; for multiple pages (such as ranges), use 351:individual pages and / or range(s) of pages 7059:Editors can experiment in this template's 7011:Used to add quotes or additional comments. 6631: 6239: 6225: 6217: 6164:<ref name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"> 2996:Citation format does not support anchors: 626: 6953: 6898: 6867: 6812: 5163: 5139:Murray, F. J.; von Neumann, John (1943), 5131:Murray, F. J.; von Neumann, John (1937), 5123:Murray, F. J.; von Neumann, John (1936), 4139: 4126: 4113: 3629:Link works but displays a no target error 1418:A citation inside an explanatory footnote 1004:in the reference section. If you specify 6195:, which, once defined, can be called by 6012:field must be replaced with underscores 5889:A few articles create a custom ID using 5835:The Harvard citation templates create a 4061: 3777: 3597:Otherwise, check that the reference has 3469:It has no wikicode to create an anchor. 2863: 6008:If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the 5535:The most common citation templates are 5427: 5391: 4925: 4768: 4731: 4503: 4436: 4283: 4244: 4209: 4174: 4042: 3930:Harvard citation with colon no brackets 3272: 3237: 3109: 3062: 2954: 2856: 2743: 2695: 2594: 2431: 2204: 2154: 2022: 1974:: not supported, the template must use 1944:: month or season ranges and year dates 1887:). It is not necessary to include both 1851:{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}} 1769: 1722: 1586: 1536: 1518: 1372: 1111: 1075: 905: 870: 835: 800: 688: 653: 618: 583: 434: 6009: 5898: 4092:Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 4073: 3706:" is not used in the content (see the 3656: 3591: 3579: 3544: 3490: 3448: 3436: 3429: 3403: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3206: 3202: 3170: 3006: 2924: 2805: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2278: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2041: 2029: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1963: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1937: 1931: 1927: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1900: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1857:Templates that use Module:Citation/CS1 1729: 1159: 1149: 1013: 1009: 1005: 985: 952: 949:§ Adding additional comments or quotes 944: 940: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 531: 527: 519: 511: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 354: 346: 340: 336: 6500:Converting between references formats 6112:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js 5987:) or a double straight quote symbol ( 5488: 5434: 5398: 5322: 5303: 5284: 5266: 5248: 4933: 4779: 4775: 4742: 4738: 4707: 4703: 4609: 4525: 4513: 4458: 4446: 4294: 4255: 4216: 4181: 4006: 3976: 3972: 3945: 3919: 3892: 3866: 3840: 3813: 3317:appear at the bottom of the article. 3279: 3244: 2961: 2750: 2702: 2618:"An Article by an Anonymous Author". 1788: 1776: 1593: 1543: 1379: 1257: 1234: 1204:Adding a URL for the page or location 1122: 1118: 1082: 913: 878: 843: 808: 591: 468: 455: 442: 106:. Consider discussing changes on the 7: 5991:), which may however be included by 5510:These templates use two elements: a 3770:Other author–date citation templates 3034:, leaving plain text without links. 2479:''Popular Magazine'' 1438: 1164: 1027:Adding additional comments or quotes 555:multiple authors with same last name 538: 384:citation in the references section. 217: 6515:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC 6454:Referencing without using templates 6449:Referencing with citation templates 6196: 6177: 6163: 5975:Inclusion of any other characters, 5551: 5514:in the body of the article, and an 4405: 4389: 3521: 3147: 2455:. Big Government Institution. 1996. 2438: 2247:No author name in citation template 1439:Cite error references missing group 1433: 1432:can't be directly imbedded between 1197: 1179: 1175: 396: 388: 249: 174:of any article. Since 2020, inline 5467:puts parentheses around the year. 5315:{{harvcol|Smith|2011|loc=chpt. 3}} 3301:Wikilink to citation does not work 2923:family of templates use parameter 2541:An Article by an Anonymous Author 1942:|date=Winter–Spring 2013c 1638:Multiple lists of inline citations 1605:Clarification of interesting fact. 1525:Clarification of interesting fact. 1176:<ref name="FOOTNOTE..."> 353:referenced in the source (alias: 25: 6086:is a name such as the publisher. 4681:also produces bundled citations. 1104:"A quote in a secondary source." 201:is designed to be used to create 4488:2008 | title = Smith's Book }} 3877:Harvard citation with colon text 3689:, you may get a false-positive " 3522:<cite>...</cite> 1932:|date=November 9, 2013b 1924:: month or season and year dates 401:was deprecated in September 2020 254:was deprecated in September 2020 119: 81: 30: 6505:Reference display customization 4969:More exotic Harvard citations: 4348:Applications of these templates 4291:Smith, Jones & Brown (2005) 4089:Stefferud, Alfred, ed. (1957). 3117:A particularly unusual citation 2262:The initials of the institution 1928:|date=9 November 2013b 1472:It is also possible to use the 551:multiple works in the same year 387:Template harv is placed inside 7114:Author–date citation templates 5296:{{harvcol|Smith|2011|p=25–26}} 5278:{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2011|p=25}} 4121:Stout, P. R.; Johnson, C. M. " 3991:Harvard citation year brackets 1958:|date=Summer 2024–25e 1938:|date=June–July 2013c 1434:<ref>...</ref> 1198:<ref>...</ref> 397:<ref>...</ref> 389:<ref>...</ref> 250:<ref>...</ref> 91:approximately 6,000 pages 1: 7044:Template:Harvard citation/doc 7002:Quotes or additional comments 6272:Biographies of living persons 6189:|Joyce|1903|p= 5966:!$ %&()*,-.:;<@^_`{|}~ 5455:Similarly, in order to mimic 5340:Parentheses around the year: 5260:{{harvcolnb|Smith|2011|p=25}} 5158:Some articles use this idiom 5141:Yet Another Mathematics Paper 4392:span can be used to create a 4252:Smith, Jones & Brown 2005 3432:is set correctly (see below). 3415:is set correctly (see below). 3383:field, but the format of the 662:Smith, Jones & Brown 2020 300:> }}</ref> 162:. It is occasionally used in 6214:'ed for quicker load times. 6106:prefix is necessary for the 5927:are preferred to names like 5552:<a name="CITEREF"> 5083:The theory was developed by 5048:The theory was developed by 3798:Harvard citation no brackets 2889: (August 15, 1987). 2881:), Yeowell, Steve ( 2804:template uses the parameter 1896: 1823:More than one work in a year 1645:Template:Houston family tree 6510:References and page numbers 6444:Introduction to referencing 6248:Knowledge (XXG) referencing 6154:. E.g.: this template call 5839:to the anchor. 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More text. 2002: 1999: 1980:|date=2013-11-09 1954:|date=2024–2025e 1899:). If both are included, 1694: 1691: 1686:within the efn template. 1497: 1494: 1220: 1217: 1055: 1052: 782: 779: 565: 562: 411: 408: 395:. (Using harv outside of 110:before implementing them. 102:subpages, or in your own 89:This template is used on 6358:Citation Style Vancouver 6117: 4376:Help:Shortened footnotes 4050:Stout & Johnson 1957 3657:|ignore-err=yes 3594:is set to a matching id. 3422:Citation Style Vancouver 2921:Citation Style Vancouver 2466: 2305: 1993:for link disambiguation. 1918:|date=Jan 2013b 1914:: simple year only dates 1273: 1250:{{harv|Smith|2011|loc=}} 1227:{{harv|Smith|2011|loc=}} 722:The optional parameters 419:title = Smith's Book }} 272:<ref>{{harv | < 6586:Knowledge (XXG) Library 6255:Policies and guidelines 4880:parenthetical reference 4583:can be used to link an 3693:which looks like this: 3671:Special:ExpandTemplates 3453:{{wikicite|id={{harvid| 2101:Large number of authors 1948:|date=c. 2013d 1746:Latham, Dwight (1947), 1707:...by the fact itself. 1355:Smith's other book 1121:, p. 2) quoted in 984:The optional parameter 939:The optional parameter 543:large number of authors 7087:Add categories to the 6670:1st author's last name 6524:Template documentation 6464:Citing Knowledge (XXG) 5867:Using CITEREF directly 5164:implementation details 3981:(and many other forms) 3700:list-defined reference 3687:list-defined reference 3685:an Harv template in a 3489:template (and set the 2877:Morrison, Grant ( 2095:Claudia Lauper Bushman 1713:He's his own grandpa. 1144: 980:and similar templates. 746:for multiple pages or 627:Smith & Jones 2020 35:Template documentation 4886:of articles has been 4560:In text attribution: 3971:John Smith ( 3851:Harvard citation text 967:Hard-coded link names 941:|postscript= 766:exist as aliases for 178:references have been 6966:124–27 or 42,47,A113 6294:Scientific citations 6267:No original research 5897:) or as a value for 5859:produces the anchor 5506:Implementation notes 5459:citations, template 5175:Using colon format: 4948:Smith, John (2006). 4813:Jones, Mary (2010). 4804:Smith, John (2010). 4620:Smith, John (2009), 4539:Smith, John (2008). 4472:Smith, John (2007). 4404:(without the use of 4355:Shortened footnote: 3556:matches the text in 3420:The citation uses a 1983:|year=2013x 1976:|year=2013g 1964:|date=n.d.f 1912:|date=2013a 1649:Margaret Lea Houston 481:Smith, John (2020). 126:This template uses 7109:Lua-based templates 7031: 6786:Year of publication 6641: 6634:Template parameters 6616:Tracking categories 6411:Shortened footnotes 5545:Module:Citation/CS1 4585:in-text attribution 3780: 3609:with a matching id. 3375:The template has a 3162:No closing period: 953:§ No closing period 393:shortened footnotes 203:shortened footnotes 156:(Smith 2007, p. 22) 6904:Single page number 6632: 6630: 6426:Help for beginners 6378:Citation templates 6330:Referencing styles 5964:, and the symbols 5911: 5847:produces the link 5522:Citation template 4895:citation footnotes 4861:Harvard citation: 4640:Bundled citation: 4612:, p. 25) ... 4394:shortened footnote 3779:In-text templates 3778: 3742:is possible using 3691:missing key" error 3387:field is unusual. 3325:citation not found 1950:: circa year dates 1805:Smith's other book 1619:Smith's other book 1579:Interesting fact. 1560:Smith's other book 1511:Interesting fact. 1440: 1399:Smith's other book 1166: 1068:Some information. 1006:|ref=none 506:Author(s) and year 183:on Knowledge (XXG) 158:", for use inside 7030: 7029: 6657: 6626: 6612: 6611: 6416:Nesting footnotes 6320:Combining sources 6054:|ref=CITEREF 5981:name="John Smith" 5920:(purely numeric). 5909: 5849:#CITEREFSmith2006 5503: 5502: 5453: 5452: 5337: 5336: 5156: 5155: 5125:Mathematics Paper 5017:is a wrapper for 4966: 4965: 4831: 4830: 4637: 4636: 4557: 4556: 4306: 4305: 4134:Wadleigh, C. 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J. Murray 5036:Renders as 5030: 5029: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4979: 4973: 4953: 4937: 4930: 4906:Renders as 4900: 4899: 4877: 4865: 4856: 4848: 4840: 4818: 4809: 4782: 4773: 4745: 4736: 4690:Renders as 4684: 4683: 4680: 4671:bundle citations 4668: 4650: 4644: 4624: 4596:Renders as 4590: 4589: 4582: 4564: 4544: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4477: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4417:Renders as 4411: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4391: 4387: 4365: 4359: 4343: 4335: 4324: 4313:Citation Style 1 4298: 4288: 4274: 4259: 4249: 4235: 4220: 4214: 4200: 4185: 4179: 4167: 4158: 4143: 4140:Stefferud (1957) 4136:Growth of Plants 4130: 4127:Stefferud (1957) 4117: 4114:Stefferud (1957) 4104: 4076: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4029: 4020: 4003: 3994: 3968: 3959: 3942: 3933: 3915: 3906: 3889: 3880: 3863: 3854: 3836: 3827: 3824:Harvard citation 3810: 3801: 3781: 3751: 3745: 3726: 3724: 3711: 3705: 3668: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3648: 3640: 3608: 3593: 3581: 3574: 3563: 3555: 3554: 3548: 3538: 3523: 3516: 3508: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3462: 3450: 3438: 3431: 3414: 3413: 3407: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3356:Citation Style 1 3350: 3342: 3328: 3283: 3277: 3247: 3242: 3218:Renders as 3212: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3183:Citation style 2 3180: 3172: 3165: 3149: 3131: 3120: 3114: 3086: 3085: 3073: 3067: 3043:Renders as 3037: 3036: 3033: 3025: 3016: 3008: 3000: 2980: 2965: 2959: 2936:Renders as 2930: 2929: 2926: 2914: 2910:Using harv with 2894: 2867: 2861: 2837:Renders as 2831: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2789: 2785:Using harv with 2769: 2754: 2748: 2721: 2706: 2700: 2676:Renders as 2670: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2642: 2623: 2620:Popular Magazine 2608: 2603:Popular Magazine 2599: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2570:Popular Magazine 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2456: 2442: 2436: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2299:Renders as 2293: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2282: 2231: 2216: 2209: 2181: 2166: 2159: 2135:Renders as 2129: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2108: 2069: 2060: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2027: 2003:Renders as 1997: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1985:. 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See notes on 5159: 5146: 5138: 5130: 5122: 5119: 5113: 5105: 5078: 5070: 5043: 5024: 5018: 5014: 5008: 5004: 4995: 4992: 4990:Template:harvid 4982: 4977: 4971: 4956: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4913: 4871: 4868: 4863: 4850: 4842: 4834: 4821: 4812: 4803: 4800: 4794: 4786: 4785: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4757: 4749: 4748: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4720: 4712: 4697: 4674: 4669:can be used to 4662: 4659: 4653: 4648: 4642: 4627: 4619: 4616: 4603: 4576: 4573: 4567: 4562: 4547: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4512: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4489: 4480: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4445: 4438: 4434: 4425: 4397: 4381: 4378: 4368: 4363: 4357: 4350: 4337: 4329: 4318: 4302: 4301: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4268: 4263: 4262: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4229: 4224: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4194: 4189: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4161: 4152: 4133: 4120: 4107: 4088: 4080: 4079: 4072: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4033: 4023: 4014: 3997: 3988: 3962: 3953: 3936: 3927: 3909: 3900: 3883: 3874: 3857: 3848: 3830: 3821: 3804: 3795: 3772: 3756:Additional bugs 3749: 3743: 3728: 3727: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3703: 3697: 3679: 3666: 3660: 3651: 3650: 3642: 3634: 3631: 3599:{{wikicite|ref= 3598: 3572: 3557: 3552: 3546: 3532: 3510: 3502: 3494: 3482: 3474: 3457:}}|reference={{ 3452: 3411: 3405: 3393:|year= 3385:|date= 3381:|year= 3377:|date= 3344: 3336: 3322: 3303: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3260: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3225: 3194: 3186: 3174: 3167: 3163: 3134: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3098: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3051: 3027: 3019: 3010: 3003: 2998: 2983: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2943: 2917: 2912: 2897: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2845: 2825: 2817: 2809: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2787: 2772: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2732: 2724: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2684: 2665:|year= 2661:|date= 2656:|year= 2652:|date= 2648: 2644: 2640: 2626: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2459: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2368:Important Book 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2286: 2280: 2249: 2234: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2193: 2184: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2143: 2122: 2116: 2107:|last= 2103: 2091:Richard Bushman 2087: 2072: 2063: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2011: 1991:|year= 1987:|date= 1904: 1901:|year= 1895:(see exception 1893:|year= 1889:|date= 1884: 1881:|date= 1868: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1850: 1845: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1837:template (e.g. 1833: 1832: 1825: 1810: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1787: 1783: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1758: 1754: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1711: 1702: 1679: 1671: 1663: 1655: 1640: 1625: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1574: 1566: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1506: 1486: 1480: 1476: 1462: 1456: 1452: 1446: 1437: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1405: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1266: 1251: 1243: 1228: 1206: 1189: 1184: 1183: 1170: 1169: 1163: 1154: 1153: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1099: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1063: 1040: 1032: 1029: 1022: 1020:Possible issues 997: 989: 973: 969: 956: 937: 935:Additional text 922: 921: 920: 911: 907: 901: 895: 887: 886: 885: 876: 872: 866: 860: 852: 851: 850: 841: 837: 831: 825: 817: 816: 815: 806: 802: 796: 790: 760:|page= 720: 705: 704: 703: 694: 690: 684: 678: 670: 669: 668: 659: 655: 649: 643: 635: 634: 633: 624: 620: 614: 608: 600: 599: 598: 589: 585: 579: 573: 539:possible issues 532:|date= 528:|year= 508: 503: 488: 480: 478: 475: 466: 462: 453: 449: 440: 436: 432: 428: 420: 391:tags to create 341:|page= 331: 329: 322: 318: 311: 302: 299: 295: 292:*> | p= < 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 266: 245: 239: 220:section below. 218:possible issues 198: 192: 155: 144: 120: 82: 76: 75: 67: 62: 56: 37: 31: 29: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7127: 7125: 7117: 7116: 7111: 7101: 7100: 7028: 7027: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7016: 7008: 7003: 6999: 6998: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6988:no description 6985: 6980: 6976: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6956: 6948: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6937: 6936: 6933:no description 6930: 6925: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6909: 6901: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6847:no description 6844: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6823: 6815: 6807: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6791: 6783: 6778: 6774: 6773: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6762: 6754: 6749: 6745: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6733: 6725: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6704: 6696: 6691: 6687: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6675: 6667: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6617: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6600: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6561: 6550: 6539: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6485:Citation tools 6482: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6434:Reference-tags 6430: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6397: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6344: 6342: 6340:Citing sources 6336: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6306: 6304: 6303:General advice 6300: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6289:Citing sources 6286: 6285: 6284: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6221: 6140:named footnote 6127: 6116: 6102:Note that the 6083: 6080: 6079: 6060: 6055: 6047: 6042: 6038: 6026: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6010:|ref= 6006: 6005: 6004: 5978: 5973: 5943: 5932: 5921: 5906: 5899:|ref= 5885: 5884: 5876: 5871: 5868: 5865: 5832: 5829: 5810: 5809: 5800: 5778: 5756: 5734: 5715:editor-surname 5700: 5670: 5640: 5610: 5587:author-surname 5543:. By default, 5526: 5520: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5474: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5426: 5425: 5422: 5420:Article text. 5418: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5403: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5384:Article text. 5382: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5352: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5233: 5199: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5136: 5128: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5089:J. von Neumann 5081: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5054:J. von Neumann 5046: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5034: 4981: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4924: 4923: 4920: 4918:Article text. 4916: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4867: 4859: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4810: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4778:, p. 25; 4767: 4764: 4762:Article text. 4760: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4741:, p. 25; 4730: 4727: 4725:Article text. 4723: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4706:, p. 25; 4702:Article text ( 4700: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4688: 4652: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4614: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4566: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4545: 4533: 4531: 4530: 4518: 4502: 4499: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4451: 4435: 4432: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4367: 4353: 4349: 4346: 4326: 4325: 4316: 4304: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4293:, p. 15; 4282: 4281: 4279:Article text. 4277: 4275: 4265: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4254:, p. 15; 4243: 4242: 4240:Article text. 4238: 4236: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4208: 4207: 4205:Article text. 4203: 4201: 4191: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4173: 4172: 4170:Article text. 4168: 4159: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4131: 4123:Trace Elements 4118: 4108:Stefferud, A. 4078: 4077: 4074:Stefferud 1957 4066: 4054: 4041: 4040: 4030: 4021: 4011: 4010: 4004: 3995: 3985: 3984: 3969: 3960: 3950: 3949: 3943: 3934: 3924: 3923: 3916: 3907: 3897: 3896: 3890: 3881: 3871: 3870: 3869:, p. 25) 3864: 3855: 3845: 3844: 3843:, p. 25) 3837: 3828: 3818: 3817: 3811: 3802: 3792: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3771: 3768: 3760:reference name 3713: 3712: 3678: 3675: 3630: 3627: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3595: 3592:|ref= 3580:|ref= 3569: 3568: 3567: 3566: 3565: 3529: 3518: 3501:templates and 3491:|ref= 3464: 3449:|ref= 3437:|ref= 3433: 3418: 3417: 3416: 3404:|ref= 3396: 3373: 3366: 3330: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3284: 3271: 3270: 3267: 3265:Article text. 3263: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3248: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3230:Article text. 3228: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3166: 3160: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3132: 3124: 3122: 3121: 3108: 3105: 3103:Article text. 3101: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3074: 3061: 3058: 3056:Article text. 3054: 3052: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3007:|ref= 3002: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2969: 2967: 2966: 2964:, p. 101. 2953: 2950: 2948:Article text. 2946: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2934: 2916: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2895: 2871: 2869: 2868: 2855: 2852: 2850:Article text. 2848: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2835: 2806:|ref= 2791: 2788:{{cite comic}} 2783: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2758: 2756: 2755: 2753:, p. 101. 2742: 2739: 2737:Article text. 2735: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2710: 2708: 2707: 2705:, p. 101. 2694: 2691: 2689:Article text. 2687: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2674: 2647: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2624: 2612: 2610: 2609: 2593: 2590: 2588:Article text. 2586: 2584: 2511:==References== 2467: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2453:Important Book 2446: 2444: 2443: 2441:, p. 429. 2430: 2427: 2425:Article text. 2423: 2421: 2348:==References== 2306: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2297: 2279:|ref= 2275: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2257: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2233: 2232: 2220: 2218: 2217: 2203: 2200: 2198:Article text. 2196: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2170: 2168: 2167: 2153: 2150: 2148:Article text. 2146: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2115:|ref= 2102: 2099: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2070: 2061: 2049: 2047: 2046: 2034: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1967: 1961: 1951: 1945: 1935: 1925: 1915: 1858: 1855: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1808: 1803:Smith (2018), 1797: 1794: 1793: 1781: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1709: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1624: 1623: 1617:Smith (2017). 1611: 1608: 1607: 1598: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1558:Smith (2018). 1552: 1549: 1548: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1445:The templates 1419: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1404: 1403: 1397:Smith (2011). 1391: 1389: 1388: 1371: 1368: 1366:Article text. 1364: 1362: 1315:==References== 1274: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1205: 1202: 1139: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1125:, p. 343) 1110: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1087: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1031:The templates 1028: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1014:|ref= 1010:|Ref= 986:|ref= 968: 965: 936: 933: 930: 929: 927: 924: 923: 919: 918: 904: 903: 898: 896: 893: 890: 889: 884: 883: 869: 868: 863: 861: 858: 855: 854: 849: 848: 834: 833: 828: 826: 823: 820: 819: 814: 813: 799: 798: 793: 791: 788: 785: 784: 781: 756:|loc= 732:|loc= 719: 716: 713: 712: 710: 707: 706: 702: 701: 687: 686: 681: 679: 676: 673: 672: 667: 666: 652: 651: 646: 644: 641: 638: 637: 632: 631: 617: 616: 611: 609: 606: 603: 602: 597: 596: 582: 581: 576: 574: 571: 568: 567: 564: 547:no author name 507: 504: 502: 499: 496: 495: 493: 490: 489: 476: 474: 473: 460: 447: 433: 430: 423: 421: 417: 414: 413: 410: 381: 380: 361:|loc= 358: 344: 334: 327: 324: 320: 316: 313: 309: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 270: 265: 262: 146: 145: 143: 142: 131: 124: 112: 111: 86: 74: 73: 63: 58: 28: 27: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7126: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7094: 7090: 7082: 7077: 7071: 7067: 7062: 7055: 7051: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7036:documentation 7025: 7022: 7017: 7014: 7013: 7012: 7009: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6986: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6973: 6970: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6960: 6957: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6931: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6915: 6910: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6902: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6883: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6871: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6845: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6829: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6816: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6797: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6784: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6771: 6768: 6764:Brown or 2004 6763: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6755: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6735:Jones or 2003 6734: 6731: 6730: 6729: 6726: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6713: 6710: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6697: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6684: 6681: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6668: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6643: 6640: 6635: 6629: 6624: 6622: 6615: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6568: 6562: 6557: 6551: 6546: 6540: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6495:Cite messages 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6473:Advanced help 6471: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6262:Verifiability 6260: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6242: 6237: 6235: 6230: 6228: 6223: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6213: 6207: 6200: 6192: 6188: 6181: 6170: 6159: 6151: 6141: 6135: 6126: 6122: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6100: 6095: 6087: 6073: 6066: 6061: 6056:cite_nameyear 6053: 6048: 6036: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6023: 6014: 6013: 6007: 6003:respectively. 5994: 5976: 5974: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5933: 5925:"Nguyen 2010" 5922: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5866: 5864: 5856: 5844: 5838: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5817: 5815: 5808: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5525: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5496: 5492: 5491:, p. 25 5490: 5485: 5480: 5479: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5436: 5431: 5428: 5421: 5417: 5412: 5411: 5400: 5395: 5392: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5375: 5367: 5364: 5360: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5324: 5318: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5305: 5299: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5250: 5244: 5239: 5238: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5215: 5207: 5196: 5188: 5180: 5174: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5152: 5150: 5149: 5142: 5137: 5134: 5129: 5126: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5052: and 5051: 5045: 5040: 5039: 5031: 5028: 5023: 5013: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4951: 4946: 4945: 4936:, p. 25) 4935: 4929: 4926: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4909: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4866: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4838: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4816: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4790: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4753: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4732: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4694: 4693: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4658: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4623: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4611: 4608:According to 4605: 4600: 4599: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4580: 4572: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4551: 4550: 4542: 4537: 4536: 4528:, p. 26. 4527: 4522: 4519: 4516:, p. 25. 4515: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4475: 4470: 4469: 4461:, p. 26. 4460: 4455: 4452: 4449:, p. 25. 4448: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4412: 4409: 4401: 4395: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4352: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4322: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4297:, p. 50. 4296: 4292: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4266: 4258:, p. 50. 4257: 4253: 4248: 4245: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4227: 4219:, p. 25. 4218: 4213: 4210: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4192: 4184:, p. 25. 4183: 4178: 4175: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4150: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4085: 4084: 4075: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4062:Wadleigh 1957 4058: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4012: 4009:, p. 25 4008: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3819: 3816:, p. 25 3815: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3776: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3718: 3709: 3701: 3696: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3665: 3664:Sfn whitelist 3646: 3641:(which wraps 3638: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3590:: Check that 3589: 3585: 3577: 3576: 3570: 3561: 3551: 3545:|id= 3542: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3519: 3514: 3506: 3498: 3486: 3478: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3446: 3442: 3434: 3428:: check that 3427: 3423: 3419: 3410: 3402:: check that 3401: 3397: 3390: 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