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the benefit of alleles responsible for variations in them". As an illustration, one might ask: could an architect's buildings be considered part of his or her extended phenotype, much as a beaver's dam is part of its extended phenotype? Dawkins' answer is No: in humans, an âarchitect's specific alleles are neither more nor less likely to be selected based on the design of his or her latest building.â
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appear to be individual âreplicatorsâ?" The reviewer states that no âsatisfactory answer is givenâ to this question in the book, though
Dawkins suggests that replicators that âinteract favorably to create âvehiclesâ (organisms) may be at an advantage over those that do not (Chapter 14).â The reviewer takes issue with the first nine chapters as being essentially a defense of Dawkinâs first book,
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262:, is that individual organisms are not the true units of natural selection. Instead, the gene â or the âactive, germ-line replicatorâ â is the unit upon which the forces of evolutionary selection and adaptation act. It is genes that succeed or fail in evolution, meaning that they either succeed or fail in replicating themselves across multiple generations.
415:). The relevant adaptation lies in the cuckoo producing eggs and chicks that resemble sufficiently those of the host species so that they are not immediately ejected from the nest. These behavioural modifications are not physically associated with individuals of the host species but influence the expression of its behavioural phenotype.
29:
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praises the book for convincingly promoting the idea of replication as being central to the evolutionary process. However, in the reviewerâs opinion, âits main theme - that the gene is the only unit of selection - results from incorrectly interpreting the constraints on organismal adaptation and from
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Subsequent proponents expand the theory and posit that many organisms within an ecosystem can alter the selective pressures on all of them by modifying their environment in various ways. Dawkins himself asserted, "Extended phenotypes are worthy of the name only if they are candidate adaptations for
265:
These replicators are not subject to natural selection directly, but indirectly through their âphenotypical effects.â These effects are all the effects that the gene (or replicator) has on the world at large, not just in the body of the organism in which it is contained. In taking as its starting
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states that, it is an âinteresting and thought provoking book, once one gets to the last five chapters.â In the reviewerâs opinion, the book poses interesting questions, such as "What is the survival value of packaging life into discrete units called âorganismsâ even though the units of selection
441:
view of the evolution of life forms, to the point where it is recognized that the organism itself needs to be explained. This is the challenge which he takes up in the final chapter entitled âRediscovering the
Organism.â The concept of extended phenotype has been generalized in an
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Taking these three things together, we arrive at our own âcentral theoremâ of the extended phenotype: An animal's behaviour tends to maximize the survival of the genes "for" that behaviour, whether or not those genes happen to be in the body of the particular animal performing
487:
The concept of extended phenotype has provided a useful frame for subsequent scientific work. For example, research into the relationship between âthe bacterial flora of the gut and their mammalian hosts" which "has become a hot topic of late" makes use of this concept.
359:. This refers to the capacity, found in some parasite-host interactions, for the parasite to modify the behaviour of the host in a way that enhances the parasite's own fitness. One well-known example of this second type of extended phenotype is the
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are humans have been shown in a field experiment to be significantly more attracted to human breath and odours than uninfected mosquitoes when the parasites are at a point in their life cycle where they can infect a human target.
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Vantaux, Amélie; Yao, Franck; Hien, Domonbabele FdS; Guissou, Edwige; Yameogo, Bienvenue K.; Gouagna, Louis-Clément; Fontenille, Didier; Renaud, François; Simard, Frédéric; Constantini, Carlo; Thomas, Fréderic (2021).
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of a living organism, and possibly of that organism's behaviour, may influence not just the fitness of the organism itself, but that of other living organisms as well. One example of this is
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Biron, D. G.; Ponton, F.; Marché, L.; Galeotti, N.; Renault, L.; Demey-Thomas, E.; Poncet, J.; Brown, S. P.; Jouin, P.; Thomas, F. (December 2006).
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chicks, which elicit intensive feeding by the host birds. Here the cuckoo does not interact directly with the host (which could be
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is an arbitrary limitation that ignores the effect a gene may have on an organism's environment through that organism's behaviour.
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too narrow an interpretation of replication, a process of more general relevance than the author is willing to allow.â
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Thomas, F.; Schmidt-Rhaesa, A.; Martin, G.; Manu, C.; Durand, P.; Renaud, F. (30 April 2002).
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Dawkins argues that the only thing that genes control directly is the synthesis of
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has on its environment, inside or outside the body of the individual organism.
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In developing this argument, Dawkins aims to strengthen the case for a
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The first is the capacity of animals to modify their environment using
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Dawkins, Richard (2004). "Extended
Phenotype â But Not Too Extended".
904:"Review of The Extended Phenotype: The Gene as the Unit of Selection"
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Science in the Soul: Selected
Writings of a Passionate Rationalist
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to apply only to the phenotypic expression of an organism's genes
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parasites. The mosquitoes infected with the parasites whose
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mound – a small animal with a large extended phenotype
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Odling Smee, John; Laland, Kevin; Feldman, Marcus (2003).
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A common example is the manipulation of host behaviour by
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Richard
Dawkins: How a Scientist Changed the Way We Think
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Flights of Fancy: Defying
Gravity by Design and Evolution
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The
Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution
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Books Do
Furnish a Life: Reading and Writing Science
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The Magic of Reality: How We Know What's Really True
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La Niche Ecologique: Concepts, ModĂšles, Applications
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Dawkins summarizes these ideas in what he terms the
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891:. Paris: Ecole Normale SupĂ©rieure. pp. 39â124.
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533:An Appetite for Wonder: The Making of a Scientist
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592:Endler, John A. (1983). Dawkins, Richard (ed.).
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310:Genes may affect more than the organism's body
270:is a direct extension of Dawkinsâ first book,
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193:is a 1982 book by the evolutionary biologist
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1170:Brief Candle in the Dark: My Life in Science
853:D. P. HUGHES; J. BRODEUR; F. THOMAS (2012).
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326:Dawkins proposes there are three forms of
255:and of its predecessor by the same author,
247:Genes as the unit of selection in evolution
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420:Central Theorem of the Extended Phenotype:
334:, for which Dawkins provides as examples
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266:point the gene as the unit of selection,
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872:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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885:"What Niche Construction is (not)."
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347:manipulation of other organisms:
205:to biological processes such as
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710:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
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298:; restricting the idea of the
278:Genes synthesise only proteins
217:to include all effects that a
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1567:Evolutionary biology concepts
796:Hunter, Philip (March 2009).
536:, Black Swan, 2013, page 291.
361:suicidal drowning of crickets
1444:Endless Forms Most Beautiful
1316:The Genius of Charles Darwin
1003:The World of Richard Dawkins
16:1982 book by Richard Dawkins
902:Michod, Richard E. (1983).
883:Pocheville, Arnaud (2010).
464:Quarterly Review of Biology
332:architectural constructions
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1388:Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit
1217:Growing Up in the Universe
798:"Extended phenotype redux"
33:Cover of the first edition
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1284:Break the Science Barrier
1106:Climbing Mount Improbable
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431:Gene-centred view of life
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564:Oxford University Press
253:The Extended Phenotype,
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1423:God's utility function
1268:Nice Guys Finish First
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460:The Extended Phenotype
458:A technical review of
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190:The Extended Phenotype
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1308:The Enemies of Reason
1300:The Root of All Evil?
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750:Plasmodium falciparum
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448:niche construction
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990:Jon Seger
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242:Summary
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106:307 pp.
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