601:'s temptation in the desert, the influence of the story of St. Martin is dominant – with the resistance of Satan substituting for Martin's outraged pagan populace. Unlike the stories that may have influenced Pope Gregory's structure of the biography, Benedict's victories are practical, preventing Satan from stopping work on the abbey at Monte Cassino. Benedict's prayers are portrayed as the driving force behind the building of the abbey and the triumphs over Satan, through prayer: "Benedict the monk wrests from the devil a well-determined base which he never leaves." After the completion of the abbey, Satan's appearances in the story diminish back to the same level as Subiaco, "Only after the saint's death and by God's permission would other enemies, the Lombards, succeed in sacking it."Once established at Monte Cassino, Benedict never left. He wrote the
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832:. Monks caring for the patients in Monte Cassino constantly needed new medical knowledge. So they began to buy and collect medical and other books by Greek, Roman, Islamic, Egyptian, European, Jewish, and Oriental authors. As Naples is situated on the crossroad of many seaways of Europe, the Middle East and Asia, soon the monastery library was one of the richest in Europe. All the knowledge of the civilizations of all the times and nations was accumulated in the Abbey of that time. The Benedictines translated into Latin and transcribed precious manuscripts. The number of monks rose to over two hundred, and the library, the manuscripts produced in the
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34:12–14). De Vogue writes "this mountain had to be conquered from an idolatrous people and purified from its devilish horrors. And like conquering Israel, Benedict came precisely to carry out this purification. No doubt
Gregory had this biblical model uppermost in his mind, as is clear from the terms he uses to describe the work of destruction. At the same time, neither Gregory nor Benedict could have forgotten the similar line of action taken by St. Martin against the pagan shrines of Gaul."
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rite by the foolish local farmers. Around it had grown up a grove dedicated to demon worship, where even at that time a wild crowd still devoted themselves to unholy sacrifices. When the man of God arrived, he smashed the idol, overturned the altar and cut down the grove of trees. He built a chapel dedicated to St. Martin in the temple of Apollo and another to St. John where the altar of Apollo had stood. And he summoned the people of the district to the faith by his unceasing preaching.
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monastic routine called for hard work. The care of the sick was such an important duty that those caring for them were enjoined to act as if they served Christ directly. Benedict founded twelve communities for monks at nearby
Subiaco (about 64 km to the east of Rome), where hospitals were settled, too, as adjuncts to the monasteries to provide charity. Soon many monasteries were founded throughout Europe, and everywhere there were hospitals like those in Monte Cassino.
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Scholars note that this striking contrast is not stressed by
Gregory but rather both settings are portrayed as part of a single battle account against the same demonic enemy. Where Satan concealed himself behind underlings at Subiaco, at Monte Cassino he drops the masks to enter into a desperate attempt to prevent an abbey from being built, and "that the sole cause of this eruption of satanic action is the suppression of pagan worship on the high places."
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at his attacks on their shrines: "By the time of
Benedict, paganism was in a weaker condition in western Europe than it had been in Martin's time. And, of course, it must be remembered that Martin as a bishop was a much more prominent churchman than Benedict. This was an isolated and unusual episode in Benedict's monastic career. Martin, however, was thrust out of his monastery into the role of a missionary bishop in the fourth century."
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centuries, together with their pre-Christian cellars. The first one which
Benedict built in the temple itself was only twelve meters long and eight wide. From this, we can infer a fairly small community. The second oratory, on the mountain-top, where the pagan altar had stood in the open air, was of the same width but somewhat longer (15.25 meters)."
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which is considered today to have been the earliest
Institution of Higher Education in Western Europe. This school found its original base in the Benedictine Abbey of Monte Cassino still in the 9th century and later settled down in Salerno. So, Montecassino and Benedictines played a great role in the
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for the protagonist to encounter areas of strong paganism. Benedict scholar
Terrence Kardong examines why Benedict did not face stiffer opposition in his seizure of the site from the local pagans. He contrasts this with the 25-year struggle faced by St. Martin of Tours in western Gaul by pagans angry
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officers suggesting that German forces were occupying the monastery; the abbey was considered a key observation post by all those who were fighting in the field. However, during the bombing no German troops were present in the abbey. Subsequent investigations found that the only people killed in the
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the Greek artists decorated the apse, the arch and the vestibule of the basilica. Their work was admired by contemporaries but was totally destroyed in later centuries except two fragments depicting greyhounds (now in the Monte
Cassino Museum). "The abbot in his wisdom decided that a great number of
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Pope
Gregory I's biography of Benedict claims that Satan opposed the monks repurposing the site. In one story, Satan invisibly sits on a rock making it too heavy to remove until Benedict drives him off. In another story, Satan taunts Benedict and then collapses a wall on a young monk, who is brought
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Pope
Gregory I's account of Benedict at Monte Cassino is seen by scholars as the final setting for an epic set in motion at Subiaco. In his earlier setting Benedict "had twice shown complete mastery over his aggressiveness, Benedict is now allowed to use it without restraint in the service of God."
442:(1976) to the abbey, removing from its jurisdiction all 53 parishes and reducing its spiritual jurisdiction to the abbey itself – while retaining its status as a territorial abbey. The former territory of the Abbey, except the land on which the abbey church and monastery sit, was transferred to the
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Now the citadel called Casinum is located on the side of a high mountain. The mountain shelters this citadel on a broad bench. Then it rises three miles above it as if its peak tended toward heaven. There was an ancient temple there in which Apollo used to be worshipped according to the old pagan
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Monte Cassino became a model for future developments. Its prominent site has always made it an object of strategic importance. It was sacked or destroyed a number of times. "The first to demolish it were Lombards on foot in 580; the last were Allied bombers in 1944." In 581, during the abbacy of
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progress of medicine and science in the Middle Ages, and with his life and work St. Benedict himself exercised a fundamental influence on the development of European civilization and culture and helped Europe to emerge from the "dark night of history" that followed the fall of the Roman empire.
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The Rule of St. Benedict mandated the moral obligations to care for the sick. So in Monte Cassino St. Benedict founded a hospital that is considered today to have been the first in Europe of the new era. Benedictine monks took care of the sick and wounded there according to Benedict's Rule. The
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on Pope Gregory I's biography of Benedict, including the account of his seizure of Monte Cassino. Benedict's violence against a pagan holy place recalls both Martin's assault against pagan shrines generations before and the Biblical story of conquering Israel entering the Holy Land (see Exodus
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flourished there during Desiderius' abbacy. Monks reading and copying the medical texts learned a lot about human anatomy and methods of treatment, and then put their theoretic skills into practice at monastery hospital. By the 10–11th centuries Monte Cassino became the most famous cultural,
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Pope Gregory I's account of Benedict's construction was confirmed by archaeological discoveries made after the destruction of 1944. Adalbert de Vogüé recounts that "Traces have been found of the oratories of St. Martin and of St. John the Baptist, with additions from the eighth and eleventh
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1078:. The Vatican daily bulletin of 23 October 2014 announced that with the appointment of his successor Donato Ogliari, the territory of the abbey outside the immediate monastery grounds had been transferred to the Diocese of Sora-Aquino-Pontecorvo, now renamed
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back to life by Benedict. Pope Gregory also relays that the monks found a pagan idol of bronze when digging at the site (which when thrown into the kitchen gave the illusion of a fire until dispelled by Benedict).
694:, the secular lands of the abbacy, which were subject to the abbot and nobody else save the pope. Thus, the monastery became the capital of a state comprising a compact and strategic region between the Lombard
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and built a temple to Apollo at the citadel. Modern excavations have found no remains of the temple, but monumental remains of an amphitheatre, a theatre, and a mausoleum show the wealth of the Roman town.
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people who held much of central Italy. It was they who first built a citadel on the summit of Monte Cassino. The Volsci in the area were defeated by the Romans in 312 BC. The Romans named the settlement
617:(perhaps in 543, the only remotely secure historical date for Benedict), and died there. According to accounts, "Benedict died in the oratory of St. Martin, and was buried in the oratory of St. John."
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sacked the abbey, and the surviving monks fled to Rome, where they remained for more than a century. During this time the body of St Benedict was transferred to Fleury, the modern
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made the church of Monte Cassino a cathedral, and the carefully preserved independence of the monastery from episcopal interference was at an end. That situation was reversed by
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educational, and medical center of Europe with a great library in Medicine and other sciences. Many physicians came there for medical and other knowledge. That is why the first
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in the fifth century AD. Lacking strong defences the area was subject to barbarian attack and became abandoned and neglected with only a few struggling inhabitants holding out.
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young monks in the monastery should be thoroughly initiated in these arts" – says the chronicler about the role of the Greeks in the revival of mosaic art in medieval Italy.
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recognised the abbot of Monte Cassino as having precedence over all other abbots. Many monks rose to become bishops and cardinals, and three popes were drawn from the abbey:
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While scholars see some similarities between the story of Benedict's encountering demonic phenomena and diabolic apparitions at Monte Cassino with the story of Saint
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402:. The abbey was dissolved by the Italian government in 1866. The building became a national monument with the monks as custodians of its treasures. In 1944 during
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The buildings of the monastery were reconstructed in the 11th century on a scale of great magnificence, artists being brought from Amalfi, Lombardy, and even
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monastery by the bombing were 230 Italian civilians seeking refuge there. Following the bombing the ruins of the monastery were occupied by German
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in Naples. Edsel goes on to note that these cases had been delivered to Göring in December 1943, for "his birthday". This is, however, unproven.
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Monte Cassino was rebuilt and reached the apex of its fame in the 11th century under the abbot Desiderius (abbot 1058–1087), who later became
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elevated the abbey into a bishopric but this was suppressed in 1367. The buildings were destroyed by an earthquake in 1349, and in 1369 Pope
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at the time; Benedict's first act was to smash the sculpture of Apollo and destroy the altar. He then reused the temple, dedicating it to
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An earthquake damaged the Abbey in 1349, and although the site was rebuilt it marked the beginning of a long period of decline. In 1321,
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for safekeeping. German officers Lt. Col. Julius Schlegel (a Roman Catholic) and Capt. Maximilian Becker (a Protestant), both from the
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The 11th and 12th centuries were the abbey's golden age. It acquired a large secular territory around Monte Cassino, the so-called
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1587:. Translated by Hilary Costello and Eoin de Bhaldraithe. Commentary by Adalbert de Vogüé. Petersham, MA: St. Bede's Publications.
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454:. As of 2015, the monastic community consists of thirteen monks. Ogliari was succeeded as abbot by Antonio Luca Fallica in 2023.
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The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization – Christian, Islamic, and Judaic – from Constantine to Dante: A.D. 325–1300
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to supervise the various works. The abbey church, rebuilt and decorated with the utmost splendor, was consecrated in 1071 by
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The history of Monte Cassino is linked to the nearby town of Cassino which was first settled in the fifth century BC by the
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1017:(January–May 1944) the Abbey was heavily damaged. The German military forces had established the 161-kilometre (100-mile)
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in 1799. From the dissolution of the Italian monasteries in 1866, Monte Cassino became a national monument. During the
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around 570 and abandoned. Of the first monastery almost nothing is known. The second monastery was established by
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at the same time appointed Father Donato Ogliari as the new Abbot who will serve as the 192nd successor of Saint
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consecrated the rebuilt Basilica on 24 October 1964. During reconstruction, the abbey library was housed at the
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demanded a contribution from all Benedictine monasteries to fund the rebuilding. In 1454, the abbey was placed
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L'abbazia benedettina di Montecassino. La storia attraverso le testimonianze grafiche di rilievo e di progetto
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was killed during the attack. Among the great historians who worked at the monastery, in this period there is
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On 15 February 1944 the abbey was nearly destroyed in a series of heavy, American-led air raids. General
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Rescuing Da Vinci: Hitler and the Nazis Stole Europe's Great Art, America and Her Allies Recovered It
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1674:(in Latin) (Tomus IV ed.). Turin: Seb. Franco et Henrico Dalmazzo editoribus. pp. 522–523.
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coast in the east, with Monte Cassino itself overlooking Highway 6 and blocking the path to Rome.
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1472:(SS. Patriarchae Benedicti Familiae Confoederatae: Curia dell'Abate Primate, Editio XXII 2015).
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Benedict scholars (such as Adalbert de Vogüé and Terrence Kardong) note the heavy influence of
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The Abbey was rebuilt after the war. In the early 1950s, President of the Italian Republic
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visited Monte Cassino in 1083, and five years later he began to build the third church at
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The History of the Fallschirmpanzerkorps Hermann Göring: Soldiers of the Reichsmarschall
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Bullarum, diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum romanorum pontificum Taurinensis editio
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1529:. Translated by Terrence Kardong, OSB. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. p. 49.
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Generations after the Roman Empire adopted Christianity the town became the seat of a
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and the building was destroyed by Allied bombing. It was rebuilt after the war.
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A flourishing period of Monte Cassino followed its re-establishment in 718 by
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By the 13th century, the monastery's decline had set in. In 1239, the Emperor
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that crowned the hill. The biography records that the area was still largely
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and at an elevation of 520 m (1,710 ft). Site of the Roman town of
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1547:. Translated by Terrence Kardong, OSB. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press.
1025:'s regard for the historical monument. The Gustav Line stretched from the
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Monte Cassino: The Story of the Most Controversial Battle of World War II
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before the monastery was rebuilt in 949. During the period of exile, the
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for the decoration of the rebuilt abbey church. According to chronicler
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himself around 529. It was for the community of Monte Cassino that the
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garrisoned troops in it during his war with the Papacy. In 1322, Pope
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International Dictionary of Historic Places: Volume 3 Southern Europe
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1430:"Vatican reorganizes Montecassino, mother abbey of the Benedictines"
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In 1799, Monte Cassino was sacked again by French troops during the
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From Constantine to Charlemagne: An Archaeology of Italy AD 300–800
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Pope Gregory I's account of Benedict's seizure of Monte Cassino:
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by Trudy Ring; Robert M. Salkin; Sharon La Boda, eds. (1995).
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865:. A detailed account of the abbey at this date exists in the
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and abandoned again. The community of monks resided first at
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Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
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on 12 June 2013, the Territorial Abbot of Monte Cassino was
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Monte Cassino in ruins after Allied bombing in February 1944
317:("Land of Saint Benedict"), which it heavily fortified with
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518:, the monastery was constructed on an older pagan site, a
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The Day of Battle: the War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944
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House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul
1514:. Chicago, IL: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 132.
1447:[Dom Ogliari is the new Abbot of Montecassino].
1416:"Vatican announces reorganisation of Montecassino Abbey"
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1918:. Vol. 1. Roma: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura.
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In December 1943, some 1,400 irreplaceable manuscript
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Buildings and structures in the Province of Frosinone
345:(1118–19). During this period, a monastic chronicle,
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Christian monasteries established in the 6th century
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Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
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Monte Val de' Varri – Monte Faito – Monte San Nicola
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4200:
4033:
4012:
3993:
3922:
3899:
3851:
3823:
3795:
3767:
3662:
3610:
3580:
3534:
3507:
3381:
2628:
2605:
2559:
2258:
2162:
2115:
2061:
206:
167:
153:
148:
137:
127:
122:
110:
102:
90:
85:
30:For information about the World War II battle, see
1887:
1109:Another account, however, from revisionist author
1278:, abbot of Montecassino, feast day on 27 November
2013:redefining territorial jurisdiction of the abbey
1749:The Abbey of Monte Cassino: An Illustrated Guide
1367:The Cassino Band of Northumbria Army Cadet Force
733:is a fundamental chronicle of the ninth-century
605:that became the founding principle for Western
1954:(reprint ed.). Cambridge Mass.: Da Capo.
915:believed that Desiderius' rebuilding included
840:became famous throughout the West. The unique
4301:Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide
3310:
3189:
2676:
2032:
1062:gave considerable support to the rebuilding.
27:Historically significant hill in Lazio, Italy
8:
276:on Monte Cassino was sacked by the invading
39:
3729:Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe
3249:Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park
1950:Hapgood, David; Richardson, David (2002) .
1179:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
417:the monastery was one of the few remaining
4315:
4197:
4067:
4030:
4024:
4020:
4009:
3848:
3792:
3531:
3317:
3303:
3295:
3196:
3182:
3174:
2683:
2669:
2661:
2039:
2025:
2017:
721:sacked and then burned it down, and Abbot
358:, was written by two of its own, Cardinal
38:
4494:Rebuilt buildings and structures in Italy
1445:"Dom Ogliari nuovo abate di Montecassino"
1243:Learn how and when to remove this message
1080:Diocese of Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo
1068:Pontifical Abbey of St Jerome-in-the-City
791:Learn how and when to remove this message
444:diocese of Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo
288:and with the support of the Lombard Duke
4058:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1557:
1432:. Catholic News Agency. 24 October 2014.
1070:. Until his resignation was accepted by
810:of the abbey from the late 15th-century
632:
466:
321:. It maintained good relations with the
4499:Burial sites of the Carolingian dynasty
3214:Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park
1389:
849:in the world was soon opened in nearby
1538:
1536:
1505:
1503:
877:gives us our best source on the early
637:Promontory and post-WWII rebuilt abbey
284:around 718, at the suggestion of Pope
4509:Churches in the province of Frosinone
731:Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum
69:
7:
2536:Parco regionale urbano Monte Orlando
1751:undated English language publication
1443:Pittiglio, Elena (23 October 2014).
1325:Members of the Polish 2nd Army Corps
1177:adding citations to reliable sources
1098:in Rome, had been sent to the abbey
773:adding citations to reliable sources
391:and in 1504 was made subject to the
348:Chronica sacri monasterii casinensis
308:were introduced into the community.
4333:Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
1295:, archbishop and Divisional general
4338:Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua
4048:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
2411:Cima del Redentore (monti Aurunci)
1668:Tomassetti, Aloysius, ed. (1859).
1525:Pope Gregory I (2009). "7:10–11".
673:, predecessor of the Lombard King
25:
4116:Pontifical North American College
3678:Section for Relations with States
1972:. Cassino, Ciolfi Editore, 2005.
1418:. Vatican Radio. 23 October 2014.
894:Il regno di Napoli in prospettiva
681:, the historian of the Lombards.
566:notes that it was common in such
18:Territorial Abbey of Montecassino
4479:Roman Catholic dioceses in Lazio
4469:Benedictine monasteries in Italy
4426:
4414:
3810:Extraordinary general assemblies
3234:Etruscan necropolis of Tarquinia
3229:Etruscan necropolis of Cerveteri
2048:
1995:Satellite photo from Google Maps
1915:Monte Cassino in the Middle Ages
1763:Monte Cassino in the Middle Ages
1725:"Monks Rebuilding Monte Cassino"
1704:Hapgood & Richardson, p. 211
1685:"When I Landed the War Was over"
1372:The Red Poppies on Monte Cassino
1347:Polish cemetery at Monte Cassino
1149:
982:
956:Air assault on Monte Cassino, 15
949:
749:
516:Life of Saint Benedict of Nursia
325:, even receiving patronage from
68:
61:
45:
4278:Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo
4178:Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo
4158:Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary
3957:Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno
1605:. Time-Life Books. p. 34.
1483:"Resignations and Appointments"
1136:List of abbots of Monte Cassino
867:Chronica monasterii Cassinensis
760:needs additional citations for
3967:Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo
1817:"Rinunce e nomine, 23.10.2014"
1793:. 12 June 2013. Archived from
1634:. Simon and Schuster. p.
1470:Catalogus Monasteriorum O.S.B.
1315:Carloman (mayor of the palace)
1104:Panzer-Division Hermann Göring
1:
4230:Pontifical Oriental Institute
1259:Panorama from Polish cemetery
261:, having been established by
253:, it is widely known for its
4053:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
3038:Sant'Ambrogio sul Garigliano
2009:, original text of the 2014
1713:Atkinson (2007), pp. 432–441
1352:Red Poppies on Monte Cassino
1096:Keats-Shelley Memorial House
1001:The abbey was sacked by the
661:, when among the monks were
4235:Pontifical Lombard Seminary
4111:Pontifical Urban University
3805:Ordinary general assemblies
3552:Cardinal Secretary of State
3269:Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo
3224:Civita Castellana Cathedral
2620:List of presidents of Lazio
1787:"Pontifical Acts – 12 June"
1270:Cardinal Domenico Bartolini
425:. On 23 October 2014, Pope
4525:
4328:Basilica of the Holy House
3952:Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino
3360:Sovereignty and government
3043:Sant'Andrea del Garigliano
2928:Monte San Giovanni Campano
1583:Gregory the Great (1993).
1545:The Life of Saint Benedict
1527:The Life of Saint Benedict
1133:
890:Giovan Battista Pacichelli
702:city-states of the coast (
474:
29:
4409:
4285:Gardens of the Villa Cybo
4138:Palace of the Holy Office
4128:Palazzo della Cancelleria
4100:Palace of Saint Callixtus
4070:
4023:
3369:Sovereign judicial entity
3332:
3209:
2708:
2649:
2102:
2000:The Monte Cassino Society
1851:Edsel, Robert M. (2006).
1451:(in Italian). Rome, Italy
1003:French Revolutionary Army
888:The abbey in depicted in
696:principality of Benevento
502:Era of Benedict (530–547)
429:applied the norms of the
413:After the reforms of the
406:, it was the site of the
400:French Revolutionary Wars
257:, the first house of the
56:
44:
4226:Archaeological Institute
3411:Old St. Peter's Basilica
3406:Patrimony of Saint Peter
3401:History of papal primacy
3018:San Donato Val di Comino
1894:. New York: Henry Holt.
1695:, October/November 1981.
1585:The Life of St. Benedict
1362:San Liberatore a Maiella
911:Architectural historian
609:, received a visit from
554:The façade of the church
471:Cliff on "high mountain"
117:Diocese of Monte Cassino
4421:Vatican City portal
4153:Palace of the Vicariate
3947:Civitavecchia-Tarquinia
3471:Prisoner in the Vatican
3460:Investiture Controversy
2006:Contemplationi faventes
1886:Atkinson, Rick (2007).
1857:. Laurel Pub. pp.
1841:Atkinson (2007), p. 399
1761:Bloch, Herbert (1986).
1651:"The Point of the Arch"
1543:Pope Gregory I (2009).
1342:Battle of Monte Cassino
1289:, abbot of Montecassino
1007:Battle of Monte Cassino
974:New Zealand during WWII
875:Amatus of Monte Cassino
838:manuscript illuminators
408:Battle of Monte Cassino
393:Abbey of Santa Giustina
366:(who also compiled the
290:Romuald II of Benevento
231:, Italy, 2 kilometres (
219:(today usually spelled
32:Battle of Monte Cassino
4454:Abbey of Monte Cassino
4433:Catholicism portal
4389:Apostolic Penitentiary
4363:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
4310:Santa Maria di Galeria
3635:For Vatican City State
3013:San Biagio Saracinisco
2968:Piedimonte San Germano
2109:
2011:apostolic constitution
1990:Abbey of Monte Cassino
1930:, Ashgate Publishing,
1357:San Giovanni in Venere
1260:
1053:1st Parachute Division
896:
825:
691:Terra Sancti Benedicti
686:Gisulf II of Benevento
684:In 744, a donation of
654:near Orleans, France.
652:Saint-Benoit-sur-Loire
638:
594:
555:
548:
472:
415:Second Vatican Council
314:Terra Sancti Benedicti
267:Rule of Saint Benedict
51:Abbey of Monte Cassino
4217:San Carlo ai Catinari
4188:Paul VI Audience Hall
4174:Benedictine monastery
4121:Bambino Gesù Hospital
3891:Sabina-Poggio Mirteto
3053:Sant'Elia Fiumerapido
3033:San Vittore del Lazio
3028:San Giovanni Incarico
2702:Province of Frosinone
2225:Lago di Posta Fibreno
2108:
1944:Catholic Encyclopedia
1626:Durant, Will (1950).
1330:Piero the Unfortunate
1310:Sigelgaita of Salerno
1258:
887:
806:
636:
593:
553:
543:
470:
300:and then from 914 at
191:41.49000°N 13.81389°E
141:Antonio Luca Fallica
86:Monastery information
77:Location within Italy
4489:Monasteries in Lazio
4043:St. Peter's Basilica
3736:Apostolic nunciature
3595:College of Cardinals
3590:Secretariat of State
3274:Park of the Monsters
3219:Circeo National Park
2641:Marino Wine Festival
2456:Monte Lauro in Gaeta
2063:Provinces and places
1729:www.britishpathe.com
1398:"Catholica Ecclesia"
1173:improve this section
1051:paratroopers of the
1038:Sir Harold Alexander
901:Byzantine mosaicists
769:improve this article
4394:Apostolic Signatura
4222:Collegio Bellarmino
4094:Adjoining buildings
3669:Multilateral policy
3158:Villa Santo Stefano
2978:Pignataro Interamna
2481:Maschio delle Faete
2381:Maschio dell'Ariano
2266:Seven hills of Rome
2200:Lago di Giulianello
1377:Lamp of Brotherhood
1042:British Indian Army
970:official war artist
921:Gothic architecture
913:Kenneth John Conant
847:High Medical School
813:Nuremberg Chronicle
508:Gregory the Great's
282:Petronax of Brescia
187: /
41:
40:Monte Cassino Abbey
4474:Territorial abbeys
4464:Mountains of Lazio
4163:Collegio Teutonico
4080:Lateran University
3924:Suffragan dioceses
3901:Territorial abbeys
3871:Porto-Santa Rufina
3853:Suburbicarian sees
3815:Special assemblies
3710:Permanent Observer
3204:Landmarks of Lazio
3023:San Giorgio a Liri
2813:Castelnuovo Parano
2615:Elections in Lazio
2386:Maschio di Lariano
2110:
1261:
1119:Capodimonte Museum
997:Since 19th century
897:
836:and the school of
826:
639:
595:
556:
473:
436:Ecclesia Catholica
419:territorial abbeys
327:Byzantine emperors
263:Benedict of Nursia
245: mi) west of
196:41.49000; 13.81389
132:Benedict of Nursia
4441:
4440:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4308:antennae area of
4299:Summer estate of
4264:
4263:
4196:
4195:
4168:Teutonic Cemetery
4066:
4065:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4006:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3942:Civita Castellana
3845:
3789:
3763:
3762:
3528:
3465:Age of Revolution
3438:Donation of Pepin
3433:Donation of Sutri
3373:international law
3292:
3291:
3171:
3170:
3153:Villa Santa Lucia
2818:Castro dei Volsci
2788:Campoli Appennino
2773:Belmonte Castello
2658:
2657:
2351:Monti della Tolfa
2276:Aurunci Mountains
2190:Lago di Caprolace
2155:
2147:
1901:978-0-8050-6289-2
1823:. 23 October 2014
1693:American Heritage
1276:Saint Apollinaris
1253:
1252:
1245:
1227:
1076:Pietro Vittorelli
964:1944, painted by
863:Pope Alexander II
842:Beneventan script
801:
800:
793:
599:Anthony the Great
576:Sulpicius Severus
259:Benedictine Order
214:
213:
16:(Redirected from
4516:
4431:
4430:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4321:extraterritorial
4316:
4294:Adjacent gardens
4254:Nympheum of Nero
4203:extraterritorial
4198:
4090:Sancta Sanctorum
4068:
4031:
4021:
4010:
3998:
3849:
3830:
3827:province of Rome
3793:
3774:
3625:Apostolic Camera
3532:
3514:
3396:Primacy of Peter
3319:
3312:
3305:
3296:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3175:
2913:Giuliano di Roma
2685:
2678:
2671:
2662:
2451:Monte Guadagnolo
2346:Monte Terminillo
2326:Monti Prenestini
2316:Monti della Meta
2306:Monti della Laga
2185:Lago di Canterno
2153:
2145:
2096:List of communes
2053:
2052:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2018:
1968:Michela Cigola,
1965:
1940:
1919:
1905:
1893:
1873:
1872:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1723:Pathé, British.
1720:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1603:The Age of Faith
1595:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1487:press.vatican.va
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1394:
1320:Władysław Anders
1287:Saint Bertharius
1248:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1185:
1153:
1145:
1011:Italian Campaign
986:
963:
959:
953:
796:
789:
785:
782:
776:
753:
745:
603:Benedictine Rule
536:John the Baptist
364:Peter the Deacon
356:
244:
243:
239:
236:
202:
201:
199:
198:
197:
192:
188:
185:
184:
183:
180:
72:
71:
65:
49:
42:
21:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4425:
4415:
4413:
4405:
4374:Papal household
4342:
4320:
4314:
4270:
4260:
4246:Sant'Apollinare
4244:Two Palaces of
4240:Russian College
4202:
4192:
4062:
4035:Major basilicas
4014:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3981:
3918:
3895:
3840:
3829:
3826:
3819:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3759:
3688:Of the Holy See
3683:To the Holy See
3666:
3664:Foreign affairs
3658:
3606:
3576:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3511:judicial entity
3510:
3503:
3377:
3355:Diocese of Rome
3328:
3323:
3293:
3288:
3254:Hadrian's Villa
3244:Garden of Ninfa
3239:Fossanova Abbey
3205:
3202:
3172:
3167:
3108:Trevi nel Lazio
3048:Sant'Apollinare
2848:Colle San Magno
2704:
2689:
2659:
2654:
2645:
2624:
2601:
2577:Pontine marshes
2567:Castelli Romani
2555:
2526:Monte di Cambio
2401:Monte Carbonaro
2391:Monte Artemisio
2254:
2245:Lago del Turano
2230:Lago di Rascino
2215:Lago dei Monaci
2205:Lake Martignano
2158:
2151:Roman Republic
2143:Roman Republic
2111:
2100:
2057:
2047:
2045:
1986:
1962:
1949:
1938:
1922:
1908:
1902:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1797:on 15 June 2013
1785:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1683:
1679:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1657:, May/June 2012
1648:
1647:
1643:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1599:Fremantle, Anne
1597:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1581:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1338:
1265:Pope Victor III
1249:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1192:"Monte Cassino"
1186:
1184:
1170:
1154:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1127:
1088:
1048:Fallschirmjäger
999:
994:
993:
992:
991:
990:
987:
978:
977:
976:
961:
957:
954:
830:Pope Victor III
797:
786:
780:
777:
766:
754:
743:
679:Paul the Deacon
631:
504:
479:
465:
463:Ancient history
460:
423:Catholic Church
350:
306:Cluniac Reforms
241:
237:
234:
232:
195:
193:
189:
186:
181:
178:
176:
174:
173:
81:
80:
79:
78:
75:
74:
73:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4522:
4520:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4459:Hills of Italy
4456:
4446:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4423:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4324:
4322:
4313:
4312:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4274:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4248:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4224:
4219:
4213:
4209:Palace of the
4206:
4204:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4102:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4075:Lateran Palace
4071:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4039:
4037:
4027:
4026:
4018:
4007:
4004:territoriality
3991:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3866:Velletri-Segni
3863:
3857:
3855:
3846:
3825:Ecclesiastical
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3801:
3799:
3790:
3781:full communion
3765:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3724:European Union
3721:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3705:United Nations
3702:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3627:
3616:
3614:
3608:
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3453:Temporal power
3445:
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3110:
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3098:Torre Cajetani
3095:
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2511:Monte Sorgenze
2508:
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2501:Monte Cervello
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2240:Lago del Salto
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2180:Lake Bracciano
2177:
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2154:(19th century)
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3647:Congregations
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2546:Monte Pizzuto
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2441:Mont Fogliano
2439:
2437:
2436:Monte Fammera
2434:
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2431:Monte Faggeto
2429:
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2426:Monte Dragone
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2376:Monte Appiolo
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2364:
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2361:Monte Cassino
2359:
2357:
2356:Monti Volsini
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2341:Monte Soratte
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2301:Monte Gorzano
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2235:Lake Sabaudia
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2195:Lago di Fondi
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1978:88-86810-28-8
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1971:
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1961:0-306-81121-9
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1937:1-85928-421-3
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1868:9780977433490
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1563:
1560:, p. 113
1559:
1558:Christie 2006
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1449:Il Messaggero
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1194: –
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1163:
1158:This section
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758:This section
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569:
568:hagiographies
565:
564:Neil Christie
560:
552:
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539:
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533:
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521:
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513:
510:hagiography,
509:
506:According to
501:
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4183:Beda College
4085:Scala Sancta
3909:Montecassino
3842:Vatican City
3525:Legal status
3494:World War II
3482:Vatican City
3477:Savoyard era
3448:Papal States
3364:Vatican City
3279:Villa d'Este
3264:Ostia Antica
3258:
3148:Villa Latina
3128:Vallerotonda
3003:Rocca d'Arce
2888:Fontana Liri
2783:Broccostella
2713:Acquafondata
2695:
2572:Valle Latina
2551:Monte Ruazzo
2506:Monte Revole
2486:Meta (monte)
2471:Monte Livata
2421:Monte Crispi
2406:Monte Cefalo
2396:Monte Autore
2371:Monte Altino
2360:
2336:Monti Sabini
2311:Monti Lepini
2296:Monti Ernici
2291:Cimini Hills
2281:Monti Ausoni
2210:Lake Mezzano
2175:Lake Bolsena
2138:Papal States
2133:Ancient Rome
2005:
1969:
1951:
1943:
1927:
1914:
1889:
1853:
1846:
1837:
1825:. Retrieved
1820:
1811:
1799:. Retrieved
1795:the original
1790:
1781:
1762:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1728:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1692:
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1655:Aramco World
1654:
1649:Verde, Tom,
1644:
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1593:
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1486:
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1448:
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1392:
1239:
1230:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1187:
1171:Please help
1159:
1114:
1108:
1089:
1072:Pope Francis
1064:Pope Paul VI
1057:
1046:
1035:
1015:World War II
1000:
940:Pope Urban V
933:
910:
905:Leo of Ostia
898:
893:
871:Leo of Ostia
866:
856:
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778:
767:Please help
762:verification
759:
730:
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689:
688:created the
683:
656:
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623:
619:
596:
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532:Saint Martin
515:
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432:motu proprio
430:
412:
404:World War II
397:
388:in commendam
386:
375:Frederick II
372:
360:Leo of Ostia
346:
312:
310:
271:
229:Latin Valley
221:Montecassino
220:
216:
215:
36:
4401:Swiss Guard
4148:Palazzo Pio
3652:Dicasteries
3630:Commissions
3620:Roman Curia
3499:Warsaw Pact
3113:Trivigliano
2953:Pescosolido
2893:Fontechiari
2823:Castrocielo
2793:Casalattico
2516:Monte Trina
2496:Monte Caira
2461:Monte Lauzo
2446:Monte Fusco
2366:Monte Abate
2271:Alban Hills
2170:Lake Albano
1689:Hughes Rudd
1455:13 February
1305:Scholastica
1019:Gustav Line
929:Cluny Abbey
834:scriptorium
735:Mezzogiorno
607:monasticism
421:within the
351: [
343:Gelasius II
337:(1057–58),
194: /
169:Coordinates
103:Established
97:Benedictine
4448:Categories
4384:Roman Rota
4282:Papal farm
4215:Palace of
4107:Hill area
3995:Properties
3881:Palestrina
3753:Concordats
3612:Government
3582:Governance
3118:Vallecorsa
3068:Settefrati
3058:Santopadre
3008:Roccasecca
2988:Pontecorvo
2868:Falvaterra
2853:Collepardo
2808:Castelliri
2798:Casalvieri
2652:Categories
2541:Monte Orso
2286:Monte Cavo
1821:vatican.va
1772:0674586557
1384:References
1203:newspapers
1027:Tyrrhenian
1023:Kesselring
727:Erchempert
723:Bertharius
615:Ostrogoths
395:in Padua.
339:Victor III
335:Stephen IX
286:Gregory II
272:The first
182:13°48′50″E
179:41°29′24″N
128:Founder(s)
4290:Barberini
4105:Gianicolo
3999:including
3833:Vicariate
3777:universal
3715:in Geneva
3560:Cardinals
3536:Officials
3509:Sovereign
3337:Apostolic
3123:Vallemaio
2958:Picinisco
2908:Gallinaro
2898:Frosinone
2878:Filettino
2873:Ferentino
2843:Colfelice
2560:Geography
2259:Mountains
2250:Lake Vico
2220:Lake Nemi
2071:Frosinone
1272:(1813–87)
1160:does not
1086:Treasures
781:June 2021
741:1058–1505
700:Byzantine
665:, son of
496:bishopric
379:John XXII
368:cartulary
331:Victor II
274:monastery
227:, in the
4355:See also
3876:Frascati
3748:Treaties
3642:Councils
3570:Advisers
3326:Holy See
3163:Viticuso
3073:Sgurgola
2918:Guarcino
2607:Politics
2476:Mainarde
1926:(2006),
1912:(1986).
1601:(1965).
1402:Holy See
1336:See also
1100:archives
1031:Adriatic
960:February
923:. Abbot
892:'s 1703
729:, whose
719:Saracens
698:and the
663:Carloman
648:Lombards
512:Benedict
452:Benedict
294:Saracens
278:Lombards
154:Location
4269:Outside
3977:Viterbo
3914:Subiaco
3771:of Rome
3769:Diocese
3547:Francis
3383:History
3353:of the
3347:Francis
3138:Vicalvi
3103:Torrice
3093:Terelle
3063:Serrone
2948:Patrica
2943:Pastena
2938:Paliano
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2838:Cervaro
2833:Ceprano
2828:Ceccano
2803:Cassino
2768:Ausonia
2733:Amaseno
2700:of the
2694:·
2629:Culture
2116:History
2091:Viterbo
1946:, 1908.
1880:Sources
1827:3 March
1791:News.va
1734:28 June
1217:scholar
1181:removed
1166:sources
1141:Burials
1092:codices
1029:to the
1009:in the
879:Normans
851:Salerno
808:Woodcut
717:In 884
675:Aistulf
671:Ratchis
644:Bonitus
629:580–884
488:Casinum
477:Casinum
458:History
448:Francis
446:. Pope
440:Paul VI
427:Francis
383:Urban V
319:castles
251:Casinum
247:Cassino
240:⁄
158:Cassino
112:Diocese
4369:Awards
4288:Villa
4013:Inside
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3972:Tivoli
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3775:with
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2076:Latina
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106:AD 529
3962:Rieti
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3515:under
3284:Volci
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255:abbey
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3565:List
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1956:ISBN
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1896:ISBN
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1829:2021
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1767:ISBN
1736:2020
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1457:2021
1196:news
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