1612:, the perfect and the imperfect. Both aorist and imperfect verbs can represent a past event: through contrast, the imperfect verb often implies a longer duration (e.g. 'they urged him' vs. 'they persuaded him'). The aorist participle represents the first event of a two-event sequence and the present participle represents an ongoing event at the time of another event. Perfect verbs stood for past actions if the result is still present (e.g. 'I have found it') or for present states resulting from a past event (e.g. 'I remember').
1151:, for example, events that occurred earlier on the day of speaking are marked with the same verb forms as events that happened in the far past, while events that happened yesterday (compared to the moment of speech) are marked with the same forms as events in the present. This can be thought of as a system where events are marked as prior or contemporaneous to points of reference on a timeline.
36:
3488:
does not have an explicit tense, but rather tense is conveyed by mood, aspect markers, and time phrases. Wuvulu speakers use a realis mood to convey past tense as speakers can be certain about events that have occurred. In some cases, realis mood is used to convey present tense — often to indicate a
1415:
by the grammar of the
Classical languages, since early grammarians, often monks, had no other reference point to describe their language. Latin terminology is often used to describe modern languages, sometimes with a change of meaning, as with the application of "perfect" to forms in English that do
2068:
particles. Of the markers there are three tense markers called: Imperfective, Progressive, and
Perfective. Which simply mean, Before, Currently, and After. However, specific TAM markers and the type of deictic or directional particle that follows determine and denote different types of meanings in
1952:
and some other languages in the group, perfective verbs have past and "future tenses", while imperfective verbs have past, present and "future", the imperfective "future" being a compound tense in most cases. The "future tense" of perfective verbs is formed in the same way as the present tense of
3633:
the semantic concept of time reference (absolute or relative), ... may be grammaticalized in a language, i.e. a language may have a grammatical category that expresses time reference, in which case we say that the language has tenses. Some languages lack tense, i.e. do not have grammatical time
1335:
The syntactic properties of tense have figured prominently in formal analyses of how tense-marking interacts with word order. Some languages (such as French) allow an adverb (Adv) to intervene between a tense-marked verb (V) and its direct object (O); in other words, they permit ordering. In
850:
means, places a state or action in time. Nonetheless, in many descriptions of languages, particularly in traditional
European grammar, the term "tense" is applied to verb forms or constructions that express not merely position in time, but also additional properties of the state or action –
1578:(active or passive). Most verbs can be built by selecting a verb stem and adapting them to endings. Endings may vary according to the speech role, the number and the gender of the subject or an object. Sometimes, verb groups function as a unit and supplement inflection for tense (see
1873:
of noun which the pronoun refers to and not the pronoun itself. The perfect past doubles as the perfective aspect participle and the imperfect past conjugations act as the copula to mark imperfect past when used with the aspectual participles. Hindi-Urdu has an overtly marked
1969:). However it doesn't have real future tense, because the future tense is formed by the shortened version of the present of the verb hteti (ще) and it just adds present tense forms of person suffixes: -m (I), -š (you), -ø (he,she,it), -me (we), -te (you, plural), -t (they).
3489:
state of being. Wuvulu speakers use an irrealis mood to convey future tense. Tense in Wuvulu-Aua may also be implied by using time adverbials and aspectual markings. Wuvulu contains three verbal markers to indicate sequence of events. The preverbal adverbial
1272:, time phrases, and so on. (The same is done in tensed languages, to supplement or reinforce the time information conveyed by the choice of tense.) Time information is also sometimes conveyed as a secondary feature by markers of other categories, as with the
1520:) (e.g. 'he was eating', 'he used to eat'). The perfect tense combines the meanings of a simple past ('he ate') with that of an English perfect tense ('he has eaten'), which in ancient Greek are two different tenses (aorist and perfect).
3476:
is a tenseless language. The language uses the same words for all three tenses; the phrase E liliu mai au i te Aho Tōnai literally translates to Come back / me / on
Saturday, but the translation becomes 'I am coming back on Saturday'.
1882:
Hindi-Urdu verb forms (aspectual verb forms) consist of two elements, the first of these two elements is the aspect marker and the second element (the copula) is the common tense-mood marker. Hindi-Urdu has 3 grammatical aspectsː
1075:, a past tense referring specifically to yesterday (although this name is also sometimes used to mean pre-hodiernal). A tense for after tomorrow is thus called post-crastinal, and one for before yesterday is called pre-hesternal.
1066:
served as a hodiernal past. Tenses that contrast with hodiernals, by referring to the past before today or the future after today, are called pre-hodiernal and post-hodiernal respectively. Some languages also have a
3120:
For a more polite form rather than a straightforward command imperative TAM a is used with adverbial kānei. Kānei is only shown to be used in imperative structures and was translated by the french as "please".
733:
have described the different ways in which tenseless languages nonetheless mark time. On the other hand, some languages make finer tense distinctions, such as remote vs recent past, or near vs remote future.
1810:
can be added to past tenses to indicate that an action is speculative or reported (e.g. "it seems that he was doing", "they say that he was doing"). A similar feature is found in
Turkish. (For details, see
1082:, is the persistive tense, used to indicate that a state or ongoing action is still the case (or, in the negative, is no longer the case). Luganda also has tenses meaning "so far" and "not yet".
1037:. Some languages have four or more tenses, making finer distinctions either in the past (e.g. remote vs. recent past) or in the future (e.g. near vs. remote future). The six-tense language
1806:, has past and non-past forms, with additional aspectual distinctions. Future can be expressed using an auxiliary, but almost never in non-formal context. Colloquially the perfect suffix
1724:
family have developed systems either with two morphological tenses (present or "non-past", and past) or with three (present, past and future). The tenses often form part of entangled
1140:
markers that encode that the action occurs in a recurrent temporal period of the day ("in the morning", "during the day", "at night", "until dawn" etc) or of the year ("in winter").
741:. In some contexts, however, their meaning may be relativized to a point in the past or future which is established in the discourse (the moment being spoken about). This is called
4565:
Afféú Fangani 'Join
Together': A Morphophonemic Analysis of Possessive Suffix Paradigms and A Discourse-Based Ethnography of the Elicitation Session in Pakin Lukunosh Mortlockese
2013:
have a variety of affixed forms which can be described as representing present, past and future tenses, although they can alternatively be considered to be aspectual. Similarly,
4013:
4122:
858:
expresses how a state or action relates to time – whether it is seen as a complete event, an ongoing or repeated situation, etc. Many languages make a distinction between
661:
1697:, various tense–aspect combinations are referred to loosely as tenses. Similarly, the term "future tense" is sometimes loosely applied to cases where modals such as
1735:(which include English) have present (non-past) and past tenses formed morphologically, with future and other additional forms made using auxiliaries. In standard
1293:, which in most cases place an action in past time. However, much time information is conveyed implicitly by context – it is therefore not always necessary, when
5557:
1041:
of
Australia has the remote past, the recent past, the today past, the present, the today/near future and the remote future. Some languages, like the Amazonian
2064:. Verbs in the indigenous Old Rapa occur with a marker known as TAM which stands for tense, aspect, or mood which can be followed by directional particles or
4738:
4279:
3647:
1833:, has indicative perfect past and indicative future forms, while the indicative present and indicative imperfect past conjugations exist only for the verb
6205:
1861:. The conjugations of the indicative perfect past and the indicative imperfect past are derived from participles (just like the past tense formation in
1796:
on the other hand only has past, non-past and 'indefinite', and, in the case of the verb 'be' (including its use as an auxiliary), also present tense.
6679:
3844:
1297:
from a tensed to a tenseless language, say, to express explicitly in the target language all of the information conveyed by the tenses in the source.
4572:
4537:
2044:, above. Fuller information on tense formation and usage in particular languages can be found in the articles on those languages and their grammars.
5886:
3599:
4319:
925:. Mood can be bound up with tense, aspect, or both, in particular verb forms. Hence, certain languages are sometimes analysed as having a single
1336:
contrast, other languages (such as
English) do not allow the adverb to intervene between the verb and its direct object, and require ordering.
5569:
1728:
conjugation systems. Additional tenses, tense–aspect combinations, etc. can be provided by compound constructions containing auxiliary verbs.
4663:
4469:
4289:
4156:
1961:, for example, has present, past (both "imperfect" and "aorist") and "future tenses", for both perfective and imperfective verbs, as well as
870:, denoting a state following a prior event. Some of the traditional "tenses" express time reference together with aspectual information. In
4264:
Daniel Couto-Vale, 'Report and Taxis in
Herodotus’s Histories: a systemic- functional approach to the description of Ancient Ionic Greek',
3824:
654:
1257:. It is consequently not always possible to identify elements that mark any specific category, such as tense, separately from the others.
3548:
for something that has not happened yet. Each of these markers is used in conjunction with the subject proclitics except for the markers
6547:
6214:
4898:
936:, then, particularly in less formal contexts, is sometimes used to denote any combination of tense proper, aspect, and mood. As regards
3927:
3902:
3626:
1896:
57:
4004:
3634:
reference, though probably all languages can lexicalize time reference, i.e. have temporal adverbials that locate situations in time.
774:, and since in many cases the three categories are not manifested separately, some languages may be described in terms of a combined
5972:
5552:
4634:
4184:
3877:
3692:
123:
4593:
4505:
1841:
conjugations (which used to be the indicative present conjugations in older forms of Hind-Urdu) by adding a future future suffix -
4731:
4113:
104:
6634:
647:
6288:
1754:(descendants of Latin) have past, present and future morphological tenses, with additional aspectual distinction in the past.
76:
6755:
6629:
6198:
4682:
61:
1229:
As has already been mentioned, indications of tense are often bound up with indications of other verbal categories, such as
3013:
The imperative is marked in Old Rapa by TAM a. A second person subject is implied by the direct command of the imperative.
6407:
6228:
5881:
5293:
83:
6911:
6150:
5435:
4112:
Nordlinger, Rachel; Sadler, Louisa (2000). "Tense as a
Nominal Category". In Butt, Miriam; King, Tracy Holloway (eds.).
1226:(in various surface forms) appears in conjunction with the affixed or ablaut-modified past tense form of the main verb.
6901:
6293:
4860:
4724:
3777:
3748:
1412:
742:
623:
1716:), imperfect and aorist forms – these can be considered as representing two tenses (present and past) with different
1147:
systems. This is a form of temporal marking where tense is given relative to a reference point or reference span. In
882:
denotes past time in combination with imperfective aspect, while other verb forms (the Latin perfect, and the French
6381:
2896:
TAM i marks past action. It is rarely used as a matrix TAM and is more frequently observed in past embedded clauses
1875:
1725:
926:
775:
358:
6775:
6437:
6258:
4855:
1921:
1517:
965:
959:
Particular tense forms need not always carry their basic time-referential meaning in every case. For instance, the
941:
90:
46:
6780:
6730:
6492:
6191:
5999:
5263:
3656:
1709:
1694:
949:
408:
295:
275:
1788:). The past contrasts perfective and imperfective aspect, and some verbs retain such a contrast in the present.
1052:; these can be either past or future. Apart from Kalaw Lagaw Ya, another language which features such tenses is
6906:
6840:
6699:
6278:
6172:
5367:
3619:
Aspect: An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related Problems (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics)
1621:
1528:
1513:
770:) may in modern analysis be regarded as combinations of tense with aspect. Verbs are also often conjugated for
491:
434:
429:
247:
195:
3501:
are the respective intransitive and transitive suffixes indicating a repeated action. The postverbal morpheme
72:
6835:
6376:
5994:
5962:
5822:
5579:
5457:
4891:
1792:
had a three-way aspectual contrast of simple–perfective–imperfective in the past and present tenses. Modern
1721:
1238:
1234:
691:
601:
486:
439:
328:
3841:
6865:
6532:
6502:
6477:
6417:
6316:
6248:
6068:
5967:
5957:
5693:
5507:
4563:
4528:
3962:. Arlington, TX: The Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington. p. 45.
1954:
1351:
is a language that does not have a grammatical category of tense. Tenseless languages can and do refer to
751:) tense. Some languages have different verb forms or constructions which manifest relative tense, such as
606:
578:
539:
519:
474:
469:
338:
53:
6760:
6654:
6619:
6507:
6482:
6326:
6243:
5802:
5797:
5777:
5678:
5131:
4773:
4308:
1803:
479:
242:
6745:
6552:
6331:
6053:
5876:
5502:
5215:
5099:
5027:
3274:
It is also used in a more impersonal form. For example, how you would speak toward a pesky neighbor.
2026:
1830:
1396:
1372:
1193:
1133:
1022:
970:
718:
683:
413:
403:
139:
2888:
In Old Rapa there are also other types of tense markers known as Past, Imperative, and Subjunctive.
6830:
6795:
6740:
6684:
6587:
6572:
6542:
6522:
6497:
6366:
6351:
6140:
5982:
5932:
5900:
5839:
5792:
5564:
5547:
5542:
5535:
5495:
5447:
5355:
5258:
5240:
5111:
3485:
2215:, and denotes actions that was just witnessed but still currently happening when used with deictic
1605:
1599:
1509:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1265:
906:
863:
571:
499:
163:
4460:
1769:
1339:
Tense in syntax is represented by the category label T, which is the head of a TP (tense phrase).
1210:
1144:
1062:
948:
and/or perfect aspect, and with indicative, subjunctive or conditional mood. Particularly in some
885:
6875:
6800:
6770:
6735:
6715:
6644:
6624:
6562:
6557:
6467:
6457:
6442:
6386:
6118:
6113:
6103:
6043:
5989:
5757:
5747:
5521:
5490:
5477:
5288:
5273:
5230:
5190:
5116:
5067:
4884:
4842:
4390:
4382:
4247:
3816:
3753:
3569:
3473:
2037:, although they often have aspect markers which convey certain information about time reference.
2034:
1981:
1958:
1945:
1870:
1866:
1850:
1846:
1818:
1732:
1717:
1663:
1360:
1356:
1320:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1129:
1122:
1106:
982:
960:
855:
843:
763:
756:
738:
363:
343:
288:
264:
237:
3793:
2211:
Also expressed by TAM e and denotes actions that are currently happening when used with deictic
2017:
are described as having present and past tenses, although they may be analysed as aspects. Some
1445:
is traditionally described as having six verb paradigms for tense (the Latin for "tense" being
97:
6855:
6810:
6790:
6750:
6689:
6659:
6639:
6432:
6361:
6123:
5927:
5893:
5817:
5787:
5752:
5722:
5467:
5425:
5420:
5350:
5345:
5317:
5283:
5248:
4958:
4688:
4678:
4659:
4630:
4374:
4285:
4180:
4152:
4038:
3923:
3898:
3873:
3731:
3688:
3622:
2030:
1890:
1785:
1751:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1483:
1242:
1230:
1026:
1014:
945:
859:
825:
566:
559:
549:
514:
504:
444:
318:
300:
188:
4711:
1512:, that is, they often stand for an ongoing past action or state at a past point in time (see
686:
that expresses time reference. Tenses are usually manifested by the use of specific forms of
6860:
6785:
6674:
6452:
6063:
5905:
5807:
5782:
5772:
5767:
5742:
5646:
5462:
5452:
5410:
5200:
5165:
5154:
5084:
5052:
4968:
4943:
4915:
4790:
4651:
4366:
4239:
4227:
4209:
4087:
4079:
4054:
3808:
3721:
3528:
to denote a present tense state that an object has changed to from a different, past state,
1985:
1977:
1949:
1941:
1915:
1909:
1862:
1838:
1799:
1571:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1324:
1261:
1148:
1018:
990:
986:
937:
922:
918:
902:
771:
730:
509:
373:
158:
4645:
3920:
A Form-Function Description of the Grammar of the Modern English Language: Book 2 (Level 8)
3895:
A Form-Function Description of the Grammar of the Modern English Language: Book 1 (Level 7)
3726:
3709:
3324:
The subjunctive in Old Rapa is marked by kia and can also be used in expressions of desire
1355:, but they do so using lexical items such as adverbs or verbs, or by using combinations of
1117:
Relative tense forms are also sometimes analysed as combinations of tense with aspect: the
6664:
6567:
6462:
6427:
6108:
6058:
6048:
5915:
5871:
5854:
5762:
5105:
5032:
5017:
4963:
4827:
4812:
4800:
4780:
4768:
4763:
3848:
3758:
1998:
1989:
1966:
1927:
1884:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1758:
is an example of a language where, as in German, the simple morphological perfective past
1755:
1736:
1654:. The non-past usually references the present, but sometimes references the future (as in
1305:
A few languages have been shown to mark tense information (as well as aspect and mood) on
1273:
1215:
1105:
tenses refer to the future relative to the time under consideration, as with the English "
1072:
1071:, a future tense referring specifically to tomorrow (found in some Bantu languages); or a
1068:
1049:
1034:
1030:
914:
722:
714:
554:
423:
385:
225:
207:
183:
178:
1761:
893:
4601:
4494:
1666:
it can talk about the past as well. These morphological tenses are marked either with a
1608:
are similar to the ones in Latin, but with a three-way aspect contrast in the past: the
6850:
6845:
6765:
6649:
6527:
6422:
6263:
6096:
6075:
5861:
5849:
5717:
5688:
5440:
5278:
5195:
5180:
4938:
4865:
4837:
4172:
3865:
3509:
are the respective intransitive and transitive suffixes indicating a completed action.
2033:
and many other East Asian languages generally lack inflection and are considered to be
2014:
1962:
1777:
1629:
1524:
1491:
1380:
1201:
1137:
1118:
1098:
1086:
1057:
1053:
1042:
1038:
875:
867:
618:
449:
368:
252:
173:
6183:
3943:
Nedialkov, Vladimir P.; Otaina, G. A.; Geniushene, E. S.; Gruzdeva, Ekaterina (2013).
6895:
6537:
6512:
6346:
6157:
6022:
5910:
5866:
5812:
5732:
5702:
5641:
5599:
5382:
5360:
5307:
5147:
5126:
5121:
4973:
4953:
4933:
4795:
4785:
4394:
3646:
Huang, Nick (2015). "On syntactic tense in Mandarin Chinese". In Tao, Hongyin (ed.).
3574:
2649:
denotes actions that have already occurred or have finished and is marked by TAM ka.
2057:
1812:
1625:
1457:
1388:
1219:
1197:
1181:
998:
910:
871:
762:
Expressions of tense are often closely connected with expressions of the category of
726:
702:
333:
4251:
3820:
1089:. Tenses that refer to the past relative to the time under consideration are called
6805:
6725:
6592:
6472:
6356:
6336:
6162:
6027:
5400:
5136:
5077:
5022:
4995:
4758:
4230:, Judith (2011). "Temporal reference in Paraguayan Guaraní, a tenseless language".
3975:
The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World
2022:
2010:
2004:
1742:
1713:
1609:
1583:
1465:
1437:
1425:
1002:
866:(denoting ongoing or repeated situations); some also have other aspects, such as a
706:
583:
418:
232:
200:
168:
3597:
Fabricius-Hansen, Catherine (2006). "Tense". In Brown, E.K.; Anderson, A. (eds.).
2075:
denotes actions that have not occurred yet but will occur and expressed by TAM e.
17:
3363:
6720:
6694:
6577:
6341:
6268:
6167:
6133:
6128:
5737:
5727:
5673:
5651:
5485:
5372:
5185:
5170:
5141:
5094:
5037:
5012:
5000:
3517:
1933:
1903:
1879:
1315:
1294:
1169:
35:
4370:
2040:
For examples of languages with a greater variety of tenses, see the section on
1363:, and words that establish time reference. Examples of tenseless languages are
952:
materials, some or all of these forms can be referred to simply as tenses (see
842:
In modern linguistic theory, tense is understood as a category that expresses (
6870:
6517:
6283:
6238:
6233:
6017:
5922:
5614:
5530:
5525:
5205:
5175:
4923:
4832:
4807:
4655:
4243:
2018:
1640:
1499:
1165:
1094:
994:
791:
752:
698:
633:
628:
613:
544:
353:
259:
215:
4378:
3735:
2001:
conjugate for past, present and future, with a variety of aspects and moods.
1164:
Tense is normally indicated by the use of a particular verb form – either an
6669:
6487:
6412:
6391:
6321:
6273:
6253:
5977:
5944:
5707:
5629:
5430:
5330:
5253:
5210:
5160:
5072:
5007:
4948:
4928:
4907:
3812:
3493:'first' indicates the verb occurs before any other. The postverbal morpheme
1988:
language family, have morphological present (non-past) and past tenses. The
1644:
1473:
1269:
1185:
879:
323:
220:
5089:
4692:
4083:
4058:
4650:. Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy. Vol. 43. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
4042:
6582:
6371:
6145:
5952:
5636:
5604:
5516:
5511:
5390:
5335:
5268:
5225:
4990:
4979:
4706:
4423:
Tenses and Aspects? Old Shanghainese as Found in the Book Huyu Bian Shang
4213:
3772:
3230:
3092:
2971:
2061:
1428:
that mostly lack any relationship to the aspects implied by those terms.
1045:, have a historical past tense, used for events perceived as historical.
969:
is common crosslinguistically as a means of marking counterfactuality in
963:
is a use of the present tense to refer to past events. The phenomenon of
348:
4386:
3649:
Proceedings of the 27th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics
3409:
3353:
2816:
2628:
2424:
2338:
2258:
1208:. Examples which combine both types of tense marking include the French
6080:
5844:
5712:
5668:
5663:
5593:
5415:
5405:
5220:
5042:
4504:(1st ed.). New Zealand: Ministry of Pacific Island Affairs. 2017.
4354:
4115:
Proceedings of the LFG 00 Conference University of California, Berkeley
4091:
1508:
Imperfect tense verbs represent a past process combined with so called
1205:
1079:
1006:
847:
766:; sometimes what are traditionally called tenses (in languages such as
710:
675:
153:
2925:
1857:
are derived from the perfective participle forms of the verb "to go,"
1527:, standing for events that are past at the time of another event (see
929:(TAM) system, without separate manifestation of the three categories.
6084:
5834:
5619:
5395:
5302:
5061:
4716:
3451:
3391:
2953:
2590:
2502:
2396:
2310:
2230:
2154:
2086:
2065:
1679:
1667:
1189:
1010:
280:
4073:
1523:
The pluperfect, the perfect and the future perfect may also realise
4462:
The Language of Rapa Iti: Description of a Language In Change. Diss
4200:
Bittner, Maria (2005). "Future discourse in a tenseless language".
4043:"Periodic tense markers in the world's languages and their sources"
3110:
3088:
2788:
2710:
2660:
1060:
of Tanzania. It is also suggested that in 17th-century French, the
6447:
6091:
5658:
5609:
5587:
5340:
5325:
3655:. Vol. 2. Los Angeles: UCLA. pp. 406–423. Archived from
3433:
3335:
2929:
1822:
1442:
1173:
806:
767:
4618:
Temps et Verbe : théorie des aspects, des modes et des temps
3285:
3202:
3132:
3066:
3024:
2826:
2746:
2548:
2434:
2348:
2268:
1085:
Some languages have special tense forms that are used to express
1009:
tenses, the latter covering both present and future times (as in
709:. Some languages have only two distinct tenses, such as past and
5829:
5624:
4985:
3303:
3220:
3160:
1826:
1352:
1306:
687:
6187:
4880:
4720:
4012:. Washington, DC: U.S. Foreign Service Institute. p. 302.
794:
3990:
The Fyem language of northern Nigeria (Languages of the world)
3958:
Morse, Nancy L.; Maxwell, Michael B. (1999). "Cubeo grammar".
29:
3897:. Illinois: Rock Pickle Publishing. pp. 80–88, 258–268.
3150:
3042:
2608:
2104:
2007:
have past and non-past; future can be indicated by a prefix.
1747:
has replaced the simple morphological past in most contexts.
1570:
Latin verbs are inflected for tense and aspect together with
4876:
3373:
3084:
2981:
2907:
2862:
2836:
2756:
2678:
2558:
2530:
2470:
2444:
2278:
2114:
1172:, or both in combination. Inflection may involve the use of
2991:
1260:
Languages that do not have grammatical tense, such as most
898:) are used for past time reference with perfective aspect.
3544:
to denote a possible action or state in future tense, and
3240:
3170:
2728:
2172:
1574:(indicative, subjunctive, infinitive, and imperative) and
1214:, which has an auxiliary verb together with the inflected
4278:
Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (15 April 2002).
3258:
2806:
2618:
2520:
2414:
2328:
2248:
2190:
913:, and obligation. Commonly encountered moods include the
725:
system typical of Sino-Tibetan languages. In recent work
3973:
Bybee, Joan; Perkins, Revere; Pagliuca, William (1994).
1837:(to be). The indicative future is constructed using the
805:
in modern French through deliberate archaization), from
3532:
to describe something that has already been completed,
717:. There are also tenseless languages, like most of the
4427:. Shanghai: The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.
3418:
SBJV come 1S PREP INDEF house IPFV eat.continuously 1S
2575:
IPFV eat.continuously DEIC INDEF dog ACC INDEF chicken
1416:
not necessarily have perfective meaning, or the words
4677:. Syntax and Semantics 14. New York: Academic Press.
4284:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 51.
1101:(for the past relative to a future time). Similarly,
1048:
Tenses that refer specifically to "today" are called
3977:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 101.
3922:. Illinois: Rock Pickle Publishing. pp. 21–25.
3621:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 6.
3524:
and to denote the present tense state of a subject,
1853:
of the noun that the pronoun refes to. The forms of
697:
The main tenses found in many languages include the
6823:
6708:
6612:
6605:
6400:
6309:
6302:
6221:
6036:
6008:
5943:
5687:
5578:
5476:
5381:
5316:
5239:
5051:
4914:
3603:(2nd ed.). Boston: Elsevier. pp. 566–573.
2060:is the French Polynesian language of the island of
64:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3794:"The grammatical ingredients of counterfactuality"
3592:
3590:
2487:IPFV cook DEIC 1S ACC INDEF taro all INDEF morning
1391:, Maya (linguistic nomenclature: "Yukatek Maya"),
1005:), while others have only two: some have past and
993:. Some languages have all three basic tenses (the
4121:. Berkeley: CSLI Publications. pp. 196–214.
2879:PFV cook DEIC 1S ACC INDEF taro all INDEF morning
1078:Another tense found in some languages, including
909:, which includes such properties as uncertainty,
6680:Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)
4707:Combinations of Tense, Aspect, and Mood in Greek
3560:can be used with any type of intransitive verb.
4843:Future in the past / Future perfect in the past
4340:A Concise Grammar for English Language Teachers
4309:"The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language"
1200:. Multi-word tense constructions often involve
1097:(for the past relative to a past time) and the
4627:Tense–Aspect: Between Semantics and Pragmatics
4571:. University of Hawaii at Manoa Dissertation.
3945:Syntax of the Nivkh language: The Amur dialect
1701:are used to talk about future points in time.
737:Tenses generally express time relative to the
6199:
4892:
4732:
4673:Tedeschi, Philip; Zaenen, Anne, eds. (1981).
4416:
4409:
4281:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
1562:
1556:
1550:
1285:
1276:
814:, "time". It is not related to the adjective
655:
8:
4454:
4078:. Canberra: Australian National University.
4075:A sketch grammar of Burarra (Honours thesis)
1957:, there may be a greater variety of forms –
1503:(plūs quam perfectum, praeteritum perfectum)
1196:in English and other Germanic languages, or
891:
883:
851:particularly aspectual or modal properties.
800:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4355:"Aspect, Tense, and Mood in the Hindi Verb"
2295:IPFV learn DEIC 3S ACC INDEF child/children
1784:, has past, present and future tenses (see
1544:
1538:
1532:
829:
819:
809:
6609:
6306:
6206:
6192:
6184:
4899:
4885:
4877:
4739:
4725:
4717:
4522:
4520:
4518:
3918:Kosur, Heather Marie (November 18, 2021).
3893:Kosur, Heather Marie (November 18, 2021).
3840:von Fintel, Kai; Iatridou, Sabine (2020).
2876:ka tunu na ou i te mīkaka tonga te pōpongi
846:) time reference; namely one which, using
662:
648:
135:
4600:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
3947:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Company.
3725:
3678:
3676:
3270:'Please dress yourself in those clothes.'
2484:e tunu na ou i te mīkaka tonga te pōpongi
124:Learn how and when to remove this message
3612:
3610:
3600:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
1766:has mostly given way to a compound form
52:Relevant discussion may be found on the
3751:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short.
3586:
1411:The study of modern languages has been
721:, though they can possess a future and
138:
27:Expression of time reference in grammar
5570:Types of fiction with multiple endings
3960:Studies in the languages of Colombia 5
3727:10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124923
3421:'When I get to the house, I will eat.'
1582:). For details on verb structure, see
6635:Discourse representation theory (DRT)
4149:Temporality: Universals and Variation
4006:Adapting and writing language lessons
3710:"Cross-Linguistic Temporal Reference"
3685:Temporality: Universals and Variation
1516:) or represent habitual actions (see
1237:patterns of verbs often also reflect
7:
3842:Prolegomena to a Theory of X-Marking
2139:IPFV come DIR INDEF teacher tomorrow
2041:
1264:, express time reference chiefly by
1180:ending that marks the past tense of
62:adding citations to reliable sources
6548:Quantificational variability effect
6215:Formal semantics (natural language)
3267:IMP dress PREC 2S DEF clothing DEIC
2882:'I used to cook taro every morning'
2381:IPFV eat DEIC 1S ACC one small fish
4562:Odango, Emerson Lopez (May 2015).
4468:. Honolulu: U of Hawaii at Manoa.
3988:Nettle, Daniel (January 1, 1998).
3708:Tonhauser, Judith (January 2015).
1995:("to be") also has a future form.
1965:forms made with an auxiliary (see
1693:In some contexts, particularly in
1319:which includes nominal marking of
1241:with categories pertaining to the
944:which combine time reference with
25:
5973:Third-person omniscient narrative
3415:kia naku ou i te 'are e kaikai ou
2378:e kai na ou i kota'i kororio eika
2142:'The teacher is coming tomorrow.'
4578:from the original on 2015-08-25.
4511:from the original on 2017-03-03.
4325:from the original on 2006-01-01.
3830:from the original on 2018-07-24.
2773:PFV kill DEF man ACC INDEF shark
1953:imperfective verbs. However, in
1865:) and hence they agree with the
289:Singulative-Collective-Plurative
34:
4543:from the original on 2017-02-11
4475:from the original on 2015-08-25
4128:from the original on 2017-02-16
4019:from the original on 2021-07-17
2770:ka tākave tō tangata i te mango
2298:'He is teaching some children.'
2292:e 'āikete na 'ōna i te tamariki
1948:perfective or imperfective. In
1662:). In special uses such as the
1218:form of the main verb; and the
862:(denoting complete events) and
45:needs additional citations for
6630:Combinatory categorial grammar
5361:Conflict between good and evil
4712:Grammatical Features Inventory
4342:. TP Publications. p. 17.
4179:. Cambridge University Press.
3872:. Cambridge University Press.
2578:'The dog is eating a chicken.'
981:Not all languages have tense:
253:Suffixaufnahme (case stacking)
1:
6888:DEIC:deictic DIR:directional
6408:Antecedent-contained deletion
4625:Hopper, Paul J., ed. (1982).
4530:Wuvulu Grammar and Vocabulary
4268:, v. 11, n. 1, p. 33-62, 2015
2136:e naku mai te 'āikete anana'i
1705:Other Indo-European languages
1121:in the anterior case, or the
3714:Annual Review of Linguistics
3264:a omono kānei koe tō ka'u ra
2572:e kaikai ra te kurī i te moa
2490:'I cook taro every morning.'
1549:may stand for respectively '
1168:form of the main verb, or a
953:
942:verb forms and constructions
4616:Guillaume, Gustave (1929).
4353:VAN OLPHEN, HERMAN (1975).
3778:Online Etymology Dictionary
3556:. Additionally, the marker
3520:uses tense markers such as
3187:IMP take DIR PREC DEF thing
3001:IPFV what 2S PST CAUS-ready
2776:'The man killed the shark.'
2384:'I am eating a small fish.'
2029:to mark some tenses. Other
1901:; and 5 grammatical moodsː
369:Lexical aspect (Aktionsart)
6928:
6289:Syntax–semantics interface
4644:Smith, Carlota S. (1997).
4598:Oxford Living Dictionaries
4459:Walworth, Mary E. (2015).
4371:10.1163/000000075791615397
4232:Linguistics and Philosophy
2202:'That woman is beautiful.'
2199:IPFV pretty DEF woman DEIC
1597:
1518:Latin tenses with modality
1435:
1021:), whereas others such as
826:perfect passive participle
755:("past-in-the-past") and "
6781:Question under discussion
6731:Conversational scoreboard
6508:Intersective modification
6493:Homogeneity (linguistics)
6000:Stream of unconsciousness
5531:Falling action/Catastasis
4851:
4823:
4754:
4656:10.1007/978-94-011-5606-6
4527:Hafford, James A (2014).
4417:
4410:
4244:10.1007/s10988-011-9097-2
4151:. John Wiley & Sons.
4003:Stevick, Earl W. (1971).
3792:Iatridou, Sabine (2000).
1710:Proto-Indo-European verbs
1695:English language teaching
1563:
1557:
1551:
1477:(praeteritum imperfectum)
1286:
1277:
1017:, and, in some analyses,
950:English language teaching
818:, which comes from Latin
6841:Distributional semantics
5368:Self-fulfilling prophecy
4629:. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
3617:Comrie, Bernard (1976).
3540:to denote future tense,
3190:'Please take the thing.'
1720:. Most languages in the
1128:Some languages, such as
690:, particularly in their
492:Serial verb construction
6836:Computational semantics
6573:Subsective modification
6377:Propositional attitudes
5995:Stream of consciousness
5458:Suspension of disbelief
4647:The Parameter of Aspect
4594:"What Are Verb Tenses?"
4147:Bittner, Maria (2014).
4072:Green, Rebecca (1987).
3813:10.1162/002438900554352
3683:Bittner, Maria (2014).
3463:'May you two be happy.'
3184:a rave mai kānei tō mea
3004:'What did you prepare?'
2998:e a'a koe i 'aka-ineine
1606:tenses in Ancient Greek
1426:German past tense forms
1407:In particular languages
1188:modifications, such as
1170:multi-word construction
1125:in the posterior case.
795:
430:Honorifics (politeness)
6866:Philosophy of language
6503:Inalienable possession
6483:Free choice inferences
6478:Faultless disagreement
6249:Generalized quantifier
5536:Denouement/Catastrophe
5517:Rising action/Epitasis
4502:www.learntokelau.co.nz
4338:Penston, Tony (2005).
4084:10.25911/5d778709e1631
4059:10.1515/flin-2023-2013
2048:Austronesian languages
1984:, both members of the
1955:South Slavic languages
1712:had present, perfect (
1545:
1539:
1533:
1222:, where the proclitic
1184:, but can also entail
892:
884:
830:
820:
810:
801:
607:Polypersonal agreement
6761:Plural quantification
6655:Inquisitive semantics
6620:Alternative semantics
5882:Utopian and dystopian
4861:Relative and absolute
4620:. Paris: H. Champion.
4316:Ohio State University
2692:ka ngurunguru te kurī
2027:grammatical particles
1804:Indo-Iranian language
1620:English has only two
1395:and in some analyses
1309:. This may be called
1192:, as found as in the
1182:English regular verbs
243:Genitive construction
6746:Function application
6553:Responsive predicate
6543:Privative adjectives
5436:Narrative techniques
5216:Story within a story
5028:Supporting character
4359:Indo-Iranian Journal
4307:Peter W. Culicover.
4202:Journal of Semantics
2640:'She has just died.'
2637:IPFV die DIR DEIC 3S
1739:, the compound past
1487:(praesēns perfectum)
1143:Some languages have
1093:; these include the
496:Traditional grammar
464:Syntax relationships
140:Grammatical features
58:improve this article
6912:Time in linguistics
6831:Cognitive semantics
6796:Strawson entailment
6741:Existential closure
6685:Situation semantics
6588:Temperature paradox
6558:Rising declaratives
6523:Modal subordination
6498:Hurford disjunction
6458:Discourse relations
6141:Political narrative
5983:Unreliable narrator
5840:Speculative fiction
5548:Nonlinear narrative
5496:Three-act structure
5356:Deal with the Devil
4604:on October 23, 2016
3687:. Wiley-Blackwell.
3315:'Please leave now!'
2695:PFV growl INDEF dog
2035:tenseless languages
2021:languages, such as
1831:Indo-Aryan language
1600:Ancient Greek verbs
1510:imperfective aspect
1495:(futūrum perfectum)
1160:Morphology of tense
983:tenseless languages
905:is used to express
878:, for example, the
864:imperfective aspect
414:Comparison (degree)
164:Dative construction
73:"Grammatical tense"
6902:Grammatical tenses
6876:Semantics of logic
6801:Strict conditional
6771:Quantifier raising
6736:Downward entailing
6716:Autonomy of syntax
6645:Generative grammar
6625:Categorial grammar
6563:Scalar implicature
6468:Epistemic modality
6443:De dicto and de re
6119:Narrative paradigm
6114:Narrative identity
6044:Dominant narrative
5990:Multiple narrators
5274:Fictional location
5117:Dramatic structure
4748:Grammatical tenses
4495:"Tau Gana Tokelau"
4418:《從〈滬語便商〉所見的老上海話時態》
4214:10.1093/jos/ffh029
3847:2020-07-15 at the
3801:Linguistic Inquiry
3754:A Latin Dictionary
3570:Sequence of tenses
3474:Tokelauan language
3457:kia rekareka kōrua
2938:PST sleep 1PL.EXCL
2634:e mate atu ra 'ōna
2196:e mānea tō pē'ā ra
1867:grammatical number
1845:that declines for
1839:future subjunctive
1733:Germanic languages
1664:historical present
1604:The paradigms for
1413:greatly influenced
1399:(Kalaallisut) and
1349:tenseless language
1347:In linguistics, a
1343:Tenseless language
1313:, or more broadly
1123:prospective aspect
1111:(he said that) he
1107:future-in-the-past
961:historical present
757:future-in-the-past
739:moment of speaking
364:Grammatical aspect
18:Tenseless language
6884:
6883:
6856:Logic translation
6819:
6818:
6811:Universal grinder
6791:Squiggle operator
6751:Meaning postulate
6690:Supervaluationism
6660:Intensional logic
6640:Dynamic semantics
6601:
6600:
6433:Crossover effects
6382:Tense–aspect–mood
6362:Lexical semantics
6181:
6180:
6124:Narrative therapy
5558:television series
5503:Freytag's Pyramid
5346:Moral development
5249:Alternate history
4959:False protagonist
4874:
4873:
4665:978-0-7923-4659-3
4291:978-0-521-43146-0
4158:978-1-4051-9040-4
4047:Folia Linguistica
4039:Guillaume Jacques
3771:Harper, Douglas.
3106:a kai tā-koe eika
2069:terms of tenses.
2031:Chinese languages
1876:tense-aspect-mood
1786:Irish conjugation
1752:Romance languages
1726:tense–aspect–mood
1588:Latin conjugation
1580:Latin periphrases
1564:he will have died
1531:): for instance,
1514:secondary present
1262:Sinitic languages
940:, there are many
927:tense–aspect–mood
860:perfective aspect
786:The English noun
776:tense–aspect–mood
719:Chinese languages
672:
671:
567:Topic and Comment
550:Thematic relation
445:Reflexive pronoun
359:Tense–aspect–mood
319:Associated motion
301:Universal grinder
134:
133:
126:
108:
16:(Redirected from
6919:
6861:Linguistics wars
6786:Semantic parsing
6675:Montague grammar
6610:
6453:Deontic modality
6307:
6294:Truth conditions
6229:Compositionality
6222:Central concepts
6208:
6201:
6194:
6185:
6104:Literary science
5647:Narrative poetry
5543:Linear narrative
5453:Stylistic device
5448:Show, don't tell
5411:Figure of speech
5201:Shaggy dog story
4944:Characterization
4901:
4894:
4887:
4878:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4718:
4696:
4675:Tense and Aspect
4669:
4640:
4621:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4570:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4542:
4535:
4524:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4499:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4474:
4467:
4456:
4429:
4428:
4420:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4313:
4305:Lay summary in:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4275:
4269:
4266:Nuntius Antiquus
4262:
4256:
4255:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4120:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4018:
4011:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3992:. LINCOM Europa.
3985:
3979:
3978:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3862:
3856:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3798:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3768:
3762:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3729:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3680:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3661:
3654:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3614:
3605:
3604:
3594:
3453:
3435:
3411:
3401:eat.continuously
3393:
3375:
3365:
3355:
3337:
3305:
3287:
3260:
3242:
3232:
3222:
3204:
3172:
3162:
3152:
3134:
3116:'Eat your fish.'
3112:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3068:
3044:
3026:
2993:
2983:
2973:
2955:
2931:
2927:
2909:
2864:
2838:
2828:
2818:
2808:
2790:
2758:
2748:
2730:
2712:
2698:'A dog growled.'
2680:
2662:
2630:
2620:
2610:
2592:
2560:
2550:
2532:
2522:
2512:eat.continuously
2504:
2472:
2446:
2436:
2426:
2416:
2398:
2350:
2340:
2330:
2312:
2280:
2270:
2260:
2250:
2232:
2192:
2174:
2156:
2116:
2106:
2088:
1942:Slavic languages
1863:Slavic languages
1566:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1279:
1268:means – through
1220:Irish past tense
1050:hodiernal tenses
1033:have future and
901:The category of
897:
889:
854:The category of
838:Uses of the term
833:
823:
813:
804:
799:"time" (spelled
798:
731:Judith Tonhauser
713:, or future and
664:
657:
650:
398:General features
313:Related to verbs
148:Related to nouns
136:
129:
122:
118:
115:
109:
107:
66:
38:
30:
21:
6927:
6926:
6922:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6917:
6916:
6907:English grammar
6892:
6891:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6815:
6704:
6665:Lambda calculus
6597:
6568:Sloppy identity
6528:Opaque contexts
6463:Donkey anaphora
6428:Counterfactuals
6396:
6298:
6217:
6212:
6182:
6177:
6109:Literary theory
6049:Fiction writing
6032:
6004:
5939:
5691:
5683:
5574:
5472:
5377:
5312:
5235:
5106:Deus ex machina
5047:
5033:Title character
5018:Stock character
4964:Focal character
4910:
4905:
4875:
4870:
4847:
4828:Present perfect
4819:
4750:
4745:
4703:
4685:
4672:
4666:
4643:
4637:
4624:
4615:
4607:
4605:
4592:
4589:
4587:Further reading
4584:
4583:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4525:
4516:
4508:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4457:
4432:
4408:Qian, Nairong (
4407:
4406:
4402:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4322:
4311:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4263:
4259:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4173:Comrie, Bernard
4171:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4096:
4094:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4009:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3866:Comrie, Bernard
3864:
3863:
3859:
3849:Wayback Machine
3839:
3835:
3827:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3759:Perseus Project
3747:
3743:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3682:
3681:
3674:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3629:
3616:
3615:
3608:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3583:
3566:
3515:
3483:
3470:
3465:
3455:
3445:
3437:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3403:
3395:
3385:
3377:
3367:
3357:
3347:
3339:
3329:
3317:
3307:
3297:
3289:
3279:
3272:
3262:
3252:
3244:
3234:
3224:
3214:
3206:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3174:
3164:
3154:
3144:
3136:
3126:
3118:
3104:
3096:
3078:
3070:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3036:
3028:
3018:
3006:
2996:
2985:
2975:
2965:
2957:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2919:
2911:
2901:
2884:
2874:
2866:
2856:
2848:
2840:
2830:
2820:
2810:
2800:
2792:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2760:
2750:
2740:
2732:
2722:
2714:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2682:
2672:
2664:
2654:
2642:
2632:
2622:
2612:
2602:
2594:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2562:
2552:
2542:
2534:
2524:
2514:
2506:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2474:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2408:
2400:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2342:
2332:
2322:
2314:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2282:
2272:
2262:
2252:
2242:
2234:
2224:
2204:
2194:
2184:
2176:
2166:
2158:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2108:
2098:
2090:
2080:
2055:
2050:
2042:possible tenses
1975:
1973:Other languages
1967:Bulgarian verbs
1794:Scottish Gaelic
1790:Classical Irish
1782:Celtic language
1707:
1618:
1602:
1596:
1525:relative tenses
1440:
1434:
1409:
1345:
1333:
1331:Syntax of tense
1303:
1231:aspect and mood
1216:past participle
1202:auxiliary verbs
1162:
1157:
1073:hesternal tense
1069:crastinal tense
979:
977:Possible tenses
844:grammaticalizes
840:
784:
747:(as opposed to
668:
639:
638:
597:
589:
588:
535:
527:
526:
465:
457:
456:
426:(verbal number)
424:Pluractionality
399:
391:
390:
314:
306:
305:
285:
226:Collective noun
208:Construct state
149:
130:
119:
113:
110:
67:
65:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6925:
6923:
6915:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6894:
6893:
6886:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6851:Inferentialism
6848:
6846:Formal grammar
6843:
6838:
6833:
6827:
6825:
6821:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6766:Possible world
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6712:
6710:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6650:Glue semantics
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6616:
6614:
6613:Formal systems
6607:
6603:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6538:Polarity items
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6423:Conservativity
6420:
6415:
6410:
6404:
6402:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6389:
6387:Quantification
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6313:
6311:
6304:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6264:Presupposition
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6225:
6223:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6203:
6196:
6188:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6173:Verisimilitude
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6143:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6078:
6076:Parallel novel
6073:
6072:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6014:
6012:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5986:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5949:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5847:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5820:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5718:Action fiction
5710:
5705:
5699:
5697:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5602:
5597:
5590:
5584:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5545:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5519:
5514:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5482:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5387:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5322:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5286:
5281:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5245:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5196:Self-insertion
5193:
5188:
5183:
5181:Poetic justice
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5070:
5065:
5057:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4983:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4939:Character flaw
4936:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4881:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4866:Periodic tense
4863:
4858:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4838:Future perfect
4835:
4830:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4702:
4701:External links
4699:
4698:
4697:
4683:
4670:
4664:
4641:
4635:
4622:
4613:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4554:
4514:
4486:
4430:
4400:
4365:(4): 284–301.
4345:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4290:
4270:
4257:
4238:(3): 257–303.
4219:
4208:(4): 339–388.
4192:
4185:
4164:
4157:
4139:
4104:
4064:
4053:(3): 539–562.
4030:
3995:
3980:
3965:
3950:
3935:
3929:979-8769826191
3928:
3910:
3904:979-8769812316
3903:
3885:
3878:
3857:
3833:
3807:(2): 231–270.
3784:
3763:
3741:
3720:(1): 129–154.
3700:
3693:
3672:
3638:
3628:978-0521290456
3627:
3606:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3565:
3562:
3514:
3511:
3482:
3479:
3469:
3466:
3460:SBJV happy 2DU
3446:
3438:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3404:
3396:
3386:
3378:
3368:
3358:
3348:
3340:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3298:
3290:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3253:
3245:
3235:
3225:
3215:
3207:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3175:
3165:
3155:
3145:
3137:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3109:IMP eat INDEF.
3097:
3079:
3071:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3037:
3029:
3019:
3016:
3015:
2986:
2976:
2966:
2958:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2920:
2912:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2867:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2831:
2821:
2811:
2801:
2793:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2761:
2751:
2741:
2733:
2723:
2715:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2683:
2673:
2665:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2623:
2613:
2603:
2595:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2563:
2553:
2543:
2535:
2525:
2515:
2507:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2475:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2439:
2429:
2419:
2409:
2401:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2343:
2333:
2323:
2315:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2288:child/children
2283:
2273:
2263:
2253:
2243:
2235:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2185:
2177:
2167:
2159:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2127:
2119:
2109:
2099:
2091:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2015:Japanese verbs
1990:Hungarian verb
1974:
1971:
1706:
1703:
1617:
1614:
1598:Main article:
1595:
1592:
1529:secondary past
1506:
1505:
1497:
1492:Future perfect
1489:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1436:Main article:
1433:
1430:
1408:
1405:
1344:
1341:
1332:
1329:
1302:
1299:
1274:aspect markers
1176:, such as the
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1138:periodic tense
1119:perfect aspect
1099:future perfect
1087:relative tense
1058:Bantu language
1043:Cubeo language
1039:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
978:
975:
868:perfect aspect
839:
836:
783:
780:
778:(TAM) system.
670:
669:
667:
666:
659:
652:
644:
641:
640:
637:
636:
631:
626:
621:
619:Empty category
616:
611:
610:
609:
598:
595:
594:
591:
590:
587:
586:
581:
576:
575:
574:
564:
563:
562:
557:
547:
542:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
523:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
494:
489:
484:
483:
482:
477:
466:
463:
462:
459:
458:
455:
454:
453:
452:
450:Reflexive verb
447:
437:
432:
427:
421:
416:
411:
406:
400:
397:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
383:
382:
381:
376:
371:
366:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
298:
293:
292:
291:
286:
284:
283:
278:
273:
269:
262:
257:
256:
255:
250:
240:
235:
230:
229:
228:
223:
218:
210:
205:
204:
203:
193:
192:
191:
186:
181:
176:
174:Quirky subject
171:
166:
156:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
132:
131:
56:. Please help
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6924:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6889:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6822:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6707:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6611:
6608:
6604:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6533:Performatives
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6513:Logophoricity
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6347:Evidentiality
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6308:
6305:
6301:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6209:
6204:
6202:
6197:
6195:
6190:
6189:
6186:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6158:Screenwriting
6156:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6007:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5963:Second-person
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5921:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5895:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5867:Magic realism
5865:
5863:
5860:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5798:Psychological
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5778:Philosophical
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5703:Autobiography
5701:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5690:
5686:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5642:Narrative art
5640:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5600:Flash fiction
5598:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5491:Act structure
5489:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5308:Worldbuilding
5306:
5304:
5301:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5155:Kishōtenketsu
5152:
5150:
5149:
5148:In medias res
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5127:Foreshadowing
5125:
5123:
5122:Eucatastrophe
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5085:Chekhov's gun
5083:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4975:
4974:Gothic double
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4954:Deuteragonist
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4934:Character arc
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4902:
4897:
4895:
4890:
4888:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4742:
4737:
4735:
4730:
4728:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4642:
4638:
4636:9789027228659
4632:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4574:
4567:
4566:
4558:
4555:
4539:
4532:
4531:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4507:
4503:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4471:
4464:
4463:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4404:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4346:
4341:
4334:
4331:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4293:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4193:
4188:
4186:0-521-28138-5
4182:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4140:
4124:
4117:
4116:
4108:
4105:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4068:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4015:
4008:
4007:
3999:
3996:
3991:
3984:
3981:
3976:
3969:
3966:
3961:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3939:
3936:
3931:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3886:
3881:
3879:0-521-28138-5
3875:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3785:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3701:
3696:
3694:9781405190404
3690:
3686:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3662:on 2017-10-11
3658:
3651:
3650:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3576:
3575:Spatial tense
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3122:
3117:
3114:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3095:
3082:
3077:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2076:
2074:
2073:Imperfective:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1999:Turkish verbs
1996:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1946:intrinsically
1943:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1922:Contrafactual
1918:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1813:Persian verbs
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1770:passé composé
1765:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1722:Indo-European
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1622:morphological
1615:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1594:Ancient Greek
1593:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1311:nominal tense
1308:
1301:Nominal Tense
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1211:passé composé
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:reduplication
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1155:Tense marking
1154:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1063:passé composé
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
976:
974:
972:
968:
967:
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
911:evidentiality
908:
904:
899:
896:
895:
888:
887:
886:passé composé
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
849:
845:
837:
835:
834:, "stretch".
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
808:
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746:
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735:
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727:Maria Bittner
724:
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624:Incorporation
622:
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334:Evidentiality
332:
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213:
212:Countability
211:
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199:
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128:
125:
117:
106:
103:
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96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75: –
74:
70:
69:Find sources:
63:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
6887:
6806:Type shifter
6776:Quantization
6726:Continuation
6593:Veridicality
6473:Exhaustivity
6438:Cumulativity
6357:Indexicality
6337:Definiteness
6332:Conditionals
6259:Logical form
6163:Storytelling
6009:
5978:Subjectivity
5968:Third-person
5958:First-person
5592:
5401:Comic relief
5153:
5146:
5137:Flashforward
5104:
5078:Origin story
5060:
5023:Straight man
4978:
4747:
4674:
4646:
4626:
4617:
4606:. Retrieved
4602:the original
4597:
4564:
4557:
4545:. Retrieved
4529:
4501:
4489:
4477:. Retrieved
4461:
4424:
4415:
4403:
4362:
4358:
4348:
4339:
4333:
4315:
4295:. Retrieved
4280:
4273:
4265:
4260:
4235:
4231:
4222:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4176:
4167:
4148:
4142:
4130:. Retrieved
4114:
4107:
4095:. Retrieved
4074:
4067:
4050:
4046:
4033:
4021:. Retrieved
4005:
3998:
3989:
3983:
3974:
3968:
3959:
3953:
3944:
3938:
3919:
3913:
3894:
3888:
3869:
3860:
3852:
3836:
3804:
3800:
3787:
3776:
3766:
3752:
3744:
3717:
3713:
3703:
3684:
3664:. Retrieved
3657:the original
3648:
3641:
3632:
3618:
3598:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
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3484:
3471:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3439:
3432:
3429:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3397:
3390:
3387:
3382:
3379:
3372:
3369:
3362:
3359:
3352:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3334:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3309:a naku kānei
3308:
3302:
3299:
3294:
3291:
3284:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3246:
3239:
3236:
3229:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3201:
3198:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3169:
3166:
3159:
3156:
3149:
3146:
3141:
3138:
3131:
3128:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3065:
3062:
3054:'Come here.'
3053:
3051:IMP come DIR
3050:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2990:
2987:
2980:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2952:
2949:
2940:
2937:
2935:i komo mātou
2934:
2924:
2921:
2916:
2913:
2906:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2825:
2822:
2815:
2812:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2737:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2659:
2656:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2617:
2614:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2589:
2586:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2536:
2529:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2489:
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2458:
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2450:
2443:
2440:
2433:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2383:
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2377:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2362:
2357:
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2347:
2344:
2337:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2257:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2229:
2226:
2216:
2212:
2209:Progressive:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2153:
2150:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2072:
2071:
2056:
2039:
2023:Shanghainese
2011:Korean verbs
2009:
2005:Arabic verbs
2003:
1997:
1992:
1976:
1944:, verbs are
1939:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1880:Periphrastic
1858:
1854:
1842:
1834:
1817:
1807:
1798:
1776:
1767:
1762:passé simple
1759:
1749:
1740:
1730:
1708:
1698:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1635:
1633:
1624:tenses: the
1619:
1603:
1584:Latin tenses
1569:
1546:mortuus erit
1534:mortuus erat
1522:
1507:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1438:Latin tenses
1421:
1417:
1410:
1348:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1290:
1281:
1259:
1228:
1223:
1209:
1194:strong verbs
1177:
1163:
1145:cyclic tense
1142:
1127:
1112:
1110:
1102:
1090:
1084:
1077:
1061:
1047:
980:
973:and wishes.
971:conditionals
964:
958:
933:
931:
900:
894:passé simple
853:
841:
815:
787:
785:
761:
748:
743:
736:
696:
679:
673:
584:Veridicality
475:Transitivity
419:Egophoricity
378:
233:Definiteness
201:Measure word
189:Instrumental
169:Dative shift
120:
114:October 2016
111:
101:
94:
87:
80:
68:
47:verification
44:
6721:Context set
6695:Type theory
6578:Subtrigging
6342:Disjunction
6269:Proposition
6168:Tellability
6134:Metafiction
6129:Narratology
5901:Theological
5793:Pop culture
5674:Short story
5652:Epic poetry
5373:Time travel
5186:Red herring
5171:Plot device
5142:Frame story
5095:Cliffhanger
5038:Tritagonist
5013:Protagonist
4297:10 February
4092:1885/109283
3518:Mortlockese
3513:Mortlockese
3320:Subjunctive
3312:IMP go PREC
2988:'aka-ineine
2941:'We slept.'
2647:Perfective:
1934:Hindi verbs
1916:Subjunctive
1910:Presumptive
1898:Progressive
1558:he has died
1552:he had died
1540:mortuus est
1397:Greenlandic
1383:(including
1316:nominal TAM
1295:translating
1235:conjugation
1023:Greenlandic
923:conditional
919:subjunctive
848:grammatical
790:comes from
692:conjugation
520:Predicative
440:Reciprocity
409:Boundedness
329:Conjugation
296:Specificity
6896:Categories
6871:Pragmatics
6518:Mirativity
6284:Speech act
6239:Entailment
6234:Denotation
6054:Continuity
5923:Nonfiction
5887:Underwater
5783:Picaresque
5758:Historical
5743:Epistolary
5615:Fairy tale
5526:Peripeteia
5508:Exposition
5264:Dreamworld
5206:Stereotype
5176:Plot twist
4924:Antagonist
4833:Pluperfect
4791:Nonpresent
4684:0126135142
4608:2017-01-25
4414:) (2010).
4318:(Review).
3853:Manuscript
3666:2017-01-08
3581:References
3486:Wuvulu-Aua
3481:Wuvulu-Aua
3048:a naku mai
3009:Imperative
2667:ngurunguru
2019:Wu Chinese
1928:Imperative
1904:Indicative
1892:Perfective
1819:Hindustani
1678:) or with
1639:, and the
1500:Pluperfect
1461:(praesēns)
1393:Vietnamese
1385:Indonesian
1270:adverbials
1245:, such as
1136:also have
1095:pluperfect
966:fake tense
946:continuous
915:indicative
792:Old French
753:pluperfect
694:patterns.
634:Markedness
629:Inflection
614:Declension
545:Mirativity
354:Mirativity
260:Noun class
248:Possession
216:Count noun
196:Classifier
184:Comitative
179:Nominative
84:newspapers
6670:Mereology
6606:Formalism
6488:Givenness
6413:Cataphora
6401:Phenomena
6392:Vagueness
6322:Ambiguity
6274:Reference
6254:Intension
6244:Extension
5945:Narration
5894:Superhero
5818:Chivalric
5803:Religious
5788:Political
5723:Adventure
5708:Biography
5630:Tall tale
5478:Structure
5463:Symbolism
5431:Narration
5331:Leitmotif
5259:Crossover
5254:Backstory
5211:Story arc
5161:MacGuffin
5132:Flashback
5073:Backstory
4949:Confidant
4929:Archenemy
4916:Character
4908:Narrative
4813:Hesternal
4801:Hodiernal
4781:Nonfuture
4764:Crastinal
4395:161530848
4379:0019-7246
4228:Tonhauser
3736:2333-9683
1982:Hungarian
1959:Bulgarian
1647:), as in
1645:preterite
1632:), as in
1474:Imperfect
1469:(futūrum)
1449:, plural
1418:Imperfekt
1373:varieties
1327:as well.
1239:agreement
1166:inflected
1130:Nez perce
1103:posterior
1035:nonfuture
932:The term
880:imperfect
782:Etymology
723:nonfuture
715:nonfuture
602:Agreement
596:Phenomena
534:Semantics
500:Predicate
487:Branching
324:Clusivity
221:Mass noun
54:talk page
6824:See also
6709:Concepts
6583:Telicity
6418:Coercion
6372:Negation
6367:Modality
6317:Anaphora
6151:Glossary
6146:Rhetoric
5953:Diegesis
5933:Creative
5906:Thriller
5855:Southern
5773:Paranoid
5768:Nautical
5679:Vignette
5637:Gamebook
5605:Folklore
5512:Protasis
5391:Allegory
5336:Metaphor
5294:parallel
5289:universe
5269:Dystopia
5226:Suspense
5112:Dialogue
5100:Conflict
5008:Narrator
4980:Hamartia
4769:Going-to
4573:Archived
4538:Archived
4506:Archived
4470:Archived
4387:24651488
4320:Archived
4252:62125736
4175:(1985).
4123:Archived
4041:(2023).
4014:Archived
3868:(1985).
3845:Archived
3825:Archived
3821:57570935
3564:See also
3440:rekareka
3250:clothing
3113:-2S fish
2285:tamariki
2132:tomorrow
2062:Rapa Iti
1931:. (Seeː
1886:Habitual
1878:system.
1869:and the
1849:and the
1660:tomorrow
1656:the bus
1630:non-past
1134:Cavineña
1113:would go
1091:anterior
1015:Japanese
985:include
907:modality
749:absolute
744:relative
684:category
579:Volition
540:Contrast
470:Argument
435:Polarity
349:Telicity
339:Modality
272:Singular
6327:Binding
6081:Prequel
6037:Related
6023:Present
5916:Western
5872:Science
5845:Fantasy
5813:Romance
5763:Mystery
5748:Ergodic
5713:Fiction
5669:Parable
5664:Novella
5594:Fabliau
5565:Premise
5416:Imagery
5406:Diction
5284:country
5241:Setting
5221:Subplot
5043:Villain
4996:Byronic
4796:Present
4786:Nonpast
4693:7709091
4547:6 March
4479:17 July
4132:17 July
4097:17 July
4023:17 July
3773:"tense"
3546:sæn/mwo
3468:Tokelau
2872:morning
2869:pōpongi
2735:tangata
2568:chicken
2480:morning
2477:pōpongi
2363:kororio
2237:'āikete
2129:anana'i
2124:teacher
2121:'āikete
2066:deictic
1978:Finnish
1963:perfect
1950:Russian
1940:In the
1800:Persian
1743:Perfekt
1718:aspects
1714:stative
1684:sing(s)
1672:walk(s)
1626:present
1616:English
1561:' and '
1484:Perfect
1458:Present
1451:tempora
1422:Perfekt
1401:Guaraní
1377:Chinese
1371:, most
1369:Dyirbal
1365:Burmese
1266:lexical
1243:subject
1206:clitics
1174:affixes
1149:Burarra
1080:Luganda
1027:Quechua
1019:English
1007:nonpast
999:present
991:Dyirbal
987:Chinese
938:English
831:tendere
711:nonpast
703:present
676:grammar
560:Patient
515:Adjunct
505:Subject
480:Valency
154:Animacy
98:scholar
6756:Monads
6303:Topics
6085:Sequel
6069:Retcon
6064:Reboot
6028:Future
5862:Horror
5850:Gothic
5835:Satire
5753:Erotic
5620:Legend
5522:Climax
5396:Bathos
5303:Utopia
5191:Reveal
5090:Cliché
5068:Action
5062:Ab ovo
5001:Tragic
4759:Future
4691:
4681:
4662:
4633:
4393:
4385:
4377:
4288:
4250:
4183:
4155:
3926:
3901:
3876:
3819:
3749:tempus
3734:
3691:
3625:
3398:kaikai
3081:tā-koe
2994:-ready
2843:mīkaka
2717:tākave
2509:kaikai
2451:mīkaka
2355:kota'i
2164:pretty
2025:, use
1986:Uralic
1925:, and
1895:, and
1871:gender
1851:number
1847:gender
1829:), an
1756:French
1737:German
1680:ablaut
1676:walked
1668:suffix
1658:leaves
1610:aorist
1466:Future
1447:tempus
1357:aspect
1321:aspect
1255:gender
1251:number
1247:person
1233:. The
1190:ablaut
1029:, and
1011:Arabic
1003:future
1001:, and
921:, and
876:French
856:aspect
824:, the
821:tensus
811:tempus
764:aspect
707:future
705:, and
510:Object
404:Affect
344:Person
281:Plural
265:Number
238:Gender
100:
93:
86:
79:
71:
6448:De se
6352:Focus
6310:Areas
6279:Scope
6092:Genre
6059:Canon
6010:Tense
5928:Novel
5911:Urban
5823:Prose
5808:Rogue
5733:Crime
5728:Comic
5689:Genre
5659:Novel
5610:Fable
5588:Drama
5553:films
5383:Style
5351:Motif
5341:Moral
5326:Irony
5318:Theme
5231:Trope
4576:(PDF)
4569:(PDF)
4541:(PDF)
4534:(PDF)
4509:(PDF)
4498:(PDF)
4473:(PDF)
4466:(PDF)
4391:S2CID
4383:JSTOR
4323:(PDF)
4312:(PDF)
4248:S2CID
4177:Tense
4126:(PDF)
4119:(PDF)
4017:(PDF)
4010:(PDF)
3870:Tense
3828:(PDF)
3817:S2CID
3797:(PDF)
3660:(PDF)
3653:(PDF)
3542:pʷapʷ
3507:liria
3499:linia
3448:kōrua
3443:happy
3383:house
3374:INDEF
3300:kānei
3217:kānei
3212:dress
3209:omono
3180:thing
3157:kānei
3111:PossA
3089:PossA
3085:INDEF
2922:mātou
2917:sleep
2863:INDEF
2851:tonga
2837:INDEF
2766:shark
2763:mango
2757:INDEF
2679:INDEF
2670:growl
2559:INDEF
2531:INDEF
2471:INDEF
2459:tonga
2445:INDEF
2366:small
2279:INDEF
2240:learn
2182:woman
2161:mānea
2115:INDEF
1823:Hindi
1802:, an
1778:Irish
1576:voice
1443:Latin
1432:Latin
1381:Malay
1307:nouns
1054:Mwera
1031:Nivkh
954:below
934:tense
872:Latin
816:tense
807:Latin
802:temps
788:tense
768:Latin
688:verbs
682:is a
680:tense
572:Focus
555:Agent
386:Voice
379:Tense
105:JSTOR
91:books
6097:List
6018:Past
5877:Hard
5830:Saga
5738:Docu
5694:List
5625:Myth
5580:Form
5468:Tone
5441:Hook
5426:Mood
5421:Mode
5279:city
5166:Pace
5053:Plot
4991:Anti
4986:Hero
4969:Foil
4856:Fake
4808:Past
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