894:
speech in the
Reichstag (August 4, 1914). Never perhaps, has any other statesman at the head of a great and civilized people (...) pronounced (...) a more terrible speech. Before the whole worldâbefore his country, this spokesman of the German Governmentânot of the Belgian!ânot of the French!âdeclared that, in invading Belgium we did wrong, but that necessity knows no law (...) I was aware, with this one categorical statement, we had forfeited, at a blow, the imponderabilia; that this unbelievably stupid oration would set the whole world against Germany. And on the very evening after he made it this Chancellor of the German Empire, in a talk with Sir Edward Goschen, the British Ambassador, referred to the international obligations on which Belgium relied for her neutrality as "un chiffon de papier", "a scrap of paper"...
57:
330:
392:
610:
236:
426:
227:, a lethal electric fence maintained by the German Army to hinder civilians from fleeing the occupation to the Netherlands, resulted in the deaths of over 3,000 Belgian civilians. Some 120,000 were forced to work and deported to Germany. German forces destroyed 25,000 homes and other buildings in 837 communities in 1914 alone, and 1.5 million Belgians (20% of the entire population) fled from the invading German army.
450:. In the first letter Bryce writes "There must be something fatally wrong with our so-called civilization for this Serian cause so frightful a calamity has descended on all Europe". In a subsequent letter Bryce writes "The one thing we have to comfort us in this war is that we are all absolutely convinced of the justice of the cause, and of our duty, once Belgium had been invaded, to take up the sword".
630:, and on the economic level by harnessing the Belgian industry to German advantage and by levying repeated massive indemnities on the Belgian provinces. Before the war Belgium produced 4.4 per cent of world commerce. More than 100,000 Belgian workers were forcibly deported to Germany to work in the war economy, and to Northern France to build roads and other military infrastructure for the German army.
223:, dismissed the treaty of 1839 as a "scrap of paper". Throughout the war, the German army systematically engaged in numerous atrocities against the civilian population of Belgium, including the intentional destruction of civilian property; German soldiers murdered over 6,000 Belgian civilians, and 17,700 died during expulsions, deportations, imprisonment, or death sentences by court. The
500:
576:, Robert E. Herzstein stated that "The Germans could not seem to find a way to counteract powerful British propaganda about the 'Rape of Belgium' and other alleged atrocities". About the legacy of the propaganda, Gullace commented that "one of the tragedies of the British effort to manufacture truth is the way authentic suffering was rendered suspect by fabricated tales".
488:, expressed concerns that haphazard stories, a few of which were proven as outright fabrications, would weaken the powerful imagery, and asked for a more structured approach. The German and American press questioned the veracity of many stories, and the fact that the British Press Bureau did not censor the stories put the British government in a delicate position. The
346:
589:
The
Germans were responsible for the deaths of 23,700 Belgian civilians, (6,000 Belgians murdered, 17,700 died during expulsion, deportation, in prison or sentenced to death by court) and caused further non-fatalities of 10,400 permanent and 22,700 temporary victims, with 18,296 children becoming war
433:
Agreeing with the analysis of historian Susan
Kingsley Kent, historian Nicoletta Gullace writes that "the invasion of Belgium, with its very real suffering, was nevertheless represented in a highly stylized way that dwelt on perverse sexual acts, lurid mutilations, and graphic accounts of child abuse
438:
described the German army as "one vast gang of Jack-the-Rippers", and described in graphic detail events such as a governess hanged naked and mutilated, the bayoneting of a small baby, or the "screams of dying women", raped and "horribly mutilated" by German soldiers, accusing them of mutilating the
893:
There is no doubt that our invasion of
Belgium, with violation it entailed of that country's sovereign neutrality, and of treaties we ourselves had signed, and the world had respected for a century, was an act of the gravest political significance. Bad was made worse than ever by Bethmans Hollweg's
470:
alike, showed less interest in the "endless inventory of stolen property and requisitioned goods" that constituted the bulk of the official
Belgian Reports. Instead, accounts of rape and bizarre mutilations flooded the British press. The intellectual discourse on the "scrap of paper" was then mixed
621:
In the 1920s, the war crimes of August 1914 were often dismissed as
British propaganda. Later, numerous scholars have examined the original documents and concluded that large-scale atrocities did occur, while acknowledging that other stories were fabrications. There is a debate between those who
510:
The commission's investigative efforts were, however, limited to previously recorded testimonies. Gullace argues that "the commission was in essence called upon to conduct a mock inquiry that would substitute the good name of Lord Bryce for the thousands of missing names of the anonymous victims
719:
Keller's claims have led to an argument among historians which led to a conference being held in 2017. The conference was jointly organized by Sönke
Neitzel, Oliver Janz, and Peter Hoeres and focused on the German behaviour in Belgium during the opening stages of the First World War. During the
523:
America. As you probably know even the most skeptical declare themselves converted, just because it is signed by you!" Translated in ten languages by June, the report was the basis for much subsequent wartime propaganda and was used as a sourcebook for many other publications, ensuring that the
715:
Recent studies conducted by Ulrich Keller have put the reasoning of Horne and Kramer into question. Keller claims that the reason for the brutal German behavior in the first few months of the invasion was due to the existence of a substantial
Belgian partisan movement. He claims the organized
746:
In sum, the conference demonstrated the need for additional research, particularly on the
Belgian role in 1914 and the key question how widespread the irregular resistance had been. The evidence provided by Keller hints at a more than merely sporadic resistance by irregular Belgian fighters.
568:
drive of 1918 employed a "Remember
Belgium" poster depicting the silhouette of a young Belgian girl being dragged by a German soldier on the background of a burning village; historian Kimberly Jensen interprets this imagery as "They are alone in the night, and rape seems imminent. The poster
716:
resistance was led by the Garde Civique. As evidence he provides German medical records which show a substantial number of German soldiers wounded by shotguns which were neither in use by the Germans nor by French nor Belgian rearguard units as well as records by the Belgian government.
622:
believe the German army acted primarily out of paranoia, in retaliation for real or believed incidents involving resistance actions by Belgian civilians, and those (including Lipkes) who emphasize additional causes, suggesting an association with German actions in the Nazi era.
671:
The source of the collective fantasy of the People's War and of the harsh reprisals with which the German army (up to its highest level) responded are to be found in the memory of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870â1, when the German armies faced irregular Republican soldiers (or
625:
According to Larry Zuckerman, the German occupation far exceeded the constraints international law imposed on an occupying power. A heavy-handed German military administration sought to regulate every detail of daily life, both on a personal level with travel restraints and
403:
As raw material usually imported from abroad dried up, more firms laid off workers. Unemployment became a major problem and increased reliance on charity distributed by civil institutions and organizations. As many as 650,000 people were unemployed between 1915 and 1918.
453:
Although the infamous German phrase "scrap of paper" (referring to the 1839 Treaty of London) galvanized a large segment of British intellectuals in support of the war, in more proletarian circles this imagery had less impact. For example, Labour politician
375:. German soldiers burned down civilian homes and shot citizens where they stood, with over 2,000 buildings destroyed and 10,000 inhabitants displaced, of whom 1,500 were deported to Germany. The Germans looted and transferred large quantities of
458:
upon hearing about it, declared that "Never did we arm our people and ask them to give up their lives for a less good cause than this". British army recruiters reported problems in explaining the origins of the war in legalistic terms.
552:
asserted: "In 1916 the Allies were putting forth every possible atrocity story to win neutral sympathy and American support. We were fed every day stories of Belgian children whose hands were cut off, the
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775:
We have to recognize the injustices that were committed, and ask forgiveness. That is what I am doing with a deep conviction today. I apologise to you all for the injustice the Germans committed in this
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3880:
407:
The German authorities used the unemployment crisis to loot industrial machinery from Belgian factories, which was either sent to Germany intact or melted down. The German policies enacted by the
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492:
was eventually appointed in December 1914 to investigate. Bryce was considered highly suitable to lead the effort because of his prewar pro-German attitudes and his good reputation in the
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required that German armed forces advance through Belgium (thus violating its neutrality) in order to outflank the French Army, concentrated in eastern France. The German Chancellor,
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676:), and in the way in which the spectre of civilian involvement in warfare conjured up the worst fears of democratic and revolutionary disorder for a conservative officer corps.
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a Belgian despatch-rider saw the body of a woman pinned to the door of a house by a sword driven through her chest. The body was naked and the breasts had been cut off."
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In addition, Germany siphoned off foodstuffs and fertiliser to the German market throughout the occupation. While some amount of Belgian needs were fulfilled by the
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Ulrich Keller, Schuldfragen. Belgischer Untergrundkrieg und deutsche Vergeltung im August 1914. Mit einem Vorwort von Gerd Krumeich, Schöningh: Paderborn 2017,
408:
1507:"German Atrocities 1914 â Revisited | H-Soz-Kult. Kommunikation und Fachinformation fĂŒr die Geschichtswissenschaften | Geschichte im Netz | History in the web"
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by Serbian nationalists to the morally unambiguous question of the invasion of neutral Belgium". In support of her thesis, she quotes from two letters of
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2012:
Spraul, Gunter: Der Franktireurkrieg 1914. Untersuchungen zum Verfall einer Wissenschaft und zum Umgang mit nationalen Mythen. Frank & Timme 2016,
329:
309:(674 murdered). German soldiers murdered Belgian civilians indiscriminately and with impunity, with victims including men, women, and children. In the
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Report of the Committee on Alleged German Outrages appointed by His Britannic Majesty's Government and Presided over by the Right Hon. Viscount Bryce
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demonstrates that leaders drew on the American public's knowledge of and assumptions about the use of rape in the German invasion of Belgium."
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2017:
1994:
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379:, foodstuffs and modern industrial equipment to Germany during 1914. These actions brought worldwide condemnation. (There were also several
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489:
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Horne, J. (John N.); Kramer, A. (1994). "German 'Atrocities' and Franco-German Opinion, 1914: The Evidence of German Soldiers' Diaries".
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Gullace argues that "British propagandists were eager to move as quickly as possible from an explanation of the war that focused on the
4119:
3409:
667:
Horne and Kramer describe some of the motivations for German tactics, chiefly (but not only), the collective fear of a "People's War":
429:
The Rape of Belgium was used in the United States in propaganda to build popular support for American intervention in the European war.
2811:
3504:
2557:
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As the German advance in Belgium progressed, British newspapers started to publish stories on German atrocities. The British press, "
434:
of often dubious veracity." In Britain, many patriotic publicists propagated these stories on their own. For example, popular writer
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969:
193:
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Cynthia Wachtell (2007). "Representations of German Soldiers in American World War I Literature". In Thomas F. Schneider (ed.).
1222:
Cynthia Wachtell (2007). "Representations of German Soldiers in American World War I Literature". In Thomas F. Schneider (ed.).
1173:
Cynthia Wachtell (2007). "Representations of German Soldiers in American World War I Literature". In Thomas F. Schneider (ed.).
763:, World War II veterans, and the ambassadors of Germany, France and Britain, state secretary of the German Ministry of Defence,
391:
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Hersch, L., La mortalitĂ© causĂ©e par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. pp. 59â62
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4045:
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4025:
2364:
2339:
2237:
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Gullace, Nicoletta F. "Allied Propaganda and World War I: Interwar Legacies, Media Studies, and the Politics of War Guilt"
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2217:
823:
220:
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orphans. Military losses were 26,338 killed, died from injuries or accidents, 14,029 died from disease, or went missing.
4318:
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3536:
3433:
3338:
3101:
2887:
2591:
2430:
2329:
609:
368:
338:
3204:
4207:
3644:
3629:
3487:
3439:
2755:
2629:
2542:
2306:
2294:
2289:
804:
539:, which emphasized the most graphic accounts of "authentic" German sexual depravity, such as: "In the market-place of
3421:
2816:
908:
767:, officially apologized for a massacre of 674 civilians that took place on August 23, 1914, in the aftermath of the
235:
4187:
4144:
3179:
3164:
3066:
2935:
2503:
2415:
2372:
4129:
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317:, between August 19 and the recapture of the town by September 9, German soldiers repeatedly raped Belgian women.
4368:
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3481:
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2821:
2515:
2493:
2242:
2232:
2165:
834:
818:
3510:
3451:
3391:
1252:"Huns" vs. "Corned Beef": Representations of the Other in American and German Literature and Film on World War I
1224:"Huns" vs. "Corned Beef": Representations of the Other in American and German Literature and Film on World War I
1175:"Huns" vs. "Corned Beef": Representations of the Other in American and German Literature and Film on World War I
4323:
4303:
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3199:
3194:
3116:
2525:
2498:
2202:
1323:
808:
2920:
1940:
Nelson, Robert L. (2004). "Ordinary Men in the First World War? German Soldiers as Victims and Participants".
546:
Much of the wartime publishing in Britain was in fact aimed at attracting American support. A 1929 article in
313:, nuns were forcibly stripped naked under the pretext that they were spies or men in disguise. In and around
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4109:
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3121:
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2940:
2925:
2900:
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1662:
318:
204:
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a proclamation endorsed by 93 prominent German intellectuals in 1914 in support of German military actions.
263:. In Dinant, the German army believed the inhabitants were as dangerous as the French soldiers themselves.
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3001:
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2547:
2508:
2488:
2299:
2192:
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Wilson, Trevor (1979). "Lord Bryce's Investigation into Alleged German Atrocities in Belgium, 1914â1915".
66:
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289:("free shooters"), burned homes and murdered civilians throughout eastern and central Belgium, including
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2836:
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1915:
Jones, Heather (2014). "The Great War: How 1914â18 Changed the Relationship between War and Civilians".
793:
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558:
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with the more graphic imagery depicting Belgium as a brutalized woman, exemplified by the cartoons of
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2801:
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whose stories appeared in the pages of the report". The commission published its report in May 1915.
208:
164:
1149:
The Blood of Our Sons: Men, Women, and the Renegotiation of British Citizenship during the Great War
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3023:
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1973:
1965:
1928:
1868:
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1816:
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885:
467:
376:
212:
2090:
1409:
697:
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2013:
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1957:
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Mr Kolbow placed a wreath and bowed before a monument to the victims bearing the inscription:
532:
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3018:
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1949:
1920:
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768:
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472:
455:
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890:, translated by Geoffrey Dunlop and F. A. Voight, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1932:
4124:
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1903:
1532:
1430:
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German habit of distilling glycerine and fat from their dead in order to obtain lubricants
358:
216:
31:
1799:
Green, Leanne (2014). "Advertising war: Picturing Belgium in First World War publicity".
1420:
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3159:
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1640:
673:
306:
284:
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240:
909:
Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915â1919. Bruxelles. 1922 p.100
4297:
4068:
3356:
3350:
2786:
2703:
2614:
2080:
1977:
1932:
1882:
1872:
1820:
1724:
1459:
993:
764:
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rage at Belgian resistance at all, not seen as a people entitled to defend themselves
598:
493:
463:
396:
380:
224:
130:
3518:
2945:
1647:. Oxford History of Modern Europe (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
565:
17:
2144:
2133:
2122:
1625:]. Nouvelle Histoire de Belgique (French ed.). Brussels: Le Cri Ă©dition.
1924:
1383:
3729:
3634:
3332:
2760:
2181:
705:
prevailing animosity towards Roman Catholicism among elements of the German army
503:
181:
126:
2056:
1494:
Schuldfragen: Belgischer Untergrundkrieg und deutsche Vergeltung im August 1914
661:
Schuldfragen. Belgischer Untergrundkrieg und deutsche Vergeltung im August 1914
499:
496:, where he had served as Britain's ambassador, as well as his legal expertise.
1511:
H-Soz-Kult. Kommunikation und Fachinformation fĂŒr die Geschichtswissenschaften
548:
447:
372:
177:
2064:
1961:
1953:
1856:
1812:
1738:
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1908:
A scrap of paper: breaking and making international law during the Great War
1353:
A Scrap of Paper: Breaking and Making International Law during the Great War
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708:
ambiguous or inadequate German field service regulations regarding civilians
480:
321:
was nearly as ubiquitous as murder, arson and looting, if never as visible.
122:
1602:. Studies in Modern European History (3rd ed.). New York: Peter Lang.
693:
frequent collisions with Belgian and French rearguards leading to confusion
62:
720:
conference the following historians were able to present their arguments:
3784:
696:
rage at the stubborn and at first successful defense of LiĂšge during the
540:
314:
290:
252:
189:
110:
1756:
The Agony of Belgium The Invasion of Belgium in WWI August-December 1914
597:, the resulting food crisis contributed to an estimated 90,000 indirect
345:
1969:
1864:
1014:
Dynamic of Destruction: Culture and Mass Killing in the First World War
812:
524:
atrocities became a leitmotif of the war's propaganda up to the final "
411:
would greatly slow Belgian economic recovery after the end of the war.
298:
294:
256:
77:
2141:
Intimate Relations between Occupiers and Occupied (Belgium and France)
2072:
988:(from August 5 to October 21 and from Berneau (in the municipality of
638:
Recent in-depth historical studies of German acts in Belgium include:
989:
756:
364:
350:
260:
248:
2145:
1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
2134:
1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
2123:
1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
1848:
1667:
The Low Countries: Arts and Society in Flanders and the Netherlands
755:
At a commemoration ceremony on May 6, 2001, in the Belgian town of
383:
incidents between groups of German soldiers during the confusion.)
371:, destroying approximately 230,000 books, 950 manuscripts, and 800
3952:
782:
To the 674 Dinantais martyrs, innocent victims of German barbarism
684:
inexperience leading to lack of discipline amongst German soldiers
608:
498:
424:
390:
344:
234:
27:
Systematic war crimes against Belgian civilians during World War I
711:
failure of German logistics later leading to uncontrolled looting
1730:
1665:(2014). "Violence and Legitimacy: Occupied Belgium, 1914â1918".
867:
865:
2154:
1446:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 104, 157, 189â190.
2150:
680:
The same authors identify a number of contributory factors:
1067:, vol. 1, book 1. pp. 679â704, vol. 1, book 2, pp. 605â615.
557:
to a barn door, the nurses whose breasts were cut off, the
156:
120,000 subjected to forced labour and deported to Germany
2006:
Unlawful Combatants: A Genealogy of the Irregular Fighter
1277:
Mobilizing Minerva: American Women in the First World War
281:
German troops, afraid of Belgian guerrilla fighters, or
1780:. New York. pp. 67, 103, 170, 192â5, 215â224, 283.
852:
850:
363:
On 25 August 1914, the German army ravaged the city of
1461:
Notes on German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial
247:
In some places atrocities were premeditated first at
203:
The neutrality of Belgium had been guaranteed by the
2092:
The Rape of Belgium: The Untold Story of World War I
1385:
The Rape of Belgium: The Untold Story of World War I
643:
The Rape of Belgium: The Untold Story of World War I
49:
German occupation of Belgium during World War I
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2600:
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2429:
2401:
2363:
2315:
2268:
2261:
1987:
Rehearsals: The German Army in Belgium, August 1914
1557:, The Open University, Milton Keynes, 2003, p. 28.
1245:
1243:
1200:, Slater, Tom, Dixey, Marsh and Halperin, James L,
930:
Rehearsals: The German Army in Belgium, August 1914
649:
Rehearsals: The German Army in Belgium, August 1914
160:
152:
144:
136:
116:
106:
83:
73:
41:
1881:
1458:
904:
902:
1888:. Newhaven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
984:, Yale University Press, New Haven, Appendix I,
888:: The World War and Germany's Collapse 1909â1919
871:
475:, whose works were widely syndicated in the US.
4314:German occupation of Belgium during World War I
3127:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
2085:sees the Bryce report as exaggerated propaganda
1759:. Beaumont Fox 2nd edition 2014. Archived from
773:
669:
617:. It depicts women being assaulted by soldiers.
2119:Occupation during the War (Belgium and France)
1778:The War Aims of Germany in the First World War
1576:"Belgians want money after German war apology"
341:after it was burned by the German army in 1914
2166:
1377:
1375:
1373:
409:Imperial German General Government of Belgium
198:occupation of Belgium during World War I
8:
1884:German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial
1444:German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial
1279:. University of Illinois Press. p. 30.
982:German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial
727:John Horne (Dublin) and Alan Kramer (Dublin)
690:'friendly fire' incidents arising from panic
282:
1699:. Vol. 3 vols. New York: Enigma Books.
1202:Political and Americana Memorabilia Auction
1141:
1038:Flemish organization for Immovable Heritage
655:German Atrocities 1914: A History of Denial
444:murder of an Austrian archduke and his wife
4000:
3709:
3614:
3554:
2663:
2471:
2265:
2173:
2159:
2151:
1790:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1623:The Beginning of the XX Century, 1905â1918
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
439:hands, feet, or breasts of their victims.
55:
38:
1496:. Paderborn 2017, ISBN 978-3-506-78744-6.
956:
954:
759:, attended by Belgium's defense minister
478:Part of the press, such as the editor of
3416:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
1204:, Heritage Auctions, Inc, 2005. p. 317.
1112:
1100:
1088:
1076:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
328:
3793:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
2095:. New York: New York University Press.
980:John N. Horne & Alan Kramer (2001)
846:
4344:World War I crimes by Imperial Germany
1783:
3746:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
3082:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
1880:Horne, John N.; Kramer, Alan (2001).
1619:L'EntrĂ©e dans le XX SiĂšcle, 1905â1918
1533:"Germany Apologizes for WWI Massacre"
1254:. V&R unipress GmbH. p. 64.
1226:. V&R unipress GmbH. p. 65.
1177:. V&R unipress GmbH. p. 68.
807:(1904â1907) â an earlier atrocity in
7:
4150:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
856:
4079:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
2873:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
2024:Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim (2014) .
1016:Oxford University Press, pp. 1â24.
519:, wrote to Bryce: "Your report has
215:was a member). However, the German
2812:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
1457:Horne, John; Kramer, Alan (2001).
1442:Horne, John; Kramer, Alan (2001).
1382:Zuckerman, Larry (February 2004).
555:Canadian soldier who was crucified
61:"The execution of the notables of
25:
3175:Second Battle of the Piave River
2797:Russian invasion of East Prussia
595:Commission for Relief in Belgium
4246:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
3446:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
2045:Journal of Contemporary History
1942:Journal of Contemporary History
1706:The Roots of Counter-Insurgency
1065:Rapports et Documents d'EnquĂȘte
962:The Roots of Counter-Insurgency
207:, which had been signed by the
4359:Massacres committed by Germany
4069:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
3928:Deportations from East Prussia
3725:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
1574:Osborn, Andrew (11 May 2001).
1535:. Associated Press. 6 May 2001
1324:"Food and nutrition (Belgium)"
1212:, Poster is by Ellsworth Young
657:by John Horne and Alan Kramer.
515:, the director of the British
395:An industrial bakery near the
1:
3980:Ukrainian Canadian internment
824:Manifesto of the Ninety-Three
724:Ulrich Keller (Santa Barbara)
335:Catholic University of Leuven
221:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
4135:SazonovâPalĂ©ologue Agreement
3434:Estonian War of Independence
3102:Southern Palestine offensive
1925:10.1080/03071847.2014.946698
1645:The Low Countries, 1780â1940
1513:(in German). 27 October 2017
1063:Commission d'Enquete (1922)
960:Beckett, I.F.W. (ed., 1988)
613:A relic of the Great War in
537:The German Terror in Belgium
399:used to feed the German Army
95:â 23 November 1918
4089:USA against Austria-Hungary
3488:Turkish War of Independence
3440:Latvian War of Independence
3165:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
2756:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
2004:Scheipers, Sibylle (2015).
1989:. Leuven University Press.
1910:. Cornell University Press.
1708:. London: Blandford Press.
1356:. Cornell UP. p. 157.
964:, Blandford Press, London.
830:Kamerun campaign atrocities
805:Herero and Namaqua genocide
367:, deliberately burning the
188:, by German troops against
176:was a series of systematic
65:, 1914" by Belgian painter
4385:
4172:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
3720:1899â1923 cholera pandemic
3180:Second Battle of the Marne
3067:Second battle of the Aisne
2936:Second Battle of Champagne
2777:German invasion of Belgium
2057:10.1177/002200947901400301
2008:. Oxford University Press.
1831:(Sept 2011) 9#9 pp 686â700
1695:Albertini, Luigi (2005) .
1146:Nicoletta Gullace (2002).
418:
356:
270:
267:Victimisation of civilians
251:, however particularly in
239:Corpses of victims of the
29:
4309:BelgiumâGermany relations
4278:
3953:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
3482:Irish War of Independence
3225:Armistice of Villa Giusti
3210:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
2822:First Battle of the Marne
2188:
2089:Zuckerman, Larry (2004).
1837:Journal of Modern History
1801:Media, War & Conflict
1617:Dumoulin, Michel (2010).
1598:Cook, Bernard A. (2004).
1465:. Yale University Press.
1340:Horne and Kramer, (1994).
986:German Atrocities in 1914
932:, Leuven University Press
835:German atrocities of 1914
819:Leipzig War Crimes Trials
742:Larissa Wegner (Freiburg)
730:Alexander Watson (London)
54:
46:
4105:Constantinople Agreement
3398:ArmenianâAzerbaijani War
3261:Co-belligerent conflicts
3230:Second Romanian campaign
3200:Third Transjordan attack
2911:GorliceâTarnĂłw offensive
2817:Battle of Grand Couronné
1954:10.1177/0022009404044448
1813:10.1177/1750635214557534
1663:De Schaepdrijver, Sophie
1275:Kimberly Jensen (2008).
809:German South West Africa
733:Oswald Ăberegger (Bozen)
387:Industrial dismantlement
205:Treaty of London of 1839
30:Not to be confused with
4168:Modus vivendi of Acroma
4120:BulgariaâGermany treaty
3428:Greater Poland Uprising
3328:National Protection War
3205:MeuseâArgonne offensive
3155:German spring offensive
3150:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2926:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
2901:Second Battle of Artois
2782:Battle of the Frontiers
2028:. Penguin (paperbacks).
1776:Fischer, Fritz (1967).
1555:War, Culture and Memory
1350:Isabel V. Hull (2014).
1322:Vrints, Antoon (2015).
1299:"Herzstein, Robert E.,
87:4 August 1914
4354:World War I propaganda
4193:Paris Peace Conference
4181:UkraineâCentral Powers
3975:Massacres of Albanians
3943:Late Ottoman genocides
3750:Bulgarian occupations
3458:Third Anglo-Afghan War
3422:HungarianâRomanian War
3240:Naval Victory Bulletin
3235:Armistice with Germany
3185:Hundred Days Offensive
3112:Battle of La Malmaison
3062:Second battle of Arras
3029:Battle of Transylvania
2883:Second Battle of Ypres
2751:Sarajevo assassination
2640:South African Republic
1301:Roosevelt & Hitler
1152:. Palgrave Macmillan.
896:
778:
678:
618:
507:
506:, US propaganda poster
430:
400:
354:
349:The destroyed city of
342:
283:
244:
140:At least 23,700 killed
4349:World War I massacres
4339:War crimes in Belgium
4329:Collective punishment
4203:Treaty of St. Germain
4176:RussiaâCentral Powers
4130:SykesâPicot Agreement
3958:Pontic Greek genocide
3933:Destruction of Kalisz
3909:Eastern Mediterranean
3470:PolishâLithuanian War
3252:Armistice of Belgrade
3215:Armistice of Salonica
3145:Operation Faustschlag
3092:Third Battle of Oituz
3014:Baranovichi offensive
2982:Lake Naroch offensive
2956:Battle of Robat Karim
2931:VistulaâBug offensive
2906:Battles of the Isonzo
2837:First Battle of Ypres
1985:Lipkes, Jeff (2007).
1723:Bryce, J. B. (1915).
1704:Beckett, Ian (1988).
947:Third Army and Dinant
891:
872:De Schaepdrijver 2014
794:Destruction of Kalisz
628:collective punishment
615:Bonnington, Edinburgh
612:
561:; and all the rest."
531:For example, in 1917
517:War Propaganda Bureau
502:
428:
394:
348:
332:
271:Further information:
243:at the "Bourdon Wall"
238:
4198:Treaty of Versailles
3914:Mount Lebanon famine
3829:in the United States
3797:Russian occupations
3511:TurkishâArmenian War
3452:PolishâUkrainian War
3392:UkrainianâSoviet War
3339:Central Asian Revolt
3122:Armistice of FocÈani
2852:Battle of Sarikamish
2802:Battle of Tannenberg
2198:Military engagements
2139:Debruyne, Emmanuel:
1919:. 159#4 (4): 84â91.
941:Horne & Kramer,
736:Peter Lieb (Potsdam)
574:Roosevelt and Hitler
305:(383 murdered), and
209:German Confederation
165:Imperial German Army
4319:Mass murder in 1914
4265:They shall not pass
4188:Treaty of Bucharest
4145:Treaty of Bucharest
4084:USA against Germany
4061:Declarations of war
3765:German occupations
3678:British casualties
3537:SovietâGeorgian War
3464:Egyptian Revolution
3404:Armeno-Georgian War
3268:Somaliland campaign
3220:Armistice of Mudros
3097:Battle of Caporetto
3087:Battle of MÄrÄÈeÈti
3057:Zimmermann telegram
3052:February Revolution
2997:Battle of the Somme
2921:Bug-Narew Offensive
2896:Battle of Gallipoli
2888:Sinking of the RMS
2680:Scramble for Africa
2674:Franco-Prussian War
2330:Sinai and Palestine
1753:Fox, Frank (1914).
1012:Alan Kramer (2007)
739:Axel Tixhon (Namur)
421:Atrocity propaganda
377:strategic materials
311:Province of Brabant
273:Massacre of Tamines
67:Ăvariste Carpentier
18:The Rape of Belgium
4225:Treaty of Lausanne
4140:Paris Economy Pact
4074:UK against Germany
4004:Entry into the war
3970:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
3689:Ottoman casualties
3499:Franco-Turkish War
3379:Post-War conflicts
3363:Russian Revolution
3345:Invasion of Darfur
3310:Kelantan rebellion
3298:Kurdish rebellions
3274:Mexican Revolution
3107:October Revolution
3072:Kerensky offensive
3047:Capture of Baghdad
3024:Monastir offensive
3009:Brusilov offensive
2847:Battle of Kolubara
2686:Russo-Japanese War
2026:The Guns of August
1697:Origins of the War
1600:Belgium: A History
1429:2008-12-12 at the
1052:The Guns of August
1034:"Universiteitshal"
645:by Larry Zuckerman
634:Historical studies
619:
508:
431:
415:Wartime propaganda
401:
369:university library
355:
343:
245:
4291:
4290:
4274:
4273:
4258:The Golden Virgin
4252:Mutilated victory
4233:
4232:
4213:Treaty of Trianon
4208:Treaty of Neuilly
4115:Damascus Protocol
3988:
3987:
3948:Armenian genocide
3905:Allied blockades
3877:Belgian refugees
3660:
3659:
3570:Strategic bombing
3546:
3545:
3531:Franco-Syrian War
3505:Greco-Turkish War
3493:Anglo-Turkish War
3476:PolishâSoviet War
3410:German Revolution
3386:Russian Civil War
3369:Finnish Civil War
3195:Battle of Megiddo
3170:Battle of Goychay
3117:Battle of Cambrai
3077:Battle of MÄrÄÈti
2992:Battle of Jutland
2972:Erzurum offensive
2827:Siege of PrzemyĆl
2807:Siege of Tsingtao
2792:Battle of Galicia
2722:Second Balkan War
2710:Italo-Turkish War
2667:Pre-War conflicts
2653:
2652:
2543:Portuguese Empire
2459:
2458:
2421:German New Guinea
2403:Asian and Pacific
2117:Wegner, Larissa:
2102:978-0-8147-9704-4
2038:978-3-5067-8744-6
2018:978-3-7329-0242-2
1996:978-9-0586-7596-5
1895:978-0-3000-8975-2
1654:978-0-1982-2108-1
1632:978-2-8710-6545-6
1609:978-0-8204-7647-6
1423:German war crimes
1395:978-0-8147-9704-4
1286:978-0-252-07496-7
1261:978-3-89971-385-5
1233:978-3-89971-385-5
1210:978-1-59967-012-6
1184:978-3-89971-385-5
1159:978-0-312-29446-5
1115:, pp. 533â4.
1022:978-0-19-280342-9
1002:978-0-300-08975-2
943:German atrocities
928:Lipkes J. (2007)
859:, pp. 102â7.
800:German war crimes
533:Arnold J. Toynbee
513:Charles Masterman
333:The ruins of the
190:Belgian civilians
170:
169:
111:Belgian civilians
16:(Redirected from
4376:
4369:Ethnic cleansing
4218:Treaty of SĂšvres
4110:Treaty of London
4001:
3779:Northeast France
3710:
3682:Parliamentarians
3615:
3577:Chemical weapons
3555:
3316:Senussi campaign
3286:Muscat rebellion
3280:Maritz rebellion
3248:
3190:Vardar offensive
3019:Battle of Romani
2987:Battle of Asiago
2977:Battle of Verdun
2941:Kosovo offensive
2716:First Balkan War
2664:
2563:Russian Republic
2472:
2266:
2208:Economic history
2175:
2168:
2161:
2152:
2106:
2084:
2029:
2009:
2000:
1981:
1936:
1917:The RUSI Journal
1911:
1899:
1887:
1876:
1824:
1795:
1789:
1781:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1763:on 4 August 2018
1749:
1747:
1745:
1719:
1700:
1682:
1658:
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1583:
1571:
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1551:
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1484:
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1479:
1464:
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1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1379:
1368:
1367:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1328:1914-1918 online
1319:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1219:
1213:
1198:Books.google.com
1195:
1189:
1188:
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1164:
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1143:
1116:
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1092:
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1024:
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1004:
978:
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958:
949:
939:
933:
926:
911:
906:
897:
886:Prince Von Bulow
881:
875:
869:
860:
854:
769:Battle of Dinant
663:by Ulrich Keller
601:during the war.
486:Edward Tyas Cook
473:Louis Raemaekers
456:Ramsay MacDonald
436:William Le Queux
297:(211 murdered),
293:(156 murdered),
288:
102:
100:
94:
92:
59:
39:
21:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4324:Rape of Belgium
4304:1914 in Belgium
4294:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4270:
4229:
4161:
4154:
4125:Treaty of Darin
4093:
4055:
4011:Austria-Hungary
3997:
3984:
3965:Rape of Belgium
3892:
3864:
3812:
3806:Western Armenia
3801:Eastern Galicia
3734:
3708:
3672:
3671:Civilian impact
3670:
3656:
3613:
3542:
3374:
3304:Ovambo Uprising
3256:
3242:
3131:
3033:
2960:
2878:Battle of ĆomĆŒa
2861:
2857:Christmas truce
2832:Race to the Sea
2765:
2727:
2649:
2620:Austria-Hungary
2596:
2531:Empire of Japan
2468:
2466:
2455:
2439:U-boat campaign
2425:
2397:
2359:
2311:
2257:
2238:Popular culture
2184:
2179:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2088:
2042:
2023:
2003:
1997:
1984:
1939:
1914:
1904:Hull, Isabel V.
1902:
1896:
1879:
1834:
1829:History Compass
1798:
1782:
1775:
1766:
1764:
1752:
1743:
1741:
1722:
1716:
1703:
1694:
1690:
1688:Further reading
1685:
1661:
1655:
1641:Kossmann, E. H.
1639:
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1500:
1492:Ulrich Keller:
1491:
1487:
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1475:
1473:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1431:Wayback Machine
1419:
1415:
1410:Summary of book
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863:
855:
848:
843:
790:
753:
698:Battle of LiĂšge
636:
607:
587:
582:
526:Hang the Kaiser
490:Bryce Committee
423:
417:
389:
361:
359:Sack of Louvain
327:
279:
269:
233:
217:Schlieffen Plan
174:Rape of Belgium
119:
98:
96:
90:
88:
69:
42:Rape of Belgium
35:
32:Rape in Belgium
28:
23:
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4160:Peace treaties
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4043:
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4036:Ottoman Empire
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3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3325:
3322:Volta-Bani War
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3160:Zeebrugge Raid
3157:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
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3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2951:Battle of Loos
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2842:Black Sea raid
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2744:Historiography
2735:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2698:Bosnian Crisis
2695:
2692:Tangier Crisis
2689:
2683:
2677:
2670:
2668:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2625:Ottoman Empire
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2602:Central Powers
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2585:British Empire
2580:United Kingdom
2577:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2558:Russian Empire
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2476:Entente Powers
2469:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2444:North Atlantic
2435:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2355:Central Arabia
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2317:Middle Eastern
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2274:
2272:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2218:Historiography
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2137:
2128:Kramer, Alan:
2126:
2113:
2112:External links
2110:
2108:
2107:
2101:
2086:
2051:(3): 369â383.
2040:
2030:
2021:
2010:
2001:
1995:
1982:
1948:(3): 425â435.
1937:
1912:
1900:
1894:
1877:
1849:10.1086/244776
1832:
1825:
1807:(3): 309â325.
1796:
1773:
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1720:
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1653:
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1608:
1594:
1592:
1589:
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1566:
1553:Clive Emsley,
1546:
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1471:
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1369:
1362:
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1267:
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1239:
1232:
1214:
1190:
1183:
1165:
1158:
1117:
1105:
1103:, p. 529.
1093:
1091:, p. 131.
1081:
1079:, p. 528.
1069:
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1005:
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709:
706:
703:
700:
694:
691:
688:
685:
674:francs-tireurs
665:
664:
658:
652:
651:by Jeff Lipkes
646:
635:
632:
606:
605:Later analysis
603:
586:
583:
581:
578:
416:
413:
388:
385:
357:Main article:
326:
325:Sack of Leuven
323:
285:francs-tireurs
277:Sack of Dinant
268:
265:
241:Sack of Dinant
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4334:Unfree labour
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4051:United States
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3652:United States
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3623:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3602:Convoy system
3600:
3599:
3598:
3597:Naval warfare
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
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3568:
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3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3483:
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3477:
3474:
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3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
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3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3357:Kaocen revolt
3355:
3352:
3351:Easter Rising
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
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3290:
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3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
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3259:
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3211:
3208:
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3156:
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3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
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2980:
2978:
2975:
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2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2916:Great Retreat
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2884:
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2876:
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2870:
2868:
2864:
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2825:
2823:
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2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:Battle of Cer
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
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2754:
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2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2704:Agadir Crisis
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
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2646:
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2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2592:United States
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2509:French Empire
2507:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2462:
2452:
2451:Mediterranean
2449:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2431:Naval warfare
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
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2404:
2400:
2394:
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2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2307:Italian Front
2305:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2295:Eastern Front
2293:
2291:
2290:Western Front
2288:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:Puppet states
2246:
2244:
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2239:
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2176:
2171:
2169:
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2157:
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2146:
2142:
2138:
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2022:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1983:
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1715:0-7137-1922-2
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1563:0-7492-9611-9
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1528:
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1502:
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1472:0-300-08975-9
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1397:
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1388:. NYU Press.
1387:
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1199:
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1155:
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1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
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1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:Kossmann 1978
1109:
1106:
1102:
1101:Kossmann 1978
1097:
1094:
1090:
1089:Dumoulin 2010
1085:
1082:
1078:
1077:Kossmann 1978
1073:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1054:, pp. 340â356
1053:
1047:
1044:
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1035:
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1023:
1019:
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1006:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
977:
974:
971:
970:0-7137-1922-2
967:
963:
957:
955:
951:
948:
945:, Chapter I,
944:
938:
935:
931:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
913:
910:
905:
903:
899:
895:
889:
887:
880:
877:
874:, p. 54.
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
840:
836:
833:
831:
828:
825:
822:
820:
817:
814:
810:
806:
803:
801:
798:
795:
792:
791:
787:
785:
783:
777:
772:
770:
766:
765:Walter Kolbow
762:
761:Andre Flahaut
758:
750:
748:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
722:
721:
717:
710:
707:
704:
701:
699:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
682:
681:
677:
675:
668:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
640:
639:
633:
631:
629:
623:
616:
611:
604:
602:
600:
599:excess deaths
596:
591:
584:
579:
577:
575:
570:
567:
562:
560:
556:
551:
550:
544:
542:
538:
534:
529:
527:
522:
518:
514:
505:
501:
497:
495:
494:United States
491:
487:
483:
482:
476:
474:
469:
465:
460:
457:
451:
449:
445:
440:
437:
427:
422:
414:
412:
410:
405:
398:
397:Ypres Salient
393:
386:
384:
382:
381:friendly fire
378:
374:
370:
366:
360:
352:
347:
340:
336:
331:
324:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
286:
278:
274:
266:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
242:
237:
230:
228:
226:
225:Wire of Death
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
180:, especially
179:
175:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
131:forced labour
128:
124:
121:
115:
112:
109:
105:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
58:
53:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4263:
4256:
4244:
3964:
3851: /
3783:
3618:Conscription
3582:Cryptography
3519:Iraqi Revolt
2946:Siege of Kut
2889:
2467:participants
2416:German Samoa
2350:South Arabia
2091:
2048:
2044:
2025:
2005:
1986:
1945:
1941:
1916:
1907:
1883:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1804:
1800:
1777:
1765:. Retrieved
1761:the original
1755:
1742:. Retrieved
1725:
1705:
1696:
1670:
1666:
1644:
1622:
1618:
1599:
1580:The Guardian
1579:
1569:
1554:
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1527:
1517:21 September
1515:. Retrieved
1510:
1501:
1493:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1460:
1452:
1443:
1437:
1422:
1421:John Horne,
1416:
1404:
1384:
1352:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1317:
1308:
1300:
1295:
1276:
1270:
1251:
1223:
1217:
1201:
1193:
1174:
1168:
1148:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1051:
1046:
1036:(in Dutch).
1028:
1013:
1008:
985:
981:
976:
961:
946:
942:
937:
929:
892:
883:
879:
781:
779:
774:
754:
745:
718:
714:
679:
670:
666:
660:
654:
648:
642:
637:
624:
620:
592:
588:
573:
572:In his book
571:
566:Liberty bond
563:
547:
545:
536:
530:
528:" campaign.
520:
509:
479:
477:
461:
452:
441:
432:
406:
402:
362:
280:
246:
202:
194:the invasion
173:
171:
161:Perpetrators
47:Part of the
36:
4364:Politicides
3881:Netherlands
3858:Switzerland
3739:Occupations
3730:Spanish flu
3507:(1919â1922)
3501:(1918â1921)
3495:(1918â1923)
3484:(1919â1921)
3478:(1919â1921)
3472:(1919â1920)
3448:(1918â1920)
3442:(1918â1920)
3436:(1918â1920)
3418:(1918â1920)
3400:(1918â1920)
3394:(1917â1921)
3388:(1917â1921)
3335:(1916-1918)
3333:Arab Revolt
3324:(1915â1917)
3318:(1915â1917)
3306:(1914-1917)
3300:(1914â1917)
3294:(1914â1921)
3288:(1913â1920)
3276:(1910â1920)
3270:(1900â1920)
3243: [
2761:July Crisis
2682:(1880â1914)
2345:Mesopotamia
2223:Home fronts
2182:World War I
1843:(1): 1â33.
1767:14 February
1744:17 February
1591:Works cited
1050:B.Tuchman,
884:Memoirs of
687:drunkenness
564:The fourth
504:World War I
186:deportation
182:mass murder
127:mass murder
118:Attack type
4298:Categories
4098:Agreements
3898:War crimes
3774:Luxembourg
3667:Casualties
2538:Montenegro
2373:South West
2253:Technology
2243:Propaganda
2233:Opposition
2130:Atrocities
1729:. London:
1539:7 December
841:References
585:Death toll
549:The Nation
535:published
448:Lord Bryce
419:See also:
373:incunabula
231:War crimes
211:(of which
178:war crimes
99:1918-11-23
91:1914-08-04
3995:Diplomacy
3702:Olympians
3625:Australia
3592:Logistics
3525:Vlora War
3454:(1918â19)
3430:(1918â19)
3424:(1918â19)
3412:(1918â19)
3359:(1916â17)
3341:(1916â17)
3292:Zaian War
3282:(1914â15)
3002:first day
2890:Lusitania
2718:(1912â13)
2712:(1911â12)
2700:(1908â09)
2694:(1905â06)
2676:(1870â71)
2465:Principal
2325:Gallipoli
2228:Memorials
2213:Geography
2203:Aftermath
2081:159629719
2065:0022-0094
1978:162374776
1962:0022-0094
1933:153631019
1873:154171062
1857:0022-2801
1821:144471627
1786:cite book
1739:810710978
1679:948603897
1673:: 46â56.
1582:. London.
1478:1 January
857:Cook 2004
580:Aftermath
481:The Times
123:War crime
4283:Category
3870:Refugees
3836:Italians
3825:Germans
3785:Ober Ost
3565:Aviation
2659:Timeline
2630:Bulgaria
2411:Tsingtao
2388:Togoland
2335:Caucasus
2270:European
2262:Theatres
1906:(2014).
1643:(1978).
1427:Archived
788:See also
541:Gembloux
315:Aarschot
291:Aarschot
74:Location
4021:Germany
3921:Germany
3849:Germany
3769:Belgium
3754:Albania
3713:Disease
3693:Sports
3645:Ireland
3558:Warfare
3551:Aspects
2739:Origins
2732:Prelude
2635:Senussi
2615:Germany
2610:Leaders
2548:Romania
2489:Belgium
2484:Leaders
2383:Kamerun
2365:African
2300:Romania
2278:Balkans
2193:Outline
1970:3180736
1865:2124390
1040:. 2020.
813:Namibia
468:tabloid
464:quality
353:in 1915
339:library
303:Tamines
299:Seilles
295:Andenne
257:Andenne
213:Prussia
192:during
153:Victims
145:Injured
97: (
89: (
78:Belgium
4041:Russia
4016:France
3844:Canada
3759:Serbia
3630:Canada
3587:Horses
3539:(1921)
3533:(1920)
3527:(1920)
3521:(1920)
3513:(1920)
3466:(1919)
3460:(1919)
3406:(1918)
3371:(1918)
3365:(1917)
3353:(1916)
3347:(1916)
3312:(1915)
2724:(1913)
2706:(1911)
2688:(1905)
2645:Darfur
2570:Serbia
2553:Russia
2516:Greece
2504:France
2494:Brazil
2340:Persia
2283:Serbia
2143:, in:
2132:, in:
2121:, in:
2099:
2079:
2073:260012
2071:
2063:
2036:
2016:
1993:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1931:
1892:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1819:
1737:
1712:
1677:
1651:
1629:
1606:
1561:
1469:
1392:
1360:
1303:, p. 8
1283:
1258:
1230:
1208:
1181:
1156:
1020:
1000:
990:Dalhem
968:
796:(1914)
757:Dinant
751:Legacy
466:" and
365:Leuven
351:Leuven
307:Dinant
261:Leuven
249:Dinant
148:33,100
137:Deaths
107:Target
63:Blégny
4238:Other
4031:Japan
4026:Italy
3853:camps
3697:Rugby
3247:]
2526:Japan
2521:Italy
2499:China
2393:North
2077:S2CID
2069:JSTOR
1974:S2CID
1966:JSTOR
1929:S2CID
1869:S2CID
1861:JSTOR
1817:S2CID
1621:[
992:) to
811:(now
776:town.
521:swept
253:LiĂšge
3818:POWs
3137:1918
3039:1917
2965:1916
2866:1915
2770:1914
2575:Siam
2378:East
2097:ISBN
2061:ISSN
2049:14#3
2034:ISBN
2014:ISBN
1991:ISBN
1958:ISSN
1946:39#3
1890:ISBN
1853:ISSN
1792:link
1769:2017
1746:2015
1735:OCLC
1731:HMSO
1710:ISBN
1675:OCLC
1649:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1604:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1541:2018
1519:2021
1480:2016
1467:ISBN
1408:See
1390:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1281:ISBN
1256:ISBN
1228:ISBN
1206:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1154:ISBN
1018:ISBN
998:ISBN
994:Esen
966:ISBN
484:and
319:Rape
275:and
259:and
196:and
184:and
172:The
84:Date
2053:doi
1950:doi
1921:doi
1845:doi
1809:doi
996:),
337:'s
4300::
3245:It
2075:.
2067:.
2059:.
2047:.
1972:.
1964:.
1956:.
1944:.
1927:.
1867:.
1859:.
1851:.
1841:66
1839:.
1815:.
1803:.
1788:}}
1784:{{
1733:.
1671:22
1669:.
1578:.
1509:.
1372:^
1326:.
1242:^
1120:^
953:^
915:^
901:^
864:^
849:^
784:.
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2125:.
2105:.
2083:.
2055::
2020:.
1999:.
1980:.
1952::
1935:.
1923::
1898:.
1875:.
1847::
1823:.
1811::
1805:7
1794:)
1771:.
1748:.
1718:.
1681:.
1657:.
1635:.
1612:.
1543:.
1521:.
1482:.
1398:.
1366:.
1330:.
1289:.
1264:.
1236:.
1187:.
1162:.
815:)
101:)
93:)
34:.
20:)
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