Knowledge (XXG)

The Carolina Times

Source 📝

149:, as well as the efforts of the DCNA. The paper's primary sources of revenue were advertising sales and circulation. Austin's progressive stance and use of the paper for advocacy sometimes angered wealthy blacks in Durham, who in turn refused to place advertisements or grant him loans. On several occasions officials at black banks such as Mechanics and Farmers Bank, feeling that 144:
One notable success that Louis E. Austin had in his fight for equality (of many) was the arrest and conviction of a police officer who assaulted an African-American man. The officer would have not been reprimanded for his actions without the vocal support of
160:
was burned to the ground; little survived the blaze, and their entire back stock of papers was destroyed. The authorities suspected that it was arson. Edmonds continued the paper's publication, and had a new issue out that Thursday.
372: 164:
The paper continued to be published by Austin's grandson, Kenneth Edmonds, and is the only black-owned and operated newspaper in Durham. It ceased publication in 2020 following the death of Edmonds.
349:
Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007) in the Southern Oral History Program Collection, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
2027: 1931: 137:. The paper devoted a significant amount of its news coverage to accounts of racial discrimination. Austin frequently used his editorials to advocate for equal rights. 511: 153:
was a critical resource for the black community, granted Austin loans to continue running the paper. Austin struggled to fund the publication into the early 1950s.
141:
served as the campaign headquarters for the Durham Committee on Negro Affairs (DCNA), which was later renamed the Durham Committee on the Affairs of Black People.
236: 2032: 1223: 1573: 2042: 1936: 1926: 1820: 1601: 2037: 1553: 1322: 1308: 300:
Gershenhorn, Jerry (January 2010). "A Courageous Voice for Black Freedom: Louis Austin and the Carolina Times in Depression-Era North Carolina".
156:
Austin died in 1971, and his daughter, Vivian Edmonds, subsequently assumed control of the paper. On January 14, 1979, the building that housed
1406: 2022: 1315: 504: 1609: 174:
Gershenhorn, Jerry (2006). "Double V in North Carolina: The Carolina Times and the Struggle for Racial Equality during World War II".
1952: 1259: 212: 1567: 1986: 623: 1644: 1154: 497: 1764: 1217: 1757: 1378: 984: 598: 1637: 693: 526: 1504: 1132: 1072: 707: 130: 118:. The publication served as the only newspaper for the city's black residents. Arrant was killed in 1922. In 1927, 1993: 1065: 777: 742: 1743: 1672: 1364: 1196: 714: 591: 1483: 1448: 1371: 1287: 1273: 1086: 889: 819: 784: 658: 605: 577: 1979: 1921: 1848: 1700: 1665: 1630: 1093: 998: 977: 906: 728: 563: 115: 99: 72: 1301: 963: 935: 812: 763: 133:
and purchased the paper. Under Austin's ownership and editorship, the publication's name was changed to
417: 1897: 1855: 1490: 1413: 1385: 1175: 1168: 1161: 1051: 928: 921: 868: 791: 672: 1890: 1862: 1595: 1497: 1469: 1420: 1350: 1203: 1044: 949: 840: 798: 700: 637: 1876: 1792: 1707: 1658: 1581: 1462: 1210: 1012: 970: 875: 721: 630: 452: 348: 230: 191: 1679: 481: 430: 1785: 1623: 1455: 1441: 1392: 1329: 1189: 1030: 942: 861: 833: 735: 556: 218: 208: 79: 2000: 1778: 1736: 1588: 1546: 1511: 1245: 1058: 882: 854: 770: 756: 749: 679: 644: 570: 549: 183: 52: 1883: 1869: 1834: 1616: 1525: 1518: 1427: 1357: 1343: 1231: 1037: 1005: 847: 805: 686: 665: 1904: 1827: 1750: 1651: 1560: 1532: 1434: 1336: 1100: 826: 584: 258: 2016: 1686: 1399: 1079: 956: 914: 651: 195: 205:
Louis Austin and the Carolina times : a life in the long black freedom struggle
1973: 1841: 1693: 1476: 1294: 1280: 1238: 1182: 1114: 187: 126: 1714: 1539: 1266: 1107: 347:
Oral History Interview with H. M. Michaux, November 20, 1974. Interview A-0135.
1957: 1771: 991: 401:
Louis Austin and the Carolina Times: A Life in the Long Black Freedom Struggle
222: 1799: 26: 489: 85: 1813: 1806: 386:
Burke, Gerard. "Arson blamed for fire that razed Carolina Times."
493: 98:
was an American English-language weekly newspaper published in
319: 317: 315: 102:
and founded in 1919 or 1921. It ceased publication in 2020.
403:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018. 1932:
National Association of Black Journalists Hall of Fame
431:"Durham tradition serves as voice of black community" 1966: 1945: 1914: 1728: 1146: 1124: 1022: 899: 615: 541: 534: 525: 78: 68: 58: 48: 40: 32: 21: 418:North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources. 2028:Defunct newspapers published in North Carolina 505: 371:N N P A. "Carolina Times Razed: Arson seen." 8: 16: 359: 335: 323: 282: 538: 531: 512: 498: 490: 235:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 15: 1937:National Newspaper Publishers Association 1927:National Association of Black Journalists 459:. North Carolina Digital Heritage Center 1323:The Colored American (Washington, D.C.) 1309:The Colored American (Augusta, Georgia) 295: 293: 291: 250: 228: 7: 2033:Mass media in Durham, North Carolina 1316:The Colored American (New York City) 302:The North Carolina Historical Review 2043:Publications disestablished in 2020 453:"The Carolina Times (Durham, N.C.)" 429:Rogers, Jean (28 September 2005). 14: 1953:Perry Publishing and Broadcasting 1260:Charlottesville-Albemarle Tribune 203:Gershenhorn, Jerry (2018-02-06). 1987:Genius of Universal Emancipation 624:African-American News and Issues 1645:Southwestern Christian Advocate 110:In 1921 Charles Arrant founded 2038:Newspapers established in 1919 188:10.1080/00947679.2006.12062711 1: 1765:The Colored American Magazine 1575:The Philadelphia Independent 985:Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder 599:The Washington Afro-American 2023:African-American newspapers 694:The Burning Spear Newspaper 2059: 1505:The Mississippi Enterprise 131:Mechanics and Farmers Bank 1974:Abolitionist publications 778:The Jacksonville Advocate 743:Florida Sentinel Bulletin 1744:Black Issues Book Review 1673:The Winter Park Advocate 715:The Charleston Chronicle 592:The Philadelphia Tribune 308:(1). Raleigh, NC: 57–92. 1484:Metro Herald (Virginia) 1274:The Chicago Conservator 1087:The Sacramento Observer 890:Winston-Salem Chronicle 820:The New Orleans Tribune 785:Jacksonville Free Press 659:Baltimore Afro-American 606:The Washington Informer 578:New York Amsterdam News 390:: 17. February 6, 1979. 388:Baltimore Afro-American 374:New York Amsterdam News 120:The Standard Advertiser 112:The Standard Advertiser 1980:The Anti-Slavery Bugle 1922:Associated Negro Press 1849:Our Women and Children 1701:Afro-American Sentinel 1631:The Seattle Republican 1094:San Francisco Bay View 999:The St. Louis American 978:The Michigan FrontPage 729:The Christian Recorder 564:New Pittsburgh Courier 520:African American press 116:Durham, North Carolina 100:Durham, North Carolina 73:Durham, North Carolina 1302:The Cleveland Gazette 964:Indianapolis Recorder 936:The Cincinnati Herald 813:New Journal and Guide 764:Houston Forward Times 129:acquired a loan from 1898:Visions Metro Weekly 1491:The Michigan Citizen 1414:Indianapolis Freeman 1176:Arkansas State Press 1169:The Aliened American 1162:The Alaska Spotlight 1052:Los Angeles Sentinel 929:The Chicago Defender 922:The Chicago Crusader 869:The Triangle Tribune 792:The Louisiana Weekly 673:The Baptist Vanguard 399:Gershenhorn, Jerry. 259:"The Carolina Times" 1891:Transition Magazine 1596:The Progressive Era 1498:Mirror of the Times 1470:Memphis Free Speech 1421:Indianapolis Leader 1351:Detroit Plaindealer 1204:Atlanta Independent 950:Fort Wayne Ink Spot 841:Richmond Free Press 799:Louisville Defender 701:Carolina Peacemaker 638:Atlanta Daily World 482:Historic Issues of 338:, pp. 157–158. 263:Library of Congress 18: 1659:The Washington Sun 1652:The Washington Bee 1582:Pittsburgh Courier 1568:The People's Voice 1463:The McDowell Times 1253:The Carolina Times 1211:The Black Dispatch 1013:St. Louis Sentinel 971:Michigan Chronicle 876:Tri-State Defender 722:The Charlotte Post 631:Atlanta Black Star 484:The Carolina Times 414:The Carolina Times 176:Journalism History 158:The Carolina Times 151:The Carolina Times 147:The Carolina Times 139:The Carolina Times 135:The Carolina Times 95:The Carolina Times 60:Ceased publication 17:The Carolina Times 2010: 2009: 1724: 1723: 1624:The Rights of All 1456:Louisville Leader 1442:Jackson Eagle Eye 1393:Frost Illustrated 1386:Freedom's Journal 1330:Daily Negro Times 1218:The Black Panther 1190:Athens Republique 1142: 1141: 1073:Portland Observer 1031:Arizona Informant 943:The Columbus Post 862:Tennessee Tribune 834:The Orlando Times 736:The Dallas Weekly 557:Buffalo Criterion 435:Campus Echo, NCCU 91: 90: 2050: 2001:The National Era 1737:Black Enterprise 1638:The Shining Star 1589:Portland New Age 1547:New National Era 1246:California Eagle 1059:Los Angeles Wave 883:The Village Beat 855:Savannah Tribune 771:Jackson Advocate 757:Houston Defender 750:The Florida Star 680:Birmingham Times 645:Atlanta Inquirer 571:The New York Age 550:Bay State Banner 539: 532: 514: 507: 500: 491: 469: 468: 466: 464: 449: 443: 442: 441:(2). Durham, NC. 426: 420: 416:(Durham, N.C.). 410: 404: 397: 391: 384: 378: 369: 363: 360:Gershenhorn 2006 357: 351: 345: 339: 336:Gershenhorn 2006 333: 327: 324:Gershenhorn 2006 321: 310: 309: 297: 286: 283:Gershenhorn 2018 280: 274: 273: 271: 269: 255: 240: 234: 226: 199: 125:s sports editor 124: 61: 53:American English 19: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2006: 1962: 1941: 1910: 1870:Sister 2 Sister 1720: 1680:The Woman's Era 1617:Richmond Planet 1603:Ravenswood Post 1526:Nashville Globe 1519:Muhammad Speaks 1358:Detroit Tribune 1344:The Denver Star 1232:Boston Guardian 1138: 1120: 1038:Black Lens News 1018: 1006:St. Louis Argus 895: 848:Roanoke Tribune 806:The Miami Times 687:Black Chronicle 666:Baltimore Times 611: 521: 518: 478: 473: 472: 462: 460: 451: 450: 446: 428: 427: 423: 411: 407: 398: 394: 385: 381: 370: 366: 358: 354: 346: 342: 334: 330: 322: 313: 299: 298: 289: 281: 277: 267: 265: 257: 256: 252: 247: 227: 215: 207:. Chapel Hill. 202: 173: 170: 122: 108: 59: 12: 11: 5: 2056: 2054: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2015: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2004: 1997: 1990: 1983: 1976: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1911: 1909: 1908: 1901: 1894: 1887: 1880: 1873: 1866: 1859: 1852: 1845: 1838: 1831: 1824: 1817: 1810: 1803: 1796: 1789: 1782: 1775: 1768: 1761: 1754: 1747: 1740: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1719: 1718: 1711: 1708:The Enterprise 1704: 1697: 1690: 1683: 1676: 1669: 1662: 1655: 1648: 1641: 1634: 1627: 1620: 1613: 1606: 1599: 1592: 1585: 1578: 1571: 1564: 1561:Pacific Appeal 1557: 1554:The North Star 1550: 1543: 1536: 1533:The Negro Star 1529: 1522: 1515: 1508: 1501: 1494: 1487: 1480: 1473: 1466: 1459: 1452: 1445: 1438: 1435:Iowa Bystander 1431: 1424: 1417: 1410: 1403: 1396: 1389: 1382: 1375: 1368: 1361: 1354: 1347: 1340: 1337:Dallas Express 1333: 1326: 1319: 1312: 1305: 1298: 1291: 1284: 1277: 1270: 1263: 1256: 1249: 1242: 1235: 1228: 1221: 1214: 1207: 1200: 1193: 1186: 1179: 1172: 1165: 1158: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1137: 1136: 1133:The Final Call 1128: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1119: 1118: 1111: 1104: 1101:Seattle Medium 1097: 1090: 1083: 1076: 1069: 1062: 1055: 1048: 1041: 1034: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1017: 1016: 1009: 1002: 995: 988: 981: 974: 967: 960: 953: 946: 939: 932: 925: 918: 911: 903: 901: 897: 896: 894: 893: 886: 879: 872: 865: 858: 851: 844: 837: 830: 827:Oklahoma Eagle 823: 816: 809: 802: 795: 788: 781: 774: 767: 760: 753: 746: 739: 732: 725: 718: 711: 708:The Carolinian 704: 697: 690: 683: 676: 669: 662: 655: 648: 641: 634: 627: 619: 617: 613: 612: 610: 609: 602: 595: 588: 585:Our Time Press 581: 574: 567: 560: 553: 545: 543: 536: 529: 523: 522: 519: 517: 516: 509: 502: 494: 488: 487: 477: 476:External links 474: 471: 470: 444: 421: 405: 392: 379: 364: 362:, p. 158. 352: 340: 328: 326:, p. 157. 311: 287: 275: 249: 248: 246: 243: 242: 241: 213: 200: 182:(3): 156–167. 169: 166: 107: 104: 89: 88: 83: 76: 75: 70: 66: 65: 62: 56: 55: 50: 46: 45: 42: 38: 37: 34: 30: 29: 23: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2055: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1996: 1995: 1994:The Liberator 1991: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1917: 1915:Organizations 1913: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1781: 1780: 1776: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1739: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1688: 1687:Omaha Monitor 1684: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1612: 1611: 1610:The Reflector 1607: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1542: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1401: 1400:Gary American 1397: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1388: 1387: 1383: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1324: 1320: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1226: 1222: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1103: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1081: 1080:Richmond Post 1077: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1008: 1007: 1003: 1001: 1000: 996: 994: 993: 989: 987: 986: 982: 980: 979: 975: 973: 972: 968: 966: 965: 961: 959: 958: 957:Gary Crusader 954: 952: 951: 947: 945: 944: 940: 938: 937: 933: 931: 930: 926: 924: 923: 919: 917: 916: 915:Call and Post 912: 910: 909: 905: 904: 902: 898: 892: 891: 887: 885: 884: 880: 878: 877: 873: 871: 870: 866: 864: 863: 859: 857: 856: 852: 850: 849: 845: 843: 842: 838: 836: 835: 831: 829: 828: 824: 822: 821: 817: 815: 814: 810: 808: 807: 803: 801: 800: 796: 794: 793: 789: 787: 786: 782: 780: 779: 775: 773: 772: 768: 766: 765: 761: 759: 758: 754: 752: 751: 747: 745: 744: 740: 738: 737: 733: 731: 730: 726: 724: 723: 719: 717: 716: 712: 710: 709: 705: 703: 702: 698: 696: 695: 691: 689: 688: 684: 682: 681: 677: 675: 674: 670: 668: 667: 663: 661: 660: 656: 654: 653: 652:Atlanta Voice 649: 647: 646: 642: 640: 639: 635: 633: 632: 628: 626: 625: 621: 620: 618: 614: 608: 607: 603: 601: 600: 596: 594: 593: 589: 587: 586: 582: 580: 579: 575: 573: 572: 568: 566: 565: 561: 559: 558: 554: 552: 551: 547: 546: 544: 540: 537: 533: 530: 528: 524: 515: 510: 508: 503: 501: 496: 495: 492: 486: 485: 480: 479: 475: 458: 454: 448: 445: 440: 436: 432: 425: 422: 419: 415: 409: 406: 402: 396: 393: 389: 383: 380: 377: 375: 368: 365: 361: 356: 353: 350: 344: 341: 337: 332: 329: 325: 320: 318: 316: 312: 307: 303: 296: 294: 292: 288: 285:, p. 18. 284: 279: 276: 264: 260: 254: 251: 244: 238: 232: 224: 220: 216: 214:9781469638775 210: 206: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 172: 171: 167: 165: 162: 159: 154: 152: 148: 142: 140: 136: 132: 128: 121: 117: 113: 105: 103: 101: 97: 96: 87: 84: 81: 77: 74: 71: 67: 63: 57: 54: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 31: 28: 24: 20: 1999: 1992: 1985: 1978: 1946:Corporations 1903: 1896: 1889: 1882: 1875: 1868: 1861: 1854: 1847: 1842:Negro Digest 1840: 1833: 1826: 1819: 1812: 1805: 1798: 1791: 1784: 1777: 1770: 1763: 1756: 1749: 1742: 1735: 1713: 1706: 1699: 1694:Western Post 1692: 1685: 1678: 1671: 1664: 1657: 1650: 1643: 1636: 1629: 1622: 1615: 1608: 1602: 1594: 1587: 1580: 1574: 1566: 1559: 1552: 1545: 1538: 1531: 1524: 1517: 1510: 1503: 1496: 1489: 1482: 1477:Memphis Post 1475: 1468: 1461: 1454: 1447: 1440: 1433: 1426: 1419: 1412: 1405: 1398: 1391: 1384: 1377: 1370: 1365:The Elevator 1363: 1356: 1349: 1342: 1335: 1328: 1321: 1314: 1307: 1300: 1295:The City Sun 1293: 1286: 1281:Chicago Whip 1279: 1272: 1265: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1244: 1239:The Broad Ax 1237: 1230: 1224: 1216: 1209: 1202: 1197:Athens Voice 1195: 1188: 1183:Athens Blade 1181: 1174: 1167: 1160: 1155:The Advocate 1153: 1131: 1115:Sun-Reporter 1113: 1106: 1099: 1092: 1085: 1078: 1071: 1066:Oakland Post 1064: 1057: 1050: 1043: 1036: 1029: 1011: 1004: 997: 990: 983: 976: 969: 962: 955: 948: 941: 934: 927: 920: 913: 907: 888: 881: 874: 867: 860: 853: 846: 839: 832: 825: 818: 811: 804: 797: 790: 783: 776: 769: 762: 755: 748: 741: 734: 727: 720: 713: 706: 699: 692: 685: 678: 671: 664: 657: 650: 643: 636: 629: 622: 604: 597: 590: 583: 576: 569: 562: 555: 548: 483: 461:. Retrieved 456: 447: 438: 434: 424: 413: 408: 400: 395: 387: 382: 373: 367: 355: 343: 331: 305: 301: 278: 266:. Retrieved 262: 253: 204: 179: 175: 163: 157: 155: 150: 146: 143: 138: 134: 127:Louis Austin 119: 111: 109: 94: 93: 92: 69:Headquarters 1821:The Horizon 1715:Omaha Guide 1540:Negro World 1449:Louisianian 1372:The Equator 1288:The Circuit 1267:Chicago Bee 1225:Black Times 1108:The Skanner 412:DigitalNC. 376:: A4. 1979. 268:January 23, 168:Works cited 2017:Categories 1958:Real Times 1772:The Crisis 1666:The Appeal 992:Omaha Star 527:Newspapers 245:References 223:1022117277 36:Broadsheet 1856:Right On! 1800:The Fader 1729:Magazines 1045:The Facts 542:Northeast 457:DigitalNC 231:cite book 196:140888553 27:newspaper 1863:The Root 1407:Harambee 1125:National 908:The Call 463:June 29, 86:2259007 49:Language 1967:Related 1814:theGrio 1793:Essence 1379:Freedom 1147:Defunct 900:Midwest 106:History 41:Founded 25:Weekly 1807:Fire!! 1786:Emerge 1758:Clutch 535:Active 221:  211:  194:  82:number 33:Format 1779:Ebony 616:South 192:S2CID 123:' 1884:Tint 1877:Soul 1835:King 1512:Mojo 1023:West 465:2021 270:2020 237:link 219:OCLC 209:ISBN 80:OCLC 64:2020 44:1919 22:Type 1905:YSB 1828:Jet 1751:BLK 1428:Ink 184:doi 114:in 2019:: 455:. 439:97 437:. 433:. 314:^ 306:87 304:. 290:^ 261:. 233:}} 229:{{ 217:. 190:. 180:32 178:. 513:e 506:t 499:v 467:. 272:. 239:) 225:. 198:. 186::

Index

newspaper
American English
Durham, North Carolina
OCLC
2259007
Durham, North Carolina
Durham, North Carolina
Louis Austin
Mechanics and Farmers Bank
doi
10.1080/00947679.2006.12062711
S2CID
140888553
ISBN
9781469638775
OCLC
1022117277
cite book
link
"The Carolina Times"
Gershenhorn 2018






Gershenhorn 2006
Gershenhorn 2006
Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007) in the Southern Oral History Program Collection, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.