334:
are also social problems, such as the feeling by some that careers are not "open to talents", and economic power is separated from political power and social distinction. There is a "loss of self-confidence among many members of the ruling class", the "conversion of many members of that class to the belief that their privileges are unjust or harmful to society" (p. 65). "Intellectuals" switch their allegiance away from the government (p. 251). In short, "the ruling class becomes politically inept" (p. 252).
22:
288:
of these organized discontented, demands which if granted would mean the virtual abdication of those governing, attempted use of force by the government, its failure, and the attainment of power by the revolutionists. These revolutionists have hitherto been acting as an organized and nearly unanimous group, but with the attainment of power it is clear that they are not united. The group which dominates these first stages we call the moderates .... power passes by violent ... methods from
547:'s avant-garde stance against the institution of the family—formerly disparaged as "a stuffy little nest breeding selfishness, jealousy, love of property, indifference toward the great needs of society" (p. 224). The Bolshevik regime restored roadblocks to divorce (p. 225), laws against homosexuality (p. 226), and moderated its anti-religious,
92:
459:" (p. 163). The American Revolution never had a radical dictatorship and Reign of Terror, "though in the treatment of Loyalists, in the pressure to support the army, in some of the phases of social life, you can discern ... many of the phenomena of the Terror as it is seen in our three other societies" (p. 254).
470:"organized asceticism" and suppression of vices such as drunkenness, gambling and prostitution (p. 180). In its ardor, revolutionary "tragicomedy" touches the average citizen, for whom "politics becomes as real, as pressing, as unavoidable ... as food and drink", their "job, and the weather" (p. 177).
404:"extremists" controlled "the Jacobin network", "the Paris commune", (p. 136) and the Societies of the Friends of the Constitution (p. 162). In Russia, the moderate provisional government of the Duma clashed with the radical Bolsheviks whose illegal government was a "network of soviets" (p. 136).
595:
region to region, indeed from town to town" were replaced with the metric system. Also gone was non-decimal coinage unsuited "for long division"(p. 239). Some antiquated practices were also eliminated in
England (p. 239). In Russia, the Bolsheviks brought industrialization, and eventually the
606:
Remaining essentially "untouched" were day-to-day social relations between husband and wife and children. Attempts at establishing new religions and personal habits come to naught. The revolutions' "results look rather petty as measured by the brotherhood of man and the achievement of justice on this
287:
A revised edition was published in 1952 and a revised and expanded edition was published in 1965, and it remains in print. Brinton summarizes the revolutionary process as moving from "financial breakdown, organization of the discontented to remedy this breakdown ... revolutionary demands on the part
341:
The revolutions' enemies and supporters disagree over whether plots and manipulation by revolutionists, or the corruption and tyranny of the old regime are responsible for the old regime's fall. Brinton argues both are right, as both the right circumstances and active agitation are necessary for the
333:
The revolutions begin with problems in the pre-revolutionary regime. These include problems functioning—"government deficits, more than usual complaints over taxation, conspicuous governmental favoring of one set of economic interests over another, administrative entanglements and confusions". There
443:
In contrast to the moderates, the radicals are aided by a fanatical devotion to their cause, discipline and (in recent revolutions) a study of technique of revolutionary action, obedience to their leadership, ability to ignore contradictions between their rhetoric and action, and drive boldly ahead
345:
At some point in the first stages of the revolutions "there is a point where constituted authority is challenged by illegal acts of revolutionists" and the response of security forces is strikingly unsuccessful. In France in 1789 the "king didn't really try" to subdue riots effectively. In
England
585:
America did not have a proper Reign of Terror and Virtue, but "the decade of the 1780s displays in incomplete forms some of the marks of
Thermidor", as evidenced by the complaint of historian J.F. Jameson that 'sober Americans of 1784 lamented the spirit of speculation which war and its attendant
422:
the moderates are hindered by their hesitancy to change direction and fight back against the radical revolutionaries, "with whom they recently stood united", in favor of conservatives, "against whom they have so recently risen" (p. 140). They are drawn to the slogan 'no enemies to the Left'
687:
Brinton asserts that 'the Great
Russian Revolution is quite over, finished'. Also, 'revolutions end in a return to an equilibrium...the stable Russian society should finally emerge...no longer in the midst of perpetual nightmare...abundance seems on its way in the 1960s'. Like most, he failed to
375:
In each revolution a short "honeymoon" period follows the fall of the old regime, lasting until the "contradictory elements" among the victorious revolutionaries assert themselves (p. 91). Power then has a tendency "to go from Right to Center to Left" (p. 123). In the process, Brinton
594:
Brinton finds the lasting results of the revolutions disappointing. In France, the revolution did away with "the old overlapping jurisdictions, the confusions and the compromises inherited from, the thousand-year struggle" between Crown and feudal nobility. Weights and measure "that varied from
499:
Along with centralization, lethal force in suppression of opposition, rule by committee, radical policies include the spreading of "the gospel of their revolution" to other countries. This is found not only in the
Russian and French revolutions, but even seventeenth century England, where
508:"a republican constitution which was to be called 'L'Accord du Peuple'—an adaptation of the English Agreement of the People" (p. 193). These attempts seldom make a significant impact as the revolutionaries "are usually too poor, and too occupied at home" (p. 213).
396:", or as Brinton prefers to call it "dual sovereignty". In England the "Presbyterian moderates in Parliament" were rivals of "the illegal government of the extremist Independents in the New Model Army" (p. 135). In France, the National Assembly was controlled by the "
358:
or down-and-out, "revolutionists are more or less a cross section of common humanity". While revolutionaries "behave in a way we should not expect such people to behave", this can be explained by the "revolutionary environment" rather than their background (p. 120).
495:
At least in France and Russia, the accession of radicals is also accompanied by a decline in political participation measured in votes cast, as "ordinary, peaceful", "humdrum men and women" favoring moderation find no outlet for their political beliefs (p. 153–4).
539:
the "establishment of a 'tyrant'", i.e. "an unconstitutional ruler brought to power by revolution" (p. 207). The "'silken threads' of habit, tradition, legality" having been broken, "men must be held together in society by the 'iron chains' of dictatorship"
337:
Financial problems play an important role, as "three of our four revolutions started among people who objected to certain taxes, who organized to protest them .... even in Russia in 1917 the financial problems were real and important" (p. 78).
691:
Brinton called his book 'A work of systematization still in its infancy'. There was 'a necessity for a more rigorous treatment of the problems involved..., wider uniformities will ... someday emerge from more complete studies'.
444:(p. 155–60). Even their small numbers are an advantage, giving them "the ability to move swiftly, to make clear and final decisions, to push through to a goal without regard for injured human dispositions" (p. 154).
426:
the moderates are attacked on one side by "disgruntled but not yet silenced conservatives, and the confident, aggressive extremists", on the other. The moderate revolutionary policies can please neither side. An example is the
418:
they have "relatively few responsibilities, while the legal government "has to shoulder some of the unpopularity of the government of the old regime" with "the worn-out machinery, the institutions of the old regime"
304:
According to
Brinton, while "we must not expect our revolutions to be identical" (p. 226), three of the four (the English, French and Russian) began "in hope and moderation", reached "a crisis in a
599:
space satellite (p. 240). Confiscated lands stayed in the hands of the new owners for the most part, redistributing land to many "small independent peasants" in France (p. 241–2), and
484:
At some point in these revolutions, the "process of transfer of power from Right to Left ceases", and groups even more radical than those in power are suppressed (p. 167). (In France, the
650:
He assumes that the US is 'a stable society in the midst of societies undergoing revolutionary change' ... 'the US looks like a stable society in which a real revolution is highly unlikely'.
615:
Brinton concludes that despite their ambitions, the political revolutions he studied brought much less lasting social changes than the disruptions and changes of "what is loosely called the
473:
On taking power the radicals rule through dictatorship and "rough-and-ready centralization". "The characteristic form of this supreme authority is that of a committee" (p. 171). The
775:
586:
disturbances had generated, the restlessness of the young, disrespect for tradition and authority, increase of crime, the frivolity and extravagance of society' (p. 235-6).
647:
Brinton admits that 'revolution is one of the looser words'. Must a revolution always be violent? can it occur by consent, as in the UK general election of 1945? He is unsure.
431:
Bill in the
English Revolution which abolished the episcopacy, angering conservatives and established institutions without earning the loyalty of radicals (p. 141-43).
272:. The book has been called "classic, "famous" and a "watershed in the study of revolution", and has been influential enough to have inspired advice given to US President
889:
367:'s, are few in number (p. 250). Revolutionaries are "not unprosperous" but "feel restraint, cramp, ... rather than downright crushing oppression" (p. 250).
51:
346:
the king "didn't have enough good soldiers". In Russia "at the critical moment the soldiers refused to march against the people" and instead joined them (p. 88).
520:
period, a period of relaxation from revolutionary policies or "convalescence" from the "fever" of radicalism. Thermidor is named for the period following the fall of
573:
the replacement of "missionary spirit" to spread revolution by an "aggressive nationalism" (p. 213). In
England Cromwell reconquered Ireland and seized
434:
the moderates "prove poor war leaders" of the wars which accompany the revolutions, unable to "provide the discipline, the enthusiasm", needed (p. 144).
566:(p. 218). During the New Economic Policy in Soviet Russia advertising began to appear (p. 225), as did a new class of entrepreneurs known as the
392:
The revolutions being studied first produce a "legal" moderate government. It vies with a more radical "illegal" government in a process known as "
697:
with reference to points 2) and 3) above, it is widely accepted that polities cannot always be on the rise in a stable fashion. see, for example,
155:
1180:
268:
revolutions. Brinton notes how the revolutions followed a life-cycle from the Old Order to a moderate regime to a radical regime, to
1022:
947:
899:
354:
Revolutions "are born of hope" rather than misery (p. 250). Contrary to the belief that revolutionaries are disproportionately
221:
131:
73:
1225:
528:
of 1921 "can be called Russia's
Thermidor" (p. 207), and "perhaps the best date" for that period in England is "Cromwell's
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34:
1204:
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381:
109:
102:
44:
38:
30:
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that appeared after the revolution is now "a symbol of naughtiness" (p. 220). In France the post-revolutionary
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55:
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428:
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529:
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325:". The exception is the American Revolution, which "does not quite follow this pattern" (p. 24).
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He admitted to a lack of objectivity; 'Absolute detachment is a polar region, unfit for human life.'
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earth. The blood of the martyrs seems hardly necessary to establish decimal coinage" (p. 259).
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525:
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Later books that used the same title in part include "Cuba: Anatomy of a
Revolution" in 1969 by
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814:, New York, Vintage Books. first ed., 1938; revised ed., 1952; revised and expanded ed., 1965.
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who were reputed to be 'exceptionally vulgar, profiteering, crude, and noisy' (p. 221).
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1203:, the author, delivers lectures based on the contents of this book. They were produced by
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restoration of many pre-revolutionary ways. In Russia this meant an abandonment of the
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The radical reign is one of "Terror and Virtue". Terror stemming from the abundance of
113:
688:
notice the internal contradictions which caused the USSR collapse just 25 years later.
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The Neoconservative Revolution: Jewish Intellectuals and the Shaping of Public Policy
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The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
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1007:
393:
1177:
Anatomy of a revolution" : the JVP insurrection in Sri Lanka, 1987-1989
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544:
516:
The radical reign of terror, or "crisis" period, is fairly soon replaced by
397:
1120:'Empires experience midlife crises' in his book Long Cycles, Yale UP, 1988
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578:
505:
452:
415:
they are "better organized, better staffed, better obeyed" (p. 134),
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596:
467:
355:
235:
252:
outlining the "uniformities" of four major political revolutions: the
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567:
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era was known as boom time for reopened dance halls and swaggering
466:, foreign and civil war, struggle for power; virtue in the form of
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360:
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reaction against Puritanism of the revolution. In England, the
363:' very rarely revolt", and successful slave revolutions, like
85:
15:
229:
1199:
has archived videos of the series of the same name in which
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Sternsher, Bernard (1966). "The New Deal "Revolution"".
488:
are sent to the guillotine (p. 168), in Russia the
834:
The American Revolution Considered as a Social Movement
1147:
The rise and fall of the Soviet union, Routledge, 1991
1009:
Out of Our Past: The Forces That Shaped Modern America
1129:
The rise and fall of the Great Powers, Vintage, 1987
776:"Research And the Rise of Capitalism; John Schwartz"
603:
businessmen and clergymen in England (p. 242).
1013:(Revised ed.). Harper Colophon Books. p.
792:"Over the Hill? The Anatomy of Revolution at Fifty"
652:This is disputed, then and later by, among others;
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1006:
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1138:The rise and fall of the Third Reich, Arrow, 1998
619:", and the top-down reforms of Mustapha Kemal's
43:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
917:"Goldwater: The man who ignited a revolution"
680:as a 'Second American Revolution' and of the
8:
794:Torbjørn L. Knutsen and Jennifer L. Bailey,
147:
447:The radicals took power in Russia with the
798:, Vol. 26, No. 4 (Nov., 1989), pp. 421-431
439:Radicals and "Reigns of Terror and Virtue"
153:
146:
1175:, London : Chartist Publications, ;
132:Learn how and when to remove this message
74:Learn how and when to remove this message
524:in the French Revolution, in Russia the
1197:American Archive of Public Broadcasting
1160:
1037:The Anatomy of revolution, 1956 preface
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342:revolution to succeed (p. 85–6).
504:"proposed to the French radicals" in
7:
1058:The Soviet Collapse, Richard Sakwa,
535:The Thermidor is characterized by
451:, in France with the purge of the
14:
1183:. Centre for Contemporary Studies
1181:Nehru Memorial Museum and Library
1173:Portugal, anatomy of a revolution
915:Edwards, Lee (17 November 2014).
380:, devours its children', quoting
350:Background of the revolutionaries
276:by his National Security Advisor
1179:, by SinhaRaja Tammita-Delgoda;
581:created an empire (p. 213).
309:", and ended "in something like
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20:
977:10.1080/00220973.1941.11018764
894:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
203:1938, revised August 12, 1965
942:. Harvard University Press.
934:Roberts, Paul Craig (1984).
376:says, 'the revolution, like
1060:Journal of Eurasian Studies
850:. Vintage Books. p. 3.
382:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
1242:
938:The Supply-Side Revolution
823:quoting Guglielmo Ferrero
479:Committee of Public Safety
148:The Anatomy of Revolution
144:1938 book by Crane Brinton
888:Friedman, Murray (2006).
848:The Anatomy of Revolution
812:The Anatomy of Revolution
796:Journal of Peace Research
782:, March 6, 1994. pg. x.07
642:Limitations of the theory
245:The Anatomy of Revolution
152:
1005:Degler, Carl N. (1970).
992:The Roosevelt Revolution
638:in Japan (p. 246).
388:Moderates and dual power
29:This article includes a
1226:Books about revolutions
846:Brinton, Crane (1965).
530:dissolution of the Rump
58:more precise citations.
1221:1938 non-fiction books
1207:and broadcast in 1961.
990:Enoudi, Mario (1959).
684:as a third revolution.
522:Maximilien Robespierre
400:moderates", while the
329:Fall of the old regime
617:Industrial Revolution
549:anti-Eastern Orthodox
371:Revolutionary regimes
270:Thermidorian reaction
921:The Washington Times
780:The Washington Post
676:, who wrote of the
526:New Economic Policy
490:Kronstadt rebellion
278:Zbigniew Brzezinski
149:
994:. Harcourt, Brace.
965:The Social Studies
878:Brinton 1965, p266
757:Revolutionary wave
702:Joshua S Goldstein
662:Paul Craig Roberts
556:Restoration comedy
464:summary executions
449:October Revolution
282:Iranian Revolution
256:of the 1640s, the
254:English Revolution
248:is a 1938 book by
31:list of references
836:, Princeton, 1926
666:Bernard Sternsher
629:Meiji Restoration
532:" (p. 206).
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