Template:Harvard citation no brackets

32: 1639:...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2018|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== ]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2018|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} 97: 63: 2079:

Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many

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Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> More article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> Still more article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=26}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020

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Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Knowledge (XXG) or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices

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Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal

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Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full

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Article text.<ref name=Smith2008p25>{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=25}}.</ref> More article text.<ref name=Smith2008p25/> Still more article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=26}}.</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date =

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Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b

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to make the anchor. (As of November 2010, there are only approximately 100 articles that require this technique.) It is also possible that (3) local editors would prefer not to use citation templates. In this case, it is important to discuss what the local editors would like to do about the bad

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Article text.{{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{harvid|Big Government Agency|1999}} }}

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Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2007 | title = Smith's Book }}

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There are several other templates that are designed for use with shortened footnotes. They differ slightly in the way they format the author-date citation and how much of their functionality is automated. A full list of these related templates is

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Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{harvid|A particularly unusual citation}} }}

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Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see

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of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both

5050:== References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} 2781:

Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}}

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Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }}

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There are several templates used to create short citations; they differ in the use and placement of parentheses, in the separator before the page or location, and in whether a terminal full stop (period) is present:

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since 2022. This usage has not been deprecated within internal pages such as Knowledge (XXG) documentation, user pages, or wikiprojects, though there is rarely a practical use for it instead of just using normal

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template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. Any kind of unusual link can also be constructed using the idiom

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Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal

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Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}

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Interesting fact.{{#tag:ref|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2017}}}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2017 | title = Smith's other book }}

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Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See

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Names must be unique. You may not use the same name to define different groups or footnotes. Try to avoid picking a name that someone else is likely to choose for a new citation, such as

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Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2006|p=25}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | title = Smith's book | date = 2006 }}

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The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}.

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can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations.

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Names should have semantic value, so that they can be more easily distinguished from each other by human editors who are looking at the wikitext. This means that ref names like

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To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example

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In a few very rare cases, it may be impossible for the citation templates to create an anchor. Either (1) the citation is formatted with a template that does not support the

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Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1999|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{vcite book | author = Smith K | date = 1999 | title = Smith's 1999 Book | harvid = Smith1999 }}

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error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding

3259:: Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, tag the citation with 6998: 109: 926:

is used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This parameter is usually not necessary, and it is more common to use

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can be used to create separate explanatory footnotes from short citations, as shown in the first example. An article that uses this technique extensively is

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parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date.

6231: 6437: 6305: 946:, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter 121: 6209: 2865:

to create an anchor for the Harvard citation templates. This must be set to a concatenation of the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template.

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given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in

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with a link to the full citation. It should only be used within footnotes or on internal pages. Use of inline parenthetical referencing within the

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According to {{harvtxt|Smith|2009|p=25}} ... ==References== * {{citation | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2009 | title = Smith's Book }}

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You may optionally provide reference names even when the reference name is not required. This makes later re-use of the sourced reference easier.

1036:"A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} 1600:(lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as 6541: 6169: 6049: 4282:; please see their documentation pages. Editors editing one of these templates are requested to make parallel changes to the other versions. 2027:

The above solution to add a letter suffix after the year element also works for multiple authors with the same last name. For example, both

6523: 6442: 4101: 3840: 3303:: check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. 2035:

published books in 2006. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "2006a" and the second one "2006b".

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This template creates a short author–date citation with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page.

6267: 4731:==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John ... Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary ... Jones' book}} 6973: 6756:

Usual not used. Reference value that links the short citation to the full citation. If you specify |ref=none, no hyperlink is created.

6310: 4346:) has the same effect, automatically adds a period (full stop) after the page number, and combines identical footnotes automatically. 113: 6204: 6162: 4266:

All of these templates have the same parameters and basic functionality. This page describes all of them except the parameters of

3131:, which does not use a trailing period (full stop) when rendering full citations. The postscript is only effective the first time 6447: 1000:

Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}}

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parameter or (2) the source can't be described using our citation templates at all. In these cases, it is possible to use

2858: 162:). This citation style is used to reduce clutter in the edit window and to combine multiple citations to the same source. 6214: 7043: 3624: 3119:

removes the final period. Compare the two examples. Suppressing the default period (full stop) ensures consistency with

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from a Harvard style citation to a full citation at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If:

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appropriately, if necessary). Otherwise consult with local editors on the talk page about how to proceed. Either add

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can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. The parameters

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When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like

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citation templates are used liberally throughout the article, then reformat the full citation with the appropriate

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making it easier to consistently create such internal links in small superscript or plain-text label styles.)

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has been advised to hold this additional information, but it is not suitable for this purpose. Two or more

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The citation does not have an author's, or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors).

2032: 3466:: remove the cite span (these are deprecated) and proceed following the recommendation immediately above. 6417: 6290: 6285: 5478: 5474: 5394: 4250: 3293: 3120: 2114:

Smith; Jones; Brown; Black; Davis; Martinez; Hsu (1994). "Scientific paper written by many scientists".

1814: 272:> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation 5810: 3147:

is recommended in order to make it clear that an editor intended there to be no terminal punctuation.

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in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor.

2051:) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use the 1769:, the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year element of the 1586: 6077: 6062: 3697: 3310:: check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. 181: 155: 6422: 5482: 5159: 5132: 3823: 2736: 2724: 6128: 3696:

associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the

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can be used to change the text which appears at the end of the note in the reference list. (See

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can be used to indicate the location in the source, such as page numbers. For single pages, use

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templates, or remove all templates, depending on what local editors prefer. A few articles use

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This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at

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and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead.

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Smith; Jones; Brown; Black; Davis; Martinez; Hsu (1995). "Another paper by many scientists".

1916:. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: 6493: 6427: 6320: 6031: 5884: 5143: 5116: 5026: 4991: 4949: 4516: 4499: 3849: 3797: 3684: 3677: 3243:

If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted

1411: 980: 76: 69: 6482: 6143: 6106: 6009: 5930: 4959: 4927: 4908: 4782: 4602: 4579: 4321: 4300: 3744: 3487: 3346: 2816: 2757: 2749: 2221: 2057: 2028: 1611: 1595: 1129: 972: 937: 929: 144: 5795:|last=Smith|first=John|date=27 January 2006|title=My Life}} 6080:, so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with 5887:

and numerals. If spaces are used, the following technical restrictions become relevant:

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can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote. Examples are below.

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The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g.

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The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from

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Please consider keeping reference names short, simple, and restricted to the standard

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Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref>

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with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page.

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Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content

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in the citation template, which allows a more concise citation in the article text.

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If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in

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Quotation marks are preferred but optional if the only characters used are letters

5486: 5461: 5022: 4987: 4774: 4337: 4294: 4092: 3276: 3134: 3114: 2967: 1787:). Make sure to add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. 1421: 1404: 1387: 1364: 913: 896: 279:> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like 6137:. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. 6027:

To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors,

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template will work correctly inside the footnote, as shown in the second example.

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harvnb generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters:

154:, a citation style which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a 6533: 3673: 620:

Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|2020|p=25}}</ref>

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For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date.

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to create an anchor for the Harvard citation templates. This can be set with

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that is linked to the full citation at the bottom of the article. Template

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The name is spelled or capitalized differently here than in the citation.

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Alternatively, some style guides recommend using the title of the article.

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Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|Jones|Brown|2020|p=25}}</ref>

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templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different

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section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as

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The quote marks must be the standard, straight, double quotation marks (

5921:. But quote-enclosed reference names may not include a less-than sign ( 5917:, requires that the reference name be enclosed in quotes; for example, 833:

Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|loc=section 7}}</ref>

5957:); curly or other quotes will be parsed as part of the reference name. 1360:

Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. Templates like

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A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all.

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tag will be different. A workaround is to convert one or some of the

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Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|loc=chpt. 3}}</ref>

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with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in

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Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|Jones|2020|p=25}}</ref>

480:). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. 5843:

Names are case-sensitive. Please do not use raNdOM capitalization.

6149: 6116:<ref name="FOOTNOTESmith200626">], p. 26</ref> 4634:

Article text ({{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}).

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Important Government Report (Report). Big Government Agency. 1999.

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Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</ref>

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and changes may be widely noticed. Test changes in the template's

1948:|title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }} 500: 472: ) are required, followed by the year of publication (from 158:

in the references section at the end of the article (see example

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Article text.{{sfnm|la1=Smith|y1=2010|p1=25|la2=Jones|y2=2010}}

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Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|ps=none}} == Notes == {{reflist}}

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to achieve the same effect, but this may not be compatible with

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An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Using

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in the citation template. A custom ID must follow these rules:

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The correct citation appears at the bottom of the article, and

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message. This message happens because the reference names that

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Common problems and known workarounds are given in the section

3672:. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see 3139:

is used for a particular author, year, and location. An empty

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Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref>

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Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref>

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If the Harvard citation uses a handwritten wikilink, such as

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plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template.

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puts parentheses around the year. Compare the two examples.

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to create an anchor as an alternative to standard templates.

3329:: Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add 2002:

Smith, Karen (Spring–Summer 1993b). "Smith's second paper".

261:> – required; surname of first author or corporate author 5850:

be purely numeric; the software will accept something like

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followed by the concatenation of the following parameters:

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More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the

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for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric (

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Article text. More article text. Still more article text.

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Article text. More article text. Still more article text.

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If a specific link to the page or section is available, a

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Article text. More article text. Still more article text.

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Also note that inline use of these templates, i.e. use of

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Some other description of the location. Can be a URL in .

5854:(which is punctuation plus a number), but it will ignore 5831:, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. 5316:

Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2011}} == Notes == {{reflist}}

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Knowledge (XXG):Citing sources § In-text attribution

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Article text. More article text. Even more article text.

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Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon."

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Knowledge (XXG):Citation templates and reference anchors

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Knowledge (XXG):Citation templates and reference anchors

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Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011}} == Notes == {{reflist}}

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use a colon to indicate the page number(s) or location.

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Knowledge (XXG):Citing sources § Bundling citations

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Full citations can be created manually or by templates:

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Knowledge (XXG):Citation templates and reference anchors

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Knowledge (XXG):Citation templates and reference anchors

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Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011}} == Notes == {{reflist}}

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is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and

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range of page numbers or multiple separate page numbers

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This template prefers inline formatting of parameters.

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tags, because the following message will be produced:

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creates will be the same, but the content between the

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Knowledge (XXG):Citing sources § Short citations

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The citation uses a citation template which supports

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to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.)

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Smith, Karen (January 1993a). "Smith's first paper".

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Category:All articles with broken links to citations

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is used for a particular author, year and location.

638: 6532: 6516: 6461: 6410: 6362: 6329: 6276: 6240: 6192: 6081: 6041: 5828: 5798: 5786: 3373:The citation uses a template that does not support 6135:<ref name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903" /> 3668:This is a false-positive: list-defined references 2654:Smith, Karen (11 May 1997). "Smith's 1997 paper". 886: 5906:. That is, all printable ASCII characters except 5038: 5034: 5030: 5003: 4999: 4995: 3615:Harvnb embedded in list-defined ref does not work 2228:in the citation template can handle these cases. 2197:For a publication by an institution, use either: 1784:{{sfn|Smith|2006b}} 1778:{{sfn|Smith|2006a}} 1765:Where there is a need to cite more than one work 1023:, p. 2: "A quote verifying the information." 496: 328:; information such as a section or figure number. 288:– specific page referenced in the source (alias: 6559:Category:Pages using sfn with unknown parameters 6084:followed by a concatenation of the arguments to 4525:to the full citation at the bottom of the page. 3670:do not work correctly when references are nested 3559:using these templates are added to the category 3389:. Alternatively, an anchor can be created using 2539: 1817:templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to 4447: 4445: 4228: 4189: 2702:Smith, Karen (May 1998). "Smith's 1998 paper". 604: 6114:which, in turn, has the same functionality as 6100:should have exactly the same functionality as 5765:parameter in citation templates is preferred. 3306:The year is different here than the citation. 3292:The citation uses a template from the list at 3273:The Harvard citation uses a template (such as 2956:links. It is always possible to simply remove 1845:anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. 1321: 1199: 1176: 6695:4th author's last name or year of publication 6666:3rd author's last name or year of publication 6637:2nd author's last name or year of publication 6170: 5015:The theory was developed by ] and ] (],],]). 3385:: Consider modifying the template to support 3143:will also suppress terminal punctuation, but 1767:by the same author published in the same year 1150:can be added to the location or page number. 320:are inappropriate; may be used to supplement 8: 6563: 6052:) to detect that a link goes to a citation. 4779:is inappropriate for bundled citations; use 3987: 2150: 2023:More than one author with the same last name 488: 6098:|Smith|2006|p=26}} 5783:|Smith|2006|p=25}} 4827:deprecated by the Knowledge (XXG) community 4033:. United States Department of Agriculture. 3597:to the template, or by adding the template 3404:The full citation does not use a template: 2080:scientists | journal = Important Journal }} 1081: 680:; for multiple pages (such as ranges), use 300:individual pages and / or range(s) of pages 6997:Editors can experiment in this template's 6949:Used to add quotes or additional comments. 6569: 6177: 6163: 6155: 6102:<ref name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"> 2934:Citation format does not support anchors: 570: 6982:Template:Harvard citation no brackets/doc 6891: 6836: 6805: 6750: 5101: 5077:Murray, F. J.; von Neumann, John (1943), 5069:Murray, F. J.; von Neumann, John (1937), 5061:Murray, F. J.; von Neumann, John (1936), 4077: 4064: 4051: 3567:Link works but displays a no target error 1356:A citation inside an explanatory footnote 942:in the reference section. If you specify 6133:, which, once defined, can be called by 5950:field must be replaced with underscores 5827:A few articles create a custom ID using 5773:The Harvard citation templates create a 3999: 3715: 3535:Otherwise, check that the reference has 3407:It has no wikicode to create an anchor. 2801: 5946:If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the 5473:The most common citation templates are 5365: 5329: 4863: 4706: 4669: 4441: 4374: 4221: 4182: 4147: 4112: 3980: 3868:Harvard citation with colon no brackets 3210: 3175: 3047: 3000: 2892: 2794: 2681: 2633: 2532: 2369: 2142: 2092: 1960: 1912:: not supported, the template must use 1882:: month or season ranges and year dates 1825:). It is not necessary to include both 1789:{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}} 1707: 1660: 1524: 1474: 1456: 1310: 1049: 1013: 844: 810: 776: 742: 631: 597: 563: 529: 383: 5947: 5836: 4030:Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 4011: 3644:" is not used in the content (see the 3594: 3529: 3517: 3482: 3428: 3386: 3374: 3367: 3341: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3144: 3140: 3108: 2944: 2862: 2743: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2216: 2052: 2048: 2044: 1979: 1967: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1901: 1895: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1865: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1838: 1830: 1826: 1818: 1795:Templates that use Module:Citation/CS1 1667: 1097: 1087: 951: 947: 943: 923: 890: 887:§ Adding additional comments or quotes 882: 878: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 477: 473: 465: 457: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 303: 295: 289: 285: 6438:Converting between references formats 6050:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js 5925:) or a double straight quote symbol ( 5426: 5372: 5336: 5260: 5241: 5222: 5204: 5186: 4871: 4717: 4713: 4680: 4676: 4645: 4641: 4547: 4463: 4451: 4396: 4384: 4232: 4193: 4154: 4119: 3944: 3914: 3910: 3883: 3857: 3830: 3804: 3778: 3751: 3255:appear at the bottom of the article. 3217: 3182: 2899: 2688: 2640: 2556:"An Article by an Anonymous Author". 1726: 1714: 1531: 1481: 1317: 1195: 1172: 1142:Adding a URL for the page or location 1060: 1056: 1020: 851: 817: 783: 749: 536: 414: 402: 390: 120:. Consider discussing changes on the 7: 5929:), which may however be included by 5448:These templates use two elements: a 3708:Other author–date citation templates 2972:, leaving plain text without links. 2417:''Popular Magazine'' 1376: 1102: 965:Adding additional comments or quotes 501:multiple authors with same last name 484: 333:citation in the references section. 166: 6453:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC 6392:Referencing without using templates 6387:Referencing with citation templates 6134: 6115: 6101: 5913:Inclusion of any other characters, 5489: 5452:in the body of the article, and an 4343: 4327: 3459: 3085: 2393:. Big Government Institution. 1996. 2376: 2185:No author name in citation template 1377:Cite error references missing group 1371: 1370:can't be directly imbedded between 1135: 1117: 1113: 345: 337: 198: 5405:puts parentheses around the year. 5253:{{harvcol|Smith|2011|loc=chpt. 3}} 3239:Wikilink to citation does not work 2861:family of templates use parameter 2479:An Article by an Anonymous Author 1880:|date=Winter–Spring 2013c 1576:Multiple lists of inline citations 1543:Clarification of interesting fact. 1463:Clarification of interesting fact. 1114:<ref name="FOOTNOTE..."> 302:referenced in the source (alias: 25: 6024:is a name such as the publisher. 4619:also produces bundled citations. 1042:"A quote in a secondary source." 336:Template harvnb is placed inside 150:is designed to be used to create 4426:2008 | title = Smith's Book }} 3815:Harvard citation with colon text 3627:, you may get a false-positive " 3460:<cite>...</cite> 1870:|date=November 9, 2013b 1862:: month or season and year dates 350:was deprecated in September 2020 203:was deprecated in September 2020 95: 61: 30: 6443:Reference display customization 4907:More exotic Harvard citations: 4286:Applications of these templates 4229:Smith, Jones & Brown (2005) 4027:Stefferud, Alfred, ed. (1957). 3055:A particularly unusual citation 2200:The initials of the institution 1866:|date=9 November 2013b 1410:It is also possible to use the 497:multiple works in the same year 105:approximately 48,000 pages 7049:Author–date citation templates 5234:{{harvcol|Smith|2011|p=25–26}} 5216:{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2011|p=25}} 4059:Stout, P. R.; Johnson, C. M. " 3929:Harvard citation year brackets 1896:|date=Summer 2024–25e 1876:|date=June–July 2013c 1372:<ref>...</ref> 1136:<ref>...</ref> 346:<ref>...</ref> 338:<ref>...</ref> 199:<ref>...</ref> 1: 6940:Quotes or additional comments 6210:Biographies of living persons 6127:|Joyce|1903|p= 5904:!$ %&()*,-.:;<@^_`{|}~ 5393:Similarly, in order to mimic 5278:Parentheses around the year: 5198:{{harvcolnb|Smith|2011|p=25}} 5096:Some articles use this idiom 5079:Yet Another Mathematics Paper 4330:span can be used to create a 4190:Smith, Jones & Brown 2005 3370:is set correctly (see below). 3353:is set correctly (see below). 3321:field, but the format of the 605:Smith, Jones & Brown 2020 249:> }}</ref> 6152:'ed for quicker load times. 6044:prefix is necessary for the 5865:are preferred to names like 5490:<a name="CITEREF"> 5021:The theory was developed by 4986:The theory was developed by 3736:Harvard citation no brackets 2827: (August 15, 1987). 2819:), Yeowell, Steve ( 2742:template uses the parameter 1834: 1761:More than one work in a year 1583:Template:Houston family tree 6448:References and page numbers 6382:Introduction to referencing 6186:Knowledge (XXG) referencing 6092:. E.g.: this template call 5777:to the anchor. For example 5179:{{harvcol|Smith|2011|p=25}} 4102:Shortened footnote template 3841:Harvard citation with colon 3555:Templates that have broken 3084:It is also possible to use 2326:Big Government Institution 2203:The name of the institution 1860:|date=Winter 2013b 1802:{{sfn}} 1772:{{sfn}} 1123:{{sfn}} 1109:{{sfn}} 1093:{{sfn}} 692:for single pages can cause 660:Location in the source text 368:| title = Smith's Book }} 344:. (Using harvnb outside of 7065: 6971: 6397:Referencing dos and don'ts 5808: 5761:parameter in place of the 5466: 4924:Template:Harvard citations 4921: 4592: 4506: 4307: 3652: 3462:span to create an anchor. 3251:The correct citation does 3008:Big Government Agency 1999 1909:|date=2013g-11-09 1086:: In the past, the use of 312:– in-source location when 298:– comma-separated list of 221:<ref>{{harvnb | < 159: 7028:Subpages of this template 6582: 6542:Parenthetical referencing 6377:Citations quick reference 6344:Punctuation and footnotes 6046:reference tooltips gadget 5769:Harvard citation wikilink 5420:{{harvp|Smith|2011|p=25}} 5413: 5410: 5309: 5306: 5172: 5169: 5071:Another Mathematics Paper 4973: 4970: 4843: 4840: 4627: 4624: 4533: 4530: 4354: 4351: 3481:: Check that the text in 3155: 3152: 2980: 2977: 2873: 2870: 2774: 2771: 2613: 2610: 2236: 2233: 2072: 2069: 2004:Another Important Journal 1954:Article text. More text. 1940: 1937: 1918:|date=2013-11-09 1892:|date=2024–2025e 1837:). If both are included, 1632: 1629: 1624:within the efn template. 1435: 1432: 1158: 1155: 993: 990: 724: 721: 511: 508: 360: 357: 124:before implementing them. 116:subpages, or in your own 103:This template is used on 6296:Citation Style Vancouver 6055: 4314:Help:Shortened footnotes 3988:Stout & Johnson 1957 3623:an Harvnb template in a 3595:|ignore-err=yes 3532:is set to a matching id. 3360:Citation Style Vancouver 2859:Citation Style Vancouver 2404: 2243: 1931:for link disambiguation. 1856:|date=Jan 2013b 1852:: simple year only dates 1211: 1188:{{harv|Smith|2011|loc=}} 1165:{{harv|Smith|2011|loc=}} 664:The optional parameters 6524:Knowledge (XXG) Library 6193:Policies and guidelines 4818:parenthetical reference 4521:can be used to link an 3631:which looks like this: 3609:Special:ExpandTemplates 3391:{{wikicite|id={{harvid| 2039:Large number of authors 1886:|date=c. 2013d 1684:Latham, Dwight (1947), 1645:...by the fact itself. 1293:Smith's other book 1059:, p. 2) quoted in 922:The optional parameter 877:The optional parameter 489:large number of authors 7022:Add categories to the 6608:1st author's last name 6462:Template documentation 6402:Citing Knowledge (XXG) 5805:Using CITEREF directly 5102:implementation details 3919:(and many other forms) 3638:list-defined reference 3625:list-defined reference 3427:template (and set the 2815:Morrison, Grant ( 2033:Claudia Lauper Bushman 1651:He's his own grandpa. 1082: 918:and similar templates. 688:for multiple pages or 571:Smith & Jones 2020 35:Template documentation 4824:of articles has been 4498:In text attribution: 3909:John Smith ( 3789:Harvard citation text 905:Hard-coded link names 879:|postscript= 708:exist as aliases for 6904:124–27 or 42,47,A113 6232:Scientific citations 6205:No original research 5835:) or as a value for 5797:produces the anchor 5444:Implementation notes 5397:citations, template 5113:Using colon format: 4886:Smith, John (2006). 4751:Jones, Mary (2010). 4742:Smith, John (2010). 4558:Smith, John (2009), 4477:Smith, John (2008). 4410:Smith, John (2007). 4342:(without the use of 4293:Shortened footnote: 3494:matches the text in 3358:The citation uses a 1921:|year=2013x 1914:|year=2013g 1902:|date=n.d.f 1850:|date=2013a 1587:Margaret Lea Houston 427:Smith, John (2020). 136:author–date citation 68:This template uses 7044:Lua-based templates 6969: 6724:Year of publication 6579: 6572:Template parameters 6554:Tracking categories 6349:Shortened footnotes 5483:Module:Citation/CS1 4523:in-text attribution 3718: 3547:with a matching id. 3313:The template has a 3100:No closing period: 891:§ No closing period 342:shortened footnotes 152:shortened footnotes 6842:Single page number 6570: 6568: 6364:Help for beginners 6316:Citation templates 6268:Referencing styles 5902:, and the symbols 5849: 5785:produces the link 5460:Citation template 4833:citation footnotes 4799:Harvard citation: 4578:Bundled citation: 4550:, p. 25) ... 4332:shortened footnote 3717:In-text templates 3716: 3680:is possible using 3629:missing key" error 3325:field is unusual. 3263:citation not found 2848:Using harvnb with 2723:Using harvnb with 1888:: circa year dates 1743:Smith's other book 1557:Smith's other book 1517:Interesting fact. 1498:Smith's other book 1449:Interesting fact. 1378: 1337:Smith's other book 1104: 1006:Some information. 944:|ref=none 452:Author(s) and year 6968: 6967: 6595: 6564: 6550: 6549: 6354:Nesting footnotes 6258:Combining sources 5992:|ref=CITEREF 5919:name="John Smith" 5858:(purely numeric). 5847: 5787:#CITEREFSmith2006 5441: 5440: 5391: 5390: 5275: 5274: 5094: 5093: 5063:Mathematics Paper 4955:is a wrapper for 4904: 4903: 4769: 4768: 4575: 4574: 4495: 4494: 4244: 4243: 4072:Wadleigh, C. H. " 3894:Harvard citations 3583:cite encyclopedia 3368:|harvid= 3236: 3235: 3145:|ps=none 3123:, as produced by 3109:|ps=none 3082: 3081: 2931: 2930: 2915:Smith's 1999 Book 2863:|harvid= 2845: 2844: 2720: 2719: 2704:Important Journal 2656:Important Journal 2574: 2573: 2469:Popular Magazine 2182: 2181: 2166:Important Journal 2151:Smith et al. 1995 2116:Important Journal 2101:Smith et al. 1994 2049:|author= 2020: 2019: 1995:Important Journal 1758: 1757: 1680: 1657: 1573: 1572: 1353: 1352: 1100:will result in a 1079: 1078: 910:Not available in 870: 869: 657: 656: 639:Smith et al. 2020 444: 443: 156:complete citation 128: 127: 90: 89: 16:(Redirected from 7056: 7019: 7011: 6995: 6945: 6922: 6893: 6890: 6867: 6838: 6835: 6807: 6804: 6781: 6752: 6749: 6720: 6691: 6662: 6644:Williams or 2002 6633: 6604: 6596: 6580: 6577: 6509: 6503: 6498: 6492: 6487: 6481: 6476: 6470: 6418:Cite link labels 6331:Inline citations 6321:Reflist template 6291:Citation Style 2 6286:Citation Style 1 6215:Reliable sources 6179: 6172: 6165: 6156: 6147: 6136: 6132: 6117: 6113: 6112:</ref> 6111: 6105: 6099: 6091: 6083: 6075: 6059: 6043: 6036: 6030: 6016: 6014: 6008: 5997: 5984: 5956: 5949: 5940: 5936: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5915:including spaces 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5885:English alphabet 5879: 5875: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5853: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5821: 5800: 5799:CITEREFSmith2006 5796: 5788: 5784: 5491: 5479:Citation Style 2 5475:Citation Style 1 5414:Renders as 5408: 5407: 5404: 5395:Citation Style 1 5376: 5370: 5340: 5334: 5310:Renders as 5304: 5303: 5300: 5288: 5282: 5173:Renders as 5167: 5166: 5163: 5155: 5147: 5136: 5128: 5120: 5099: 5081: 5073: 5065: 4988:F. 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In this case, 1922: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1904:: no date (n.d.) 1903: 1897: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1844: 1841:is used for the 1840: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815:Citation Style 1 1812: 1804: 1803: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1773: 1745: 1730: 1724: 1718: 1712: 1688: 1686:The Adams family 1676: 1671: 1665: 1653: 1633:Renders as 1627: 1626: 1623: 1615: 1607: 1599: 1585:and the article 1560: 1544: 1541: 1535: 1529: 1501: 1485: 1479: 1464: 1461: 1436:Renders as 1430: 1429: 1426: 1420: 1416: 1415:{{#tag:ref|...}} 1402: 1396: 1392: 1386: 1379: 1373: 1369: 1363: 1340: 1325: 1315: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1159:Renders as 1153: 1152: 1137: 1133: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1118:</ref> 1115: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1064: 1054: 1024: 1018: 994:Renders as 988: 987: 984: 976: 953: 950:is an alias for 949: 945: 941: 933: 925: 917: 900: 884: 880: 855: 849: 821: 815: 787: 786:, pp. 25–26 781: 753: 747: 725:Renders as 719: 718: 716:, respectively. 715: 711: 707: 706:|pages= 703: 699: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 642: 636: 608: 602: 574: 568: 540: 534: 512:Renders as 506: 505: 479: 475: 471: 463: 432: 418: 412: 406: 400: 394: 388: 361:Renders as 355: 354: 347: 339: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 305: 304:|pages= 297: 291: 287: 282: 250: 245:> | loc= < 201:tags around it, 200: 196: 190: 149: 143: 134:creates a short 99: 98: 92: 77:Module:Footnotes 65: 64: 58: 55: 36: 34: 33: 21: 7064: 7063: 7059: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7031: 7021: 7013: 7001: 6996: 6985: 6970: 6943: 6920: 6888: 6865: 6849:374, xii, or A4 6833: 6802: 6779: 6747: 6744:Reference value 6718: 6689: 6660: 6631: 6602: 6575: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6528: 6512: 6507: 6501: 6496: 6490: 6485: 6479: 6474: 6468: 6457: 6406: 6358: 6325: 6272: 6263:Offline sources 6248:Citation needed 6236: 6188: 6183: 6141: 6122: 6109: 6103: 6093: 6085: 6069: 6066: 6057: 6034: 6028: 6023: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5995: 5987: 5982: 5978: 5970: 5954: 5938: 5934: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5908:#"'/=<>?\ 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5877: 5873: 5866: 5862: 5855: 5851: 5832: 5825: 5824: 5817: 5813: 5807: 5790: 5778: 5771: 5731:editor4-surname 5727:editor-surname4 5709:editor3-surname 5705:editor-surname3 5687:editor2-surname 5683:editor-surname2 5661:editor1-surname 5657:editor-surname1 5631:author4-surname 5627:author-surname4 5601:author3-surname 5597:author-surname3 5571:author2-surname 5567:author-surname2 5533:author1-surname 5529:author-surname1 5471: 5465: 5446: 5431: 5421: 5398: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5371: 5367: 5362: 5353: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5335: 5331: 5326: 5317: 5294: 5291: 5286: 5280: 5265: 5254: 5246: 5235: 5227: 5217: 5209: 5199: 5191: 5180: 5157: 5149: 5141: 5138: 5130: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5100:. See notes on 5097: 5084: 5076: 5068: 5060: 5057: 5051: 5043: 5016: 5008: 4981: 4962: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4942: 4933: 4930: 4928:Template:harvid 4920: 4915: 4909: 4894: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4851: 4809: 4806: 4801: 4788: 4780: 4772: 4759: 4750: 4741: 4738: 4732: 4724: 4723: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4695: 4687: 4686: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4658: 4650: 4635: 4612: 4607:can be used to 4600: 4597: 4591: 4586: 4580: 4565: 4557: 4554: 4541: 4514: 4511: 4505: 4500: 4485: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4462: 4458: 4450: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4427: 4418: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4383: 4376: 4372: 4363: 4335: 4319: 4316: 4306: 4301: 4295: 4288: 4275: 4267: 4256: 4240: 4239: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4206: 4201: 4200: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4167: 4162: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4132: 4127: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4109: 4099: 4090: 4071: 4058: 4045: 4026: 4018: 4017: 4010: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3971: 3961: 3952: 3935: 3926: 3900: 3891: 3874: 3865: 3847: 3838: 3821: 3812: 3795: 3786: 3768: 3759: 3742: 3733: 3710: 3694:Additional bugs 3687: 3681: 3666: 3665: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3641: 3635: 3617: 3604: 3598: 3589: 3588: 3580: 3572: 3569: 3537:{{wikicite|ref= 3536: 3510: 3495: 3490: 3484: 3470: 3448: 3440: 3432: 3420: 3412: 3395:}}|reference={{ 3390: 3349: 3343: 3331:|year= 3323:|date= 3319:|year= 3315:|date= 3282: 3274: 3260: 3241: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3198: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3163: 3132: 3124: 3112: 3105: 3101: 3072: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3036: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2989: 2965: 2957: 2948: 2941: 2936: 2921: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2881: 2855: 2850: 2835: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2783: 2763: 2755: 2747: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2725: 2710: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2670: 2662: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2622: 2603:|year= 2599:|date= 2594:|year= 2590:|date= 2586: 2582: 2578: 2564: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2397: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2306:Important Book 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2224: 2218: 2187: 2172: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2131: 2122: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2081: 2060: 2054: 2045:|last= 2041: 2029:Richard Bushman 2025: 2010: 2001: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1978: 1974: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1949: 1929:|year= 1925:|date= 1842: 1839:|year= 1833:(see exception 1831:|year= 1827:|date= 1822: 1819:|date= 1806: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1788: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1776: 1775:template (e.g. 1771: 1770: 1763: 1748: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1725: 1721: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1696: 1692: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1649: 1640: 1617: 1609: 1601: 1593: 1578: 1563: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1512: 1504: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1444: 1424: 1418: 1414: 1400: 1394: 1390: 1384: 1375: 1367: 1361: 1358: 1343: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1204: 1189: 1181: 1166: 1144: 1127: 1122: 1121: 1108: 1107: 1101: 1092: 1091: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1037: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1001: 978: 970: 967: 960: 958:Possible issues 935: 927: 911: 907: 894: 875: 873:Additional text 860: 859: 858: 850: 846: 840: 834: 826: 825: 824: 816: 812: 806: 800: 792: 791: 790: 782: 778: 772: 766: 758: 757: 756: 748: 744: 738: 732: 702:|page= 662: 647: 646: 645: 637: 633: 627: 621: 613: 612: 611: 603: 599: 593: 587: 579: 578: 577: 569: 565: 559: 553: 545: 544: 543: 535: 531: 525: 519: 485:possible issues 478:|date= 474:|year= 454: 449: 434: 426: 424: 421: 413: 409: 401: 397: 389: 385: 381: 377: 369: 340:tags to create 290:|page= 280: 278: 271: 267: 260: 251: 248: 244: 241:*> | p= < 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 215: 194: 188: 169:section below. 167:possible issues 147: 141: 96: 86: 62: 56: 37: 31: 29: 23: 22: 18:Template:Harvnb 15: 12: 11: 5: 7062: 7060: 7052: 7051: 7046: 7036: 7035: 7012:and testcases 6966: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6954: 6946: 6941: 6937: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6926:no description 6923: 6918: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6902: 6894: 6886: 6882: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6871:no description 6868: 6863: 6859: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6850: 6847: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6826: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6808: 6800: 6796: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6785:no description 6782: 6777: 6773: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6761: 6753: 6745: 6741: 6740: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6729: 6721: 6716: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6700: 6692: 6687: 6683: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6674: 6671: 6663: 6658: 6654: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6642: 6634: 6629: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6613: 6605: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6555: 6552: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6538: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6499: 6488: 6477: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6423:Citation tools 6420: 6414: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6372:Reference-tags 6368: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6335: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6282: 6280: 6278:Citing sources 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6241:General advice 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6227:Citing sources 6224: 6223: 6222: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6189: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6174: 6167: 6159: 6078:named footnote 6065: 6054: 6040:Note that the 6021: 6018: 6017: 5998: 5993: 5985: 5980: 5976: 5964: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5948:|ref= 5944: 5943: 5942: 5916: 5911: 5881: 5870: 5859: 5844: 5837:|ref= 5823: 5822: 5814: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5770: 5767: 5748: 5747: 5738: 5716: 5694: 5672: 5653:editor-surname 5638: 5608: 5578: 5548: 5525:author-surname 5481:. By default, 5464: 5458: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5364: 5363: 5360: 5358:Article text. 5356: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5341: 5328: 5327: 5324: 5322:Article text. 5320: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5290: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5137: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5082: 5074: 5066: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5027:J. von Neumann 5019: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5010: 4992:J. von Neumann 4984: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4972: 4919: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4856:Article text. 4854: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4842: 4805: 4797: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4748: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4716:, p. 25; 4705: 4702: 4700:Article text. 4698: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4679:, p. 25; 4668: 4665: 4663:Article text. 4661: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4644:, p. 25; 4640:Article text ( 4638: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4590: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4563: 4552: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4504: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4483: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4456: 4440: 4437: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4389: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4353: 4305: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4264: 4263: 4254: 4242: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4231:, p. 15; 4220: 4219: 4217:Article text. 4215: 4213: 4203: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4192:, p. 15; 4181: 4180: 4178:Article text. 4176: 4174: 4164: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4146: 4145: 4143:Article text. 4141: 4139: 4129: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4111: 4110: 4108:Article text. 4106: 4097: 4087: 4086: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4082: 4069: 4061:Trace Elements 4056: 4046:Stefferud, A. 4016: 4015: 4012:Stefferud 1957 4004: 3992: 3979: 3978: 3968: 3959: 3949: 3948: 3942: 3933: 3923: 3922: 3907: 3898: 3888: 3887: 3881: 3872: 3862: 3861: 3854: 3845: 3835: 3834: 3828: 3819: 3809: 3808: 3807:, p. 25) 3802: 3793: 3783: 3782: 3781:, p. 25) 3775: 3766: 3756: 3755: 3749: 3740: 3730: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3709: 3706: 3698:reference name 3651: 3650: 3616: 3613: 3568: 3565: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3548: 3533: 3530:|ref= 3518:|ref= 3507: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3503: 3467: 3456: 3439:templates and 3429:|ref= 3402: 3387:|ref= 3375:|ref= 3371: 3356: 3355: 3354: 3342:|ref= 3334: 3311: 3304: 3268: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3222: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3203:Article text. 3201: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3186: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3168:Article text. 3166: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3154: 3104: 3098: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3070: 3062: 3060: 3059: 3046: 3043: 3041:Article text. 3039: 3037: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3015: 3013: 3012: 2999: 2996: 2994:Article text. 2992: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2979: 2945:|ref= 2940: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2919: 2907: 2905: 2904: 2902:, p. 101. 2891: 2888: 2886:Article text. 2884: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2854: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2833: 2809: 2807: 2806: 2793: 2790: 2788:Article text. 2786: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2773: 2744:|ref= 2729: 2726:{{cite comic}} 2721: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2708: 2696: 2694: 2693: 2691:, p. 101. 2680: 2677: 2675:Article text. 2673: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2648: 2646: 2645: 2643:, p. 101. 2632: 2629: 2627:Article text. 2625: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2585: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2563: 2562: 2550: 2548: 2547: 2531: 2528: 2526:Article text. 2524: 2522: 2449:==References== 2405: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2391:Important Book 2384: 2382: 2381: 2379:, p. 429. 2368: 2365: 2363:Article text. 2361: 2359: 2286:==References== 2244: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2217:|ref= 2213: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2170: 2158: 2156: 2155: 2141: 2138: 2136:Article text. 2134: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2108: 2106: 2105: 2091: 2088: 2086:Article text. 2084: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2053:|ref= 2040: 2037: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2008: 1999: 1987: 1985: 1984: 1972: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1905: 1899: 1889: 1883: 1873: 1863: 1853: 1796: 1793: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1746: 1741:Smith (2018), 1735: 1732: 1731: 1719: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1647: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1561: 1555:Smith (2017). 1549: 1546: 1545: 1536: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1496:Smith (2018). 1490: 1487: 1486: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1383:The templates 1357: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1342: 1341: 1335:Smith (2011). 1329: 1327: 1326: 1309: 1306: 1304:Article text. 1302: 1300: 1253:==References== 1212: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1143: 1140: 1077: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1063:, p. 343) 1048: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1025: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1002: 999: 996: 995: 992: 969:The templates 966: 963: 959: 956: 952:|ref= 948:|Ref= 924:|ref= 906: 903: 874: 871: 868: 867: 865: 862: 861: 857: 856: 843: 842: 837: 835: 832: 829: 828: 823: 822: 809: 808: 803: 801: 798: 795: 794: 789: 788: 775: 774: 769: 767: 764: 761: 760: 755: 754: 741: 740: 735: 733: 730: 727: 726: 723: 698:|loc= 674:|loc= 661: 658: 655: 654: 652: 649: 648: 644: 643: 630: 629: 624: 622: 619: 616: 615: 610: 609: 596: 595: 590: 588: 585: 582: 581: 576: 575: 562: 561: 556: 554: 551: 548: 547: 542: 541: 528: 527: 522: 520: 517: 514: 513: 510: 493:no author name 453: 450: 448: 445: 442: 441: 439: 436: 435: 422: 420: 419: 407: 395: 382: 379: 372: 370: 366: 363: 362: 359: 330: 329: 310:|loc= 307: 293: 283: 276: 273: 269: 265: 262: 258: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 219: 214: 211: 126: 125: 100: 88: 87: 85: 84: 73: 66: 28: 27: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7061: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7029: 7025: 7017: 7009: 7005: 7000: 6993: 6989: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6974:documentation 6963: 6960: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6950: 6947: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6924: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6911: 6908: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6895: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6879: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6869: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6856: 6853: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6843: 6840: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6824: 6821: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6812: 6809: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6783: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6770: 6767: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6754: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6738: 6735: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6722: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6702:Brown or 2004 6701: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6693: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6680: 6677: 6673:Jones or 2003 6672: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6664: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6635: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6622: 6619: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6606: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6573: 6567: 6562: 6560: 6553: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6515: 6506: 6500: 6495: 6489: 6484: 6478: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6433:Cite messages 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6411:Advanced help 6409: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6328: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6200:Verifiability 6198: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6180: 6175: 6173: 6168: 6166: 6161: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6151: 6145: 6138: 6130: 6126: 6119: 6108: 6097: 6089: 6079: 6073: 6064: 6060: 6053: 6051: 6047: 6038: 6033: 6025: 6011: 6004: 5999: 5994:cite_nameyear 5991: 5986: 5974: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5961: 5952: 5951: 5945: 5941:respectively. 5932: 5914: 5912: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5871: 5863:"Nguyen 2010" 5860: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5812: 5804: 5802: 5794: 5782: 5776: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5755: 5753: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5463: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5429:, p. 25 5428: 5423: 5418: 5417: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5374: 5369: 5366: 5359: 5355: 5350: 5349: 5338: 5333: 5330: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5313: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5269: 5268: 5264: 5262: 5256: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5243: 5237: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5188: 5182: 5177: 5176: 5168: 5165: 5161: 5153: 5145: 5134: 5126: 5118: 5112: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5080: 5075: 5072: 5067: 5064: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4990: and 4989: 4983: 4978: 4977: 4969: 4966: 4961: 4951: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4889: 4884: 4883: 4874:, p. 25) 4873: 4867: 4864: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4847: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4804: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4784: 4776: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4728: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4707: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4691: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4670: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4637: 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3984: 3981: 3977: 3976: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3950: 3947:, p. 25 3946: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3757: 3754:, p. 25 3753: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3714: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3656: 3647: 3639: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3603: 3602:Sfn whitelist 3584: 3579:(which wraps 3576: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3528:: Check that 3527: 3523: 3515: 3514: 3508: 3499: 3489: 3483:|id= 3480: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3457: 3452: 3444: 3436: 3424: 3416: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3366:: check that 3365: 3361: 3357: 3348: 3340:: check that 3339: 3335: 3328: 3317:field and no 3312: 3309: 3305: 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