Founding of Rome - Knowledge (XXG)

526: 374: 1062: 1260: 58: 33: 1459:, says that Rome was founded by a woman named Rhome, one of the followers of Aeneas, after landing in Italy and burning their ships. That by the middle of the fifth century Aeneas was also allegedly the founder of two or three other cities across Italy was no object. These myths also differed as to whether their eponymous matriarch Roma was born in Troy or Italy – i.e. before or after Aeneas's journey – or otherwise if their Romus was a direct or collateral descendant of Aeneas. 600: 5478: 1419:, show how Italians and Romans took these Greek histories seriously and as reliable evidence by later annalists, even though they were speculations of little value. Much of the syncretism, however, may simply reflect Roman desires to give themselves a prestigious backstory: claim of Trojan descent proved politically advantageous with the Greeks by justifying both claims of common heritage and ancestral enmity. 6033: 293: 1272: 1293:'s prophecy that Aeneas's descendants would one day return and rule Troy once more. Greeks by 550 BC had begun to speculate, given the lack of any clear descendants of Aeneas, that the figure had established a dynasty outside the proper Greek world. The first attempts to tie this story to Rome were in the works of two Greek historians at the end of the fifth century BC, 497:. The Capitoline currently seems to have been the earliest settled but it is debated whether the settlements on the other hills were independent, colonies of the Capitoline settlement, or formerly separate villages already consolidated into a single polity. By 1000 BC, a necropolis existed in the Forum for cremation graves. By the early Iron Age 932:, which scholars consider to be entirely spurious. Ancient attempts to date the foundation of the city were based on the length of the republic, counted by the number of consuls, followed by subtracting of an estimated regal period. Modern scholars, however, largely reject the estimates of the length of the regal period as synthetic calculations. 1447:

speculates that this older story was becoming a bit embarrassing as Rome became more powerful and tensions with the Greeks grew. Being descendants of the Greeks was no longer preferable, so the Romans settled on the Trojan foundation myth instead. Nilsson further speculates that the name of Romos was

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By this time, four major settlements emerged in Rome. The nuclei appeared on the Palatine, the Capitoline, the Quirinal and Viminal, and the Caelian, Oppian, and Velia. There is, however, no evidence linking any settlement on the Quirinal hill with the Sabines, as is alleged by some ancient accounts.

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were in fact founded by a single actor in some way. This remains a minority viewpoint in present scholarship and highly controversial in the absence of further evidence, with the arguments made by Carandini and others appearing to rest on highly tendentious interpretations of what is currently known

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Most modern historians doubt the existence of a single founder or founding event for the city, and no material evidence has been found connecting early Rome to Alba or Troy. Most modern historians also dismiss the putative Aeneid dynasty at Alba Longa as fiction. The legendary account was still much

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Modern scholars disregard most of the traditional accounts as myths. There is no persuasive archaeological evidence for either the Romulan foundation or for the idea of an early Greek settlement. Even the name Romulus is now generally believed to have been retrojected from the city's name – glossed

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Myths of the early third century also differed greatly in the claimed genealogy of Romulus or the founder, if an intermediate actor was posited. One tale posited that a Romus, son of Zeus, founded the city. Callias posited that Romulus was descended from Latinus and a woman called Roma who was the

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argues that the myths of Romulus and Remus are "popular expressions of some universal human need or experience" rather than borrowings from the Greek east or Mesopotamia, inasmuch as the story of virgin birth, intercession by animals and humble stepparents, with triumphant return expelling an evil

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Like other Villanovan proto-urban centres, this archaic Rome was likely organised around clans that guarded their own areas, but by the later eighth century had confederated. The development of city-states was likely a Greek innovation that spread through the Mediterranean from 850 to 750 BC.

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The start of the Iron age saw a gradual increase in social complexity and population that led to the emergence of proto-urban settlements in central and northern Italy writ large. These proto-urban agglomerations were normally clusters of smaller settlements that were insufficiently distant to be

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into a pseudo-historical tradition of prehistoric times; this was in part due to Greek historians' eagerness to construct narratives purporting that the Italians were actually descended from Greeks and their heroes. These narratives were accepted by non-Greek peoples due Greek historiography's

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acquired a defined boundary ... a more sophisticated level of social and political organisation ... the use of the Forum as a public space point to the development of shared civil and ritual space for the inhabitants of all communities, demonstrating an increasing level of centralisation.

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When drawing a connection between peoples and their languages, a reconstruction emerges with Indo-European peoples arriving in various waves of migrations during the first and second millennia BC: first a western Italic group (including Latin), followed by a central Italic group of

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and declares the settlement an asylum for exiles, criminals, and runaway slaves. The city becomes larger but also acquires a mostly male population. When Romulus' attempts to secure the women of neighbouring settlements by diplomacy fail, he uses the religious celebration of

1716:, pp. 86–87. "So far no archaeological support has been found for the self-assured Roman tradition that the Latins of Romulus soon combined with the Sabines... that the Sabine settlement was on the Quirinal". Momigliano also notes a linguistic contradiction: 585:

The earliest votive deposits are found in the early seventh century on the Capitoline and Quirinal hills, suggesting that by that time a city had formed with monumental architecture and public religious sanctuaries. Certainly, by 600 BC, a process of

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BC structures indicate that the Capitoline was already being terraced to manage its slope. Evidence in the Final Bronze Age around 1200–975 BC is clearer, showing occupation of the Capitoline, Forum, and adjacent Palatine. Excavations near the modern

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by the 9th century, containing pottery, imported Greek wares, fibulae, and bronze objects. Remains from huts on the Palatine have been found that date to the 9th or 8th centuries BC, with accelerating development by the early to middle 8th century BC.

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and Alps, respectively. These migrations are generally believed to have displaced speakers of Etruscan and other pre-Indo-European languages; although it is possible that Etruscan arrived also by migration, it must have done so before 2000 BC.

2583:, p. 94. "Troy's unhistorical connection with Rome was maintained by inventing the Alban kings, whose reigns were made to span the chronological gap between Troy's destruction (1184/3 BC according to Eratosthenes) and Rome's foundation". 1431:(280–275 BC), there were some sixty different myths for Rome's foundation that circulated in the Greek world. Most of them attributed the city to an eponymous founder, usually "Rhomos" or "Rhome" rather than Romulus. One story told how 1166:

or she-wolf.) Faustulus eventually reveals the brothers' true origins, and they depose or murder Amulius and restore Numitor to his throne. They then leave or are sent to establish a new city at the location where they had been rescued.

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The first evidence of a wall appears in the middle or late eighth century on the Palatine, dated between 730 and 720 BC. It is possible that the circuit of the wall marked out what later Romans believed to be the original

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changed by some Romans to the native name Romulus, but the same name Romos (later changed to the native Remus) was never forgotten by many of the people, so both these names were used to represent the founders of the city.

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from the middle of the Bronze Age. Current evidence suggests that there were three separate bronze-using settlements on the Capitoline during the period 1700–1350 BC and in the neighboring valley that later became the

1993:, p. 82. "Ennius... considered Ilia, Romulus' mother, to be the daughter of Aeneas... If, as seems probably, he attributed these words to Camillus, he placed the origins of Rome in the early eleventh century BC". 456:. This advantageous but exposed location was closely flanked by the Capitoline, which at that time rose sharply from the more easterly bank of the Tiber and provided a ready citadel for defense and for control of the 320:. It was once thought that Faliscan – spoken north of Veii on the right bank of the Tiber – was a separate language, but inscriptions discovered in the 1980s indicate that Latin was spoken more generally in the area. 1301:, likely only mentioning off hand the possibility of a Roman connection; a more assured connection only emerged at the end of the fourth century BC when Rome started having formal dealings with the Greek world. 2973: 2595:, p. 141. "In the developed legend of the origins of Rome, the son of Aeneas founded a hereditary dynasty at Alba Longa. But this Alban dynasty was an antiquarian fiction devised for chronographic reasons". 2468:, p. 96. Forsythe notes also that some scholars, like T P Wiseman, believe the tale was an invention of the fourth century BC and reflected self-image of the then-emerging patrician and plebeian 2319:, p. 73. "Most probably the date was fixed simply by counting back seven generations of thirty-five years... it seems likely that the foundation date was fixed by some kind of mechanical calculation". 1170:

The twins then come into conflict during the foundation of the city, leading to the murder of Remus. The dispute is variously said to have been over the naming of the new city, over the interpretation of

2437:, p. 147. Remus sees birds first; Romulus sees more. The correct interpretation of the omens "is ambiguous" and "is settled only by the murder of Remus and by the success of Romulus and his city". 1463:

daughter of Aeneas and a homonymous mother. Other authors depicted Romulus and Romus, as a son of Aeneas, founding not only Rome but also Capua. Authors also wrote their home regions into the story.

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in Rome during the archaic period. By the early fifth century BC, these stories had become entrenched in Roman historical beliefs. These cults, along with the early – in literary terms – account of

555:), which is now believed to have been constructed between 750 and 700 BC. Religious activity started also in this period on the Capitoline hill, suggesting a connection to the ancient cult of 1358:, which became the dominant city in the region. The later descendants of the royal lineage of Alba Longa eventually produce Romulus and Remus, setting up the events of their mythological story. 1304:

The ancient Roman annalists, historians, and antiquarians faced an issue tying Aeneas to Romulus, as they believed that Romulus lived centuries after the Trojan War, which was dated at the time

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The story has been theorised by some modern scholars to reflect anti-Roman propaganda from the late fourth century BC, but more likely reflects an indigenous Roman tradition, given the

2607:, p. 58. "Hence the creation of a series of intermediate Alban kings, which the poet Naevius had not yet considered necessary, but which his contemporary Fabius Pictor admitted". 591:

was complete and there had been formed a unified Rome – reflected in the production of a central forum area, public monumental architecture, and civic structures – can be spoken of.

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was a prehistoric event or process later greatly embellished by Roman historians and poets. Archaeological evidence indicates that Rome developed from the gradual union of several

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Dionysius of Halicarnassus similarly attempted to show a Greek connection, giving a similar story for Aeneas, but also a previous series of migrations. He describes migrations of

2071:, pp. 15–16, noting that this was the first estimate of Rome's foundation; Koptev also notes Dionysius' later commentary expressing bafflement as to the choice of this year. 2112:, 12, claims 21 April 753 BC synchronised with an eclipse; no such eclipse could have been observed in the Mediterranean for several years on either side of that date. 1411:

Archaeological evidence shows that worship of Aeneas had been established at Lavinium by the sixth century BC. Similarly, a cult to Hercules had been established at the

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in the eighth century, indicating a more central religious cult, and other public buildings appear to have been erected around that time. One of those buildings was the

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The area of the Forum also was converted at this time into a public space. Burials there discontinued and portions of it were paved over. Votive offerings appear in the

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and sailed to the western Mediterranean. He brings his son – Ascanius – and a group of companions. Landing in Italy, he forms an alliance with a local magnate called

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The Romans took the foundation of their own new cities seriously, undertaking many rituals and attributing many of them to remote antiquity. They long maintained the

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descent from Mars... because it appropriate symbolises the martial accomplishments of Romans, who... have the ability to compel others to accede to that claim".

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was a seasonally dry plain that simultaneously provided a safe inland port for the era's seafaring ships, a wide area for watering horses and cattle, and a safe

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The indigenous tradition of Romulus was also combined with a legend telling of Aeneas coming from Troy and travelling to Italy. This tradition emerges from the

575:(sacred boundary) of the city. The discovery of gates and streets connected to the wall, with the remains of various huts, suggest that Rome had by this time: 6065: 5452: 3942: 2253:, pp. 94, 369–70, noting that Fabius Pictor's work did not include five fictitious years of anarchy, which extended the chronology to Varro's date. See 809: 3984: 3972: 2307:, p. 72. "It seems clear that the various dates given by historians for the foundation... were linked to estimates of the length of the regal period". 4031: 1227:. According to Livy, when the Sabines rally an army to take their women back, the women force the two groups to make peace and install the Sabine king 203:. The brothers then decided to establish a new town but quarrelled over some details, ending with Remus's murder and the establishment of Rome on the 6060: 5779: 3947: 227:

121. The year of the supposed founding was variously computed by ancient historians, but the two dates seeming to be officially sanctioned were the

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BC. Despite known errors in Varro's work, it is the former date that has become the most repeated in modernity and is still used for computing the

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in the countryside around Rome, but eventually became so associated with Rome's foundation myth that it was restructured as the urban Romaea in AD

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or wall. Some accounts say Romulus slays his brother with his own hand, others that Remus and sometimes Faustulus are killed in a general melee.

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into southern Italy some time in the 18th century BC, migrations into Umbria by Greeks from Thessaly, and the foundation of a settlement on the

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which likely dates to the sixth century BC. Regardless, by the third century, it was widely accepted by Romans and put onto some of Rome's

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partially justifying their long dominance of Roman institutions by their supposed descent from Alba Longan nobility and other legendary figures.

5264: 3952: 3686: 1259: 1061: 739:, a primitive dwelling on the Palatine attributed to their founder, although they had no firm basis for associating it with him specifically. 485:

suggest the construction of fortifications and some scholars have speculated that settlements also existed on the other hills, especially the

5578: 5234: 4059: 3586: 3211: 3192: 3060: 3033: 2874: 5324: 5199: 4352: 699:, have argued that it remains possible that these foundation myths reflect underlying historical events in some form and that the city and 2680:, pp. 37, 39. "The legendary material became a coherent body of pseudo-historical tradition and was the object of intense research". 6100: 5357: 3905: 2456:, 1.87.2–3 "suppresses altogether" the fratricide and instead has Remus killed by an unknown assailant with Romulus mourning his death. 3576: 711:, however, provide evidence of how the Romans conceived of themselves as a mixture of different ethnic groups and foreign influences, 5244: 4004: 3571: 3566: 3542: 3393: 3284: 3265: 3238: 3006: 2913: 2507:, p. 97, adding that "Titus Tatius" may be a name for an early Roman monarch who was removed from the narrative of seven kings. 2135: 2048:, pp. 19–20, noting also the interpretation that Ennius' claim of "seven hundred years" having elapsed may be from the time of 5259: 3932: 3581: 3508: 2692:, p. 39, referencing also Greek claims that Persians, Indians, and Celts also were all descended from Greek gods or heroes. 5732: 3525: 3458: 180: 5693: 4279: 4204: 3962: 428:

Archaeological evidence suggests that Rome developed over a long period, but it was definitely occupied by the middle of the

1850:, p. 72. Different ancient historians placed it in different years: "Fabius placed it in 748 BC, Cincius in 728, 6070: 4775: 2495:, 1.85.3 it is instead made up of both refugees as well as prominent men from Alba Longa and descendants of Trojan exiles. 3327: 432:. Core samples have shown that the terrain of Bronze-Age Rome differed greatly from what is present now. The area of the 5615: 5523: 4615: 4219: 3671: 3386: 1157: 726: 5314: 2083:, p. 43. "600 years before the consulate of M. Aemilius Lepidus and C. Popilius, which took place in 158 BC". 57: 6080: 5683: 5239: 4998: 4054: 3937: 3483: 3070:

Grafton, A T; Swerdlow, N M (1985). "Technical chronology and astrological history in Varro, Censorinus and others".

32: 6095: 5678: 5604: 5447: 5274: 4938: 4830: 4600: 4372: 4194: 4102: 3967: 3910: 3323: 1456: 1137: 843: 184: 42: 5645: 5625: 5467: 5432: 5294: 4387: 4342: 4269: 4189: 4137: 4127: 4079: 3426: 6090: 5822: 4895: 4805: 4314: 4294: 4289: 4274: 4227: 4167: 4122: 3924: 1175:, whether to place it on the Palatine or Aventine Hill, or concerned with Remus's disrespect of the new town's 883: 687:

settlement on the Palatine even earlier than Romulus and Remus, at some time during the 12th century BC.

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BC out of a belief that Romulus had been Aeneas's grandson. This moved Rome's foundation much closer to the

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at a specific time, when that occurred was disputed by the ancient historians. The earliest dates placed it

692: 1467:, who hailed from Arcadia, for example, gave Rome not a Trojan colonial origin but rather an Arcadian one. 6075: 5663: 5658: 5309: 5299: 5249: 5229: 5043: 5018: 4983: 4865: 4590: 4237: 3999: 3530: 2049: 1188: 819: 669: 559:. Other offerings discovered indicate Rome's connections outside Latium, with imported Greek pottery from 345: 305: 5477: 6085: 5668: 5573: 5528: 5503: 5486: 5366: 5279: 5209: 5033: 4785: 4585: 4580: 4377: 4284: 4209: 4172: 4157: 4132: 4112: 4014: 3332:. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Cary, Ernest. Harvard University Press – via LacusCurtius. 1370: 1070: 624: 382: 2893: 5905: 5289: 5254: 4943: 4933: 4810: 4710: 4635: 4500: 4463: 3839: 3503: 3165: 1452: 1294: 1118: 960: 228: 388:

There is archaeological evidence of human occupation of the area of modern Rome from at least 5,000

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Quintus Ennius... according to his account, the founding of the city was dated about the year 900

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celebrated annually on April 21. This festival was originally concerned with the purification of

482: 378: 283: 4908: 3367: 599: 1156:. (Livy combines Larentia and the she-wolf, considering them most likely to have referred to a 1128: – and delivers the two illegitimate brothers. Amulius orders that the children 5865: 5812: 5721: 5713: 5598: 5563: 5513: 4903: 4755: 4510: 4470: 4448: 3656: 3280: 3261: 3244: 3234: 3217: 3207: 3188: 3132: 3087: 3056: 3039: 3029: 3012: 3002: 2944: 2909: 2880: 2870: 2141: 2131: 2016: 1444: 1323: 1086: 1056: 1019: 730: 718: 556: 393: 321: 93: 89: 81: 46: 467:

Accordingly, thick deposits of manure and ancient pottery shards have been discovered in the

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on 21 April was considered to commemorate the anniversary of the city's founding during the

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BC. The combination of the hilltop settlements into a single polity by the later 8th century

3279:. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 7 Pt. 2 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2367:, pp. 138–139, on Livy, notes how he distinguishes between literal truth and a Roman " 6055: 5857: 5750: 5673: 5543: 5538: 5442: 5422: 5063: 4875: 4855: 4815: 4750: 4700: 4695: 4570: 4520: 4428: 4262: 4242: 4162: 3611: 3436: 3187:. Collection Latomus volume 323. Vol. 15. Brussels: Éditions Latomus. pp. 5–48. 1235: 1129: 1090: 1038:

121. The association with Romulus may have arisen from the twins' supposed foster parents

1004: 992: 457: 397: 292: 268: 256: 168: 138: 101: 85: 37: 1338:, joining the two into a new group called the Latini; they then found a new city, called 304:

The conventional division of pre-Roman cultures in Italy deals with cultures which spoke

3169: 400:. Traces of occupation have been found in the general region – including 5880: 5761: 5688: 5518: 5498: 5462: 5118: 4760: 4495: 4443: 4415: 4362: 4347: 4327: 4142: 4117: 4074: 4064: 3890: 3864: 3794: 3779: 3744: 3704: 3465: 1851: 1416: 988: 863: 761: 736: 722: 608: 417: 389: 287: 252: 132: 97: 6049: 5975: 5837: 5745: 5739: 5620: 5417: 4650: 4620: 4535: 4069: 4046: 3859: 3714: 3699: 3646: 3453: 3152: 3107: 2964: 2905: 1400: 1392: 1366: 1264: 1207: 1180: 1153: 1114: 1043: 1027: 1015: 940: 873: 700: 620: 604: 544: 494: 490: 468: 437: 433: 349: 236: 216: 204: 153: 683:

were particularly influential. Some accounts further asserted that there had been a

17: 6036: 5955: 5847: 5827: 5508: 5457: 5128: 4988: 4433: 4382: 4337: 4332: 4184: 3994: 3880: 3824: 3819: 3709: 3591: 3475: 3409: 1652:, para "The Capitoline hill and the earliest settlement in Rome in the Bronze Age". 1251:

leader are common mythological elements across Eurasia and even into the Americas.

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13 and the Secular Games celebrated at Rome's 900th and 1000th anniversaries under

917: 913: 909: 660: 513: 445: 408: – going back to the 15th century BC. The area was home to the 405: 357: 317: 271: 220: 100:, with the area of Rome being settled by around 1600 BC. Some evidence on the 2421:, 1.85.1–3, Numitor sends the twins to found a city and gives them assistance; in 464:

and the marshes between them provided similarly defensible points for settlement.

3182: 5832: 5807: 5407: 4923: 4545: 4367: 4257: 3651: 1428: 1351: 1247: 1133: 1110: 1089:

the she-wolf suckling the twins; in the lower corners of the picture: river-god

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Grafton, A T; Swerdlow, N M (1986). "The Horoscope of the foundation of Rome".

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BC. Romulus was later chronologically connected to Aeneas and the time of the

648: 644: 504:, graves started to be placed into the ground. Other cemeteries appear on the 441: 429: 160: 128: 116: 3136: 3091: 2948: 2884: 2020: 1101:

In the best known form of the legend, Romulus and Remus are the grandsons of

316:, are Indo-European and were spoken, according to inscriptions, in the lower 267:

BC date that continues to form the basis for most modern calculations of the

6000: 5985: 5960: 5930: 5900: 5568: 5402: 5178: 5173: 5133: 5058: 5028: 5008: 4885: 4825: 4735: 4685: 4680: 4605: 4565: 4453: 4423: 4232: 4107: 3900: 3784: 3759: 3638: 3248: 3043: 3016: 1271: 1220: 1192: 1149: 1039: 714: 656: 505: 486: 192: 5875: 1318:

In Livy's first book he recounts how Aeneas, a demigod of the Trojan royal

49:, the most famous image associated with the founding of Rome. According to 2145: 695:– rather than reflecting a historical figure. Some scholars, particularly 6015: 6010: 6005: 5990: 5970: 5802: 5797: 5588: 5548: 5437: 5138: 5123: 5113: 5098: 5013: 5003: 4973: 4963: 4958: 4948: 4850: 4765: 4645: 4630: 4560: 4540: 4530: 4525: 4505: 4304: 3885: 3849: 3739: 3666: 3498: 2974:"On the Banks of the Tiber: Opportunity and Transformation in Early Rome" 1464: 1436: 1374: 1339: 1319: 1311:. For this, they fabricated a story of Aeneas's son founding the city of 1239: 1211: 1145: 1023: 976: 936: 853: 823: 639:

BC. Important aspects of the myth concerned Romulus's murder of his twin

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A Critical History of Early Rome: from Prehistory to the First Punic War

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to 1184–83 BC; these dates are attested as early as the 4th century

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Greek and Roman chronology: calendars and years in classical antiquity

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their own early mythologies by rationalising myths and legends of the

999:, meanwhile, used dates computed from a foundation a year later in 752 5630: 5558: 5168: 5048: 4978: 4918: 4913: 4880: 4640: 4625: 4575: 4555: 3977: 3854: 3749: 1432: 1388: 1354:

and its environs. His son Ascanius then founds the legendary city of

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and establishing a dynasty there, which eventually produced Romulus.

1281: 1276: 1172: 952: 895: 776: 679: 674: 652: 560: 244: 164: 1664:, para "The early Iron Age and the occupation of the Palatine hill". 623:, the usual Roman origin myth held that their city was founded by a 3178: 3128: 2940: 1906:, pp. 71, 95 ("unlike the fictional 'Romulus', or 'Mr Rome'"). 6020: 5980: 5965: 5915: 5890: 5870: 5635: 5610: 5593: 5427: 4953: 4675: 4402: 3694: 1855: 1440: 1347: 1290: 1270: 1258: 1105:, the king of Alba Longa. After Numitor is deposed by his brother 1060: 1031: 964: 640: 598: 524: 372: 333: 313: 291: 260: 176: 56: 31: 894:

While the Romans believed that their city had been founded by an

607:

has found the foundations of a hut believed to correspond to the

5995: 5895: 5163: 4730: 4670: 4252: 3628: 3337: 2162:, p. 20. "first year of the seventh Olympiad, 751 BC". 1399:

The introduction of Aeneas follows a trend across Italy towards

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reflecting the reality of Latium being a mixing ground between

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The Seven Hills of Rome: A Geological Tour of the Eternal City

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depicting Aeneas fleeing from Troy. Aeneas carries his father.

3206:(1st Harvard ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 586: 2488:, 1.8.1, 1.8.6, 2.1.4 the city is made of only refugees; in 219:

and that aspect of the holiday grew in importance under the

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Archaeological evidence and mythical tale for Rome's origins

1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1018:, the founding had also become closely associated with the 615:, which the Romans themselves preserved into late antiquity 448:

had not yet formed, one of the river's major fords between

3341: 2832: 2830: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1285:. The epic poem was written in the early first century BC. 392:, but the dense layer of much younger debris obscures any 444:

of the Tiber with shallow and slow-flowing water even if

1974: 1972: 1540: 1538: 1536: 2776:, p. 137 instead has "at least twenty-five". 2633: 2631: 2629: 2395: 2393: 2234: 2232: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1746: 1744: 296:

Western Europe during its Middle Bronze Age, with the

61:

Romulus and Remus on the House of the She-wolf at the

3204:

The Rise of Rome: from the Iron Age to the Punic Wars

1523: 1521: 1519: 365:

separated communities; over time, they would unify.

247:) and the adjacent year of 752 BC (used by the 223:

until it was fully transformed into the Romaea in AD

5856: 5788: 5712: 5644: 5485: 5373: 5187: 5081: 4894: 4486: 4479: 4401: 4313: 4218: 4093: 4045: 3923: 3873: 3812: 3803: 3685: 3637: 3557: 3474: 3435: 3179:"Timaeus of Tauromenium and Early Roman Chronology" 2894:"Rome, City of: 1. Prehistoric (Earliest remains)" 1117:, she becomes pregnant – allegedly 3260:(in Swedish) (2nd ed.). Bokförlaget Prisma. 2869:(1st ed.). New York: Liveright Publishing. 2489: 2450: 2425:, 1.6–7 the twins do so on their own initiative. 2415: 2277: 2254: 655:, himself supposedly descended from the goddess 199:, and restoring Alba Longa to their grandfather 2336: 2113: 1326:, leaves Troy after its destruction during the 577: 195:, taking revenge on their usurping great-uncle 2972:Brock, Andrea L; et al. (November 2021). 959:121, the official date seems to have used the 5351: 3394: 3184:Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History 2984:: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–30. 1604: 704:with certainty from scientific excavations. 211:discussed and celebrated in Roman times. The 8: 5453:Arruns Tarquinius (son of Tarquin the Proud) 3028:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1625: 1408:prestige and claims to systematic validity. 1195:began to resist excesses by the upper-class 127:BC was probably influenced by the trend for 111:and the nearby valley that later housed the 3349:. Translated by Roberts, Canon – via 1717: 1373:(originally hailing also from Arcadia) and 1161: 748:Rome's foundation dates in ancient sources 651:, and that dynasty's supposed descent from 5358: 5344: 5336: 4483: 3809: 3441: 3401: 3387: 3379: 2604: 2187: 1990: 1963: 1951: 1891: 1791: 1713: 1510: 1487: 356:on the Italian peninsula, from across the 3294:Momigliano, A. "The Origins of Rome". In 3164:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2848: 2836: 2821: 1183:and some others attribute the aspects of 1046:, who initially raised them as shepherds. 476:from 1350–1120 BC. Some 13th century 3304: 3295: 2809: 2785: 2761: 2725: 2580: 2504: 2465: 2348: 2328: 2269: 2250: 2199: 2096: 1819: 1807: 1795: 1661: 1649: 1132:on the slopes of the Palatine or in the 746: 3275:Walbank, FW; et al., eds. (1989). 2797: 2749: 2737: 2713: 2701: 2689: 2677: 2661: 2649: 2592: 2568: 2556: 2540: 2528: 2516: 2332: 2316: 2304: 2223: 2171: 2092: 1939: 1915: 1879: 1847: 1823: 1689: 1580: 1568: 1556: 1544: 1480: 416:before the advent of the more regional 2211: 2183: 2159: 2080: 2068: 2045: 1978: 460:along the river and at its mouth. The 3366:Lendering, Jona (1 September 2020) . 2773: 2665: 2637: 2616: 2481: 2446: 2434: 2411: 2399: 2384: 2372: 2364: 2352: 2292: 2273: 2238: 1927: 1903: 1835: 1779: 1762: 1750: 1735: 1701: 1685: 1673: 1637: 1592: 1527: 1342:. After a series of wars against the 643:, the brothers' descent from the god 529:Model of archaic Rome, 6th century BC 324:speakers were concentrated in modern 308:and non-Indo-European languages. The 7: 3233:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 1148:and then discovered by the shepherd 663:. The accounts in the first book of 595:Ancient tradition and founding myths 521:Eighth and seventh centuries BC 191:before being raised by the shepherd 141:held that their city was founded by 6066:8th century BC in the Roman Kingdom 2892:Bettelli, Marco (26 October 2012). 2005:"The foundation legends in Vergil" 1069:depicting the foundation of Rome. 971:BC, placing Rome's founding in 753 635:(21 April) in some year around 750 25: 2543:, pp. 63, 413 n. 45, citing 2449:, p. 148 n. 17, noting that 1160:, also known in Latin slang as a 1152:and taken in by him and his wife 725:. It also served as a measure of 348:dialects, with a late arrival of 6031: 5780:English words of Etruscan origin 5654:Battle of Alalia (540 BC–535 BC) 5476: 2906:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah16123 2620: 2485: 2422: 1867: 1491: 1443:, was the one who founded Rome. 6061:Creation myths involving wolves 5733:Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum 5534:Etruscan names for Greek heroes 3231:Livy: Reconstructing Early Rome 3160:Heiken, G; et al. (2005). 2898:Encyclopedia of Ancient History 2867:SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome 1263:Eighteenth century painting by 691:as "Mr Rome" by the classicist 549:(the official residence of the 328:with a similar language called 5694:Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC) 5669:Battle of the Cremera (477 BC) 2130:. München: Beck. p. 252. 336:(the foothills of the eastern 263:'s calculations, it is the 753 1: 3344:From the Founding of the City 2126:Samuel, Alan Edouard (1972). 2053: 1451:Another story, attributed to 1305: 899: 789: 781: 766: 498: 105: 5699:Battle of Populonia (282 BC) 5524:Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum 3973:Frontiers and fortifications 3303:Drummond, A. "Appendix". In 1242:in 269 BC. In his 1995 175:river, Romulus and his twin 53:, it was erected in 296 BC. 5684:Capture of Fidenae (435 BC) 4032:Decorations and punishments 3055:. Oxford University Press. 3051:Goldberg, Sander M (1995). 2923:Bickerman, Elias J (1952). 2337:Grafton & Swerdlow 1985 2114:Grafton & Swerdlow 1985 1231:as comonarch with Romulus. 1223:to abduct the women of the 1077:descending from the sky to 743:Chronological disagreements 259:). Despite known errors in 104:possibly dates as early as 6117: 6101:She-wolf (Roman mythology) 5689:Battle of Veii (c. 396 BC) 5679:Battle of Fidenae (437 BC) 5605:Sarcophagus of the Spouses 5448:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 4939:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 3514:historiography of the fall 3324:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 3277:The Rise of Rome to 220 BC 3256:Nilsson, Martin P (1964). 3177:Koptev, Aleksandr (2010). 1457:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 1191:, when Rome's lower-class 1054: 844:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 281: 6029: 5626:Tomb of the Roaring Lions 5474: 5468:Titus Vestricius Spurinna 5433:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 5320:External wars and battles 3444: 3417: 3181:. In Deroux, Carl (ed.). 3084:10.1017/S0009838800040295 2990:10.1017/S0075435821000344 2003:Brinkman, John A (1958). 1350:, the Latins conquer the 1334:and marries his daughter 1204:ritualistically ploughing 814:757, 753, or 751 BC 414:Proto-Villanovan cultures 251:and the Secular Games of 5823:National Etruscan Museum 5674:Battle of Cumae (474 BC) 2978:Journal of Roman Studies 2800:, pp. 264–265, 272. 2484:, p. 147 n. 16: in 2414:, p. 147 n. 15: in 659:and the royal family of 647:and the royal family of 231:'s 753 BC (used by 131:formation emerging from 5843:Tumulus of Montefortini 5315:Roman–Iranian relations 3790:Optimates and populares 3202:Lomas, Kathryn (2018). 3053:Epic in Republican Rome 3024:Forsythe, Gary (2005). 1208:generally square course 1073:riding in his chariot; 967:in the late 1st century 587: 369:Archaeological evidence 5664:Siege of Rome (508 BC) 5659:Siege of Rome (509 BC) 5325:Civil wars and revolts 4591:Sextus Pompeius Festus 4238:Conflict of the Orders 3597:Legislative assemblies 3368:"Varronian Chronology" 3229:Miles, Gary B (1995). 2999:The Beginnings of Rome 1718: 1286: 1268: 1189:Conflict of the Orders 1187:to the 4th-century BC 1162: 1113:is forced to become a 1098: 616: 582: 530: 385: 301: 90:Prehistoric habitation 69: 54: 5574:Monterozzi necropolis 5367:Etruscan civilization 5034:Simplicius of Cilicia 4786:Quintus Curtius Rufus 4015:Siege in Ancient Rome 3624:Executive magistrates 3001:. London: Routledge. 2997:Cornell, Tim (1995). 2619:, p. 47, citing 1490:, p. 57, citing 1274: 1262: 1064: 602: 528: 383:Etruscan civilization 376: 295: 282:Further information: 159:, fallen princess of 60: 35: 6071:Ancient city of Rome 5906:Civita di Bagnoregio 5579:Mythological figures 5044:Stephanus Byzantinus 4949:Eusebius of Caesaria 4811:Sidonius Apollinaris 4501:Ammianus Marcellinus 3840:Tribune of the plebs 2865:Beard, Mary (2015). 1453:Hellanicus of Lesbos 1295:Hellanicus of Lesbos 1081:lying in the grass; 377:Funerary urn of the 332:spoken on the upper 229:Varronian chronology 18:The founding of Rome 5775:Tyrsenian languages 5704:Roman-Etruscan Wars 5616:Terracotta warriors 5220:Distinguished women 4871:Velleius Paterculus 4711:Nicolaus Damascenus 4691:Marcellus Empiricus 4080:Republican currency 3170:2005shrg.book.....H 3117:Classical Philology 3072:Classical Quarterly 2929:Classical Philology 2116:, pp. 456–458. 2057: 1100 BC 1826:, pp. 102–103. 1722:should in Oscan be 1427:By the time of the 1309: 1100 BC 930:line of Alban kings 785: 1100 BC 770: 1100 BC 749: 723:Greek civilizations 404:and the coast near 109: 1700 BC 96:occurred by 48,000 41:, sculpture of the 6081:Etruscan mythology 5818:Monteleone Chariot 5769:Tabula Cortonensis 5549:Haruspex/Extispicy 5388:Villanovan culture 4994:Phlegon of Tralles 4801:Seneca the Younger 4275:Naming conventions 4005:Personal equipment 3538:Later Roman Empire 3307:, pp. 625–44. 3298:, pp. 52–112. 2925:"Origines Gentium" 1605:Heiken et al. 2005 1391:was placed in the 1299:Damastes of Sigeum 1287: 1275:Aeneas's route in 1269: 1244:Beginnings of Rome 1240:first silver coins 1099: 1093:and water-goddess 793: 884 BC 747: 631:on the day of the 617: 603:Excavation on the 531: 502: 900 BC 483:Capitoline Museums 386: 379:Villanovan culture 302: 284:Villanovan culture 163:and descendant of 70: 55: 45:feeding the twins 6096:Romulus and Remus 6043: 6042: 5813:Impasto (pottery) 5564:Liver of Piacenza 5514:Chimera of Arezzo 5333: 5332: 5295:Pontifices maximi 5077: 5076: 4934:Diogenes Laërtius 4756:Pliny the Younger 4511:Asconius Pedianus 4471:Romance languages 4343:Civil engineering 4085:Imperial currency 3958:Political control 3919: 3918: 3553: 3552: 3329:Roman Antiquities 3213:978-0-674-65965-0 3194:978-2-87031-264-3 3062:978-0-19-509372-8 3035:978-0-520-94029-1 2980:. Vol. 111. 2876:978-0-87140-423-7 2824:, pp. 66–67. 2788:, pp. 50–51. 2764:, pp. 93–94. 2652:, pp. 37–38. 2571:, pp. 64–65. 2559:, pp. 63–64. 2531:, pp. 62–63. 2519:, pp. 60–61. 2295:, pp. 36–37. 2150:See Olympiad 6.4. 2009:Classical Journal 1918:, pp. 70–71. 1798:, pp. 92–93. 1738:, pp. 41–42. 1626:Brock et al. 2021 1559:, pp. 41–42. 1445:Martin P. Nilsson 1109:and his daughter 1057:Romulus and Remus 1051:Romulus and Remus 1020:Parilian Festival 928:by introducing a 896:eponymous founder 892: 891: 884:Cincius Alimentus 753:Ancient historian 557:Jupiter Feretrius 94:Italian Peninsula 47:Romulus and Remus 16:(Redirected from 6108: 6035: 5756:Lemnian language 5727:Cippus Perusinus 5646:Military history 5480: 5398:Founding of Rome 5393:Padanian Etruria 5360: 5353: 5346: 5337: 5285:Magistri equitum 5200:Cities and towns 5193: 5119:Constantinopolis 4929:Diodorus Siculus 4861:Valerius Maximus 4796:Seneca the Elder 4716:Nonius Marcellus 4484: 4037:Hippika gymnasia 4000:Infantry tactics 3906:Consular tribune 3896:Magister equitum 3845:Military tribune 3810: 3770:Pontifex maximus 3765:Princeps senatus 3755:Magister militum 3521:Byzantine Empire 3442: 3403: 3396: 3389: 3380: 3375: 3354: 3348: 3333: 3308: 3299: 3290: 3271: 3252: 3225: 3198: 3173: 3156: 3111: 3066: 3047: 3020: 2993: 2968: 2919: 2888: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2624: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2479: 2473: 2463: 2457: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2362: 2356: 2346: 2340: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2267: 2261: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2149: 2123: 2117: 2106: 2100: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2043: 2037: 2035: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1799: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1766: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1635: 1629: 1623: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1566: 1560: 1554: 1548: 1542: 1531: 1525: 1514: 1508: 1495: 1485: 1405:Greek Heroic Age 1396: 1322:and the goddess 1310: 1307: 1165: 1047: 1037: 1002: 996: 986: 974: 970: 958: 946: 923: 907: 904: 901: 834:Fasti Capitolini 794: 791: 786: 783: 771: 768: 750: 734: 727:societal control 697:Andrea Carandini 638: 633:Parilia Festival 590: 552:pontifex maximus 503: 500: 479: 312:, which include 310:Italic languages 298:Apennine Culture 278:Cultural context 266: 226: 213:Parilia Festival 126: 122: 119:by at least 1000 115:had a developed 110: 107: 82:Final Bronze Age 78:hilltop villages 74:founding of Rome 21: 6116: 6115: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6105: 6091:Roman mythology 6046: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6025: 5852: 5784: 5751:Raetic language 5708: 5640: 5544:Fanum Voltumnae 5539:Tiburtine Sibyl 5529:Etruscan League 5481: 5472: 5443:Servius Tullius 5423:Caelius Vibenna 5369: 5364: 5334: 5329: 5191: 5189: 5183: 5073: 4909:Aëtius of Amida 4890: 4876:Verrius Flaccus 4856:Valerius Antias 4816:Silius Italicus 4751:Pliny the Elder 4696:Marcus Aurelius 4571:Cornelius Nepos 4521:Aurelius Victor 4475: 4397: 4309: 4243:Secessio plebis 4214: 4089: 4041: 3915: 3869: 3799: 3681: 3633: 3549: 3470: 3431: 3413: 3407: 3365: 3362: 3357: 3336: 3322: 3318: 3316:Ancient sources 3313: 3302: 3293: 3287: 3274: 3268: 3255: 3241: 3228: 3214: 3201: 3195: 3176: 3159: 3114: 3069: 3063: 3050: 3036: 3023: 3009: 2996: 2971: 2922: 2916: 2891: 2877: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2660: 2656: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2627: 2615: 2611: 2605:Momigliano 1989 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2480: 2476: 2464: 2460: 2445: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2410: 2406: 2398: 2391: 2383: 2379: 2363: 2359: 2347: 2343: 2335:, p. 402; 2331:, p. 279; 2327: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2268: 2264: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2230: 2222: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2198: 2194: 2188:Momigliano 1989 2182: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2138: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2107: 2103: 2091: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2063: 2056: 2044: 2040: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1991:Momigliano 1989 1989: 1985: 1977: 1970: 1964:Momigliano 1989 1962: 1958: 1952:Momigliano 1989 1950: 1946: 1938: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1902: 1898: 1892:Momigliano 1989 1890: 1886: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1862: 1846: 1842: 1834: 1830: 1818: 1814: 1806: 1802: 1792:Momigliano 1989 1790: 1786: 1778: 1769: 1761: 1757: 1749: 1742: 1734: 1730: 1714:Momigliano 1989 1712: 1708: 1700: 1696: 1684: 1680: 1672: 1668: 1660: 1656: 1648: 1644: 1636: 1632: 1624: 1611: 1603: 1599: 1591: 1587: 1579: 1575: 1567: 1563: 1555: 1551: 1543: 1534: 1526: 1517: 1511:Momigliano 1989 1509: 1498: 1488:Momigliano 1989 1486: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1425: 1378: 1308: 1257: 1236:Capitoline Wolf 1216:its first walls 1212:future boundary 1202:Romulus, after 1136:, but they are 1059: 1053: 1035: 1013: 1000: 994: 984: 972: 968: 963:established by 956: 944: 921: 905: 902: 888:729–28 BC 878:748–47 BC 858:751–50 BC 848:752–51 BC 838:753–52 BC 828:754–53 BC 810:Calpurnius Piso 804:814–13 BC 792: 788: 784: 769: 745: 712: 685:Mycenaean Greek 670:History of Rome 636: 597: 523: 501: 477: 458:salt production 426: 398:Neolithic sites 381:, precursor to 371: 290: 280: 264: 224: 124: 120: 108: 102:Capitoline Hill 38:Capitoline Wolf 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6114: 6112: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6048: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5862: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5794: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5765: 5762:Tabula Capuana 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5736: 5729: 5724: 5718: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5650: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5499:Apollo of Veii 5495: 5493: 5483: 5482: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5463:Lars Tolumnius 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5379: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5340: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5196: 5194: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4900: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4761:Pomponius Mela 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4496:Aelius Donatus 4492: 4490: 4481: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4464:Ecclesiastical 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4418: 4413: 4407: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4319: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4224: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4205:Toys and games 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4099: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4051: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3987: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3929: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3816: 3814: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3745:Vigintisexviri 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3705:Cursus honorum 3702: 3697: 3691: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3643: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3563: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3518: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3504:Western Empire 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3480: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3468: 3463: 3462: 3461: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3429: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3398: 3391: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3361: 3360:External links 3358: 3356: 3355: 3334: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3311: 3310: 3309: 3305:CAH 7.2 (1989) 3300: 3296:CAH 7.2 (1989) 3285: 3272: 3266: 3253: 3239: 3226: 3212: 3199: 3193: 3174: 3157: 3129:10.1086/366976 3123:(2): 148–153. 3112: 3078:(2): 454–465. 3067: 3061: 3048: 3034: 3021: 3007: 2994: 2969: 2941:10.1086/363470 2920: 2914: 2889: 2875: 2861: 2859: 2858:Modern sources 2856: 2854: 2853: 2849:Bickerman 1952 2841: 2837:Bickerman 1952 2826: 2822:Bickerman 1952 2814: 2802: 2790: 2778: 2766: 2754: 2742: 2730: 2718: 2706: 2694: 2682: 2670: 2664:, p. 38; 2654: 2642: 2625: 2609: 2597: 2585: 2573: 2561: 2549: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2474: 2458: 2439: 2427: 2404: 2389: 2387:, p. 142. 2377: 2375:, p. 142. 2369:right to claim 2357: 2351:, p. 94; 2341: 2321: 2309: 2297: 2285: 2276:, p. 50; 2272:, p. 94; 2262: 2243: 2228: 2216: 2204: 2202:, p. 626. 2192: 2186:, p. 17; 2176: 2174:, p. 401. 2164: 2152: 2136: 2118: 2101: 2095:, p. 72; 2085: 2073: 2061: 2052:, which imply 2038: 1995: 1983: 1968: 1956: 1944: 1932: 1920: 1908: 1896: 1884: 1872: 1860: 1840: 1828: 1822:, p. 92; 1812: 1800: 1794:, p. 53; 1784: 1767: 1755: 1740: 1728: 1706: 1694: 1688:, p. 40; 1678: 1666: 1654: 1642: 1630: 1609: 1597: 1585: 1573: 1561: 1549: 1532: 1515: 1496: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1424: 1421: 1417:Cato the Elder 1395:by the Romans. 1256: 1253: 1210:of the city's 1130:be left to die 1065:A fresco from 1055:Main article: 1052: 1049: 989:Antoninus Pius 890: 889: 886: 880: 879: 876: 870: 869: 866: 864:Cato the Elder 860: 859: 856: 850: 849: 846: 840: 839: 836: 830: 829: 826: 816: 815: 812: 806: 805: 802: 796: 795: 779: 773: 772: 764: 762:Gnaeus Naevius 758: 757: 756:Founding year 754: 744: 741: 737:Hut of Romulus 596: 593: 522: 519: 425: 422: 418:Latial culture 370: 367: 288:Latial culture 279: 276: 253:Antoninus Pius 165:Aeneas of Troy 133:ancient Greece 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6113: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6076:City founding 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5976:San Giovenale 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5838:Tomb of Orcus 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5770: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5746:Pyrgi Tablets 5744: 5742: 5741: 5740:Liber Linteus 5737: 5735: 5734: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5621:Titus Larcius 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5418:Aulus Vibenna 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5361: 5356: 5354: 5349: 5347: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5186: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4651:Julius Paulus 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4586:Fabius Pictor 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4469: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4323:Amphitheatres 4321: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4060:Deforestation 4058: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4010:Siege engines 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3943:Establishment 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3874:Extraordinary 3872: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3860:Promagistrate 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3647:Twelve Tables 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3419: 3416: 3411: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3392: 3390: 3385: 3384: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3315: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3291: 3288: 3286:0-521-23446-8 3282: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3267:91-7297-627-6 3263: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3240:0-8014-3060-7 3236: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3186: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3008:0-415-01596-0 3004: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2915:9781405179355 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2862: 2857: 2851:, p. 69. 2850: 2845: 2842: 2839:, p. 67. 2838: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2815: 2812:, p. 94. 2811: 2810:Forsythe 2005 2806: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2786:Goldberg 1995 2782: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2762:Forsythe 2005 2758: 2755: 2752:, p. 65. 2751: 2746: 2743: 2740:, p. 37. 2739: 2734: 2731: 2728:, p. 93. 2727: 2726:Forsythe 2005 2722: 2719: 2716:, p. 40. 2715: 2710: 2707: 2704:, p. 39. 2703: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2671: 2668:, p. 47. 2667: 2663: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2643: 2640:, p. 47. 2639: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2581:Forsythe 2005 2577: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2505:Forsythe 2005 2501: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2466:Forsythe 2005 2462: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2448: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2402:, p. 45. 2401: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2358: 2355:, p. 50. 2354: 2350: 2349:Forsythe 2005 2345: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2329:Forsythe 2005 2325: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2281: 2275: 2271: 2270:Forsythe 2005 2266: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2252: 2251:Forsythe 2005 2247: 2244: 2241:, p. 50. 2240: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2226:, p. 72. 2225: 2220: 2217: 2214:, p. 17. 2213: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2200:Drummond 1989 2196: 2193: 2190:, p. 82. 2189: 2185: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2153: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2137:3-406-03348-2 2133: 2129: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2105: 2102: 2099:, p. 94. 2098: 2097:Forsythe 2005 2094: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2062: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1984: 1981:, p. 20. 1980: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1966:, p. 67. 1965: 1960: 1957: 1954:, p. 83. 1953: 1948: 1945: 1942:, p. 60. 1941: 1936: 1933: 1930:, p. 36. 1929: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1897: 1894:, p. 54. 1893: 1888: 1885: 1882:, p. 70. 1881: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1841: 1838:, p. 35. 1837: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820:Forsythe 2005 1816: 1813: 1810:, p. 88. 1809: 1808:Forsythe 2005 1804: 1801: 1797: 1796:Forsythe 2005 1793: 1788: 1785: 1782:, p. 44. 1781: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1765:, p. 43. 1764: 1759: 1756: 1753:, p. 42. 1752: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1707: 1704:, p. 41. 1703: 1698: 1695: 1692:, p. 57. 1691: 1687: 1682: 1679: 1676:, p. 39. 1675: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1662:Bettelli 2012 1658: 1655: 1651: 1650:Bettelli 2012 1646: 1643: 1640:, p. 37. 1639: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1598: 1595:, p. 17. 1594: 1589: 1586: 1583:, p. 44. 1582: 1577: 1574: 1571:, p. 43. 1570: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1550: 1547:, p. 48. 1546: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1530:, p. 38. 1529: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1513:, p. 53. 1512: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1394: 1393:Forum Boarium 1390: 1386: 1382: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1367:Palatine hill 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1266: 1265:Pompeo Batoni 1261: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1177:ritual furrow 1174: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1154:Acca Larentia 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1115:Vestal virgin 1112: 1108: 1104: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1044:Acca Larentia 1041: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1016:late Republic 1011: 1009: 1006: 998: 990: 983:running to AD 982: 978: 966: 962: 954: 950: 942: 941:Secular Games 938: 933: 931: 927: 919: 915: 911: 897: 887: 885: 882: 881: 877: 875: 874:Fabius Pictor 872: 871: 867: 865: 862: 861: 857: 855: 852: 851: 847: 845: 842: 841: 837: 835: 832: 831: 827: 825: 821: 818: 817: 813: 811: 808: 807: 803: 801: 798: 797: 780: 778: 775: 774: 765: 763: 760: 759: 755: 752: 751: 742: 740: 738: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 710: 705: 702: 701:Roman Kingdom 698: 694: 688: 686: 682: 681: 676: 672: 671: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 634: 630: 626: 622: 621:late Republic 614: 610: 606: 605:Palatine Hill 601: 594: 592: 589: 581: 576: 574: 568: 566: 562: 558: 554: 553: 548: 547: 546:domus publica 542: 541: 535: 527: 520: 518: 515: 514:Viminal Hills 511: 507: 496: 492: 488: 484: 475: 470: 469:Forum Boarium 465: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 438:Aventine Hill 436:north of the 435: 434:Forum Boarium 431: 423: 421: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 384: 380: 375: 368: 366: 362: 359: 355: 351: 347: 341: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 306:Indo-European 299: 294: 289: 285: 277: 275: 273: 270: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 237:Secular Games 234: 230: 222: 218: 217:late Republic 214: 208: 206: 205:Palatine Hill 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 155: 154:Vestal virgin 151: 148: 145:, son of the 144: 140: 136: 134: 130: 118: 114: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 68: 64: 59: 52: 48: 44: 40: 39: 34: 30: 19: 6086:Origin myths 5956:Poggio Colla 5848:Vicus Tuscus 5828:Negau helmet 5767: 5760: 5738: 5731: 5603: 5504:Architecture 5458:Lars Porsena 5397: 5265:Institutions 5129:Leptis Magna 5082:Major cities 4989:Philostratus 4776:Quadrigarius 4596:Rufus Festus 4459:Contemporary 4180:Romanization 4103:Architecture 3710:Collegiality 3559:Constitution 3448: 3410:Ancient Rome 3371: 3343: 3328: 3326:(1937–50) . 3276: 3257: 3230: 3203: 3183: 3161: 3120: 3116: 3075: 3071: 3052: 3025: 2998: 2977: 2935:(2): 65–81. 2932: 2928: 2897: 2866: 2844: 2817: 2805: 2798:Nilsson 1964 2793: 2781: 2769: 2757: 2750:Cornell 1995 2745: 2738:Cornell 1995 2733: 2721: 2714:Cornell 1995 2709: 2702:Cornell 1995 2697: 2690:Cornell 1995 2685: 2678:Cornell 1995 2673: 2662:Cornell 1995 2657: 2650:Cornell 1995 2645: 2612: 2600: 2593:Cornell 1995 2588: 2576: 2569:Cornell 1995 2564: 2557:Cornell 1995 2552: 2544: 2541:Cornell 1995 2536: 2529:Cornell 1995 2524: 2517:Cornell 1995 2512: 2500: 2491: 2477: 2461: 2452: 2442: 2430: 2417: 2407: 2380: 2368: 2360: 2344: 2333:Cornell 1995 2324: 2317:Cornell 1995 2312: 2305:Cornell 1995 2300: 2288: 2279: 2265: 2256: 2246: 2224:Cornell 1995 2219: 2207: 2195: 2179: 2172:Cornell 1995 2167: 2155: 2127: 2121: 2109: 2104: 2093:Cornell 1995 2088: 2076: 2064: 2041: 2032: 2015:(1): 25–33. 2012: 2008: 1998: 1986: 1959: 1947: 1940:Cornell 1995 1935: 1923: 1916:Cornell 1995 1911: 1899: 1887: 1880:Cornell 1995 1875: 1863: 1848:Cornell 1995 1843: 1831: 1824:Cornell 1995 1815: 1803: 1787: 1758: 1731: 1723: 1709: 1697: 1690:Cornell 1995 1681: 1669: 1657: 1645: 1633: 1600: 1588: 1581:Cornell 1995 1576: 1569:Cornell 1995 1564: 1557:Cornell 1995 1552: 1545:Cornell 1995 1483: 1461: 1450: 1426: 1410: 1398: 1360: 1317: 1303: 1288: 1280: 1243: 1233: 1229:Titus Tatius 1201: 1169: 1100: 1012: 1008:calendar era 934: 918:Eratosthenes 893: 868:751 BC 709:origin myths 707:The Romans' 706: 689: 678: 668: 618: 583: 578: 569: 550: 545: 538: 536: 532: 466: 446:Tiber Island 427: 394:Palaeolithic 387: 363: 346:Osco-Umbrian 342: 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4065:Commerce 3963:Strategy 3925:Military 3911:Triumvir 3891:Dictator 3886:Interrex 3865:Governor 3850:Quaestor 3813:Ordinary 3795:Province 3785:Tetrarch 3775:Augustus 3740:Vicarius 3730:Officium 3667:Imperium 3617:Plebeian 3577:Republic 3499:Dominate 3466:Republic 3427:Timeline 3249:31658236 3044:70728478 3017:31515793 2547:20.307f. 2339:, passim 2050:Camillus 1719:Quirinal 1465:Polybius 1437:Odysseus 1375:Hercules 1340:Lavinium 1320:Anchises 1173:auguries 1146:Lupercal 1142:she-wolf 977:Augustus 937:Claudius 854:Polybius 824:Plutarch 719:Apennine 715:Etruscan 573:pomerium 540:comitium 510:Quirinal 495:Aventine 491:Quirinal 454:Campania 410:Apennine 402:Lavinium 358:Adriatic 322:Etruscan 257:Philip I 233:Claudius 189:Lupercal 185:she-wolf 152:and the 86:Iron Age 67:Brussels 43:she-wolf 5951:Perusia 5946:Orvieto 5941:Norchia 5936:Fidenae 5926:Falerii 5921:Etruria 5911:Clusium 5886:Bologna 5881:Baratti 5584:Persius 5554:Jewelry 5491:society 5487:Culture 5413:Tarchon 5383:Origins 5375:History 5280:Legions 5240:Fiction 5210:Consuls 5205:Climate 5159:Ravenna 5154:Pompeii 5144:Lutetia 5109:Bononia 5104:Berytus 5094:Antioch 5069:Zosimus 5064:Zonaras 5039:Sozomen 5024:Priscus 4999:Photius 4841:Terence 4836:Tacitus 4821:Statius 4806:Servius 4791:Sallust 4746:Plautus 4726:Orosius 4706:Martial 4661:Juvenal 4636:Hyginus 4621:Gellius 4480:Writers 4411:History 4393:Thermae 4383:Temples 4333:Bridges 4300:Slavery 4248:Equites 4220:Society 4200:Theatre 4173:Deities 4133:Cuisine 4113:Bathing 4095:Culture 4070:Finance 4047:Economy 3938:Borders 3933:History 3835:Tribune 3830:Praetor 3720:Legatus 3715:Emperor 3602:Curiate 3572:Kingdom 3567:History 3543:History 3526:decline 3484:History 3454:Kingdom 3437:History 3422:Outline 3258:Olympen 3166:Bibcode 2470:nobiles 2029:3295326 1724:Pirinal 1371:Evander 1336:Lavinia 1332:Latinus 1225:Sabines 1181:Wiseman 1144:at the 1138:suckled 1123:war god 1121:by the 1107:Amulius 1103:Numitor 1095:Juturna 1083:Mercury 1067:Pompeii 1014:By the 949:Hadrian 800:Timaeus 673:and in 629:Romulus 619:By the 613:Romulus 565:Corinth 450:Etruria 326:Tuscany 300:in blue 241:Hadrian 201:Numitor 197:Amulius 187:at the 181:suckled 171:on the 169:Exposed 147:war god 143:Romulus 92:of the 6056:Wolves 6037:Portal 5876:Aleria 5631:Vegoia 5559:Lausus 5290:Nomina 5275:Legacy 5255:Gentes 5192:topics 5188:Lists 5169:Smyrna 5049:Strabo 4979:Lucian 4969:Julian 4919:Arrian 4914:Appian 4904:Aelian 4881:Vergil 4656:Justin 4641:Jerome 4626:Horace 4611:Fronto 4601:Florus 4576:Ennius 4556:Cicero 4536:Caesar 4434:Vulgar 4258:Tribes 4185:Romans 3995:Legion 3978:castra 3855:Aedile 3825:Censor 3820:Consul 3780:Caesar 3750:Lictor 3672:Status 3612:Tribal 3592:Senate 3582:Empire 3476:Empire 3412:topics 3346: 3283: 3264: 3247: 3237: 3220: 3210: 3191: 3151: 3145:269789 3143: 3135: 3106: 3100:639075 3098: 3090: 3059: 3042: 3032: 3015: 3005: 2963: 2957:267375 2955: 2947: 2912: 2883: 2873: 2623:, 1.1. 2146:415753 2144: 2134: 2108:Plut. 2027: 2019: 1389:Geryon 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