242:. Gemmae are distributed largely through the energy provided by precipitation. This is possible due to the shape of gemmae cups, it allows them to harness the energy of a raindrop to propel the gemmae. Through this method it has been calculated that the average distance achieved by a gemma in a cup bearing gemmiferous shoot was 19.5 mm and 13.3 mm by a stalk gemmiferous shoot. It has been found that through disturbances gemmae found in a cup goes a distance of 12.1 mm and 16.9 mm for a stalk gemmae
53:
33:
309:
as a colony exhibits asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction is determined based on shoot density. At low densities (fewer than 70 shoots per cm) there are no sporophytes and plants solely possess gemmiferous shoots. At a density of over 70 shoots/cm, gametophores begin to appear, and by 190
310:
shoots per cm, there are no gemmiferous shoots. Initially archegoniophores (gametophyte shoots bearing archegonia) outnumber antheridiophores (gametophyte shoots bearing antheridia), but as the density increases further, the antheridiophores greatly outnumber the archegoniophores.
194:
occurs almost exclusively on rotten stumps and logs, and is native to the northern hemisphere. The leafy shoot is between eight and 15 mm tall. The lower leaves are 1 to 2 mm long, whereas the upper and perichaetial leaves – leaves that surround the
321:
develops a low-density asexual colony on a bare substrate, and is very susceptible to being out competed by species it commonly occurs with. Sexual colonies are much more likely to be disturbed than asexual colonies. Without disturbance
254:. This growth produces a stellate structure after seven to ten days, at this time branching of the protonemata occurs. After ten days the leafy gametophyte begins to develop, either directly from the gemma or from the protonema.
233:
called gemmae. The gemmae are found either in gemma cups or stalks. Gemma cups are typically composed of three to five larger, specialized leaves, and house gemmae in the center. Stalk gemmae are found in a terminal cluster on a
281:. The fully developed capsule will have four peristome teeth attached to the rim of capsule. Inside the spores develop to be smooth or finely roughened and 10-13 micrometers.
910:
250:
In environmentally controlled experiments with standard conditions (12 hours light/12 hour dark) gemmae germinated in two to four days, typically with six to eight
569:
Shaw, Jonathan; Lewis E. Anderson (July 1988). "Peristome
Development in Mosses in Relation to Systematics and Evolution. II. Tetraphis pellucida (Tetraphaceae)".
962:
297:
stops dividing at an early stage of sporophyte development, much of the growth of the sporophyte is due to cell elongation and division below the apex.
884:
677:
Kimmerer, Robin Wall (Spring 1994). "Ecological
Consequences of Sexual versus Asexual Reproduction in Dicranum flagellare and Tetraphis pellucida".
923:
642:
Kimmerer, Robin Wall (Spring 1993). "Disturbance and
Dominance in Tetraphis pellucida: A Model of Disturbance frequency and Reproductive Mode".
1024:
418:
394:
712:
Weber, William A.; Leo D. Simone (Spring 1977). "Tetraphis pellucida and T. geniculata: Scindulae as
Diagnostic Features of Bryophytes".
858:
507:
Kimmerer, Robin Wall (1991). "Reproductive
Ecology of Tetraphis pellucida II. Differential Success of Sexual and Asexual Propagules".
466:
330:
is the dominant species in gaps of bryophyte communities on logs, whereas they are a minor component in an undisturbed community.
542:
Schneider, M.J; A.J. Sharp (Summer 1962). "Observations on the
Reproduction and Development of Tetraphis pellucida in Culture".
607:
Kimmerer, Robin Wall (Autumn 1991). "Reproductive
Ecology of Tetraphis pellucida I. Population Density and Reproductive Mode".
273:
on different gametophores. Once the archegonia is fertilized the sporophyte generation begins to form. It develops to have a
928:
750:
389:. British Bryological Society Special Volume. Vol. 5 (4 ed.). Wootton, Northampton: British Bryological Society.
949:
326:
has a very low probability of reestablishing where senescent or competitor colonies are. This is shown in the fact that
52:
967:
1078:
555:
800:
876:
871:
762:
483:
360:
has bulging cell walls that are common in the central region of the seta, and smooth directly below the
137:
977:
832:
1029:
941:
422:
1050:
729:
694:
659:
624:
586:
524:
278:
47:
915:
356:
or tuberculate surface in the upper portion of a sharply bent seta. Upon further examination,
998:
819:
462:
400:
390:
721:
686:
651:
616:
578:
551:
516:
361:
1003:
985:
1016:
1011:
211:
104:
94:
84:
1072:
235:
32:
1055:
824:
954:
936:
897:
794:
290:
251:
239:
785:
277:
six to 14 mm long, and have a capsule two to three mm long, with a one mm
270:
266:
215:
196:
863:
404:
845:
353:
344:
is characterized by having a straight, smooth surface lacking protrusions –
230:
180:
114:
1042:
461:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Herbarium. pp. 549–551.
365:
1037:
990:
811:
779:
889:
733:
698:
663:
628:
590:
528:
486:. Australian National Botanic Gardens and Australian National Herbarium
902:
199:– are 3 mm long. The leaves are plain and whole at the margins.
756:
725:
690:
655:
620:
582:
520:
850:
153:
64:
345:
274:
172:
74:
837:
760:
238:
stalk that extends one to four millimeters above the leafy
556:
10.1639/0007-2745(1962)65[154:ootrad]2.0.co;2
265:
also reproduces sexually. It is a dioicous moss, having
433:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
210:
reproduces both asexually through the production of
769:
8:
602:
600:
502:
500:
757:
31:
20:
229:reproduces asexually through the use of
751:Friday Fellow: Pellucid Four-Tooth Moss
377:
183:teeth found on the sporophyte capsule.
452:
450:
448:
431:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
7:
978:dc5603ab-454d-466a-8736-bf6bea47ab84
387:English Names for British Bryophytes
179:. Its name refers to its four large
425:Tetraphis pellucida
14:
459:Mosses of the Great Lakes Forest
51:
214:, and sexually resulting in a
1:
352:is characterized by having a
457:Crum, Howard (28 May 2004).
368:of the seta is also common.
218:which will produce spores.
171:, is one of two species of
1095:
571:American Journal of Botany
385:Edwards, Sean R. (2012).
289:Due to the fact that the
175:in the acrocarpous genus
143:
136:
48:Scientific classification
46:
39:
30:
23:
169:pellucid four-tooth moss
314:Disturbance in colonies
301:Changes in reproduction
484:"Tetraphis pellucida"
334:Differentiating from
285:Sporophyte production
753:at Earthling Nature.
358:Tetraphis geniculata
350:Tetraphis geniculata
336:Tetraphis geniculata
222:Asexual reproduction
187:Range and morphology
801:Tetraphis pellucida
771:Tetraphis pellucida
342:Tetraphis pellucida
328:Tetraphis pellucida
324:Tetraphis pellucida
319:Tetraphis pellucida
307:Tetraphis pellucida
295:Tetraphis pellucida
263:Tetraphis pellucida
258:Sexual reproduction
227:Tetraphis pellucida
208:Tetraphis pellucida
192:Tetraphis pellucida
164:Tetraphis pellucida
147:Tetraphis pellucida
41:Tetraphis pellucida
25:Tetraphis pellucida
246:Gemmae germination
1066:
1065:
999:Open Tree of Life
763:Taxon identifiers
396:978-0-9561310-2-7
160:
159:
129:T. pellucida
1086:
1059:
1058:
1046:
1045:
1033:
1032:
1020:
1019:
1007:
1006:
994:
993:
981:
980:
971:
970:
958:
957:
955:NBNSYS0000036124
945:
944:
932:
931:
919:
918:
906:
905:
893:
892:
880:
879:
867:
866:
854:
853:
841:
840:
828:
827:
815:
814:
805:
804:
803:
790:
789:
788:
758:
738:
737:
709:
703:
702:
674:
668:
667:
639:
633:
632:
604:
595:
594:
577:(7): 1019–1032.
566:
560:
559:
539:
533:
532:
504:
495:
494:
492:
491:
479:
473:
472:
454:
443:
442:
440:
438:
415:
409:
408:
382:
149:
56:
55:
35:
21:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1079:Tetraphidopsida
1069:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1041:
1036:
1028:
1023:
1015:
1010:
1002:
997:
989:
986:Observation.org
984:
976:
974:
966:
961:
953:
948:
940:
935:
927:
922:
914:
909:
901:
896:
888:
883:
875:
870:
862:
857:
849:
844:
836:
831:
823:
818:
810:
808:
799:
798:
793:
784:
783:
778:
765:
747:
742:
741:
726:10.2307/3242528
711:
710:
706:
691:10.2307/3243344
676:
675:
671:
656:10.2307/3243322
641:
640:
636:
621:10.2307/3243962
606:
605:
598:
583:10.2307/2443770
568:
567:
563:
541:
540:
536:
521:10.2307/3243966
506:
505:
498:
489:
487:
481:
480:
476:
469:
456:
455:
446:
436:
434:
417:
416:
412:
397:
384:
383:
379:
374:
339:
316:
303:
287:
260:
248:
224:
205:
189:
156:
151:
145:
132:
85:Tetraphidopsida
50:
17:
16:Species of moss
12:
11:
5:
1092:
1090:
1082:
1081:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1056:wfo-0001149194
1047:
1034:
1021:
1008:
995:
982:
972:
959:
946:
933:
920:
907:
894:
881:
868:
855:
842:
829:
816:
806:
791:
775:
773:
767:
766:
761:
755:
754:
746:
745:External links
743:
740:
739:
720:(1): 164–167.
714:The Bryologist
704:
679:The Bryologist
669:
644:The Bryologist
634:
615:(3): 255–260.
609:The Bryologist
596:
561:
550:(2): 154–166.
544:The Bryologist
534:
515:(3): 284–288.
509:The Bryologist
496:
474:
467:
444:
410:
395:
376:
375:
373:
370:
338:
332:
315:
312:
302:
299:
286:
283:
259:
256:
247:
244:
223:
220:
204:
201:
188:
185:
158:
157:
152:
141:
140:
134:
133:
126:
124:
120:
119:
112:
108:
107:
105:Tetraphidaceae
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1091:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
983:
979:
973:
969:
964:
960:
956:
951:
947:
943:
938:
934:
930:
925:
921:
917:
912:
908:
904:
899:
895:
891:
886:
882:
878:
873:
869:
865:
860:
856:
852:
847:
843:
839:
834:
830:
826:
821:
817:
813:
807:
802:
796:
792:
787:
781:
777:
776:
774:
772:
768:
764:
759:
752:
749:
748:
744:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
708:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
638:
635:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
603:
601:
597:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
565:
562:
557:
553:
549:
545:
538:
535:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
503:
501:
497:
485:
482:Lepp, Heino.
478:
475:
470:
468:9780962073342
464:
460:
453:
451:
449:
445:
432:
428:
426:
420:
414:
411:
406:
402:
398:
392:
388:
381:
378:
371:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
337:
333:
331:
329:
325:
320:
313:
311:
308:
300:
298:
296:
292:
284:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
257:
255:
253:
245:
243:
241:
237:
236:microphyllous
232:
228:
221:
219:
217:
213:
209:
202:
200:
198:
193:
186:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:
155:
150:
148:
142:
139:
138:Binomial name
135:
131:
130:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
95:Tetraphidales
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1017:tro-35104939
770:
717:
713:
707:
685:(1): 20–25.
682:
678:
672:
650:(1): 73–79.
647:
643:
637:
612:
608:
574:
570:
564:
547:
543:
537:
512:
508:
488:. Retrieved
477:
458:
435:. Retrieved
430:
424:
413:
386:
380:
357:
349:
341:
340:
335:
327:
323:
318:
317:
306:
304:
294:
288:
262:
261:
249:
226:
225:
207:
206:
203:Reproduction
191:
190:
176:
168:
163:
162:
161:
146:
144:
128:
127:
115:
40:
24:
18:
937:NatureServe
898:iNaturalist
795:Wikispecies
348:– whereas
291:apical cell
252:protonemata
240:gametophyte
1012:Plant List
490:2014-02-20
437:4 February
419:USDA, NRCS
372:References
271:archegonia
267:antheridia
231:propagules
216:sporophyte
197:archegonia
71:Division:
877:200001383
405:0268-8034
364:; spiral
354:papillose
279:operculum
181:peristome
177:Tetraphis
123:Species:
116:Tetraphis
75:Bryophyta
61:Kingdom:
1073:Category
1043:35104939
1038:Tropicos
942:2.125342
916:10340886
809:BioLib:
786:Q1731367
780:Wikidata
421:(n.d.).
305:Whether
101:Family:
890:5283400
734:3242528
699:3243344
664:3243322
629:3243962
591:2443770
529:3243966
366:torsion
362:capsule
111:Genus:
91:Order:
81:Class:
65:Plantae
1030:TEPE70
1025:PLANTS
975:NZOR:
903:124385
864:197106
838:855799
732:
697:
662:
627:
589:
527:
465:
403:
393:
212:gemmae
167:, the
1004:79119
991:17640
968:37420
929:15791
911:IRMNG
859:EUNIS
851:TTIPE
825:7C58D
812:61355
730:JSTOR
695:JSTOR
660:JSTOR
625:JSTOR
587:JSTOR
525:JSTOR
346:setae
154:Hedw.
963:NCBI
924:ITIS
885:GBIF
846:EPPO
463:ISBN
439:2016
401:ISSN
391:ISBN
275:seta
269:and
173:moss
1051:WFO
950:NBN
872:FNA
833:EoL
820:CoL
722:doi
687:doi
652:doi
617:doi
579:doi
552:doi
517:doi
293:of
1075::
1053::
1040::
1027::
1014::
1001::
988::
965::
952::
939::
926::
913::
900::
887::
874::
861::
848::
835::
822::
797::
782::
728:.
718:80
716:.
693:.
683:97
681:.
658:.
648:96
646:.
623:.
613:94
611:.
599:^
585:.
575:75
573:.
548:65
546:.
523:.
513:94
511:.
499:^
447:^
429:.
399:.
736:.
724::
701:.
689::
666:.
654::
631:.
619::
593:.
581::
558:.
554::
531:.
519::
493:.
471:.
441:.
427:"
423:"
407:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
