2580:. The original condensation was prepared by Jaime Gonzalez Bernal in Spanish in Mexico and published as La Lucha Politica Nonviolenta.... in March 1988... The English language text here is primarily Mr. Glozalez Bernal's condensation returned to English. It has been evaluated and edited with the important assistance of Caridad Inda. She has made major contributions to this text from 1987 to this edition in 2013. I have made limited recent changes and additions to both the English and the Spanish texts.... After re-reading both the English and the Spanish texts, I was amazed at the quality of the condensation made by Mr. Gonzalez Bernal. This concentrated version... provides the essence of the nonviolent technique. I decided that this English text must be published" (pp. xi-xiii).
1038:"seems to imply that nonviolent action is usually undertaken by the oppressed against the state and that it is usually in the cause of positive social change. But... for example, I have just read of two massive nonviolent demonstrations in Boston, one for and the other against integration of the public schools." Specht described an "absence of a clear theoretical framework.... it does not illuminate such central questions as... Why is nonviolent action used in some cases and not in others? Why does it work in some cases and not in others?" The book is also "rich with writings on social movements and thin on theorists such as
1012:
as machinery, buildings and the like. Hence, according to him, much sabotage is not violent; clearly at this point Sharp deviates markedly from popular usage." Due to the "illusory" nature of the distinction based on physical violence alone, Sharp is often "confused," although "many thoughtful arguments are offered." Friedrich concluded that "the topic of how to avoid violence in political conflicts is an important one, the treatment given here is learned, but not very clear, and the results not conclusive," but that the book was a "timely one" that he hoped it will "lead to further more searching studies."
313:
sources that include perceptions of authority, available human resources; skills and knowledge; material resources; and intangible psychological and ideological factors. These sources all depend upon obedience, which arises for "various and multiple" reasons that include habit, fear of sanctions, perceived moral obligation, psychological identification with the ruler, zones of indifference, and absence of self-confidence among subjects. Obedience is essentially voluntary, and consent can be withdrawn.
716:
succeed." Chapter 11 describes methods for maintaining the nonviolent group's solidarity, such as "Maintaining rapport" through regular mass meetings. Chapter 11 also extensively analyzes the threats against and needs for ongoing adherence to nonviolent discipline, "in order to bring into operation the changes that will alter relationships and achieve objectives," even as "the opponent... tries to provoke them to commit violence - with which he could deal more effectively."
24:
374:
389:
150:
948:" or "Truth-grasping," that is, the appeal of nonviolent action to some objective truth, even an objective moral truth, as the basic source of its legitimacy. In this sense nonviolent action is closer to the spirit of science than it is to the spirit of war, in that it is concerned... that truth should prevail no matter who wins. Sharp, perhaps in too great a reaction to the accusations of sentimental
679:. Such a listing, Sharp says, "may assist actionists in the selection of methods most appropriate for use in a particular situation... give researchers and persons evaluating the political potentialities of the nonviolent technique a greater grasp of its armory of methods of struggle." A total of 198 methods are listed in the table of contents, and Sharp groups them into three broad categories,
704:, with subsections addressing such issues as casting off fear, the social sources of power changes, leadership needs, openness and secrecy, investigation, negotiations, generating "cause-consciousness." It also describes key elements of nonviolent strategy and tactics, pertaining to issues such as initiative, timing, numbers and strength, psychological elements, application of an
360:
336:, does not rely solely on persuading the opponent, and "does not depend on the assumption that man is inherently 'good'." These and other characteristics of nonviolence are explained and illustrates through examples from ancient Rome, colonial United States, Tsarist Russia, Soviet Russia, Nazi Germany, Latin America, India, Czeschoslavakia, and the Southern United States.
912:. There is a single theme of immense importance to society played in innumerable variations throughout the whole work. There is a wealth of historical illustration and detail. There is a distinct view of society as a whole seen perhaps from a somewhat unfamiliar angle. And there is a wholly honorable passion for human betterment through intellectual clarification.
2240:, CNNWorld (accessed 27 June 2012). The article described Sharp's "eureka moment" of insight when he was at Oxford, explaining that "That moment would evolve into Sharp's first big text, 'The Politics of Non-Violence ,' which was published in 1973. It was immediately hailed a classic and is still considered the definitive study of nonviolent struggle."
403:
924:... public denial of the legitimacy of some command," which Sharp "hints at many times," although Sharp "never quite works out in detail." Boulding described Part II as "in some ways... the meatiest and richest part of the work," although he noted that Sharp's examples are drawn from "quite restricted range" of human history:
2303:
the technique was broadened and its practice refined. Among the modifications Gandhi introduced were greater attention to strategy and tactics, a more judicious use of the armory of nonviolent methods, and a conscious association between mass political action and the norm of nonviolence" (Vol. 1, p. 82).
1007:'s journalistic book on the subject. He seems unaware of the reviewer's analysis of many years ago, in which the distinction between two views of power, and the dependence of power on the cooperation of those over whom it is wielded, was analytically developed, and its root in the classics was shown.
2302:
who made the most significant personal contribution in the history of the nonviolent technique, with his political experiments in the use of noncooperation, disobedience and defiance to control rulers, alter government policies, and undermine political systems. With these experiments the character of
1011:
Friedrich also stated that a "fundamental weakness" of Sharp's argument was his understanding of violence "as physical violence," since "some of the most vicious forms of coercion are psychic." Furthermore "According to Sharp, violence by definition excludes demolition and destruction of things, such
729:
By combining nonviolent discipline with solidarity and persistence in struggle, the nonviolent actionists cause the violence of the opponent's repression to be exposed in the worst possible light. This, in turn, may lead to shifts in opinion and then to shifts in power relationships favorable to the
312:
is grounded in the converse "pluralistic-dependency theory" that views government as "dependent on the people's good will, decisions and support," a view that Sharp argues is "sounder and more accurate." Sharp argues that "political power is not intrinsic to the power-holder," but flows from outside
901:
of nonviolent warfare" the comparisons are by no means unjust." The book "reveals a large but previously mostly unnoticed segment of human action relationship which would very properly be described as 'nonviolent warfare.'" Boulding asserted several parallels with a seminal work in his own field,
1037:
by producing an encyclopedic description of nonviolent action," and that "by shear weight of detail, the reader comes to recognize that nonviolent action has been far more pervasive than many assume." Specht stated that the books flaws included "repetition and excessive detail," and that the book
715:
Chapter 10 describes how the onset of nonviolent action is likely to bring various types of oppression, and reviews examples and approaches for withstanding increasing repression, which is imperative, because "without willingness to face repression... the nonviolent action movement cannot hope to
1078:
website, and elsewhere. Because of how influential Gene Sharp has been, there are several sites and groups that have undertaken the task of creating online databases that provide explanations and examples of the original 198 methods and new tactics that have developed over the years. These sites
980:
Bleicher stated that the "full utilization of this new understanding requires an expansion of the horizons of scholars and policy makers in the international arena, the collection and application of new data in the evaluation of international relations, and the development of new theoretical
975:
theory. Recognition of nonviolent action as a tool in the hands of governments and citizens to influence the policies of other nations and of international organizations calls for a fundamental re-evaluation of the critical parameters in the study and conduct of international relations.
699:
The third volume focuses on the dynamics of nonviolent action, which always "involves continuous change in the various influences and forces which operate in that process and are constantly influencing each other. No discussion in static terms... can be valid." It opens with
Chapter 9,
2312:"Fear, long known by Southern Afro-Americans, was cast off. Many went to the sheriff's office, hoping to be among those 'wanted.' The trial of the arrested leaders, which received world attention, became a testimony of fearlessness and a recounding of grievances...." (Vol. 1, p. 96).
920:" - "One might almost call Gene Sharp's book, therefore... the discovery of disobedience, especially of large-scale disobedience.... nonviolent action is concerned with the institutionalization of a threat-defiance system." A key to this process, Boulding argues, is the "dynamics of
793:(Chapter 14) describes how using the nonviolent technique is likely to affect the nonviolent group, and the distribution of power between the contenders and in the larger society or system. Such effects may include the ending of submissiveness, increases in hope, effects on
994:
wrote that Sharp considers his view of power as "much more original than it is," and that the reviewer found it "exasperating to try and follow arguments with the drift of which he definitely sympathized, except for their alleged novelty." In particular, Sharp does not
1023:
wrote that he "would like to see the work cut down to 125 pages and published in paperback as a token of new life for insurgency politics. But, this... should not deter one from the duty to welcome a monumental, competent, and sometimes exciting, work of scholarship."
655:, and establishing new social patterns or social institutions; economic interventions, such as nonviolent land seizures or establishing alternative transportation systems; and political interventions, such as seeking imprisonment or establishing a parallel government.
320:(chapter 2) explains that nonviolent action may be used for a diverse mixture of motives that are religious, ethical, moral, or based on expediency. "Passivity, submission, cowardice nothing to do with the nonviolent technique," which is correctly understood as "
756:. These represent "three broad processes, or mechanisms, by which the complicated forces utilized and produced by nonviolent action influence the opponent and his capacity for action and thereby perhaps bring success to the cause of the grievance group":
809:, increased group unity, and the decentralization of power. "Nonviolent action appears by its very nature to contribute to the diffusion of effective power throughout the society" due in part to the enhanced self-reliance of those using the technique.
932:," receives hardly a mention. Nevertheless, Sharp's examples are broad and wide and illustrate the universality and significance of this phenomenon, which, simply because it has not had a name, has been grossly neglected by conventional historians.
981:
constructs." He warned that if we do not develop a better understanding of phenomenon related to nonviolence, we face the danger that we will be progressively less able to... design policies and institutions that can cope with the future."
213:
1536:
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to do so; the sources of his power and means of control have been taken away from him without the use of violence . This may have been done by the nonviolent group or by the opposition and noncooperation among his own group (as,
2279:
Other book information: the same detailed table of contents is published in each volume. Bibliographic notes are placed at the end of each chapter. All three volumes are served by a single 53-page index at the end of volume
2378:, a seamstress, refused. A one-day boycott of the buses on December 5 in protest against her arrest was nearly 100 percent effective. It was decided to continue the boycott until major reforms were made..." (Vol. 1, p. 95).
738:, and analyzes such factors as the impact of third party opinion and international indignation, arousing dissent and opposition in the opponent's own camp, and increasing support and participation from the grievance group.
691:(ch. 8), in terms of how they relate to the dynamics of nonviolent action (Vol. 3). These categories "ought not to be regarded as rigid, but simply as generally valid." The methods are summarized in the adjacent table.
966:
can be translated into the development of nonviolent action as a strategy of change that is effective outside of established institutional arrangements and yet operates without the use of force." He wrote that Sharp
2365:, or Servants of God, which was pledged to complete nonviolence and whose members became some of the bravest and most daring and reliable nonviolent resisters of India's struggle for independence." (Vol. 3, p. 790).
133:. The book has been reviewed in professional journals and newspapers, and is mentioned on many contemporary websites. It has been fully translated into Italian and partially translated into several other languages.
308:, explains that, although rarely articulated, there are "basically... two views of the nature of power." The "monolith theory" views people as dependent upon the good will of their governments, whereas
639:"Compared with... protest and persuasion and... noncooperation, the methods of nonviolent intervention pose a more direct and immediate challenge." They include psychological interventions, such as the
1883:
844:
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described the book as "monumental," writing that "there are some works which bear the unmistakable stamp of the classic.... and this work is a good candidate." Sharp, he said, "has been called the "
532:
and other similar methods, including consumer boycotts and other consumer actions; workers' and producers' boycotts; suppliers' and handlers' boycotts; actions by owners and management, such as
1054:- who have dealt with conflict and violence." Still, "Sharp's work is an impressive accomplishment that will be welcomed as an important addition to the literature of community organizing."
125:, and his publications have been influential in movements around the world. This book contains his foundational analyses of the nature of political power, and of the methods and dynamics of
1091:
originally appeared in 3 volumes in
English in 1973, and has subsequently been translated fully or partially into several other languages. The English language edition was published by
768:, the opponent does not agree with the changes... and he could continue the struggle... but... has concluded that it is best to grant some or all of the demands.... In
606:
Political noncooperation can be implemented through rejection of authority, as by withholding allegiance; citizens' noncooperation with government, such as boycotts of
1896:
1389:
De politiek van geweldloze aktie: samenvatting van het boek van Gene Sharp "The politics of nonviolent action" / The politics of nonviolent action: summary of the book
2036:
1309:
962:, Bleicher's 21-page review stated that "What Professor Sharp... has demonstrated is that our understanding of the dependency of governments upon the continuing
465:; pressures on individuals, such as vigils or fraternization; drama and music; processions; honoring the dead; public assemblies, such as protest meetings or
928:
There must be many examples from
Chinese history; Latin America is hardly mentioned; and the European middle ages, with its extraordinary phenomenon of the "
2374:
On
December 1, 1955, four Negroes in Montgomery were asked, as was usual, to give up their bus seats to newly boarded whites and stand. Three complied, but
284:. Each part begins with an introduction by the author. The first volume or "part" addresses the theory of power that implicitly or explicitly underlies
936:
Boulding also reported some ways that Sharp's theoretical analysis seemed to be deficient, "even in terms of what might be called 'classical' or
1856:
1273:
1244:
1210:
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263:
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nonviolent group. These shifts result from withdrawal of support for the opponent and the grant of support to the nonviolent actionists.
536:
or traders' boycotts; actions by holders of financial resources, such as withdrawal of bank deposits; and actions by governments, such as
952:
sometimes brought against nonviolence, has stressed the conflictual aspects of it perhaps to the exclusion of its integrative aspects."
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90:
1400:
1354:
1233:
1199:
1167:
614:, such as slow compliance, refusal to disperse, or disobedience of 'illegitimate' laws; actions by government personnel, such as
199:
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1288:
Full or partial non-English translations have appeared in languages that include Arabic, Dutch, Italian, Polish, and
Spanish:
1522:
1411:
1365:
1126:
185:
1615:
Gene Sharp (1968), "The politics of nonviolent action: a study in the control of political power." Doctoral dissertation at
2353:
Nonviolent action has also been used by groups which have been famous for their very aggressive behavior and violence...
1975:
1739:
856:
667:
Volume 2 (chapters 3 to 8) contains a detailed listing and description of specific methods of nonviolent action, such as
2606:
1335:
Macht en strijd: theorie en praktijk van geweldloze actie / Power and conflict: theory and practice of nonviolent action
1984:
1940:
1529:
1265:
236:
206:
2027:
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the opponent has been inwardly changed so that he wants to make the changes desired by the nonviolent actionists. In
2299:
2159:
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986:
958:
937:
870:
825:
364:
23:
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include New
Tactics in Human Rights; Global Nonviolent Action Database; Actipedia; and Nonviolence International.
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885:
819:
225:
725:... one of the special processes by which nonviolent action deals with violent repression." More specifically:
569:, including symbolic strikes such as quickie walkouts; agricultural strikes; strikes by special groups such as
256:
2358:
972:
963:
916:
Boulding stated that if a key word for economics is "exchange," then the key word for nonviolent action is "
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or a suspension of a sporting activity; and withdrawals from the social system, such as staying at home, or
393:
121:, originally published in the United States in 1973. Sharp is one of the most influential theoreticians of
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La lucha política noviolenta: criterios y metodos / Nonviolent political struggle: criteria and methods
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action. It represents a "thorough revision and rewriting" of the author's 1968 doctoral thesis at
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who made the most significant personal contribution in the history of the nonviolent technique"
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1996:
1944:
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contain a total of 14 chapters, as well as a preface by the author, and an introduction by
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2255:
1668:(March 1974). "Book review: The Politics of Nonviolent Action; The Discovery of Peace".
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has exposed the inadequacy of assuming the monolithic character of the nation state in
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52:
1308:: المركز الفلسطيني لدراسات اللاعنف، / al-Markaz al-Filasṭīnī li-Dirāsāt al-Lā ʻUnf, /
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2115:
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1298:المقاومة اللا عنفية / al-Muqāwamah al-lā-ʻunfīyah / The Politics of Nonviolent Action
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The
Dynamics of Nonviolent Action - part three of: The Politics of Nonviolent Action
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response." Nonviolence has suffered scholarly neglect. Nonviolence may involve both
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2209:
Kay Bourne (June 28, 1973). "Author sees nonviolent techniques as practical tool".
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1301:
149:
2554:"New! Collection and Categories of Nonviolent Methods – Nonviolence International"
1107:. The respective citations of the 3-volume set and of each individual volume are:
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1444:
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The
Methods of Nonviolent Action - part two of: The Politics of Nonviolent Action
1033:, Harry Specht stated that "Sharp has performed a useful service for students of
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461:, or mock awards; symbolic public acts, such as public worship, displays of
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Resistance, Politics, and the
American Struggle for Independence, 1765-1775
1395:: Centrum voor geweldloze weerbaarheid / Center for Nonviolent Resistance.
441:
Describes methods that include formal statements, such as public speeches,
1624:
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708:, the choice of weapons (as described in Vol. 2), and the issuance of an
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494:; noncooperation with social events, customs or institutions, such as a
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For example, articles at websites: Conflict
Research Consortium Staff
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The book has been mentioned in various other publications, including
402:
377:"The trial of arrested leaders... became a testimony of fearlessness"
2576:(2013): "The present text is an extreme abridgement of the published
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1440:
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734:
This chapter provides numerous historical examples of such political
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396:... organized a powerful movement... pledged to complete nonviolence"
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1992:
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In 2013, Sharp published a 143-page English language condensation:
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Power and Struggle - part one of: The Politics of Nonviolent Action
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or professionals; industrial strikes; restricted strikes, such as
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1728:
Samuel A. Bleicher (1975). "Nonviolent Action and World Order ".
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the opponent has not changed his mind on the issues and wants to
469:; and acts of withdrawal such as walk-outs or renouncing honors.
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2361:, "the Frontier Gandhi," organized a powerful movement of the
1884:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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845:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
2262:(accessed 24 June 2012); Thomas Weber and Robert J. Burrowes
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on behalf of the Western Political Science Association: 338.
445:, and letters; communications with a wider audience, such as
406:"Four... were asked, as was usual, to give up their seats...
98:
338:
651:
and nonviolent occupations; social interventions, such as
2529:
647:
fast, and reverse trial; physical interventions, such as
581:; and a strike combined with economic closure, such as a
577:
and selective strikes; multi-industry strikes, such as a
2406:
Jeff Severns Guntzel (2010). "Protect & serve".
292:
of nonviolent action; and the Volume 3 analyzes the
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318:Nonviolent Action: An Active Technique of Struggle
1897:American Academy of Political and Social Science
1466:Walka bez użycia przemocy / Non-violent struggle
785:of his troops), or some combination of these.
517:5. Economic Noncooperation (I) Economic Boycotts
2344:Vol. 3 of Politics of Nonviolent Action (1973).
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2037:College of Business, Tennessee State University
1310:Palestinian Centre for the Study of Nonviolence
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940:theories of nonviolence." The book's analysis
17:The Politics of Nonviolent Action (3 volumes)
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695:Part Three: The Dynamics of Nonviolent Action
288:; Volume 2 offers a detailed analysis of the
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1258:Sharp, Gene; Bernal, Jaime Gonzalez (2013).
117:is a three-volume political science book by
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2215:. Vol. VIII, no. 90. p. 19.
2204:
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1003:'s magisterial treatment of power, or even
702:Laying the Groundwork for Nonviolent Action
457:; group presentations such as deputations,
2238:"Gene Sharp: A dictator's worst nightmare"
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2020:
2018:
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663:Part Two: The Methods of Nonviolent Action
610:or refusals to assist enforcement agents;
553:6. Economic Noncooperation (II) The Strike
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1511:(114 pages, Spanish abridged translation)
306:The Nature and Control of Political Power
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2482:"Tactics | New Tactics in Human Rights"
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1497:. Translated by Jaime Gonzalez Bernal.
1457:(814 pages , Italian, full translation)
143:
1973:Severyn T. Bruyn (1974). "Untitled ".
1857:National Association of Social Workers
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623:
612:citizens' partial or full disobedience
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429:3. Nonviolent Protest & Persuasion
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2572:According to Gene Sharp's Preface to
2025:Thomas A. Rusch (1974). "Untitled ".
1772:Louis Kriesberg (1975). "Untitled ".
7:
744:(Chapter 13) describes and analyzes
2506:"Global Nonviolent Action Database"
1929:Eugene Garver (1974). "Untitled ".
1680:University of North Carolina Press
742:Three Ways Success May Be Achieved
343:Nonviolent Leaders & Campaigns
14:
2578:The Politics of Nonviolent Action
1881:Bruce Unger (1974). "Untitled ".
1501:: Ediciones Chile América CESOC.
1437:Politica dell'azione nonviolenta
1118:The Politics of Nonviolent Action
1105:The dynamics of nonviolent action
278:The Politics of Nonviolent Action
193:The Politics of Nonviolent Action
114:The Politics of Nonviolent Action
1101:The methods of nonviolent action
276:The three volumes or "parts" of
200:Gandhi as a Political Strategist
148:
2446:(2010). "Protect & serve".
2076:The Western Political Quarterly
2028:The Journal of Developing Areas
1895:, Inc. in association with the
1017:The Western Political Quarterly
906:this volume... reminds one of
866:The Western Political Quarterly
862:The Journal of Developing Areas
1523:From Dictatorship to Democracy
1228:. Boston, MA: Porter Sargent.
1194:. Boston, MA: Porter Sargent.
1162:. Boston, MA: Porter Sargent.
1121:. Boston, MA: Porter Sargent.
817:Reviews have appeared in the
345:(From hundreds of examples in
186:From Dictatorship to Democracy
1:
2574:How Nonviolent Struggle Works
2394:Politics of Nonviolent Action
2236:Mairi Mackay (25 June 2012).
1976:American Journal of Sociology
1740:University of Wisconsin Press
1604:Politics of Nonviolent Action
1304:(trans.). القُدس / al-Quds /
1282:Politics of Nonviolent Action
1261:How Nonviolent Struggle Works
1089:Politics of Nonviolent Action
857:American Journal of Sociology
719:Chapter 12 covers "political
347:Politics of Nonviolent Action
214:America Resists: 1765-75 (ed)
2266:Nonviolence: An Introduction
1493:(1988). Caridad Inda (ed.).
999:relate to such classics as
944:neglects the importance of "
418:Methods of Nonviolent Action
400:
386:
371:
357:
300:Part One: Power and Struggle
1985:University of Chicago Press
1941:University of Chicago Press
1530:Making Europe Unconquerable
1266:Albert Einstein Institution
902:economics, explaining that
791:The Redistribution of Power
594:7. Political Noncooperation
237:Albert Einstein Institution
207:Making Europe Unconquerable
2623:
2092:10.1177/106591297402700212
1731:International Organization
1688:10.1177/0095327X7400100111
1671:Armed Forces & Society
1547:, documentary directed by
1095:in 3 volumes entitled: 1.
959:International Organization
886:Armed Forces & Society
826:International Organization
820:Armed Forces & Society
633:
627:8. Nonviolent Intervention
622:
600:
589:
559:
548:
523:
512:
484:
473:
435:
424:
382:
353:
2510:nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu
1544:How to Start a Revolution
1280:(condensation of Sharp's
897:of nonviolence" and the "
226:How to Start a Revolution
21:
2270:(accessed 24 June 2012).
478:4. Social Noncooperation
420:(Chapters in Volume Two)
157:This article is part of
2359:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
1347:Uitgeverij Het Spectrum
973:international relations
964:consent of the governed
2597:1973 non-fiction books
1009:
978:
954:
934:
914:
787:
732:
681:protest and persuasion
411:
397:
378:
368:
296:of nonviolent action.
2448:American Conservative
2289:Emphasis in original.
2157:(1974). "Untitled ".
2074:(1974). "Untitled ".
1845:(1975). "Untitled ".
1797:2027/pst.000010139981
1387:; Wim Robben (1980).
1071:American Conservative
997:
969:
942:
926:
909:The Wealth of Nations
904:
776:the struggle, but is
758:
727:
490:Methods that include
405:
391:
376:
362:
1617:University of Oxford
1486:partial translation)
1035:community organizing
492:ostracism of persons
2607:Works by Gene Sharp
1666:Kenneth E. Boulding
1264:. East Boston, MA:
770:nonviolent coercion
754:nonviolent coercion
282:Thomas C. Schelling
18:
2486:www.newtactics.org
2258:Power and Struggle
2084:University of Utah
1097:Power and struggle
500:protest emigration
412:
398:
379:
369:
334:acts of commission
2363:Khudai Khidmatgar
2169:SAGE Publications
2155:Carl J. Friedrich
1893:SAGE Publications
1275:978-1-880813-15-7
1245:978-0-87558-072-2
1211:978-0-87558-071-5
1179:978-0-87558-070-8
1138:978-0-87558-068-5
992:Carl J. Friedrich
880:, and elsewhere.
706:Indirect approach
660:
659:
565:Various types of
310:nonviolent action
286:nonviolent action
274:
273:
174:
173:
131:Oxford University
123:nonviolent action
110:
109:
69:Publication place
2614:
2581:
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2440:
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2403:
2397:
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2366:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2313:
2310:
2304:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2260:, by Gene Sharp"
2252:
2241:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2212:Bay State Banner
2206:
2197:
2196:
2160:Political Theory
2151:
2120:
2119:
2068:
2057:
2056:
2022:
2013:
2012:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1839:
1818:
1817:
1799:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1725:
1708:
1707:
1662:
1627:
1613:
1607:
1600:
1510:
1481:
1456:
1406:
1360:
1321:
1279:
1239:
1227:
1205:
1173:
1161:
1132:
1040:Kenneth Boulding
1005:Bertrand Russell
987:Political Theory
891:Kenneth Boulding
877:Bay State Banner
871:Political Theory
687:(chs. 4-7), and
653:guerilla theater
575:slowdown strikes
339:
330:acts of omission
266:
259:
252:
170:
169:
167:
160:
152:
145:
144:
141:
100:
60:Publication date
26:
19:
2622:
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2617:
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2587:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2571:
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2558:
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2523:
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2499:
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2442:
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2437:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2369:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2256:"Book Summary:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2228:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2153:
2152:
2123:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2024:
2023:
2016:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1841:
1840:
1821:
1788:10.2307/2576627
1771:
1770:
1763:
1727:
1726:
1711:
1664:
1663:
1630:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1562:
1557:
1518:
1489:
1460:
1431:
1403:
1383:
1357:
1329:
1292:
1276:
1257:
1247:(pages 447-902)
1236:
1216:
1213:(pages 107-446)
1202:
1184:
1170:
1150:
1129:
1111:
1085:
1060:
1058:Other influence
1052:Ralf Dahrendorf
1048:Jerome Skolnick
1001:Charles Merriam
815:
697:
665:
419:
344:
302:
270:
241:
233:
221:
181:
165:
163:
162:
161:
158:
156:
139:
61:
12:
11:
5:
2620:
2618:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2565:
2545:
2521:
2497:
2473:
2435:
2398:
2380:
2367:
2346:
2314:
2305:
2291:
2282:
2272:
2242:
2226:
2198:
2121:
2058:
2014:
1993:10.1086/225873
1962:
1918:
1870:
1819:
1782:(3): 530–531.
1761:
1709:
1628:
1608:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1487:
1458:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1401:
1355:
1327:
1286:
1285:
1274:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1234:
1214:
1200:
1182:
1168:
1127:
1093:Porter Sargent
1084:
1081:
1059:
1056:
1044:Amitai Etzioni
814:
811:
696:
693:
685:noncooperation
664:
661:
658:
657:
636:
632:
631:
621:
620:
603:
599:
598:
588:
587:
579:general strike
562:
558:
557:
547:
546:
526:
522:
521:
511:
510:
496:student strike
487:
483:
482:
472:
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438:
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399:
385:
381:
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196:
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171:
159:a series about
155:
153:
138:
137:Topics covered
135:
108:
107:
102:
94:
93:
91:978-0875580685
88:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
62:
59:
56:
55:
53:Porter Sargent
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
32:
28:
27:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2619:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
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2199:
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2178:
2174:
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2166:
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2156:
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2138:
2136:
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2130:
2128:
2126:
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2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:H. L. Nieburg
2067:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
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1967:
1963:
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1815:
1811:
1807:
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1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1775:Social Forces
1768:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1722:
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1561:
1554:
1550:
1549:Ruaridh Arrow
1546:
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1541:
1539:
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1534:
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1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1435:(1985–1997).
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:9789070161552
1398:
1394:
1390:
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1363:
1358:
1356:9789027454676
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:Mubārak ʻAwaḍ
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1246:
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1237:
1235:0-87558-072-6
1231:
1226:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1201:0-87558-071-8
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1181:(pages 1–106)
1180:
1176:
1171:
1169:0-87558-070-X
1165:
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1120:
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1077:
1073:
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1057:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1021:H. L. Nieburg
1018:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
996:
993:
989:
988:
982:
977:
974:
968:
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947:
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873:
872:
867:
863:
859:
858:
853:
852:
847:
846:
840:
839:
834:
833:
832:Social Forces
828:
827:
822:
821:
812:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
786:
784:
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:accommodation
763:
757:
755:
751:
750:accommodation
747:
743:
739:
737:
731:
726:
724:
723:
717:
713:
711:
707:
703:
694:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
662:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:hunger strike
634:
630:
629:
628:
619:
617:
613:
609:
601:
597:
596:
595:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
560:
556:
555:
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543:
539:
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531:
524:
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448:
444:
436:
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431:
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421:
415:
409:
404:
395:
390:
383:
375:
366:
361:
354:
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337:
335:
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327:
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319:
314:
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299:
297:
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279:
267:
262:
260:
255:
253:
248:
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245:
244:
238:
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228:
227:
223:
222:
216:
215:
211:
209:
208:
204:
202:
201:
197:
195:
194:
190:
188:
187:
183:
182:
178:
177:
168:
154:
151:
147:
146:
142:
136:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:
106:
103:
101:
95:
92:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:United States
71:
67:
63:
57:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
36:
33:
29:
25:
20:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2557:. Retrieved
2548:
2537:. Retrieved
2533:
2524:
2513:. Retrieved
2509:
2500:
2489:. Retrieved
2485:
2476:
2454:(5): 35–37.
2451:
2447:
2444:Jesse Walker
2438:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2393:
2370:
2349:
2308:
2294:
2285:
2275:
2265:
2257:
2210:
2164:
2158:
2079:
2075:
2032:
2026:
1980:
1974:
1936:
1930:
1888:
1882:
1852:
1846:
1843:Harry Specht
1779:
1773:
1735:
1729:
1675:
1669:
1611:
1603:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1494:
1465:
1436:
1388:
1376:(235 pages,
1334:
1322:(377 pages,
1297:
1287:
1281:
1260:
1252:
1223:
1190:
1157:
1147:(3 volumes)
1117:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1086:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1028:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1010:
998:
985:
983:
979:
970:
957:
955:
943:
935:
930:Truce of God
927:
918:disobedience
915:
907:
905:
884:
882:
875:
869:
865:
861:
855:
849:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
816:
790:
788:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
759:
753:
749:
745:
741:
740:
735:
733:
728:
720:
718:
714:
701:
698:
689:intervention
688:
684:
680:
666:
638:
626:
625:
624:
605:
593:
592:
591:
564:
552:
551:
550:
544:of traders.
542:blacklisting
528:
516:
515:
514:
503:
489:
477:
476:
475:
440:
428:
427:
426:
417:
410:... refused"
394:Ghaffar Khan
346:
342:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
315:
305:
303:
293:
289:
277:
275:
224:
212:
205:
198:
192:
191:
184:
113:
112:
111:
2602:Nonviolence
2530:"Actipedia"
2171:: 465–467.
2039:: 616–617.
1987:: 795–798.
1943:: 266–273.
1899:: 166–167.
1859:: 249–250.
1848:Social Work
1742:: 513–533.
1682:: 139–144.
1491:Sharp, Gene
1482:(19 pages,
1462:Sharp, Gene
1445:Grupo Abele
1433:Sharp, Gene
1422:(90 pages,
1385:Sharp, Gene
1331:Sharp, Gene
1294:Sharp, Gene
1218:Sharp, Gene
1186:Sharp, Gene
1152:Sharp, Gene
1113:Sharp, Gene
1030:Social Work
895:Machiavelli
838:Social Work
799:masculinity
645:satyagrahic
304:Chapter 1,
232:Institution
2591:Categories
2559:2019-04-29
2539:2019-04-29
2515:2019-04-29
2491:2019-04-29
2392:Vol. 2 of
2376:Mrs. Parks
1602:Vol. 1 of
1555:References
1412:9070161559
1366:9027454671
1128:0875580688
946:Satyagraha
922:legitimacy
899:Clausewitz
795:aggression
762:conversion
746:conversion
455:skywriting
451:newspapers
408:Mrs. Parks
166:Gene Sharp
127:nonviolent
119:Gene Sharp
35:Gene Sharp
2534:Actipedia
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2460:1540-966X
2430:522169139
2422:1544-2225
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2221:371350052
2177:0090-5917
2116:155243873
2100:0043-4078
2045:0022-037X
2001:0002-9602
1949:0014-1704
1905:0002-7162
1891:(March).
1865:0037-8046
1806:0037-7732
1748:0020-8183
1704:145769398
1696:0095-327X
1472:: Adsum.
1453:797232879
1393:Amsterdam
1333:(1982) .
1306:Jerusalem
1145:72--95483
1103:, and 3.
813:Reception
789:Finally,
736:jiu-jitsu
722:jiu-jitsu
710:ultimatum
683:(ch. 3),
608:elections
571:prisoners
467:teach-ins
459:picketing
443:petitions
49:Publisher
2464:ProQuest
2426:ProQuest
2217:ProQuest
2193:39266906
1625:46341106
1516:See also
1507:21192950
1499:Santiago
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1470:Warszawa
1464:(1985).
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1420:63320441
1374:17600616
1318:60497927
1296:(1986).
1220:(1973).
1188:(1973).
1154:(1973).
1115:(1973).
1083:Editions
950:pacifism
938:Gandhian
807:violence
774:continue
669:boycotts
538:embargos
534:lockouts
530:Boycotts
363:"It was
324:type of
294:dynamics
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2396:(1973).
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2009:2777274
1957:2379961
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673:strikes
649:sit-ins
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616:mutiny
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1099:, 2.
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463:flags
220:Films
180:Works
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2456:ISSN
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2189:OCLC
2173:ISSN
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