Presidency of Salvador Allende

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subjecting countries to the political pressure they exert through venal politicians, or using the influence of their governments, or simply deforming their economy based on a development that only seeks their interests, against the general interest of the country in which they invest their capital. For this reason, it is also when this 20th Anniversary is celebrated, as your Comrade President, along with paying tribute to those who fell in the struggle, and highlighting those who with their life and example have given moral strength to the Central Única of Workers, I have to point out that this Government, which has faced the most powerful enemies from outside and inside; that this Government, in a country where capitalism exists, has its own path according to our history and tradition; that this Government seeks structural changes in pluralism, democracy and freedom; that this Government is an accelerated transition step between capitalism and socialism. That this Government has to make revolutionary changes within the framework of a bourgeois institutional framework, with an autonomous Judicial Branch, where laws are applied that have already lost their content and meaning; that this Government, which has a majority opposition Parliament; that this Government that respects ideological pluralism, doctrines and ideas; that this Government, which like no other, has been respectful of religious beliefs – the Ecumenical Tedeum demonstrates this – ; that this Government, which has respected freedom of information, of the press, of assembly and of association, like no other; than this Government, which has not and will never resort to using repressive forces, not even against its most bitter adversaries.

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August 1973, Allende responded point-by point to the accusations. He accused the opposition of trying to incite a military coup by encouraging the armed forces to disobey civilian authorities. He said that Congress was "facilitat the seditious intention of certain sectors" and promoting a coup or a civil war by "invoking the intervention of the Armed Forces and of Order against a democratically elected government". He observed that the declaration had failed to obtain the required two-thirds majority constitutionally required to bring an accusation against the president and argued that the legislature was trying to usurp the executive role. He wrote that "Chilean democracy is a conquest by all of the people. It is neither the work nor the gift of the exploiting classes, and it will be defended by those who, with sacrifices accumulated over generations, have imposed it...With a tranquil conscience ... I sustain that never before has Chile had a more democratic government than that over which I have the honor to preside". He concluded by calling upon "the workers, all democrats and patriots" to join him in defense of the constitution and of the "revolutionary process".

835:. The previous government of Eduardo Frei had already partly nationalised the copper industry by acquiring a 51 percent share in foreign owned mines. The primary U.S. business in Chile at this time was copper mining. The Chilean government sought to fully nationalize U.S. mining operations and the Chilean constitution required "just compensation" to be made according to "minimum international standards." However, the Allende government chose to hold mining companies liable for damages they caused to the state. Subsequently, Chile made significant deductions in computing the amount of compensation due to the North American industries. Such deductions included charges for "loans invested poorly" and "excessive profits" among other reasoning. "Excessive profits" were assessed dating back to the 1950s. Ultimately, deductions for "social and financial malfeasance" when combined with other deductions resulted in the total deductions greatly exceeding the base book values of the mining enterprises. In effect, compensation to three of the five nationalized mines was wholly eliminated by subjective deductions determined by Allende's government. Allende also nationalized 1381:"breach the Constitution...with the goal of redirecting government activity toward the path of Law and ensuring the Constitutional order of our Nation, and the essential underpinnings of democratic co-existence among Chileans". The resolution declared that the Allende Government sought "to conquer absolute power with the obvious purpose of subjecting all citizens to the strictest political and economic control by the state ... the goal of establishing a totalitarian system", claiming it had made "violations of the Constitution...a permanent system of conduct". Finally, the resolution condemned the "creation and development of government-protected armed groups, which ... are headed towards a confrontation with the armed forces". President Allende's efforts to re-organize the military and the police forces were characterised as "notorious attempts to use the armed and police forces for partisan ends, destroy their institutional hierarchy, and politically infiltrate their ranks". 1256:

abortive kidnap of Schneider, which resulted in his death, apparently was not the same as the group which received CIA weapons." However, the group which killed Schneider had previously been in contact with the CIA. The agency later paid that group $ 35,000, according to the Hinchey report, "in an effort to keep the prior contact secret, maintain the good will of the group, and for humanitarian reasons". CIA documents indicate that while the CIA had sought his kidnapping, his killing was never intended. Public outrage over the killing of Schneider cooled sentiments for a coup, and neither the U.S. nor Chilean military attempted other removal actions in the early years of the Allende administration. On 26 October, President

1225:. There was clandestine support by the U.S. government to prevent Allende from taking office after election: On 16 October 1970, a formal instruction was issued to the CIA base in Chile, saying in part, "It is firm and continuing policy that Allende be overthrown by a coup. It would be much preferable to have this transpire prior to 24 October, but efforts in this regard will continue vigorously beyond this date. We are to continue to generate maximum pressure toward this end, utilizing every appropriate resource. It is imperative that these actions be implemented clandestinely and securely so that the 174: 1163:, former Deputy Chief of the First Chief Directorate of the State Security Committee of the KGB, state that the Soviet Union supported Allende's government economically, politically and militarily. Leonov stated in an interview at the Chilean Center of Public Studies (CEP) that the Soviet economic support included over $ 100 million in credit, three fishing ships (that distributed 17,000 tons of frozen fish to the population), factories (as help after the 1971 earthquake), 3,100 tractors, 74,000 tons of wheat, and more than a million tins of 977: 126: 3362: 862:

democracy – favoured a cautious, gradual approach. For example, the Communists urged to find a compromise with the Christian Democrats and supported the application of reforms through Congress. In contrast, the radical leftist wing of the Socialist Party wanted to smash the capitalist system at once, even if that meant violent actions. If one includes smaller parties, Allende's moderate left-wing line was supported by moderate

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1970), a basic basket of consumer goods rose by 120% from 190 to 421 escudos in one month alone, August 1972. In the period 1970-72, while Allende was in government, exports fell 24% and imports rose 26%, with imports of food rising an estimated 149%. However, although the acceleration of inflation in 1972 and 1973 eroded part of the initial increase in wages, the real minimum wage still rose (on average) during the 1971–73 period.

141: 1357:. As a result, the Radical Left also left the UP coalition, hence the coalition lost 5 senators and 7 deputies. In July, the resumed talks were almost going to succeed, until the more conservative elements within the Christian Democrat party managed to break off the negotiations. From that point on, the political life of the country was highly polarized between two opposing camps: the governing left-wing 935:

some items of prime necessity. Groups which had previously been excluded from the state labor insurance scheme (mainly the self-employed and small businessmen) were included for the first time, while pensions were increased for widows, invalids, orphans, and the elderly. The National Milk Plan affected 50% of Chilean children in 1970, providing 3,470,000 with half a litre of milk daily, free of charge.

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The great question that the revolutionary process has raised, and that will decide the fate of Chile, is whether the current institutional framework can open the way for the transition to socialism. The answer depends on the degree to which it remains open to change and on the social forces that give

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Allende's government was disappointed that it received far less economic assistance from the Soviet Union than it hoped for. Trade between the two countries did not significantly increase and the credits were mainly linked to the purchase of Soviet equipment. Moreover, credits from Soviet Union were

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The popular political parties and movements have always affirmed, and this is contained in the Government Program, that ending the capitalist system requires transforming the class content of the State and of the Fundamental Charter itself. But we have also solemnly affirmed our will to carry it out

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gave their vote in favor of Allende. It has been argued that given that less than the majority of the voters voted for him, Allende did not have a clear "mandate" to embark in the policies put forward on his program; however, it is also true that in the post-World War II period three out of the four

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On 22 August 1973, the Christian Democrats and the National Party members of the Chamber of Deputies voted 81 to 47, a resolution that asked the authorities, in reference to "The President of the Republic, Ministers of State, and members of the Armed and Police Forces", to "put an immediate end" to

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Amidst declining economic indicators, Allende's Popular Unity coalition actually increased its vote to 43 percent in the parliamentary elections early in 1973. However, by this point what had started as an informal alliance with the Christian Democrats was anything but that. The Christian Democrats

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Such a transcendental problem was posed crudely from September 4, 1970. The anti-capitalist social forces came to the Government through the regular functioning of the institutional regime. If it had been closed, at that moment the institutionality would have broken down and Chile would have been a

907:

We do not see the path of the Chilean revolution in the violent bankruptcy of the state apparatus. What our people have built over several generations of struggle allows them to take advantage of the conditions created by our history to replace the capitalist foundation of the current institutional

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During its first year in office, the Allende Government achieved economic growth, reductions in inflation and unemployment, a redistribution of income, and an increase in consumption. The government also significantly increased salaries and wages, reduced taxes, and introduced free distribution of

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Hence, then, also informed by comrade Godoy, I can say that with satisfaction we know that the large centers that bring together the workers of the world, are studying the possibility of a meeting aimed fundamentally at drawing the lines of resistance to the penetration of transnational companies,

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had to decide between the two candidates who had received the most votes. The precedent set on the three previous occasions this situation had arisen since 1932 was for Congress simply to choose the candidate with the largest number of votes; indeed, former president Alessandri had been elected in

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Most of the accusations were about the Socialist Government disregarding the separation of powers, and arrogating legislative and judicial prerogatives to the executive branch of government. The resolution was later used by Pinochet a way to justify the coup, which occurred two weeks later. On 24

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Allende's Popular Unity government tried to maintain normal relations with the United States, but when Chile nationalized its copper industry, Washington cut off U.S. credits and increased its support to opposition. Forced to seek alternative sources of trade and finance, Chile gained commitments

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In addition to the earlier-discussed provision of employment, Allende also raised wages on a number of occasions throughout 1970 and 1971. These rises in wages were negated by continuing increases in prices for food. Although price rises had also been high under Frei (27% a year between 1967 and

900:

The entities of the State administration act today not at the service of the ruling class, but at the service of the workers and the continuity of the revolutionary process; therefore, one cannot try to destroy what is now an instrument to act, change, and create for the benefit of Chile and its

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The land-redistribution that Allende highlighted as one of the central policies of his government had already begun under his predecessor Eduardo Frei Montalva, who had expropriated between one-fifth and one-quarter of all properties liable to takeover. The Allende government's intention was to

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The Popular Unity coalition itself was far from unanimous. Allende himself said he was committed to democracy and represented a more moderate faction of his Socialist Party. He was supported by the Communist Party, that – despite being ultimately less committed to representative

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observed: "The CIA attempted, directly, to foment a military coup in Chile. It passed three weapons to a group of Chilean officers who plotted a coup. Beginning with the kidnapping of Chilean Army Commander-in-Chief Rene Schneider. However, those guns were returned. The group which staged the

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The falls in exports were mostly due to a fall in the price of copper. Chile was at the mercy of international fluctuations in the value of its single most important export. As with almost half of developing countries, more than 50 percent of Chile's export receipts were from a single primary

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At the beginning, there was broad support in Congress to expand the government's already large part of the economy, as the Popular Unity and Christian Democrats together had a clear majority. But the government's efforts to pursue these policies led to strong opposition by landowners, some

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appropriate all holdings of more than eighty basic irrigated hectares. Allende also intended to improve the socio-economic welfare of Chile's poorest citizens; a key element was to provide employment, either in the new nationalized enterprises or on public works projects.

772:". This statute was suggested as a means to convince the majority of Christian Democrat senators that favoured Allessandri, as they doubted Allende's allegiance to democracy, or at least the UP's. After signing the statute, members of the Christian Democrat party in the 777:

previous presidents of Chile had, like Allende, also been elected with less than 50% of the vote, due in part to Chile's multi-party system. Specifically, the winners of the four presidential elections prior to Allende's 1970 election had won with: 56.1% (

1322:, Rafael Cumsille, Guillermo Elton and Eduardo Arriagada) expected to topple the government through the strike. Other than the inevitable damage to the economy, the chief effect of the 24-day strike was to bring the head of the army, general 1020:

commodity. Adverse fluctuation in the international price of copper negatively affected the Chilean economy throughout 1971-72. The price of copper fell from a peak of $ 66 per ton in 1970 to only $ 48–49 in 1971 and 1972. In addition to the

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contracted between 1971 and 1973 at an annual rate of 5.6% ("negative growth"), and the government's fiscal deficit soared while foreign reserves declined. During this time, a shortage in basic commodities led to the rise of

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Oppenheim, Lois Hecht (1989). Bitar, Sergio; Chavkin, Samuel; Davis, Nathaniel; Farrell, Joseph P.; Fleet, Michael; Fermandois, Joaquin; Garreton, Manuel Antonio; Moulian, Tomas; Department, National Education (eds.).

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it its content. Only if the state apparatus can be crossed by the popular social forces, will the institutionality have enough flexibility to tolerate and promote structural transformations without disintegrating.

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Salvador Allende's predecessor, President Frei, improved relations with the USSR. In February 1970, President Frei's government signed Chile's first cultural and scientific agreement with the Soviet Union.

664:, President Allende, after mounting a brief armed resistance against the military, eventually died by suicide. In Chilean historiography, Allende's presidency is the last one of the period known as the " 3270: 1299:. A strike by trucking company owners, which the CIA supported by funding them with US$ 2 million within the frame of the "September Plan", began on 9 October 1972. The strike was declared by the 1403:. However, the Chilean military seized the initiative of the Chamber of Deputies' 22 August Resolution (which had implored Allende's military removal) to oust Allende on 11 September 1973. As the 1027:

Initially, the governing coalition expected the unearned wage increases and the consequent increase in government spending to be corrected once the 'structural changes' like nationalisation and

1145:

much less than those provided by China and countries of Eastern Europe. When Allende visited Soviet Union in late 1972 in search of more aid and additional lines of credit, he was turned down.

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The power of the big bourgeoisie is not based on the Institutional regime, but on its economic resources and on the complex web of social relations linked to the capitalist property system.

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Chile's Salvador Allende was murdered in a United States-backed coup on 11 September 1973 – three years earlier he had become Latin America's first democratically-elected Marxist president.

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which provides documents obtained from FOIA requests regarding U.S. involvement in Chile, beginning with attempts to promote a coup in 1970 and continuing through U.S. support for Pinochet

1315:. The Confederation, which brought together 165 trucking company business associations, employing 40,000 drivers and 56,000 vehicles, decreed an indefinite strike, paralyzing the country. 360: 1031:

were completed. However, by June 1972, Allende was beginning to see the economic hazards. The minister of economy was changed and some austerity measures introduced, but to little avail.

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under which the Chamber of Deputies opposed the Allende regime. This is a solid translation of the document, although the introductory note is clearly that of an apologist for the coup.

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United States and Chile During the Allende Years, 1970-1973: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Inter-American Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives ...

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In 1973, the CIA was notified by contacts of the impending Pinochet coup two days in advance, but contends it "played no direct role" in the coup. After Pinochet assumed power, U.S.

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Chilean presidents were allowed a maximum of six years in office, which may explain Allende's haste to restructure the economy. He had a significant restructuring program organized.

1349:, representing the UP coalition in March, held talks with the Christian Democratic Party over regulations of nationalized firms, but ultimately failed, as the minister of economy 3407: 2419:, part of series "Icarito > Enciclopedia Virtual > Historia > Historia de Chile > Del gobierno militar a la democracia" on LaTercera.cl. Retrieved 22 September 2006. 1090:

who came to refer to Allende as "compañero". However Perón also used Allende as a warning example for the most radical of his followers. In September just a few days before the

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spent $ 3 million in anti-Allende propaganda "to scare voters away from Allende's FRAP coalition", and spent a total of $ 2.6 million to finance the presidential campaign of

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My Government maintains that there is another path for the revolutionary process that is not the violent destruction of the current institutional and constitutional regime.

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during a four-week visit. This gave credence to the belief of those on the right that "The Chilean Way to Socialism" was an effort to put Chile on the same path as Cuba.

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The United States opposition to Allende started several years before he was elected President of Chile. Declassified documents show that from 1962 through 1964, the

3968: 3286: 110: 322: 3457: 3084: 419: 3074: 2932: 2595: 1474: 858:(which in 1973 was displeased with the direction of the educational policy). Eventually the Christian Democrats united with the National Party in Congress. 2682: 574: 2412: 173: 3094: 510: 1035:

now leagued with the right-wing National Party and other three minor parties to oppose Allende's government, the five parties calling themselves the

3958: 2428: 3948: 2925: 1039:(CODE). The conflict between the executive and legislature paralyzed initiatives from either side. His economic policies were used by economists 3153: 1060: 946: 3278: 750: 665: 3953: 3462: 2641: 2530: 893:

Allende believed in peaceful change, arguing that capitalism could be ended in Chile through democratic means. As he noted in a 1972 speech

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and the right-wing opposition of Christian Democrats who were allied with the National Party, a vehemently right-wing opposition party.

1125: 887: 634: 2627: 294: 3512: 2972: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2621: 2605:

The Chilean Moment in the Global Cold War: International Reactions to Salvador Allende's Victory in the Presidential Election of 1970.

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John Fleming, The Nationalization of Chile's Large Copper Companies in Contemporary Interstate Relations, 18 Vill. L. Rev. 593 (1973)

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won 27.8% with a very similar platform to Allende's. Both Allende and Tomic promised to further nationalize the mineral industry and

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told Nixon that the United States "didn't do it" (referring to the coup itself) but had "created the conditions as great [

3054: 2799: 645:. Allende's coalition, Unidad Popular, faced the problem of being a minority in the congress and it was plagued by factionalism. 1295:

led by some of the historically well-off sectors of Chilean society; these received the open support of United States President

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It was soon joined by the small businessmen, some (mostly professional) unions, and some student groups. Its leaders (Vilarín,

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Allende also saw his government as representing a transition step between capitalism and socialism, stating in a 1973 speech

567: 2948: 2737: 2285: 2271:(National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 8 ed.). George Washington University National Security Archive. 1964: 1875: 1394: 1170:

In mid-1973, the USSR had approved the delivery of weapons (artillery, tanks) to the Chilean Army. However, when news of an

649: 619: 414: 381: 1582: 1301: 3584: 3397: 3246: 769: 727: 452: 3589: 3545: 3392: 3343: 3198: 2352: 2019: 953: 500: 391: 1071: 3872: 3797: 3726: 3238: 3183: 2886: 711: 279: 182: 1595: 1091: 3963: 3693: 3502: 3492: 3452: 3333: 3146: 1183: 1036: 757: 495: 332: 246: 2409: 3750: 3338: 3323: 3110: 2742: 2668: 1468: 1431: 1408: 1121: 828: 810: 595: 560: 490: 480: 355: 153: 2866: 2443:"La Cámara de Diputados de Chile lee la resolución de 1973 que acusó de inconstitucional al Gobierno de Allende" 3877: 3567: 3427: 3417: 2992: 1338:, who had benefitted from logistical and financial support from the CIA. Prats was a supporter of the legalist 1264:

as commander in chief of the army in replacement of René Schneider. Carlos Prats was also a constitutionalist.

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before the end of his term. During Allende's three years, Chile gradually transitioned into a socialist state.

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of certain large-scale industries (notably copper), of the healthcare system, continuation of his predecessor

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Radicals, Reformers, and Reactionaries: The Prisoner's Dilemma and the Collapse of Democracy in Latin America

1086:. Later Allende assisted to the presidential inauguration of Campora. All of this was seen with good eyes by 3716: 3442: 3382: 1156:, that Allende was connected to the KGB. However, the belief that Allende was a KGB agent is not universal. 912:

in accordance with the mechanisms that the Political Constitution has expressly established to be modified.

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Affairs, United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Inter-American (1975).

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In this case, however, there was an active campaign against Allende's confirmation by Congress, including

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In the 1970 election, Allende ran with the Unidad Popular (UP or Popular Unity) coalition. Succeeding the

626: 218: 188: 2098: 1835: 1326:, into the government as Interior Minister, as a sign of appeasement. Carlos Prats had succeeded General 1251:

opposed to the idea of a coup preventing Allende from taking office or removing him after the fact), the

991:'s expansive monetary policy were unambiguously favorable: 12% industrial growth and an 8.6% increase in 3767: 3688: 3557: 3361: 3254: 3139: 1358: 1257: 1193: 879: 871: 855: 824: 723: 707: 599: 485: 317: 208: 105: 78: 1075: 1345:

In March and July 1972, Allende and the Christian Democrats tried to forge a compromise. The moderate

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Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents Relating to the Military Coup, September 11, 1973

1404: 957: 836: 289: 882:), whereas the left-wing Socialists (led by Altamirano), the extremist elements of the MAPU, of the 3887: 3777: 3610: 3522: 3507: 3203: 2845: 2633: 2390: 1028: 832: 806: 742: 125: 2635:

Examination of the coup that ended the Allende presidency, including ties to direction by the CIA.

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Developmentalism, Socialism, and Free Market Reform: Three Decades of Income Distribution in Chile

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real wages between 1967 and 1977. Orange lines mark the beginning and end of Allende's presidency.

3857: 3809: 3787: 3772: 3736: 3540: 3517: 3497: 3432: 3370: 3214: 2967: 2850: 2804: 2773: 2604: 2121: 1339: 1271: 1222: 1083: 734: 695: 337: 284: 85: 62: 2378: 1922: 1528: 3867: 3804: 3703: 3637: 3629: 3476: 3318: 3222: 2997: 2906: 2825: 2514: 2489: 2205:", Lectures by General Nikolai Leonov, Centro de Estudios Publicos (Chile), 22 September 1999. 2176: 2169: 2144: 2025: 1854: 1816: 1784: 1722: 1692: 1645: 1532: 1335: 1327: 1311: 1248: 1244: 1044: 1024:, the fall in the value of copper and lack of economic aid would further depress the economy. 996: 661: 611: 457: 236: 2652: 1876:"Immediately After the 1973 Chilean Coup, US Socialists Supported Those Fighting for Freedom" 1616: 1116:

Perón condemned the 1973 coup as a "fatality for the continent" stating that the coup leader

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Reyes Herrera, Sonia E.; Rodríguez Torrent, Juan Carlos; Medina Hernández, Patricio (2014).

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represented interests "well known" to him. He praised Allende for his "valiant attitude" of

1117: 1103: 746: 657: 653: 587: 447: 327: 162: 90: 36: 17: 3852: 3847: 3721: 3698: 2881: 2876: 2578: 2574: 2385: 2364: 2338: 2317: 2266: 2241:"Memorandum for the 303 Committee:Final Report: March 1969 Chilean Congressional Election" 2202: 1623: 1478: 1274: 1267:

With Allende in office, the United States reduced economic aid to the Chilean government.

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An extensive Spanish-language site providing a day-by-day chronology of the Allende era.

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declared the Allende administration to be "unlawful," Allende's presidency was ended by

3922: 3882: 3862: 3819: 3762: 3230: 2977: 2896: 2840: 2794: 2646: 2191: 1909: 1350: 1164: 1160: 1040: 1021: 988: 738: 630: 546: 241: 1596:"El sufrimiento colectivo de una ciudad minera en declinación. El caso de Lota, Chile" 140: 3942: 3033: 2871: 2758: 2416: 2125: 1521: 1420: 1331: 1296: 1292: 1202: 1087: 965: 2917: 1996: 1750: 3927: 3708: 3647: 3642: 3532: 3089: 3069: 2987: 2820: 2310: 2215: 1354: 1323: 1261: 1237: 1009: 943: 691: 532: 274: 2289: 2195: 2054:

Chile - Constitutional History - Development and Breakdown of Democracy, 1830-1973

1923:"Economic policies and their effect on the food buying capacity of the urban poor" 1490: 1291:

In October 1972, Chile saw the first of what were to be a wave of confrontational

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In early September 1973, Allende floated the idea of resolving the crisis with a

3207: 1206: 999:(down from 34.9% to 22.1%) and unemployment (down to 3.8%). In 1972 the Chilean 840: 203: 3002: 2732: 1400: 1370: 1233: 1171: 642: 251: 2493: 1820: 1788: 1553:"Ministro cierra investigación sobre Allende: fue asesinado – Terra Colombia" 2584: 2164: 1442: 1241: 1214: 1074:, who had previously lived in exile in Chile, as good news. Allende sent in 1141:

from the USSR to invest some $ 400 million in Chile in the next six years.

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reached Soviet officials, the shipment was redirected to another country.

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with the Soviet Union, was openly hostile to the possibility of a second

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During his tenure, Chilean politics reached a state of civil unrest amid

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Allende, Ben B. , Marianela D'Aprile, and Salvador (11 September 2018).

2469: 1804: 874:(Social Democrats merged with that party in June 1972) and part of the 607: 1963:. Vol. 1188. Policy Research Department, World Bank. p. 12. 1764: 2485: 2660: 1780: 1519:

Angell, Alan (1993). "Chile since 1958". In Bethell, Leslie (ed.).

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after his assassination on 24 October 1970, by two groups, General

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and income among other new policies. Conservative former president

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left-wing coalition, Unidad Popular comprised most of the Chilean

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Today, The Chilean Way to Socialism is often associated with the

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LIFE Magazine July 16, 1971 "Allende: A special kind of Marxist"

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Marxism and democracy in Chile: From 1932 to the fall of Allende

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CECH – Conferencia Episcopal de Chile [www.iglesiachile.org]

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and refused to involve the military in a coup against Allende.

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regime with another that is adapted to the new social reality.

793:). The legality of the 1970 election itself is not in dispute. 656:

overthrew the government of Allende. During the bombing of the

1279: 1189: 638: 1644:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 98–118. 1172:

attempt from the Army to depose Allende through a coup d'état

1260:(Salvador Allende was inaugurated 3 November) named General 2335:"Reexamining the Record: CIA Machinations in Chile in 1970" 1353:

boycotted the negotiations and carried out legally dubious

2216:"Chile 1964: CIA Covert Support in Frei Election Detailed" 1152:, based on the handwritten notes of alleged KGB archivist 768:, and his presidency was ratified only after he signed a " 1309:, one of the leaders of the far-right paramilitary group 1128:

by recalling his familiarity with coup-making processes.

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The short-term economic results of Minister of Economics

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Soviet Intelligence in Latin America During the Cold War

1106:, then look how it goes for Allende. One has to be calm. 995:, accompanied by major declines in Chile’s long-endemic 765: 2647:

National Security Archive's Chile Documentation Project

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El paro que coronó el fin ó la rebelión de los patrones

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Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress:

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Chile de Alessandri a Pinochet: En busca de la utopía

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The USSR and Latin America: A Developing Relationship

1721:(2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1910:

http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/chile/gdp-per-capita

3828: 3749: 3665: 3628: 3598: 3531: 3475: 3369: 3306: 3191: 3182: 3173: 3103: 3047: 3011: 2955: 2859: 2813: 2787: 2751: 2698: 2579:

National Security Decision 93: Policy Towards Chile

2021:

News From the End of the Earth: A Portrait of Chile

1078:to Buenos Aires to work on an alliance between the 1012:which ended in late 1973 after Allende was ousted. 839:in 1971, a move that was welcomed by the miners of 84: 74: 2374: 2372: 1927:Food price policies and nutrition in Latin America 710:, the Party of the Radical Left (until 1972), the 2286:"Church Report: Covert Action in Chile 1963-1973" 2470:"The Politics of the Allende Overthrow in Chile" 2245:U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian 819:("The Chilean Way to Socialism"). This included 766:clandestine efforts to prevent him taking office 2280: 2278: 1947:Nove, 1986, pp. 4–12, tables 1.1 & 1.7 1100: 926: 895: 815:In office, Allende pursued a policy he called 3147: 2933: 2676: 2553:Simon Collier & William F. Sater (1996). 2092: 2090: 753:, received slightly under 34.9% of the vote. 568: 8: 3075:Attempted assassination of Bernardo Leighton 2441:Agouborde, María Victoria (23 August 2023). 2328: 2326: 1908:Stats on declining GDP, in constant dollars 1859:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1676:Textos de Salvador Allende 1973, pp. 135–136 56:3 November 1970 – 11 September 1973 1899:Flores, 1997: title missing from References 1691:. Phoenix: Arizona State University Press. 831:, a program of free milk for children, and 737:with 36.2% of the vote. Christian Democrat 27:Period of Chilean history from 1970 to 1973 3755: 3671: 3485: 3481: 3375: 3188: 3179: 3154: 3140: 3132: 2940: 2926: 2918: 2683: 2669: 2661: 1445:– ideologies based on Allende's government 575: 561: 147: 35: 2513:U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 2187: 2185: 2183: 1921:Solimano, Giorgio; Taylor, Lance (1980). 1805:"The Chilean Road to Socialism Revisited" 1715:Collier, Simon; William F. Sater (2004). 1633: 1631: 2581:, Washington: National Security Council. 2569:Globalisation and the postcolonial world 2557:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1710: 1708: 1689:Politics and Ideology in Allende's Chile 1148:Allegations have been made in a book by 610:elected to the national presidency of a 139: 1665:Textos de Salvador Allende 1972, p. 459 1527:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1463: 1461: 1459: 1455: 686:Chileans marching in support of Allende 161: 150: 3121:Human rights violations under Pinochet 2172:volume II, by Mitrokhin and historian 1997:"Socialism, Economics and Development" 1852: 1765:"Chile's Democratic Road to Socialism" 1070:Allende received the 1973 election of 323:Colonization of the Strait of Magellan 121: 31: 2624:The research and detail are enormous. 1967:from the original on 26 December 2019 1302:Confederación Nacional del Transporte 1126:United States in instigating the coup 761:1958 with 31.6% of the popular vote. 720:Movimiento de Acción Popular Unitario 614:in Latin America. In August 1973 the 7: 3408:Fjords, channels, sounds and straits 2589:Socialism, Economics and Development 1874:Duhalde, David (11 September 2023). 1247:on 22 October 1970 (Schneider was a 964:and the development of an organized 791:the 1946 election of Gonzalez Videla 770:Statute of Constitutional Guarantees 2963:United States intervention in Chile 2564:, New Haven: Yale University Press. 2550:. Santiago: Editorial Andrés Bello. 2531:La respuesta del Presidente Allende 1753:– LANIC – Browse Speeches from 1971 1555:(in Spanish). Noticias.terra.com.co 1229:and American hand be well hidden". 1178:United States opposition to Allende 1061:Fidel Castro's state visit to Chile 850:middle-class sectors, the rightist 2018:Hickman, John (15 December 1998). 1836:"Allende and Democratic Socialism" 1124:. He took note of the role of the 1055:Foreign interference and relations 678:1970 Chilean presidential election 25: 3969:Presidential Republic (1925–1973) 3095:Indictment and arrest of Pinochet 3080:Assassination of Orlando Letelier 2642:Allende's 24 August 1973 response 2603:Sebastián Hurtado-Torres. 2019. " 1957:Marcel, M.; Solimano, A. (1993). 1434:– controversy regarding his death 1427:Chilean nationalization of copper 920:victim of the violence unleashed. 803:Chilean nationalization of copper 641:-sponsored interventionism and a 3360: 2353:Chilean Civil-Military Relations 1497:from the original on 9 July 2017 1232:Regarding the botched attempted- 540: 526: 172: 124: 3959:1973 disestablishments in Chile 1769:The Western Political Quarterly 1687:Zipper, Ricardo Israel (1989). 783:the 1958 election of Alessandri 756:According to the constitution, 722:) (in 1972, a splinter group – 257:Destruction of the Seven Cities 3949:Presidency of Salvador Allende 3116:Criticisms of Salvador Allende 2983:Presidency of Salvador Allende 2711:Presidential elections of 1952 2597:Chile: Allende's Rise and Fall 1809:Latin American Research Review 1470:Chile: Allende's Rise and Fall 1159:Declarations from KGB General 817:"La vía chilena al socialismo" 797:"The Chilean Way to Socialism" 726:– emerged) and since 1971 the 144:Chile inflation rate 1971–1994 51:Presidency of Salvador Allende 1: 3070:Assassination of Carlos Prats 2555:A History of Chile: 1808–1994 2220:The National Security Archive 2057:. Retrieved 11 December 2006. 1718:A History of Chile, 1808–1994 1491:"Profile of Salvador Allende" 3954:1970 establishments in Chile 3590:Comptroller General of Chile 2591:, London: Allen & Unwin. 2139:Mujal-León, Eusebio (1989). 2070:(in Spanish). Archived from 954:democratic road to socialism 18:The Chilean Way to Socialism 3815:Water supply and sanitation 2628:The 22 August 1973 document 2609:Journal of Cold War studies 2474:Political Science Quarterly 2468:Goldberg, Peter A. (1975). 1929:. United Nations University 1407:was surrounded and bombed, 787:the 1952 election of Ibáñez 61: 3985: 2365:Kissinger Telcons on Chile 1763:Fleet, Michael H. (1973). 1392: 1368: 1184:U.S. intervention in Chile 1181: 1058: 1037:Confederation of Democracy 1003:changed 140%. The average 800: 675: 3900: 3758: 3674: 3488: 3484: 3378: 3358: 3111:Death of Salvador Allende 3055:Government Junta of Chile 2769:Nationalization of copper 1600:Horizontes Antropológicos 1493:. BBC. 8 September 2003. 1432:Death of Salvador Allende 1376:Congressional resolutions 1347:Party of the Radical Left 942:Towards the end of 1971, 811:Chilean university reform 779:the 1964 election of Frei 132:Standard of the president 120: 100: 47: 43: 34: 2993:Alejandrina Cox incident 2949:1973 Chilean coup d'état 2201:28 February 2010 at the 2084:Dornbusch, Edwards, 1989 1995:Nove, Alexander (1986). 1622:16 February 2006 at the 1523:Chile since independence 1395:1973 Chilean coup d'état 1205:, then embroiled in the 1096:Tendencia Revolucionaria 1092:1973 Chilean coup d'etat 1080:Socialist Party of Chile 962:representative democracy 947:toured Chile extensively 643:failed coup in June 1973 300:War of the Confederation 2410:Comienzan los problemas 2333:Gustafson, Kristian C. 2316:20 October 2009 at the 1751:Castro Speech Data Base 1638:Cohen, Youssef (1994). 1477:30 October 2006 at the 1409:Allende died by suicide 712:Social Democratic Party 438:Transition to democracy 333:Occupation of Araucanía 111:Pinochet administration 2887:Isabel Allende (Bussi) 2567:Anke Hoogvelt (1997). 2560:Julio Faundez (1988). 1423:– UP's economic policy 1114: 1049:macroeconomic populism 984: 931: 922: 854:, financiers, and the 829:the educational system 827:'s policies regarding 687: 648:On 11 September 1973, 627:political polarization 361:Parliamentary Republic 356:1891 Chilean Civil War 145: 3616:Investigations Police 3279:Presidential Republic 3255:Conservative Republic 3247:Republic Organization 2892:Andrés Pascal Allende 2097:Ortega, José (2014). 2074:on 22 September 2003. 2068:"Se desata la crisis" 1258:Eduardo Frei Montalva 1102:If you want to do as 979: 856:Roman Catholic Church 825:Eduardo Frei Montalva 724:MAPU Obrero Campesino 685: 666:Presidential Republic 602:government; he was a 590:was the president of 420:Military dictatorship 387:Presidential Republic 318:Conservative Republic 295:Civil war (1829–1830) 209:Origin of the Mapuche 143: 3585:Constitutional Court 3463:World Heritage Sites 3295:Democracy Transition 3085:Chile under Pinochet 2571:, London: Macmillan. 2546:Alan Angell (1993). 2320:, 18 September 2000. 2292:on 11 September 2009 2106:Encucijada Americana 1283:] as possible". 958:democratic socialism 506:Chilean coups d'état 350:Parliamentary period 3653:Ministry of Defence 3029:José Toribio Merino 2902:Paula Frías Allende 2867:Ramón Allende Padín 2429:English translation 2384:25 May 2016 at the 2351:Andrew J. Rhodes, " 2118:10.53689/ea.v6i2.67 1573:Angell, 1993, p. 50 1405:Presidential Palace 1305:, then presided by 833:land redistribution 807:Chilean land reform 749:, standing for the 733:Allende received a 658:presidential palace 596:his suicide in 1973 476:Agriculture history 392:Radical governments 376:Presidential period 280:War of Independence 106:Frei administration 3727:Telecommunications 2968:Schneider Doctrine 2851:Andre Gunder Frank 2805:Schneider Doctrine 2774:Schneider Doctrine 2594:Don Mabry (2003). 2341:on 5 October 2003. 2174:Christopher Andrew 1340:Schneider doctrine 1272:Secretary of State 1223:Western Hemisphere 1150:Christopher Andrew 1122:committing suicide 985: 688: 635:economic sanctions 598:, and head of the 547:History portal 511:Political scandals 397:Allende and UP era 338:War of the Pacific 146: 3964:Politics of Chile 3936: 3935: 3896: 3895: 3745: 3744: 3661: 3660: 3624: 3623: 3513:Political parties 3503:Foreign relations 3493:National Congress 3471: 3470: 3356: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3271:Parliamentary Era 3215:Spanish Discovery 3129: 3128: 2998:Carlos Altamirano 2915: 2914: 2826:Carlos Altamirano 2699:Life and politics 2415:2 August 2007 at 2265:Kornbluh, Peter. 2170:Mitrokhin Archive 2168:extract from the 1336:Camilo Valenzuela 1312:Patria y Libertad 1249:constitutionalist 1094:he addressed the 1076:Aniceto Rodríguez 1047:to coin the term 1045:Sebastian Edwards 997:chronic inflation 743:redistribute land 662:Chilean Air Force 650:a successful coup 612:liberal democracy 585: 584: 458:Politics of Chile 312:Republican period 247:Captaincy General 138: 137: 16:(Redirected from 3976: 3916: 3909: 3756: 3712: 3672: 3486: 3482: 3376: 3364: 3299: 3291: 3283: 3275: 3267: 3263:Liberal Republic 3259: 3251: 3243: 3235: 3227: 3223:Spanish Conquest 3219: 3211: 3189: 3180: 3156: 3149: 3142: 3133: 3065:Operation Condor 3024:Augusto Pinochet 3019:Salvador Allende 2942: 2935: 2928: 2919: 2846:Edgardo Enríquez 2831:Orlando Letelier 2779:Project Cybersyn 2738:1973 coup d'état 2692:Salvador Allende 2685: 2678: 2671: 2662: 2640: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2376: 2367: 2362: 2356: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2337:. 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