Air traffic control - Knowledge (XXG)

1875:(SESAR) programme plans to develop new methods, technologies, procedures, and systems to accommodate future (2020 and beyond) air traffic needs. In October 2018, European controller unions dismissed setting targets to improve ATC as "a waste of time and effort", as new technology could cut costs for users but threaten their jobs. In April 2019, the EU called for a 'Digital European Sky', focusing on cutting costs by including a common digitisation standard, and allowing controllers to move to where they are needed instead of merging national ATCs, as it would not solve all problems. Single air-traffic control services in continent-sized America and China does not alleviate congestion. Eurocontrol tries to reduce delays by diverting flights to less busy routes: flight paths across Europe were redesigned to accommodate the new airport in Istanbul, which opened in April, but the extra capacity will be absorbed by rising demand for air travel. 1302:: a system of electronic flight strips replacing the existing paper strips is being used by several service providers, such as Nav Canada, MASUAC, DFS, DECEA. E-strips allows controllers to manage electronic flight data online without paper strips, reducing the need for manual functions, creating new tools, and reducing the ATCO's workload. The firsts electronic flight strips systems were independently and simultaneously invented and implemented by Nav Canada and Saipher ATC in 1999. The Nav Canada system known as EXCDS and rebranded in 2011 to NAVCANstrips, and Saipher's first generation system known as SGTC, which is now being updated by its 2nd generation system, the TATIC TWR. DECEA in Brazil is the world's largest user of tower e-strips system, ranging from very small airports up to the busiest ones, taking the advantage of real time information and data collection from each of more than 150 sites for use in 398:. Today's flight service stations do not issue control instructions, but provide pilots with many other flight related informational services. They do relay control instructions from ATC in areas where flight service is the only facility with radio or phone coverage. The first airport traffic control tower, regulating arrivals, departures, and surface movement of aircraft in the USA at a specific airport, opened in Cleveland in 1930. Approach / departure control facilities were created after adoption of radar in the 1950s to monitor and control the busy airspace around larger airports. The first air route traffic control center (ARTCC), which directs the movement of aircraft between departure and destination, was opened in Newark in 1935, followed in 1936 by Chicago and Cleveland. Currently in the U.S., the 764:

consistent with the aircraft's route of flight. This effort is complicated by crossing traffic, severe weather, special missions that require large airspace allocations, and traffic density. When the aircraft approaches its destination, the centre is responsible for issuing instructions to pilots so that they will meet altitude restrictions by specific points, as well as providing many destination airports with a traffic flow, which prohibits all of the arrivals being 'bunched together'. These 'flow restrictions' often begin in the middle of the route, as controllers will position aircraft landing in the same destination so that when the aircraft are close to their destination they are sequenced.

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request more frequent reports to more quickly establish aircraft position for specific reasons. However, since the cost for each report is charged by the ADS service providers to the company operating the aircraft, more frequent reports are not commonly requested, except in emergency situations. ADS-C is significant, because it can be used where it is not possible to locate the infrastructure for a radar system (e.g., over water). Computerised radar displays are now being designed to accept ADS-C inputs as part of their display. This technology is currently used in portions of the North Atlantic and the Pacific by a variety of states who share responsibility for the control of this airspace.

1286:: automatic dependent surveillance broadcast; provides a data downlink of various flight parameters to air traffic control systems via the transponder (1090 MHz), and reception of those data by other aircraft in the vicinity. The most important is the aircraft's latitude, longitude and level: such data can be utilised to create a radar-like display of aircraft for controllers, and thus allows a form of pseudo-radar control to be done in areas where the installation of radar is either prohibitive on the grounds of low traffic levels, or technically not feasible (e.g. oceans). This is currently in use in Australia, Canada, and parts of the Pacific Ocean, and Alaska. 449: 1094:; the ATC equivalent is AAL. Flight numbers in regular commercial flights are designated by the aircraft operator, and identical call sign might be used for the same scheduled journey each day it is operated, even if the departure time varies a little across different days of the week. The call sign of the return flight often differs only by the final digit from the outbound flight. Generally, airline flight numbers are even if east-bound, and odd if west-bound. In order to reduce the possibility of two call signs on one frequency at any time sounding too similar, a number of airlines, particularly in Europe, have started using 1888:

model is that funding can be inconsistent, and can disrupt the development and operation of services. Sometimes funding can disappear when lawmakers cannot approve budgets in time. Both proponents and opponents of privatisation recognise that stable funding is one of the major factors for successful upgrades of ATC infrastructure. Some of the funding issues include sequestration and politicisation of projects. Proponents argue that moving ATC services to a private corporation could stabilise funding over the long term which will result in more predictable planning and rollout of new technology as well as training of personnel.

1291: 922:, before the next aircraft crosses the approach end of the runway. This process requires at least one, and up to four minutes for each aircraft. Allowing for departures between arrivals, each runway can thus handle about 30 aircraft arrivals per hour. A large airport with two arrival runways can handle about 60 arrivals per hour in good weather. Problems arise when airlines schedule more arrivals into an airport than can be physically handled, or when delays elsewhere cause groups of aircraft – that would otherwise be separated in time – to arrive simultaneously. Aircraft must then be delayed in the air by 536: 1225:

controllers use the scheduled times to provide the appropriate delay to arrivals, while in the en-route domain. This results in an overall reduction in en-route delays, and also moves the delays to more efficient airspace (higher altitudes) than occur if holding near the TRACON boundary, which is required in order to prevent overloading the TRACON controllers. TMA is operational at most en-route air route traffic control centres (ARTCCs), and continues to be enhanced to address more complex traffic situations (e.g. adjacent centre metering (ACM) and en route departure capability (EDC))

771:. In some cases, this 'hand-off' process involves a transfer of identification and details between controllers so that air traffic control services can be provided in a seamless manner; in other cases, local agreements may allow 'silent handovers', such that the receiving centre does not require any co-ordination if traffic is presented in an agreed manner. After the hand-off, the aircraft is given a frequency change, and its pilot begins talking to the next controller. This process continues until the aircraft is handed off to a terminal controller ('approach'). 739:(IFR). Air traffic controllers have different responsibilities to aircraft operating under the different sets of rules. While IFR flights are under positive control, in the US and Canada, VFR pilots can request 'flight following' (radar advisories), which provides traffic advisory services on a time permitting basis, and may also provide assistance in avoiding areas of weather and flight restrictions, as well as allowing pilots into the air traffic control system prior to the need to a clearance into certain airspace. Throughout Europe, pilots may request a ' 621:(TMC) will, if necessary, coordinate with the relevant radar centre or flow control unit to obtain releases for aircraft. At busy airports, these releases are often automatic, and are controlled by local agreements allowing 'free-flow' departures. When weather or extremely high demand for a certain airport or airspace becomes a factor, there may be ground 'stops' (or 'slot delays'), or re-routes may be necessary to ensure the system does not get overloaded. The primary responsibility of clearance delivery is to ensure that the aircraft has the correct 1892:

several issues with the system there, including a large-scale failure in December 2014 which caused delays and cancellations and has been attributed to cost-cutting measures put in place by this corporation. In fact, earlier that year, the corporation owned by the German government won the bid to provide ATC services for Gatwick Airport in the United Kingdom. The last model, which is often the suggested model for the United States to transition to is to have a non-profit organisation that would handle ATC services as is used in Canada.

571:, designed to display aircraft and vehicles on the ground. These are used by ground control as an additional tool to control ground traffic, particularly at night or in poor visibility. There is a wide range of capabilities on these systems as they are being modernised. Older systems will display a map of the airport and the target. Newer systems include the capability to display higher-quality mapping, radar targets, data blocks, and safety alerts, and to interface with other systems, such as digital flight strips. 784:

systems to cover the airspace assigned to them, and may also rely on pilot position reports from aircraft flying below the floor of radar coverage. This results in a large amount of data being available to the controller. To address this, automation systems have been designed that consolidate the radar data for the controller. This consolidation includes eliminating duplicate radar returns, ensuring the best radar for each geographical area is providing the data, and displaying the data in an effective format.

1182:(STCA) that checks possible conflicting trajectories in a time horizon of about two or three minutes (or even less in approach context; 35 seconds in the French Roissy & Orly approach centres) and alerts the controller prior to the loss of separation. The algorithms used may also provide in some systems a possible vectoring solution, that is, the manner in which to turn, descend, increase / decrease speed, or climb the aircraft in order to avoid infringing the minimum safety distance or altitude clearance. 760:(FIR). Each flight information region typically covers many thousands of square miles of airspace, and the airports within that airspace. Centres control IFR aircraft from the time they depart from an airport or terminal area's airspace, to the time they arrive at another airport or terminal area's airspace. Centres may also 'pick up' VFR aircraft that are already airborne, and integrate them into their system. These aircraft must continue under VFR flight rules until the centre provides a clearance. 493:), depending on the airport procedures. A controller must carry out the job using the precise and effective application of rules and procedures; however, they need flexible adjustments according to differing circumstances, often under time pressure. In a study that compared stress in the general population and this kind of system markedly showed more stress level for controllers. This variation can be explained, at least in part, by the characteristics of the job. 666: 438: 906: 940: 971:, which present a variety of hazards to aircraft. Airborne aircraft will deviate around storms, reducing the capacity of the en-route system, by requiring more space per aircraft, or causing congestion, as many aircraft try to move through a single hole in a line of thunderstorms. Occasionally, weather considerations cause delays to aircraft prior to their departure as routes are closed by thunderstorms. 1125:-equipped aircraft reply to secondary radar interrogations by giving an ID (Mode A), an altitude (Mode C), and / or a unique callsign (Mode S). Certain types of weather may also register on the radar screen. These inputs, added to data from other radars, are correlated to build the air situation. Some basic processing occurs on the radar tracks, such as calculating ground speed and magnetic headings. 274: 461: 159: 788: 97: 56: 1951: 720: 556:

clearly defined in local documents and agreements at each airport. Any aircraft, vehicle, or person walking or working in these areas is required to have clearance from ground control. This is normally done via VHF / UHF radio, but there may be special cases where other procedures are used. Aircraft or vehicles without radios must respond to ATC instructions via

886:(IFR) air traffic anywhere in the FAA air traffic system. Positions are reported for both commercial and general aviation traffic. The programmes can overlay air traffic with a wide selection of maps such as, geo-political boundaries, air traffic control centre boundaries, high altitude jet routes, satellite cloud and radar imagery. 685:

airports close together, one consolidated terminal control centre may service all the airports. The airspace boundaries and altitudes assigned to a terminal control centre, which vary widely from airport to airport, are based on factors such as traffic flows, neighbouring airports, and terrain. A large and complex example was the

1105:, to prevent confusion between incoming DLH23 and outgoing DLH24 in the same frequency). Additionally, it is the right of the air traffic controller to change the 'audio' call sign for the period the flight is in his sector if there is a risk of confusion, usually choosing the aircraft registration identifier instead. 1204:(DMAN): a system aid for the ATC at airports, that calculates a planned departure flow with the goal to maintain an optimal throughput at the runway, reduce queuing at holding point, and distribute the information to various stakeholders at the airport (i.e. the airline, ground handling and air traffic control (ATC)). 1895:

The Canadian system is the one most often used as a model by proponents of privatisation. Air traffic control privatisation has been successful in Canada with the creation of Nav Canada, a private non-profit organisation which has reduced costs, and has allowed new technologies to be deployed faster

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Many countries have also privatised or corporatised their air navigation service providers. There are several models that can be used for ATC service providers. The first is to have the ATC services be part of a government agency as is currently the case in the United States. The problem with this

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Since centres control a large airspace area, they will typically use long-range radar, that has the capability, at higher altitudes, to see aircraft within 200 nautical miles (370 kilometres; 230 miles) of the radar antenna. They may also use radar data to control when it provides a better 'picture'

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Not all airports have a radar approach or terminal control available. In this case, the en-route centre or a neighbouring terminal or approach control may co-ordinate directly with the tower on the airport and vector inbound aircraft to a position from where they can land visually. At some of these

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Traffic management advisor (TMA): a CTAS tool, is an en-route decision support tool that automates time based metering solutions to provide an upper limit of aircraft to a TRACON from the centre over a set period of time. Schedules are determined that will not exceed the specified arrival rate, and

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Flight data processing systems: this is the system (usually one per centre) that processes all the information related to the flight (the flight plan), typically in the time horizon from gate to gate (airport departure / arrival gates). It uses such processed information to invoke other flight plan

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call signs used on the radio contact between pilots and air traffic control. These are not always identical to their written counterparts. An example of an audio call sign would be 'Speedbird 832', instead of the written 'BAW832'. This is used to reduce the chance of confusion between ATC and the

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over specified locations until they may be safely sequenced to the runway. Up until the 1990s, holding, which has significant environmental and cost implications, was a routine occurrence at many airports. Advances in computers now allow the sequencing of aircraft hours in advance. Thus, aircraft

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areas, as well as areas not released to the airlines or other users. This generally includes all taxiways, inactive runways, holding areas, and some transitional aprons or intersections where aircraft arrive, having vacated the runway or departure gate. Exact areas and control responsibilities are

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for airborne traffic approaching and departing. These displays include a map of the area, the position of various aircraft, and data tags that include aircraft identification, speed, altitude, and other information described in local procedures. In adverse weather conditions, the tower controllers

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equipment on board the aircraft. ADS-C is another mode of automatic dependent surveillance, however ADS-C operates in the 'contract' mode, where the aircraft reports a position, automatically or initiated by the pilot, based on a predetermined time interval. It is also possible for controllers to

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information, such as weather and airport conditions, the correct route after departure, and time restrictions relating to that flight. This information is also coordinated with the relevant radar centre or flow control unit and ground control, to ensure that the aircraft reaches the runway in time

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The United States airspace is divided into 21 zones (centres), and each zone is divided into sectors. Also within each zone are portions of airspace, about 50 miles (80 kilometres) in diameter, called TRACON (Terminal Radar Approach Control) airspaces. Within each TRACON airspace are a number of

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Air traffic control errors occur when the separation (either vertical or horizontal) between airborne aircraft falls below the minimum prescribed separation set (for the domestic United States) by the US Federal Aviation Administration. Separation minimums for terminal control areas (TCAs) around

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The day-to-day problems faced by the air traffic control system are primarily related to the volume of air traffic demand placed on the system, and weather. Several factors dictate the amount of traffic that can land at an airport in a given amount of time. Each landing aircraft must touch down,

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Well-paid jobs in western Europe could move east with cheaper labour. The average Spanish controller earn over €200,000 a year, over seven times the country average salary, more than pilots, and at least ten controllers were paid over €810,000 ($ 1.1m) a year in 2010. French controllers spent a

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Center TRACON automation system (CTAS): a suite of human centred decision support tools developed by NASA Ames Research Center. Several of the CTAS tools have been field tested and transitioned to the FAA for operational evaluation and use. Some of the CTAS tools are: traffic management advisor

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Another model is to have ATC services provided by a government corporation. This model is used in Germany, where funding is obtained through user fees. Yet another model is to have a for-profit corporation operate ATC services. This is the model used in the United Kingdom, but there have been

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Passive final approach spacing tool (pFAST): a CTAS tool, provides runway assignment and sequence number advisories to terminal controllers to improve the arrival rate at congested airports. pFAST was deployed and operational at five US TRACONs before being cancelled. NASA research included an

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En-route air traffic controllers issue clearances and instructions for airborne aircraft, and pilots are required to comply with these instructions. En-route controllers also provide air traffic control services to many smaller airports around the country, including clearance off the ground and

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Terminal controllers are responsible for providing all ATC services within their airspace. Traffic flow is broadly divided into departures, arrivals, and overflights. As aircraft move in and out of the terminal airspace, they are 'handed off' to the next appropriate control facility (a control

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In the U.S. system, at higher altitudes, over 90% of the U.S. airspace is covered by radar, and often by multiple radar systems; however, coverage may be inconsistent at lower altitudes used by aircraft, due to high terrain or distance from radar facilities. A centre may require numerous radar

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Centre controllers are responsible for issuing instructions to pilots to climb their aircraft to their assigned altitude, while, at the same time, ensuring that the aircraft is properly separated from all other aircraft in its immediate area. Additionally, the aircraft must be placed in a flow

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Flight data (which is routinely combined with clearance delivery) is the position that is responsible for ensuring that both controllers and pilots have the most current information: pertinent weather changes, outages, airport ground delays / ground stops, runway closures, etc. Flight data may

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and abbreviated to TMC; in the U.S., it is referred to as a 'terminal radar approach control' or TRACON. While every airport varies, terminal controllers usually handle traffic in a 30-to-50-nautical-mile (56 to 93 km; 35 to 58 mi) radius from the airport. Where there are many busy

1270:: provides a data downlink of flight parameters via secondary surveillance radars allowing radar processing systems and therefore controllers to see various data on a flight, including airframe unique id (24-bits encoded), indicated airspeed, and flight director selected level, amongst others. 963:

also requires a decrease in the landing rate. These, in turn, increase airborne delay for holding aircraft. If more aircraft are scheduled than can be safely and efficiently held in the air, a ground delay programme may be established, delaying aircraft on the ground before departure due to

846:. When an aircraft has 'disappeared' from radar screens, a controller can review the last radar returns from the aircraft to determine its likely position. For an example, see the crash report in the following citation. RAS is also useful to technicians who are maintaining radar systems. 527:(RVT) is a system based on air traffic controllers being located somewhere other than at the local airport tower, and still able to provide air traffic control services. Displays for the air traffic controllers may be live video, synthetic images based on surveillance sensor data, or both. 594:

Within the tower, a highly disciplined communications process between the air control and ground control is an absolute necessity. Air control must ensure that ground control is aware of any operations that will impact the taxiways, and work with the approach radar controllers to create

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Screen content recording: hardware or software based recording function which is part of most modern automation system, and that captures the screen content shown to the ATCO. Such recordings are used for a later replay together with audio recording for investigations and post event

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for N12345). In the United States, the prefix may be an aircraft type, model, or manufacturer in place of the first registration character, for example, 'N11842' could become 'Cessna 842'. This abbreviation is only allowed after communications have been established in each sector.

587:) is responsible for the active runway surfaces. Air control gives clearance for aircraft takeoff or landing, whilst ensuring that prescribed runway separation will exist at all times. If the air controller detects any unsafe conditions, a landing aircraft may be instructed to ' 599:

in the arrival traffic; to allow taxiing traffic to cross runways, and to allow departing aircraft to take off. Ground control needs to keep the air controllers aware of the traffic flow towards their runways to maximise runway utilisation through effective approach spacing.

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is a developing air traffic control method that uses no centralised control (e.g. air traffic controllers). Instead, parts of airspace are reserved dynamically and automatically in a distributed way using computer communication to ensure the required separation between

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in the world to introduce air traffic control. The 'aerodrome control tower' was a wooden hut 15 feet (5 metres) high with windows on all four sides. It was commissioned on 25 February 1920, and provided basic traffic, weather, and location information to pilots.

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service to arriving aircraft handed over from a radar unit before they are visual to land. Some units also have a dedicated approach unit, which can provide the procedural approach service either all the time, or for any periods of radar outage for any reason.

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Clearance delivery is the position that issues route clearances to aircraft, typically before they commence taxiing. These clearances contain details of the route that the aircraft is expected to fly after departure. Clearance delivery, or, at busy airports,

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En-route air traffic controllers work in facilities called air traffic control centres, each of which is commonly referred to as a 'centre'. The United States uses the equivalent term air route traffic control center. Each centre is responsible for a given

1900:. This has resulted in shorter flights and less fuel usage. It has also resulted in flights being safer due to new technology. Nav Canada is funded from fees that are collected from the airlines based on the weight of the aircraft and the distance flown. 693:

tower, an en-route control facility, or a bordering terminal or approach control). Terminal control is responsible for ensuring that aircraft are at an appropriate altitude when they are handed off, and that aircraft arrive at a suitable rate for landing.

822:(ADS-B) as part of their surveillance capability. This newer technology reverses the radar concept. Instead of radar 'finding' a target by interrogating the transponder, the ADS-B equipped aircraft 'broadcasts' a position report as determined by the 3851: 3846: 300:, and can provide advisory services to aircraft in non-controlled airspace. The primary purpose of ATC worldwide is to prevent collisions, organise and expedite the flow of traffic in the air, and provide information and other support for pilots. 747:

clearance for approach to an airport. Controllers adhere to a set of separation standards that define the minimum distance allowed between aircraft. These distances vary depending on the equipment and procedures used in providing ATC services.

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airports are lower than en-route standards. Errors generally occur during periods following times of intense activity, when controllers tend to relax and overlook the presence of traffic and conditions that lead to loss of minimum separation.

882:, FlightExplorer, FlightView, and FlyteComm. Each company maintains a website that provides free updated information to the public on flight status. Stand-alone programmes are also available for displaying the geographic location of airborne 1317:) systems are communications, navigation, and surveillance systems, employing digital technologies, including satellite systems, together with various levels of automation, applied in support of a seamless global air traffic management system. 385:

In the United States of America, air traffic control developed three divisions. The first of several air mail radio stations (AMRS) was created in 1922, after World War I, when the U.S. Post Office began using techniques developed by the

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Much money has been spent on creating software to streamline this process. However, at some ACCs, air traffic controllers still record data for each flight on strips of paper and personally coordinate their paths. In newer sites, these

604:(CRM) procedures are often used to ensure this communication process is efficient and clear. Within ATC, it is usually known as 'team resource management' (TRM), and the level of focus on TRM varies within different ATC organisations. 481:, usually abbreviated 'controller', are responsible for separation and efficient movement of aircraft and vehicles operating on the taxiways and runways of the airport itself, and aircraft in the air near the airport, generally 5 to 10 1207:

The arrival manager (AMAN): a system aid for the ATC at airports, that calculates a planned arrival flow with the goal to maintain an optimal throughput at the runway, reduce arrival queuing and distribute the information to various

560:, or else be led by official airport vehicles with radios. People working on the airport surface normally have a communications link through which they can communicate with ground control, commonly either by handheld radio or even 365:(ICAO), ATC operations are conducted either in the English language, or the local language used by the station on the ground. In practice, the native language for a region is used; however, English must be used upon request. 2671: 2347:"Thirteenth Air Navigation Conference, Montréal, Canada, 9 to 19 October 2018, Committee A, Agenda item 3: Enhancing the global air navigation system, 3.5: Other ATM issues: Digitisation of Aerodrome Air Traffic Services" 870:(NBAA), the General Aviation Manufacturers Association, the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, the Helicopter Association International, and the National Air Transportation Association, petitioned the FAA to make 807:, and in specially developed oceanic computer systems, as aircraft report positions. This process requires that aircraft be separated by greater distances, which reduces the overall capacity for any given route. The 1231:

In the US, user request evaluation tool (URET) takes paper strips out of the equation for en-route controllers at ARTCCs by providing a display that shows all aircraft that are either in, or currently routed into the

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were using the same two-letter call signs. Due to the larger number of new airlines after deregulation, the ICAO established the three-letter call signs as mentioned above. The IATA call signs are currently used in

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The primary method of controlling the immediate airport environment is visual observation from the airport control tower. The tower is typically a tall, windowed structure, located within the airport grounds. The

1044:. There are written call signs with a two or three letter combination followed by the flight number such as AAL872 or VLG1011. As such, they appear on flight plans and ATC radar labels. There are also the 512:

The areas of responsibility for tower controllers fall into three general operational disciplines: local control or air control, ground control, and flight data / clearance delivery. Other categories, such as

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of several countries, to assist the pilot in final phases of landing in places where instrument landing system and other sophisticated airborne equipment are unavailable to assist the pilots in marginal or

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related data, incorporating, in a low or high degree, the information of the track once the correlation between them (flight plan and track) is established. All this information is distributed to modern

2006: 1144:(FAA) has spent over US$ 3 billion on software, but a fully automated system is still yet to be achieved. In 2002, the United Kingdom commissioned a new area control centre into service at the 1907:, only Italy has private shareholders. Privatisation does not guarantee lower prices: the profit margin of MUAC was 70% in 2017, as there is no competition, but governments could offer fixed terms 564:. Ground control is vital to the smooth operation of the airport because this position impacts the sequencing of departure aircraft, affecting the safety and efficiency of the airport's operation. 343:

of their aircraft always retain final authority for its safe operation, and may, in an emergency, deviate from ATC instructions to the extent required to maintain safe operation of their aircraft.

413:, killing all 128 on board, the FAA was given the air-traffic responsibility over the United States in 1958, and this was followed by other countries. In 1960, Britain, France, Germany, and the 1221:(TMA), passive final approach spacing tool (pFAST), collaborative arrival planning (CAP), direct-to (D2), en route descent advisor (EDA), and multi-center TMA. The software is running on Linux. 2151: 1001:

In Europe, en route delays grew by 105% in 2018, due to a lack of capacity or staff (60%), weather (25%) or strikes (14%), costing the European economy €17.6bn ($ 20.8bn), up by 28% on 2017.

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McDougall, Glen; Roberts, Alasdair S (15 August 2007). "Commercialising Air Traffic Control: Have the reforms worked?". Canadian Public Administration: Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 45–69, 2009.

591:', and be re-sequenced into the landing pattern. This re-sequencing will depend on the type of flight, and may be handled by the air controller, approach, or terminal area controller. 689:(LTCC), which controlled traffic for five main London airports up to an altitude of 20,000 feet (6,096 metres) and out to a distance of 100 nautical miles (185 kilometres; 115 miles). 3755: 521:) at major or complex airports with multiple runways, the following provides a general concept of the delegation of responsibilities within the air traffic control tower environment. 517:

control, or ground movement planner, may also exist at extremely busy airports. While each tower may have unique airport-specific procedures, such as multiple teams of controllers (

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radiotelephony was previously used for communication with aircraft, e.g. oceans. This is currently in use in various parts of the world including the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

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URET and MTCD provide conflict advisories up to 30 minutes in advance, and have a suite of assistance tools that assist in evaluating resolution options and pilot requests.

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information available on a 'need-to-know' basis. Subsequently, NBAA advocated the broad-scale dissemination of air traffic data. The Aircraft Situational Display to Industry (

3326: 1276:(CPDLC): allows digital messages to be sent between controllers and pilots, avoiding the need to use radiotelephony. It is especially useful in areas where difficult-to-use 1534: 1164:

predominates at the London Area Control Centre. However, the centre was initially troubled by software and communications problems causing delays and occasional shutdowns.

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may be delayed before they even take off (by being given a 'slot'), or may reduce speed in flight and proceed more slowly thus significantly reducing the amount of holding.

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within their assigned airspace; all types of aircraft send back primary echoes of varying sizes to controllers' screens as radar energy is bounced off their skins, and

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have been replaced by electronic data presented on computer screens. As new equipment is brought in, more and more sites are upgrading away from paper flight strips.

1188:(MSAW): a tool that alerts the controller if an aircraft appears to be flying too low to the ground or will impact terrain based on its current altitude and heading. 3794: 3177: 3118: 1530: 3034: 859: 403: 1391: 1273: 3079: 959:

on the runway cause landing aircraft to take longer to slow and exit, thus reducing the safe arrival rate, and requiring more space between landing aircraft.

327:, and commercial aircraft operating within its airspace; not just civilian aircraft. Depending on the type of flight and the class of airspace, ATC may issue 2053: 496:

Surveillance displays are also available to controllers at larger airports to assist with controlling air traffic. Controllers may use a radar system called

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rules, which ensure each aircraft maintains a minimum amount of 'empty space' around it at all times. It is also common for ATC to provide services to all

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Converging runway display aid (CRDA): enables approach controllers to run two final approaches that intersect, and make sure that go arounds are minimised.

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The military takes 80% of Chinese airspace, congesting the thin corridors open to airliners. The United Kingdom closes its military airspace only during

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A radar archive system (RAS) keeps an electronic record of all radar information, preserving it for a few weeks. This information can be useful for

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Air traffic control also provides services to aircraft in flight between airports. Pilots fly under one of two sets of rules for separation:

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In the U.S., TRACONs are additionally designated by a three-digit alphanumeric code. For example, the Chicago TRACON is designated C90.

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Many airports have a radar control facility that is associated with that specific airport. In most countries, this is referred to as

3732: 3719: 3207: 3072: 3006: 1863: 1551: 634:(GMP): this position is particularly important at heavily congested airports to prevent taxiway and aircraft parking area gridlock. 425:(MUAC), founded in 1972 by Eurocontrol, and covering Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and north-western Germany. In 2001, the 260: 242: 140: 83: 1176:), and distributes such processed information to all the stakeholders (air traffic controllers, collateral centres, airports, etc). 107: 1290: 223: 1872: 1252: 316: 2498:

Effects of Sector Complexity and Controller Experience on Probability of Operational Errors in Air Route Traffic Control Centers

2291: 1005:

By then the market for air-traffic services was worth $ 14bn. More efficient ATC could save 5-10% of aviation fuel by avoiding

195: 4291: 4250: 4062: 2419: 1825: 1716: 1387:

Bosnia and Herzegovina – Agencija za pružanje usluga u zračnoj plovidbi (Bosnia and Herzegovina Air Navigation Services Agency)

1327: 1141: 863: 399: 3814: 3163: 686: 180: 2723: 2693: 1564:

Hungary – HungaroControl Magyar Légiforgalmi Szolgálat Zrt. (HungaroControl Hungarian Air Navigation Services Pte. Ltd. Co.)

1418: 995:

In America, delays caused by ATC grew by 69% between 2012 and 2017. ATC staffing issues were a major factor in congestion.

535: 202: 4170: 3799: 2440: 2128: 1990: 1818: 1240: 1185: 988: 799:(FIRs). Because there are no radar systems available for oceanic control, oceanic controllers provide ATC services using 4317: 3381: 3341: 3065: 1911:. Australia, Fiji, and New Zealand run the upper-airspace for the Pacific islands' governments. HungaroControl offers 497: 278: 42: 4125: 4077: 1625: 1574: 1303: 1212:

active FAST capability that also provided vector and speed advisories to implement the runway and sequence advisories.

1090:

on the announcement tables, but are no longer used in air traffic control. For example, AA is the IATA call sign for

900: 669: 626:

to meet the time restriction provided by the relevant unit. At some airports, clearance delivery also plans aircraft

209: 122: 2567: 4180: 4042: 3821: 3311: 3237: 2241: 2065: 2035: 1605: 1360: 1145: 1134: 740: 31: 1661:

Netherlands – Luchtverkeersleiding Nederland (LVNL) (Dutch ATC) Eurocontrol (Maastricht Upper Area Control Centre)

465: 169: 118: 4037: 3639: 3416: 3242: 3227: 1179: 796: 757: 2672:"Technology Solutions – Integrated Information Display System (IIDS) – Extended Computer Display System (EXCDS)" 2474: 1191:

System coordination (SYSCO) to enable controller to negotiate the release of flights from one sector to another.

767:

As an aircraft reaches the boundary of a centre's control area, it is 'handed off' or 'handed over' to the next

191: 4255: 4097: 4012: 3841: 3421: 3411: 3217: 1912: 1595: 601: 524: 421:, intending to merge their airspaces. The first and only attempt to pool controllers between countries is the 352: 75: 814:

Some air navigation service providers (e.g., Airservices Australia, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration,

4087: 4052: 4017: 3909: 3750: 3680: 3541: 3306: 1928: 1157: 1037: 883: 736: 391: 4212: 4175: 3727: 3479: 2000: 1932: 1689: 1544: 1507:

Ecuador – Dirección General de Aviación Civil (DGAC) 'General Direction of Civil Aviation' government body

1471:

Dominican Republic – Instituto Dominicano de Aviación Civil (IDAC) 'Dominican Institute of Civil Aviation'

1267: 1244: 1062: 855: 795:

Centres also exercise control over traffic travelling over the world's ocean areas. These areas are also

557: 502: 478: 395: 293: 2657: 4202: 4120: 4092: 4082: 3629: 3536: 3489: 3426: 3232: 2901: 2545: 1908: 1356: 1299: 1054: 976: 804: 653: 2411: 35: 2039: 429:(EU) aimed to create a 'Single European Sky', hoping to boost efficiency and gain economies of scale. 4217: 4072: 3982: 3972: 3772: 3766: 3614: 3336: 2832: 1194:

Area penetration warning (APW) to inform a controller that a flight will penetrate a restricted area.

1057:(or tail number in US parlance) of the aircraft, such as 'N12345', 'C-GABC', or 'EC-IZD'. The short 1017: 808: 2603: 2346: 4150: 4102: 4027: 4002: 3967: 3836: 3809: 3499: 3351: 3186: 2802: 1985: 1965: 1665: 1578: 1149: 1118: 768: 743:', which is similar to flight following. In the United Kingdom, it is known as a 'basic service'. 732: 714: 673: 780:

of the traffic, or when it can fill in a portion of the area not covered by the long range radar.

4140: 3779: 923: 800: 724: 698: 453: 216: 1764: 998:

In China, the average delay per domestic flight spiked by 50% in 2017 to 15 minutes per flight.

627: 41:

This article is about civilian direction of aircraft. For other types of aircraft control, see

4265: 4160: 4135: 3977: 3884: 3861: 3760: 3594: 3516: 3511: 3295: 2893: 2889: 2391: 1936: 1616: 1091: 1041: 1010: 843: 665: 324: 4032: 3992: 3889: 3856: 3784: 3619: 3599: 3584: 3551: 3546: 3431: 3406: 3280: 3252: 3046: 2755: 2620: 1582: 1408: 356: 340: 320: 1394:(ATC/ATM Authority) and ANAC – Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil (Civil Aviation Authority) 437: 4260: 4222: 4190: 4165: 4047: 3949: 3919: 3904: 3899: 3709: 3701: 3436: 2914: 1975: 1956: 1774:

Sri Lanka – Airport & Aviation Services (Sri Lanka) Limited (government owned company)

1412: 1294:

Electronic flight progress strip system at São Paulo Intl. control tower – ground control.

1236: 1173: 1161: 1006: 659: 374: 2995: 1852:

In the United States, some alterations to traffic control procedures are being examined:

951:

Beyond runway capacity issues, the weather is a major factor in traffic capacity. Rain,

303:

Personnel of air traffic control monitor aircraft location in their assigned airspace by

638:

inform the pilots using a recorded continuous loop on a specific frequency known as the

4322: 4296: 4232: 4207: 4185: 4155: 4130: 4112: 4057: 4007: 3997: 3987: 3826: 3686: 3676: 3624: 3589: 3506: 3484: 3446: 3285: 3275: 2863: 1904: 1640:

Luxembourg – Administration de la navigation aérienne (ANA – government administration)

1366: 1277: 1028:

A prerequisite to safe air traffic separation is the assignment and use of distinctive

426: 17: 2116: 1924:

airports, each of which has its own airspace with a 5 miles (8.0 kilometres) radius.

1915:

services from Budapest, and since 2014 provides upper airspace management for Kosovo.

4311: 4227: 4145: 3914: 3804: 3649: 3494: 3270: 3212: 3202: 3040: 2246: 968: 879: 514: 482: 296:(people) who direct aircraft on the ground and through a given section of controlled 2276:

Arghami, S; Seraji, JN; Mohammad, K; Zamani, GH; Farhangi, A; Van Vuuren, W (2005),

1903:

Air traffic control is operated by national governments with few exceptions: in the

1377:

Belarus – Republican Unitary Enterprise Белаэронавигация (Belarusian Air Navigation)

1197:

Arrival and departure manager to help sequence the takeoff and landing of aircraft.

905: 4022: 3939: 3929: 3924: 3894: 3742: 3671: 3604: 3556: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3474: 3456: 3222: 2320: 1681:

Oman – Directorate General of Meteorology & Air Navigation (Government of Oman)

1153: 1095: 939: 561: 1322:

Air navigation service providers (ANSPs) and air traffic service providers (ATSPs)

1113:

Many technologies are used in air traffic control systems. Primary and secondary

567:

Some busier airports have surface movement radar (SMR), such as ASDE-3, AMASS, or

273: 2734: 2701: 4242: 4196: 4067: 3933: 3706: 3663: 3579: 3123: 2653: 1514: 1248: 1129: 1122: 862:

receivers. In 1991, data on the location of aircraft was made available by the

418: 158: 2777: 1423:

Central America – Corporación Centroamericana de Servicios de Navegación Aérea

830:'Precision approach radars' (PAR) are commonly used by military controllers of 460: 4286: 3634: 3441: 3052: 2387: 1946: 1404: 1337: 1167:

Some tools are available in different domains to help the controller further:

823: 815: 540: 4281: 3574: 2957:

Rinaldi, Paul (2015). "Safety and Efficiency Must Remain the Main Mission".

1100: 1087: 1029: 831: 787: 723:

The training department at the Washington Air Route Traffic Control Center,

622: 588: 509:(ASMGCS) to control traffic on the manoeuvring area (taxiways and runways). 486: 387: 1821:(NATS) (49% state-owned public-private partnership, civilian and military) 719: 3957: 3691: 3609: 3466: 3260: 1897: 1785: 1098:

call signs that are not based on flight numbers (e.g. DLH23LG, spoken as

910: 339:

in some countries) that pilots may, at their discretion, disregard. The

297: 3879: 3871: 3696: 3659: 3566: 3398: 3265: 3194: 2265:, Geneva: International Labour Office, Working paper: CONDI/T/WP.6/1995 1524: 1465: 858:

in real-time is based on the air traffic control system, and volunteer

414: 378: 3155: 3057: 1061:

call signs for these tail numbers is the last three letters using the

3644: 3451: 3139: 1768: 1675: 1568: 1435:

Nicaragua – Empresa Administradora Aeropuertos Internacionales (EAAI)

1381: 919: 568: 1860:

examines how to overhaul the United States national airspace system.

125:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1995: 1831:

Ukraine – Ukrainian State Air Traffic Service Enterprise (UkSATSE)

1452:

Croatia – Hrvatska kontrola zračne plovidbe (Croatia Control Ltd.)

1289: 1283: 1114: 938: 904: 786: 718: 664: 534: 469: 459: 447: 436: 312: 308: 304: 272: 2179:"Colourised images mark centenary of world's first control tower" 1724:

Russia – Federal State Unitary Enterprise (State ATM Corporation)

1342:

Algeria – Etablissement National de la Navigation Aérienne (ENNA)

1053:

aircraft. By default, the call sign for any other flight is the

3102: 1981:

ICAO recommendations on use of the International System of Units

1760: 1721:

Romania – Romanian Air Traffic Services Administration (ROMATSA)

1612: 1520:

Fiji – Fiji Airports (fully owned government commercial company)

1313:

Communication navigation surveillance / air traffic management (

1201: 1082: 1033: 956: 875: 871: 505:(SMR), surface movement guidance and control system (SMGCS), or 490: 3159: 3061: 2778:"Company profile – Viet Nam Air Traffic Management Corporation" 2007:

List of tallest air traffic control towers in the United States

1652:

Mexico – Servicios a la Navegación en el Espacio Aéreo Mexicano

1925: 1814:

United Arab Emirates – General Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA)

1778: 960: 952: 152: 90: 49: 2321:"Guidance Material on remote aerodrome air traffic services" 2152:"Heritage locations – South East – Surrey – Croydon Airport" 1939:

as the authority for all procedures regarding air traffic.

1837:

Vietnam – Vietnam Air Traffic Management Corporation (VATM)

1540:

Georgia – SAKAERONAVIGATSIA, Ltd. (Georgian Air Navigation)

3035:

U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission – Air Traffic Control

2840: 1834:

Venezuela – Instituto Nacional de Aeronautica Civil (INAC)

839:

conditions. This procedure is also called a 'talk-down'.

2928:

American Federation of Government Employees; et al.

2513:"Air traffic control staffing shortage must be addressed" 1753:

South Africa – Air Traffic and Navigation Services (ATNS)

1747:

Slovakia – Letové prevádzkové služby Slovenskej republiky

1426:

Guatemala – Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil (DGAC)

1128:

Usually, a flight data processing system manages all the

987:

Constrained control capacity and growing traffic lead to

30:"Air traffic" redirects here. For the Canadian band, see 2810: 2263:

Occupational stress and stress prevention in air traffic

1879:

cumulative nine months on strike between 2004 and 2016.

1517:(European organisation for the safety of air navigation) 658:"TRACON" redirects here. For the video game series, see 3756:

Air route authority between the United States and China

2292:"CANSO Guidance Material for Remote and Digital Towers" 2087: 1730:

Seychelles – Seychelles Civil Aviation Authority (SCAA)

1255:(SESAR) programme should soon launch new MTCD concepts. 114: 1646:

Malaysia – Civil Aviation Authority of Malaysia (CAAM)

1040:, and some air forces and other military services for 2752:"Acerca de ENAIRE – ENAIRE – Información corporativa" 2441:"Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Contract (ADS-C)" 2412:"Terminal Radar Approach Control Facilities (TRACON)" 1695:

Peru – Centro de Instrucción de Aviación Civil (CIAC)

1533:): Direction des Services de la Navigation Aérienne ( 1446:

Chile – Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil (DGAC)

913:

of aircraft over London, an area of high air traffic.

507:

advanced surface movement guidance and control system

2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2094:. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR). n.d 1797:

Thailand – AEROTHAI (Aeronautical Radio of Thailand)

1455:

Cuba – Instituto de Aeronáutica Civil de Cuba (IACC)

967:

In Area Control Centres, a major weather problem is

630:

and engine starts, in which case it is known as the

4274: 4241: 4111: 3948: 3870: 3741: 3718: 3658: 3565: 3465: 3397: 3294: 3251: 3193: 3132: 3111: 3095: 1896:due to the elimination of much of the bureaucratic 1727:

Saudi Arabia – Saudi Air Navigation Services (SANS)

183:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3045:is available for free viewing and download at the 2500:, Center for Naval Analyses Document (IPR 95-0092) 1529:France – Direction Générale de l'Aviation Civile ( 1152:in Hampshire, relieving a busy suburban centre at 1742:Serbia and Montenegro Air Traffic Services Agency 1671:Nigeria – Nigeria Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA) 1621:Jamaica – Jamaica Civil Aviation Authority (JCAA) 1438:Costa Rica – Dirección General de Aviación Civil 1352:Armenia – Armenian Air Traffic Services (ARMATS) 3795:Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives 2976:Crichton, John (2015). "The NAV CANADA Model". 2088:"Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR)" 1840:Zambia – Zambia Civil Aviation Authority (ZCAA) 1809:General Directorate of State Airports Authority 1449:Colombia – Aeronáutica Civil Colombiana (UAEAC) 1400:Cambodia – Cambodia Air Traffic Services (CATS) 2496:Breitler, Alan; Kirk, Kevin (September 1996), 2280:, Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2005:31-7. 1655:Morocco – Office National Des Aeroports (ONDA) 1591:Iran – Iran Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 3171: 3073: 2593:"Le filet de sauvegarde resserre ses mailles" 1631:Kenya – Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA) 1069:for C-GABC), or the last three numbers (e.g. 8: 2538:"What is an abbreviated aircraft call sign?" 1843:Zimbabwe – Zimbabwe Civil Aviation Authority 1802:Trinidad and Tobago Civil Aviation Authority 1756:South Korea – Korea Office of Civil Aviation 1300:The electronic flight strip system (e-strip) 820:automatic dependent surveillance – broadcast 811:system is a notable example of this method. 697:airports, the tower may provide a non-radar 3042:A TRAVELER MEETS AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL (1963) 2930:"FAA Labor Unions Oppose ATC Privatization" 2640: 2638: 2177:Kaminski-Morrow, David (25 February 2020). 1700:Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines 1458:Czech Republic – Řízení letového provozu ČR 84:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3178: 3164: 3156: 3080: 3066: 3058: 2299:Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation 2111: 2109: 1510:Estonia – Estonian Air Navigation Services 1476:Eastern Caribbean Civil Aviation Authority 2354:International Civil Aviation Organization 2197:"How a hut in Croydon changed air travel" 2125:International Civil Aviation Organization 1858:Next Generation Air Transportation System 1658:Nepal – Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal 1577:(AAI) (under Ministry of Civil Aviation, 1397:Bulgaria – Air Traffic Services Authority 1274:Controller–pilot data link communications 442:São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport 363:International Civil Aviation Organization 261:Learn how and when to remove this message 243:Learn how and when to remove this message 141:Learn how and when to remove this message 2937:Professional Aviation Safety Specialists 2803:"Zambia Civil Aviation Authority - home" 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 1702:(CAAP) (under the Philippine Government) 1392:Departamento de Controle do Espaço Aéreo 292:) is a service provided by ground-based 2019: 1079:International Air Transport Association 945:Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport 315:. To prevent collisions, ATC enforces 2910: 2899: 2833:"Civil Aviation Authority of Zimbabwe" 1649:Malta – Malta Air Traffic Services Ltd 1419:CIAA Cayman Islands Airports Authority 1137:, making it available to controllers. 1032:. These are permanently allocated by 868:National Business Aviation Association 641:automatic terminal information service 551:, GMC) is responsible for the airport 2698:Epiphan Video capture, stream, record 2325:European Union Aviation Safety Agency 2131:from the original on 20 February 2009 1735:Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore 1707:Polish Air Navigation Services Agency 1461:Cyprus – Department of Civil Aviation 1347:Empresa Argentina de Navegación Aérea 947:with the ATC tower in the background. 709:Area control centre / en-route centre 390:to direct and track the movements of 331:that pilots are required to obey, or 7: 2996:"Air Traffic Plans and Publications" 2220:FAA Historical Chronology, 1926–1996 1919:ATC regulations in the United States 1373:Civil Aviation Authority, Bangladesh 791:Unmanned radar on a remote mountain. 423:Maastricht Upper Area Control Centre 404:22 Air Route Traffic Control Centers 394:. Over time, the AMRS morphed into 377:near London, England, was the first 181:adding citations to reliable sources 27:Service to direct pilots of aircraft 1359:(government owned corporation) and 1117:are used to enhance a controller's 964:conditions at the arrival airport. 547:Ground control (sometimes known as 411:1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision 2978:The Journal of Air Traffic Control 2959:The Journal of Air Traffic Control 2694:"Solutions using Epiphan products" 1971:Flight information service officer 1717:Administracion Federal de Aviacion 1601:Iraq – Iraqi Air Navigation – ICAA 1547:(German ATC – state-owned company) 608:Flight data and clearance delivery 25: 3733:Environmental effects of aviation 2390:, England: Crécy Publishing Ltd. 2278:Mental health in high-tech system 1792:Civil Aeronautical Administration 1643:Macedonia – DGCA (Macedonian ATC) 1552:Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority 277:The air traffic control tower of 65:This article has multiple issues. 3012:from the original on 10 May 2009 2301:(CANSO). January 2021. p. 5 1949: 1873:Single European Sky ATM Research 1637:Lithuania – ANS (Lithuanian ATC) 1502:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1306:(ATFM), billing, and statistics. 1253:Single European Sky ATM Research 579:Air control (known to pilots as 361:Pursuant to requirements of the 157: 95: 54: 4292:Aviation taxation and subsidies 4251:Aircraft maintenance technician 4063:Pre-flight safety demonstration 2511:Gilbert, Trish (15 June 2016). 2420:Federal Aviation Administration 2242:"Air-traffic control is a mess" 2054:"How air traffic control works" 1826:Federal Aviation Administration 1712:Portugal – NAV (Portuguese ATC) 1333:Azerbaijan – AzərAeroNaviqasiya 1328:Air Navigation Service Provider 1142:Federal Aviation Administration 864:Federal Aviation Administration 400:Federal Aviation Administration 168:needs additional citations for 73:or discuss these issues on the 989:flight cancellation and delays 866:to the airline industry. The 687:London Terminal Control Centre 619:traffic management coordinator 1: 4171:Flight cancellation and delay 3800:European Common Aviation Area 1991:Global air-traffic management 1819:National Air Traffic Services 1678:(state-owned private company) 1249:Maastricht Upper Area Control 1241:National Air Traffic Services 1239:tools are available: iFACTS ( 1186:Minimum safe altitude warning 648:Approach and terminal control 433:Airport traffic control tower 34:. For the Owl City song, see 3053:NASA video of US air traffic 2733:. p. 10. Archived from 2384:Air Traffic Control Handbook 1588:Indonesia – AirNav Indonesia 1172:related tools (such as e.g. 575:Air control or local control 498:secondary surveillance radar 279:Mumbai International Airport 4126:Airline reservations system 4078:Special visual flight rules 2602:(in French). Archived from 2062:UK Civil Aviation Authority 1750:Slovenia – Slovenia Control 1626:Japan Civil Aviation Bureau 1575:Airports Authority of India 1304:air traffic flow management 1135:operational display systems 901:Air traffic flow management 670:Potomac Consolidated TRACON 307:, and communicate with the 121:the claims made and adding 4339: 4181:Government contract flight 4043:Flight information service 3822:Hague Hijacking Convention 3815:EU–US Open Skies Agreement 3407:Pilot in command (Captain) 2447:. SKYbrary Aviation Safety 2036:Federal Aviation Authority 1634:Latvia – LGS (Latvian ATC) 1606:Israeli Airports Authority 1361:Royal Australian Air Force 1325: 1146:London Area Control Centre 898: 797:flight information regions 741:Flight Information Service 712: 657: 651: 543:air traffic control tower. 350: 40: 32:Air Traffic Control (band) 29: 4038:Flight information region 3640:Low-cost carrier terminal 3208:Airline holding companies 2864:"Wired 4.04: Free Flight" 2356:(ICAO). 9–19 October 2018 2150:Green Jersey Web Design. 1559:Civil Aviation Department 1180:Short-term conflict alert 943:Aircraft taking off from 818:, etc.) have implemented 758:flight information region 4256:Aircraft ground handling 4098:Upper information region 4013:Civil aviation authority 3842:Paris Convention of 1919 2327:(EASA). 15 February 2019 1686:Civil Aviation Authority 1668:(state owned enterprise) 1596:Irish Aviation Authority 602:Crew resource management 525:Remote and virtual tower 353:Aeronautical phraseology 4088:Terminal control center 4053:Instrument flight rules 3910:Baggage handling system 3751:Air transport agreement 3542:In-flight entertainment 1933:air traffic controllers 1929:control tower operators 1828:(FAA) (government body) 1767:(Spanish Airports) and 1407:, formerly provided by 1158:London Heathrow Airport 1156:in Middlesex, north of 1036:on request, usually to 884:instrument flight rules 751:General characteristics 737:instrument flight rules 632:ground movement planner 615:ground movement planner 549:ground movement control 479:air traffic controllers 464:Small control tower at 396:flight service stations 392:reconnaissance aircraft 294:air traffic controllers 18:Terminal control center 4213:Round-the-world ticket 4176:Frequent-flyer program 2909:Cite journal requires 2473:. 1996. Archived from 2001:Tower en route control 1800:Trinidad and Tobago – 1690:Government of Pakistan 1545:Deutsche Flugsicherung 1487:British Virgin Islands 1384:- Authority of Airways 1295: 1245:Deutsche Flugsicherung 1063:NATO phonetic alphabet 977:flight progress strips 948: 914: 850:Flight traffic mapping 805:flight progress strips 792: 728: 677: 558:aviation light signals 544: 503:surface movement radar 473: 457: 445: 282: 4203:Passenger name record 4121:Airline booking ploys 4093:Uncontrolled airspace 4083:Terminal control area 3720:Environmental effects 3630:International airport 3537:Crew rest compartment 3490:Premium economy class 3233:Non-scheduled airline 2660:on 25 September 2008. 2568:"Air Traffic Control" 2382:Smith, David (2021). 2064:. n.d. Archived from 2038:. n.d. Archived from 1496:Saint Kitts and Nevis 1357:Airservices Australia 1293: 942: 908: 899:Further information: 790: 722: 668: 654:Terminal control area 538: 463: 451: 440: 276: 192:"Air traffic control" 4073:Special use airspace 3983:Airport crash tender 3973:Aircraft safety card 3773:Cross-strait charter 3767:Bermuda II Agreement 2621:"Technical Sessions" 2158:on 25 September 2018 1913:remote airport tower 1474:Eastern Caribbean – 1103:-two-three-lima-golf 1077:Before around 1980, 837:near zero visibility 809:North Atlantic Track 177:improve this article 4318:Air traffic control 4151:Codeshare agreement 4103:Visual flight rules 4028:Controlled airspace 4003:Area control center 3968:Air traffic service 3963:Air traffic control 3852:Sabotage Convention 3837:Montreal Convention 3810:Freedoms of the air 3500:Basic economy class 3187:Commercial aviation 3089:Air traffic control 2740:on 9 November 2011. 2704:on 15 February 2014 2068:on 26 February 2021 2028:"FAA 7110.65 2-1-1" 1986:Forward air control 1966:Air traffic service 1666:Airways New Zealand 1579:Government of India 1537:) (government body) 1484:Antigua and Barbuda 1235:In Europe, several 1119:situation awareness 1067:alpha-bravo-charlie 1055:registration number 918:slow, and exit the 769:area control centre 733:visual flight rules 715:Area control center 699:procedural approach 674:Warrenton, Virginia 286:Air traffic control 4141:Bereavement flight 3790:Chicago Convention 3780:Beijing Convention 3769:(UK–US, 1978–2008) 3763:(UK–US, 1946–1978) 3238:Passenger airlines 2548:on 20 October 2018 1296: 1065:(e.g. ABC, spoken 949: 915: 856:mapping of flights 801:procedural control 793: 729: 725:Leesburg, Virginia 678: 545: 474: 458: 454:Birmingham Airport 446: 337:flight information 317:traffic separation 283: 106:possibly contains 36:Maybe I'm Dreaming 4305: 4304: 4266:Flight dispatcher 4161:Electronic ticket 4136:Airline timetable 3978:Airport authority 3885:Baggage allowance 3862:Warsaw Convention 3761:Bermuda Agreement 3595:Airport rail link 3517:Aircraft seat map 3512:Aircraft lavatory 3243:Regional airlines 3228:Low-cost airlines 3153: 3152: 2862:Leslie, Jacques. 2724:"CNS/ATM SYSTEMS" 2609:on 27 March 2009. 2542:ATC Communication 2397:978-1-9108-0999-0 2261:Costa, G (1995), 1937:FAA Order 7110.65 1817:United Kingdom – 1781:(government body) 1617:Italian Air Force 1417:Cayman Islands – 1202:departure manager 1160:. Software from 1092:American Airlines 1038:scheduled flights 844:search and rescue 466:Räyskälä Airfield 452:Control tower at 444:'s control tower. 417:countries set up 271: 270: 263: 253: 252: 245: 227: 151: 150: 143: 108:original research 88: 16:(Redirected from 4330: 4033:Evacuation slide 3993:Airport security 3890:Baggage carousel 3857:Tokyo Convention 3785:Cape Town Treaty 3620:Domestic airport 3600:Airport terminal 3585:Airport check-in 3547:Inflight smoking 3432:Flight attendant 3281:Vanilla Alliance 3218:Charter airlines 3180: 3173: 3166: 3157: 3082: 3075: 3068: 3059: 3047:Internet Archive 3022: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3011: 3000: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2912: 2907: 2905: 2897: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2839:. Archived from 2829: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2813:on 2 August 2019 2809:. Archived from 2799: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2754:. Archived from 2748: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2728: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2700:. Archived from 2690: 2684: 2683: 2682:on 16 June 2004. 2678:. Archived from 2668: 2662: 2661: 2656:. Archived from 2642: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2597: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2572:sites.Google.com 2564: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2544:. Archived from 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2379: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2351: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2296: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2238: 2221: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2154:. Archived from 2147: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2113: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2024: 1959: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1848:Proposed changes 1824:United States – 1771:(ATC & ATSP) 1583:Indian Air Force 1409:Transport Canada 1042:military flights 1007:holding patterns 727:, United States. 682:terminal control 676:, United States. 402:(FAA) operates 357:Aviation English 341:pilot in command 266: 259: 248: 241: 237: 234: 228: 226: 185: 161: 153: 146: 139: 135: 132: 126: 123:inline citations 99: 98: 91: 80: 58: 57: 50: 21: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4270: 4261:Baggage handler 4237: 4191:Open-jaw ticket 4166:Fare basis code 4113:Airline tickets 4107: 4048:Flight recorder 3950:Aviation safety 3944: 3920:Checked baggage 3905:Baggage handler 3900:Baggage reclaim 3866: 3847:Rome Convention 3737: 3714: 3702:Travel document 3654: 3561: 3461: 3437:Flight engineer 3393: 3290: 3247: 3189: 3184: 3154: 3149: 3128: 3107: 3091: 3086: 3039:The short film 3031: 3026: 3025: 3015: 3013: 3009: 2998: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2932: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2908: 2898: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2843:on 29 June 2019 2831: 2830: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2786: 2784: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2761: 2759: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2650:Eurocontrol.int 2644: 2643: 2636: 2626: 2624: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2519: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2480: 2478: 2477:on 7 March 2012 2465: 2464: 2460: 2450: 2448: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2424: 2422: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2398: 2381: 2380: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2330: 2328: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2250:. 15 June 2019. 2240: 2239: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2161: 2159: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2134: 2132: 2115: 2114: 2107: 2097: 2095: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2071: 2069: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2042:on 7 June 2010. 2026: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2011: 1976:Flight planning 1957:Aviation portal 1955: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1921: 1885: 1871:In Europe, the 1850: 1790:Taiwan – ANWS ( 1413:Canadian Forces 1330: 1324: 1162:Lockheed-Martin 1111: 1071:three-four-five 1059:radio-telephony 1050:radio-telephony 1026: 985: 937: 903: 897: 892: 852: 777: 753: 717: 711: 663: 660:TRACON (series) 656: 650: 610: 577: 533: 435: 375:Croydon Airport 371: 359: 349: 267: 256: 255: 254: 249: 238: 232: 229: 186: 184: 174: 162: 147: 136: 130: 127: 112: 100: 96: 59: 55: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4336: 4334: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4310: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4297:Mile high club 4294: 4289: 4284: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4247: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4235: 4233:Travel website 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4208:Red-eye flight 4205: 4200: 4193: 4188: 4186:One-way travel 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4156:Continent pass 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4131:Airline ticket 4128: 4123: 4117: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4058:Overwing exits 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4008:Brace position 4005: 4000: 3998:Airspace class 3995: 3990: 3988:Airport police 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3954: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3876: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3827:Hague Protocol 3824: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3747: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3724: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3712: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3687:Departure card 3684: 3677:Border control 3674: 3668: 3666: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3590:Airport lounge 3587: 3582: 3577: 3571: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3507:Aircraft cabin 3504: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3485:Business class 3482: 3471: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3447:Aircraft pilot 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3417:Second officer 3414: 3409: 3403: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3390: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3368:Other regions 3366: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3346: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3333:United States 3331: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3303:International 3300: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3288: 3286:U-FLY Alliance 3283: 3278: 3276:Value Alliance 3273: 3268: 3263: 3257: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3199: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3185: 3183: 3182: 3175: 3168: 3160: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3105: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3077: 3070: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3037: 3030: 3029:External links 3027: 3024: 3023: 2987: 2968: 2949: 2920: 2911:|journal= 2880: 2854: 2837:www.caaz.co.zw 2824: 2794: 2769: 2758:on 4 July 2015 2743: 2715: 2685: 2663: 2634: 2612: 2584: 2559: 2529: 2503: 2488: 2467:"crash report" 2458: 2432: 2403: 2396: 2367: 2338: 2312: 2283: 2268: 2253: 2222: 2213: 2188: 2169: 2142: 2105: 2079: 2045: 2018: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2009: 2004: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1944: 1941: 1920: 1917: 1905:European Union 1884: 1881: 1869: 1868: 1861: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1822: 1815: 1812: 1805: 1798: 1795: 1788: 1784:Switzerland – 1782: 1775: 1772: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1738: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1715:Puerto Rico – 1713: 1710: 1703: 1698:Philippines – 1696: 1693: 1682: 1679: 1672: 1669: 1664:New Zealand – 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1622: 1619: 1609: 1602: 1599: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1571: 1565: 1562: 1555: 1548: 1541: 1538: 1527: 1521: 1518: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1472: 1469: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1421: 1415: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1388: 1385: 1378: 1375: 1369: 1367:Austro Control 1363: 1353: 1350: 1343: 1340: 1334: 1326:Main article: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1311: 1307: 1288: 1287: 1281: 1271: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1233: 1228:MTCD and URET 1226: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1110: 1107: 1025: 1022: 1003: 1002: 999: 996: 984: 981: 936: 933: 896: 893: 891: 888: 851: 848: 776: 775:Radar coverage 773: 752: 749: 713:Main article: 710: 707: 649: 646: 643: 633: 620: 616: 609: 606: 598: 586: 582: 576: 573: 554: 550: 532: 531:Ground control 529: 520: 483:nautical miles 434: 431: 427:European Union 370: 367: 348: 345: 269: 268: 251: 250: 165: 163: 156: 149: 148: 103: 101: 94: 89: 63: 62: 60: 53: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4335: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275:Miscellaneous 4273: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4228:Travel agency 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195:Overbooking ( 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4146:Boarding pass 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3915:Baggage sizer 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3805:Flight permit 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3728:Hypermobility 3726: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3650:Transit hotel 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3495:Economy class 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3422:Third officer 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3412:First officer 3410: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3271:Star Alliance 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3223:Flag carriers 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3213:Cargo airline 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3203:Airline codes 3201: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3181: 3176: 3174: 3169: 3167: 3162: 3161: 3158: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3078: 3076: 3071: 3069: 3064: 3063: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2991: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2953: 2950: 2938: 2931: 2924: 2921: 2916: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2884: 2881: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2855: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2588: 2585: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2560: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2504: 2499: 2492: 2489: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2459: 2446: 2445:SKYbrary.aero 2442: 2436: 2433: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2399: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2355: 2348: 2342: 2339: 2326: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2300: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2279: 2272: 2269: 2264: 2257: 2254: 2249: 2248: 2247:The Economist 2243: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2214: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2189: 2184: 2183:Flight Global 2180: 2173: 2170: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2143: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2093: 2089: 2083: 2080: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2023: 2020: 2013: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1893: 1889: 1883:Privatisation 1882: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1847: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1744:Ltd. 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