253:(1979). For Levinson, "a work of art is a thing intended for regard-as-a-work-of-art: regard in any of the ways works of art existing prior to it have been correctly regarded" (1979, p. 234). Levinson further clarifies that by "intends for" he means: "akes, appropriates or conceives for the purpose of'" (1979, p. 236). Some of these manners for regard (at around the present time) are: to be regarded with full attention, to be regarded contemplatively, to be regarded with special notice to appearance, to be regarded with "emotional openness" (1979, p. 237). If an object is not intended for regard in any of the established ways, then it is not art.
114:
because they make comments on art would be to classify a lot of dull and sometimes unintelligible magazine articles and newspaper reviews as artworks" (p. 25). This response has been widely considered inadequate (REF). It is either question-begging or it relies on an arbitrary distinction between artworks and commentaries on artworks. A great many art theorists today consider aesthetic definitions of art to be extensionally inadequate, primarily because of artworks in the style of
Duchamp.
413:
431:(1969), "It is self-evident that nothing concerning art is self-evident." Artists, philosophers, anthropologists, psychologists, and programmers all use the notion of art in their respective fields and give it operational definitions that vary considerably. Furthermore, it is clear that even the basic meaning of the term "art" has changed several times over the centuries, and has continued to evolve during the 20th century as well.
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610:, Tolstoy says that some feelings are good, but others are bad, and so art is only valuable when it generates empathy or shared feeling for good feelings. For example, Tolstoy asserts that empathy for decadent members of the ruling class makes society worse, rather than better. In chapter sixteen, he asserts that the best art is "universal art" that expresses simple and accessible positive feeling.
100:, 1982, 299). Painters arrange "conditions" in the paint/canvas medium, and dancers arrange the "conditions" of their bodily medium, for example. According to Beardsley's first disjunct, art has an intended aesthetic function, but not all artworks succeed in producing aesthetic experiences. The second disjunct allows for artworks that were intended to have this capacity, but failed at it (bad art).
275:
factual, but rather a decision problem, where the verdict turns on whether or not we enlarge our set of conditions for applying the concept" (p. 32). For Weitz, it is "the very expansive, adventurous character of art, its ever-present changes and novel creations", that makes the concept impossible to capture in a classical definition (as some static univocal essence).
89:" refers to a type of phenomenal experience, and aesthetic definitions identify artworks with artifacts intended to produce aesthetic experiences. Nature can be beautiful and it can produce aesthetic experiences, but nature does not possess the intentional function of producing those experiences. For such a function, an intention is necessary, and thus agency – the artist.
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498:, is that art is fundamentally a response to a metaphysical question ("Art", he writes, "is an 'anti-destiny'"). Malraux argues that, while art has sometimes been oriented toward beauty and the sublime (principally in post-Renaissance European art), these qualities, as the wider history of art demonstrates, are by no means essential to it.
246:, they must be similar or relate to previously established artworks. Such a definition raises the question of where this inherited status originated. That is why historical definitions of art must also include a disjunct for first art: Something is art if it possesses a historical relation to previous artworks, or is first art.
619:, proceeds that, if some external force presenting imminent destruction of Earth asked humanity what its value was—what should humanity's response be? The argument continues that the only justification humanity could give for its continued existence would be the past creation and continued creation of things like a
324:
p. 28). Neither of these criteria is necessary for art status, but both are parts of subsets of these ten criteria that are sufficient for art status. Gaut's definition also allows for many subsets with less than nine criteria to be sufficient for art status, which leads to a highly pluralistic theory of art.
274:
counterexamples, open concepts "call for some sort of decision on our part to extend the use of the concept to cover this, or to close the concept and invent a new one to deal with the new case and its new property" (p. 31 ital. in original). The question of whether a new artifact is art "is not
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irst, there is the insight that by creating certain nonaesthetic properties, certain aesthetic properties will be realized; second, there is the intention to realize the aesthetic properties in the nonaesthetic properties, as envisaged in the insight; and, third, there is the more or less successful
65:
lines, and a definition is an attempt to reach in and pluck out the essence of the concept and also assumes that at least some people have intellectual access to these concepts. In contrast, a 'conception' is an individual attempt to grasp at the putative essence behind this common term while nobody
605:
Tolstoy defined art as the following: "Art is a human activity consisting in this, that one man consciously, by means of certain external signs, hands on to others feelings he has lived through, and that other people are infected by these feelings and also experience them." However, this definition
359:
on the essence of modern technology and the implications it has on all beings that are reduced to what he calls 'standing reserve', and it is from this perspective on the question of being that he explored art beyond the history, theory, and criticism of artistic production as embodied for instance
95:
is commonly associated with aesthetic definitions of art. In
Beardsley's words, something is art just in case it is "either an arrangement of conditions intended to be capable of affording an experience with marked aesthetic character or (incidentally) an arrangement belonging to a class or type of
544:
Proceduralists often suggest that it is the process by which a work of art is created or viewed that makes it art, not any inherent feature of an object, or how well received it is by the institutions of the art world after its introduction to society at large. If a poet writes down several lines,
420:
Since art often depicts functional purposes and sometimes has no function other than to convey or communicate an idea, then how best to define the term "art" is a subject of constant contention; many books and journal articles have been published arguing over even the basics of what we mean by the
323:
Satisfying all ten criteria would be sufficient for art, as might any subset formed by nine criteria (this is a consequence of the fact that none of the ten properties is necessary). For example, consider two of Gaut's criteria: "possessing aesthetic merit" and "being expressive of emotion" (200,
283:
revived anti-essentialism in the philosophy of art with his paper '"Art" as a
Cluster Concept' (2000). Cluster concepts are composed of criteria that contribute to art status but are not individually necessary for art status. There is one exception: Artworks are created by agents, and so being an
339:
to define art without essentialism is ultimately circular because it does not explain why similarities between "art" across cultures are relevant to defining it even anti-essentially. Instead, Storm applied a theory of social kinds to the category "art" that emphasized how different forms of art
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famously argues that individually necessary and jointly sufficient conditions will never be forthcoming for the concept 'art' because it is an "open concept". Weitz describes open concepts as those whose "conditions of application are emendable and corrigible" (1956, p. 31). In the case of
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concerto. The suggestion is that these are the things of value that define humanity. Whatever one might think of this claim — and it does seem to undervalue the many other achievements of which human beings have shown themselves capable, both individually and collectively — it is true that art
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counterexample to aesthetic definitions of art. Such works are said to be counterexamples because they are artworks that do not possess an intended aesthetic function. Beardsley replies that either such works are not art or they are "comments on art" (1983): "To classify them as artworks just
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on the other hand saw the function of art in 1918 as the destruction of a mad social order. "We must sweep and clean. Affirm the cleanliness of the individual after the state of madness, aggressive complete madness of a world abandoned to the hands of bandits." Formal goals, creative goals,
132:
asserts that we should focus only on the formal properties of art—the "form", not the "content". Those formal properties might include, for the visual arts, color, shape, and line, and, for the musical arts, rhythm and harmony. Formalists do not deny that works of art might have content,
389:
In the creation of an artwork, the insight plays a causal role in bringing about actions sufficient for realizing particular aesthetic properties. Zangwill does not describe this relation in detail, but only says it is "because of" this insight that the aesthetic properties are created.
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argue that whether a piece counts as art depends on what function it plays in a particular context; the same Greek vase may play a nonartistic function in one context (carrying wine) and an artistic function in another context (helping us appreciate the beauty of the human figure).
438:". Here we mean that skill is being used to express the artist's creativity, engage the audience's aesthetic sensibilities, or draw the audience toward consideration of the "finer" things. Often, if the skill is being used in a functional object, people will consider it a
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appears to possess a special capacity to endure ("live on") beyond the moment of its birth, in many cases for centuries or millennia. This capacity of art to endure over time — what precisely it is and how it operates — has been widely neglected in modern aesthetics.
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A set theory of art has been underlined in according to the notion that everything is art. Here - higher than such states is proposed while lower than such states is developed for reference; thus showing that art theory is sprung up to guard against complacency.
335:. Specifically, he argued that most essentialist attempts to answer Weitz's original argument fail because the criteria they propose to define art are not themselves present or identical across cultures. Storm went further and argued that Weitz's appeal to
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intending them as a poem, the very procedure by which it is written makes it a poem. Whereas if a journalist writes exactly the same set of words, intending them as shorthand notes to help him write a longer article later, these would not be a poem.
1960:
513:). Another approach is to say that "art" is basically a sociological category, that whatever art schools, museums, and artists define as art is considered art regardless of formal definitions. This "institutional definition of art" (see also
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A set of this would be an eternal set incorporated in it a small circle; with a work of art-example given as
Aronsson's 'Universe Orange' (which consists of a starmap of the universe bylining a natural-sized physical orange).
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Aesthetic properties are instantiated by nonaesthetic properties that "include physical properties, such as shape and size, and secondary qualities, such as colours or sounds." (37) Zangwill says that aesthetic properties
60:
The motivation behind seeking a theory, rather than a definition, is that our best minds have not been able to find definitions without counterexamples. The term "definition" assumes there are concepts, in something along
589:, for instance, argued in 1960 that each artistic medium should seek that which makes it unique among the possible mediums and then purify itself of anything other than expression of its own uniqueness as a form. The
278:
While anti-essentialism was never formally defeated, it was challenged, and the debate over anti-essentialist theories was subsequently swept away by seemingly better essentialist definitions. Commenting after Weitz,
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A set of this would be a finite set legally interacting with other sets without losing its position as premier set (the whole); with a work of art-example given as a picture of the 'Orion Nebula' (Unknown Artist).
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A work of art in the classificatory sense is 1) an artifact 2) on which some person or persons acting on behalf of a certain social institution (the artworld) has conferred the status of candidate for appreciation.
485:
brought back "beauty" into consideration together with "expression". Another view, as important to the philosophy of art as "beauty", is that of the "sublime", elaborated upon in the twentieth century by the
606:
is merely a starting point for his theory of art's value. To some extent, the value of art, for
Tolstoy, is one with the value of empathy. However, sometimes empathy is not of value. In chapter fifteen of
446:
thinkers. Likewise, if the skill is being used in a commercial or industrial way, it may be considered design instead of art, or contrariwise, these may be defended as art forms, perhaps called
450:. Some thinkers, for instance, have argued that the difference between fine art and applied art has more to do with the actual function of the object than any clear definitional difference.
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on the nonaesthetic properties: it is because of the particular nonaesthetic properties it has that the work possesses certain aesthetic properties (and not the other way around).
2010:
473:, "Beauty had disappeared not only from the advanced art of the 1960s but from the advanced philosophy of art of that decade as well." Perhaps some notion like "expression" (in
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self-expression, political goals, spiritual goals, philosophical goals, and even more perceptual or aesthetic goals have all been popular pictures of what art should be like.
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Even as late as 1912, it was normal in the West to assume that all art aims at beauty, and thus that anything that was not trying to be beautiful could not count as art. The
69:
A theory of art presumes that each of us employs different conceptions of this unattainable art concept and as a result we must resort to worldly human investigation.
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as a theory of "how art comes to be produced" (p. 167) and an "artist-based" theory. Zangwill distinguishes three phases in the production of a work of art:
57:
that should be investigated like any other. The question of whether one can speak of a theory of art without employing a concept of art is also discussed below.
290:(i) possessing positive aesthetic qualities (I employ the notion of positive aesthetic qualities here in a narrow sense, comprising beauty and its subspecies);
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553:(1897) that what decides whether something is art is how it is experienced by its audience, not by the intention of its creator. Functionalists like
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A set example of this would be an eternal set large enough to incorporate everything; with a work of art-example given as Ben
Vautier's 'Universe'.
501:
Perhaps (as in
Kennick's theory) no definition of art is possible anymore. Perhaps art should be thought of as a cluster of related concepts in a
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To see something as art requires something the eye cannot decry—an atmosphere of artistic theory, a knowledge of the history of art: an artworld.
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Dickie has reformulated his theory in several books and articles. Other philosophers of art have criticized his definitions as being circular.
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A set of this would be an infinite set consisting of every parallel universe; with a work of art-example given as
Marvels 'Omniverse'.
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artifact is a necessary property for being an artwork. Gaut (2005) offers a set of ten criteria that contribute to art status:
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action of realizing the aesthetic properties in the nonaesthetic properties, an envisaged in the insight and intention. (45)
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representation, or narrative--rather, they deny that those things are relevant in our appreciation or understanding of art.
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struggled against this conception that beauty was central to the definition of art, with such success that, according to
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Many goals have been argued for art, and aestheticians often argue that some goal or another is superior in some way.
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defended anti-essentialist definitions of art as part of a broader analysis of the role of macro-categories in the
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The theory of art is also impacted by a philosophical turn in thinking, not only exemplified by the aesthetics of
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are composed of necessary and sufficient conditions, and a single counterexample overthrows such a definition.
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Some art theorists have proposed that the attempt to define art must be abandoned and have instead urged an
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hold that for something to be art, it must bear some relation to existing works of art. For new works to be
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215:(1974). An early version of Dickie's institutional theory can be summed up in the following definition of
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defines art in terms of social reproduction of the relations of production on the aesthetic level.
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541:), which then provided the association of these objects with the associations that define art.
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A set of this would be a shadow set (universe) much to the likelihood of a negative universe.
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Marxist attempts to define art focus on its place in the mode of production, such as in
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The
Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A-Z Vol. 2 Omniverse: A Glossary of Terms
311:(viii) being an artifact or performance that is the product of a high degree of skill;
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Everything that exists, have been existing, and will ever exist is art (Everything++)
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364:. This has had also an impact on architectural thinking in its philosophical roots.
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about art, on the other hand, is analogous to a theory of a natural phenomenon like
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A Philosophical
Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful
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The philosopher primarily associated with the historical definition of art is
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are in many ways the most intuitive theories of art. At its base, the term "
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Everything that can be created (without practical use) is art (Everything-)
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The main recent sense of the word "art" is roughly as an abbreviation for "
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Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art: The Analytic Tradition, An Anthology
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According to Robert J. Yanal, Danto's essay, in which he coined the term
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Versions of the institutional theory were formulated more explicitly by
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180:(a pile of Brillo carton replicas) is, the art critic and philosopher
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that holds that an object can only become art in the context of the
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Institutions of Art: Reconsiderations of George Dickie's Philosophy
494:. A further approach, elaborated by André Malraux in works such as
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317:(x) being the product of an intention to make a work of art. (274)
53:. In fact, the intent behind a theory of art is to treat art as a
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Aesthetics on the Edge: Where Philosophy Meets the Human Sciences
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arrangements that is typically intended to have this capacity" (
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Greg Currie, Matthew Kieran, Aaron Meskin, Jon Robson (eds.),
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An argument for the value of art, used in the fictional work
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instead of art, a suggestion that is highly disputed by many
537:(respectively) placed them in the context of art (i.e., the
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Art and the Human Adventure. André Malraux's Theory of Art
728:, "An Aesthetic Definition of Art," in Hugh Curtler (ed),
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Everything that can be experienced is art (Everything--)
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Theodore Gracyk, "Outline of Tolstoy's What Is Art?",
2011:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
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Theories of Art Today By Noël Carroll Arthur C. Danto
828:(1994). "Identifying Art". In Robert J. Yanal (ed.).
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Genius Loci, Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture
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314:(ix) belonging to an established artistic form; and
653:Everything and then some more is art (Everything+)
196:, outlined the first institutional theory of art.
481:theory) can replace the previous role of beauty.
302:(v) having a capacity to convey complex meanings;
160:Addressing the issue of what makes, for example,
308:(vii) being an exercise of creative imagination;
265:. In 'The Role of Theory in Aesthetics' (1956),
213:Art and the Aesthetic: An Institutional Analysis
732:(New York: Haven Publications, 1983), pp. 15-29
225:
186:
860:, University of Wisconsin Press, 2000, p. 107.
746:Philosophy of Art: A Contemporary Introduction
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963:, Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 123 n. 3.
172:cartons in a supermarket is not art, whereas
37:is intended to contrast with a definition of
19:Not to be confused with the Art Blakey album
8:
1941:The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons
984:
982:
305:(vi) exhibiting an individual point of view;
98:The aesthetic point of view: selected essays
1105:Clement Greenberg, "On Modernist Painting".
712:Peter Lamarque, Stein Haugom Olsen (eds.),
3961:
3952:
3935:
3631:
3338:
3110:
2747:
2688:
2677:
2226:
2215:
2199:
2185:
2177:
1223:
1209:
1201:
1055:, trans. Anna Bostock, Verso Books, 2003,
299:(iv) being formally complex and coherent;
894:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
883:
881:
879:
184:wrote in his 1964 essay "The Artworld":
703:, Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 85.
692:
477:theories) or "counter-environment" (in
296:(iii) being intellectually challenging;
856:Arthur C. Danto, George W. S. Bailey,
995:, Open Court Publishing, 2003, p. 17.
340:fulfill different "cultural niches."
7:
1148:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
16:Treating art as a natural phenomenon
1021:and the Philosophy of Expression,"
961:Aesthetics and the Sciences of Mind
891:Metamodernism: The Future of Theory
834:Pennsylvania State University Press
616:The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy
549:, on the other hand, claims in his
14:
976:, Cornell University Press, 1991.
408:Classificatory disputes about art
293:(ii) being expressive of emotion;
4256:
4255:
4242:
2159:
1008:, Temple University Press, 1992.
950:, Oxford University Press, 2007.
761:(October 1964). "The Artworld".
374:aesthetic-creation theory of art
205:American Philosophical Quarterly
145:is a theory about the nature of
888:Storm, Jason Josephson (2021).
716:, Wiley-Blackwell, 2018, p. 50.
355:in terms of the reflections of
263:anti-essentialist theory of art
203:in his article "Defining Art" (
1074:Art History and Class Struggle
1:
937:, Vol. 60, No. 1 (2015): 5-30
362:The Origin of the Work of Art
66:has "access" to the concept.
3728:Ordinary language philosophy
2071:Aestheticization of politics
347:but is tied more closely to
270:borderline cases of art and
3778:Contemporary utilitarianism
3693:Internalism and externalism
1094:Aesthetics & Alienation
1042:. (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2009)
801:Aesthetics, An Introduction
221:Aesthetics: An Introduction
209:Aesthetics: An Introduction
143:institutional theory of art
4319:
3042:Svatantrika and Prasangika
873:, Open Court, 2016, p. 56.
748:, Routledge, 2012, p. 148.
405:
240:Historical theories of art
121:
83:functional theories of art
25:
18:
4236:
3951:
3934:
3341:
2687:
2676:
2264:Philosophy of mathematics
2254:Philosophy of information
2225:
2214:
2139:
1173:Cambridge Scholars, 2013.
1017:Brian Massumi, "Deleuze,
921:(New York: Rizzoli, 1980)
517:) has been championed by
360:in his influential opus:
327:In 2021, the philosopher
4293:Concepts in epistemology
915:Christian Norberg-Schulz
869:Elizabeth Millán (ed.),
803:. Pegasus. p. 101.
581:What should art be like?
168:" art, or why a pile of
26:Not to be confused with
4298:Concepts in metaphysics
3733:Postanalytic philosophy
3674:Experimental philosophy
2091:Evolutionary aesthetics
2041:The Aesthetic Dimension
935:Studia UBB. Philosophia
372:Zangwill describes the
130:formalist theory of art
4303:Theories of aesthetics
4288:Concepts in aesthetics
3866:Social constructionism
2878:Hellenistic philosophy
2294:Theoretical philosophy
2269:Philosophy of religion
2259:Philosophy of language
2021:Avant-Garde and Kitsch
1971:Lectures on Aesthetics
1072:Hadjinicolaou, Nicos,
871:After the Avant-Gardes
681:
672:
664:
655:
647:
567:The Author as Producer
515:Institutional Critique
417:
229:
207:, 1969) and his books
190:
4249:Philosophy portal
3768:Scientific skepticism
3748:Reformed epistemology
2274:Philosophy of science
2166:Philosophy portal
1169:18 March 2013 at the
1076:, Pluto Press; 1978.
1006:The Boundaries of Art
858:Theories of Art Today
763:Journal of Philosophy
677:
668:
660:
651:
643:
496:The Voices of Silence
492:Jean-François Lyotard
415:
329:Jason Josephson Storm
3669:Critical rationalism
3376:Edo neo-Confucianism
3220:Acintya bheda abheda
3199:Renaissance humanism
2910:School of the Sextii
2284:Practical philosophy
2279:Political philosophy
2111:Philosophy of design
1991:In Praise of Shadows
1981:The Critic as Artist
1117:Sept Manifestes Dada
1053:Understanding Brecht
3240:Nimbarka Sampradaya
3151:Korean Confucianism
2898:Academic Skepticism
2121:Philosophy of music
2096:Mathematical beauty
1096:, Zero Books, 2012.
993:The Abuse of Beauty
3861:Post-structuralism
3763:Scientific realism
3718:Quinean naturalism
3698:Logical positivism
3654:Analytical Marxism
2873:Peripatetic school
2785:Chinese naturalism
2312:Aesthetic response
2239:Applied philosophy
2116:Philosophy of film
2106:Patterns in nature
2076:Applied aesthetics
2051:Why Beauty Matters
1837:Life imitating art
1698:Art for art's sake
1051:Benjamin, Walter,
974:Definitions of Art
948:Aesthetic Creation
645:Everything is art.
444:contemporary craft
418:
416:Harmony of colours
368:Aesthetic creation
337:family resemblance
79:aesthetic response
73:Aesthetic response
55:natural phenomenon
4270:
4269:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4223:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3649:Analytic feminism
3621:
3620:
3583:Kierkegaardianism
3545:Transcendentalism
3505:Neo-scholasticism
3351:Classical Realism
3328:
3327:
3100:
3099:
2915:Neopythagoreanism
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2289:Social philosophy
2174:
2173:
2126:Psychology of art
2001:Art as Experience
1082:978-0-904383-27-0
1061:978-1-85984-418-2
901:978-0-226-78665-0
843:978-0-271-01078-6
810:978-0-672-63500-7
636:Set theory of art
587:Clement Greenberg
465:, and many later
257:Anti-essentialist
41:. Traditionally,
4310:
4259:
4258:
4247:
4246:
4245:
3962:
3953:
3936:
3826:Frankfurt School
3773:Transactionalism
3723:Normative ethics
3703:Legal positivism
3679:Falsificationism
3664:Consequentialism
3659:Communitarianism
3632:
3500:New Confucianism
3339:
3146:Neo-Confucianism
3111:
2920:Second Sophistic
2905:Middle Platonism
2748:
2689:
2678:
2521:Epiphenomenalism
2388:Consequentialism
2322:Institutionalism
2227:
2216:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2178:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2056:
2046:
2036:
2026:
2016:
2006:
1996:
1986:
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1966:
1956:
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1070:
1064:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1030:
1015:
1009:
1002:
996:
986:
977:
972:Stephen Davies,
970:
964:
957:
951:
944:
938:
928:
922:
912:
906:
905:
885:
874:
867:
861:
854:
848:
847:
821:
815:
814:
793:
787:
786:
755:
749:
739:
733:
726:Monroe Beardsley
723:
717:
710:
704:
697:
601:The value of art
555:Monroe Beardsley
529:to be art until
428:Aesthetic Theory
251:Jerrold Levinson
104:Marcel Duchamp's
93:Monroe Beardsley
4318:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4243:
4241:
4220:
4184:
4084:
4046:
3993:
3947:
3946:
3918:
3907:Russian cosmism
3880:
3876:Western Marxism
3841:New Historicism
3806:Critical theory
3792:
3788:Wittgensteinian
3684:Foundationalism
3617:
3554:
3535:Social contract
3391:Foundationalism
3324:
3306:
3290:Illuminationism
3275:Aristotelianism
3261:
3250:Vishishtadvaita
3203:
3155:
3096:
3063:
2934:
2863:Megarian school
2858:Eretrian school
2799:
2760:Agriculturalism
2737:
2683:
2664:
2611:
2583:
2540:
2492:
2449:
2433:Incompatibilism
2402:
2374:
2326:
2298:
2221:
2210:
2205:
2175:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2135:
2059:
2054:
2044:
2034:
2031:Critical Essays
2024:
2014:
2004:
1994:
1984:
1974:
1964:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1924:
1908:
1681:
1595:Ortega y Gasset
1388:
1300:
1234:
1229:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1171:Wayback Machine
1159:
1155:
1141:
1137:
1131:course web page
1128:
1124:
1114:Tristan Tzara,
1113:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1087:
1071:
1067:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1033:
1016:
1012:
1003:
999:
987:
980:
971:
967:
958:
954:
946:Nick Zangwill,
945:
941:
929:
925:
913:
909:
902:
887:
886:
877:
868:
864:
855:
851:
844:
824:
822:
818:
811:
795:
794:
790:
775:10.2307/2022937
769:(19): 571–584.
757:
756:
752:
740:
736:
724:
720:
711:
707:
699:Dominic Lopes,
698:
694:
689:
638:
603:
583:
571:Louis Althusser
563:Walter Benjamin
505:fashion (as in
503:Wittgensteinian
425:claimed in his
410:
404:
370:
259:
237:
139:
126:
124:Formalism (art)
120:
75:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4316:
4314:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4275:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4252:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
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4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4192:
4190:
4186:
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4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4105:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4052:Middle Eastern
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3970:
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3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
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3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3816:Existentialism
3813:
3811:Deconstruction
3808:
3802:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3644:Applied ethics
3640:
3638:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3608:Nietzscheanism
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3550:Utilitarianism
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3448:Transcendental
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3386:Existentialism
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3174:Augustinianism
3171:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3087:Zoroastrianism
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
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3024:
3019:
3009:
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3002:
2992:
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2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2930:Church Fathers
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
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2875:
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2865:
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2855:
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2800:
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2756:
2754:
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2533:
2528:
2523:
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2508:
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2500:
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2493:
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2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2445:Libertarianism
2442:
2441:
2440:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2384:
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2376:
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2373:
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2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
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2314:
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2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2249:Metaphilosophy
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2101:Neuroesthetics
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2081:Arts criticism
2078:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2037:
2027:
2017:
2007:
1997:
1987:
1977:
1967:
1957:
1951:On the Sublime
1947:
1937:
1927:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1815:Interpretation
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
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1737:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1715:
1710:
1708:Artistic merit
1705:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1687:
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1507:
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1407:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1357:Psychoanalysis
1354:
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1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1302:
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1220:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1187:
1175:
1153:
1135:
1122:
1107:
1098:
1092:Tedman, Gary,
1085:
1065:
1044:
1031:
1010:
1004:David Novitz,
997:
978:
965:
952:
939:
931:Nader El-Bizri
923:
907:
900:
875:
862:
849:
842:
836:. p. 12.
816:
809:
797:Dickie, George
788:
750:
734:
718:
705:
691:
690:
688:
685:
637:
634:
627:painting or a
602:
599:
582:
579:
531:Marcel Duchamp
423:Theodor Adorno
403:
402:What is "art"?
400:
387:
386:
385:
384:
369:
366:
333:human sciences
321:
320:
319:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
258:
255:
236:
233:
162:Marcel Duchamp
153:known as "the
138:
135:
122:Main article:
119:
116:
74:
71:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4315:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4263:
4262:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:Miscellaneous
4187:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:Miscellaneous
3883:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3871:Structuralism
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3856:Postmodernism
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:Phenomenology
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3783:Vienna Circle
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3713:Moral realism
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3515:Phenomenology
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3455:Individualism
3453:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3321:
3320:Judeo-Islamic
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3296:ʿIlm al-Kalām
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3245:Shuddhadvaita
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3179:Scholasticism
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2675:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:Conceptualism
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:Particularism
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:Functionalism
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2511:Eliminativism
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:Compatibilism
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2355:Particularism
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2131:Theory of art
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1921:Hippias Major
1918:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1780:Entertainment
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:Art manifesto
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:Appropriation
1691:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1585:Merleau-Ponty
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1400:Abhinavagupta
1398:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1352:Postmodernism
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:Derek Allan,
1157:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1143:Douglas Adams
1139:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1038:Derek Allan.
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
969:
966:
962:
956:
953:
949:
943:
940:
936:
932:
927:
924:
920:
916:
911:
908:
903:
897:
893:
892:
884:
882:
880:
876:
872:
866:
863:
859:
853:
850:
845:
839:
835:
831:
827:
826:Carroll, Noël
823:For example,
820:
817:
812:
806:
802:
798:
792:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:Danto, Arthur
754:
751:
747:
743:
738:
735:
731:
727:
722:
719:
715:
709:
706:
702:
696:
693:
686:
684:
680:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
650:
646:
642:
635:
633:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:
611:
609:
600:
598:
595:
594:Tristan Tzara
592:
588:
580:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
556:
552:
548:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:George Dickie
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
484:
483:Brian Massumi
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:art movements
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
429:
424:
414:
409:
401:
399:
397:
391:
381:
380:
379:
378:
377:
375:
367:
365:
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
338:
334:
330:
325:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
288:
287:
286:
285:
282:
276:
273:
268:
264:
256:
254:
252:
247:
245:
241:
234:
232:
228:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:George Dickie
197:
195:
189:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
137:Institutional
136:
134:
131:
125:
117:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
99:
94:
90:
88:
84:
80:
72:
70:
67:
64:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
35:theory of art
29:
22:
21:Theory of Art
4254:
4240:
3911:
3902:Postcritique
3892:Kyoto School
3851:Posthumanism
3831:Hermeneutics
3686: /
3627:Contemporary
3603:Newtonianism
3566:Cartesianism
3525:Reductionism
3361:Conservatism
3356:Collectivism
3294:
3022:Sarvāstivadā
3000:Anekantavada
2925:Neoplatonism
2893:Epicureanism
2826:Pythagoreans
2765:Confucianism
2731:Contemporary
2721:Early modern
2625:Anti-realism
2579:Universalism
2536:Subjectivism
2332:Epistemology
2130:
2049:
2039:
2029:
1999:
1989:
1969:
1959:
1949:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1866:
1842:Magnificence
1824:
1674:
1640:Schopenhauer
1475:Coomaraswamy
1393:Philosophers
1381:
1312:Aestheticism
1190:
1178:
1163:Art and Time
1162:
1156:
1146:
1138:
1125:
1116:
1110:
1101:
1093:
1088:
1073:
1068:
1052:
1047:
1039:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1005:
1000:
992:
989:Arthur Danto
973:
968:
960:
955:
947:
942:
934:
926:
918:
910:
890:
870:
865:
857:
852:
829:
819:
800:
791:
766:
762:
753:
745:
742:Noël Carroll
737:
730:What Is Art?
729:
721:
713:
708:
700:
695:
682:
678:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
614:
612:
608:What Is Art?
607:
604:
584:
566:
560:
551:What is art?
550:
543:
500:
495:
490:philosopher
452:
433:
426:
421:term "art".
419:
392:
388:
373:
371:
342:
326:
322:
277:
271:
267:Morris Weitz
262:
260:
248:
243:
239:
238:
230:
226:
220:
212:
208:
204:
198:
193:
191:
187:
182:Arthur Danto
178:Brillo Boxes
177:
159:
142:
140:
129:
127:
111:paradigmatic
102:
97:
91:
82:
78:
77:Theories of
76:
68:
59:
46:
42:
34:
32:
3897:Objectivism
3836:Neo-Marxism
3798:Continental
3708:Meta-ethics
3688:Coherentism
3593:Hegelianism
3530:Rationalism
3490:Natural law
3470:Materialism
3396:Historicism
3366:Determinism
3257:Navya-Nyāya
3032:Sautrāntika
3027:Pudgalavada
2963:Vaisheshika
2816:Presocratic
2716:Renaissance
2655:Physicalism
2640:Materialism
2546:Normativity
2531:Objectivism
2516:Emergentism
2506:Behaviorism
2455:Metaphysics
2421:Determinism
2360:Rationalism
1935:(c. 335 BC)
1925:(c. 390 BC)
1904:Work of art
1857:Picturesque
1713:Avant-garde
1670:Winckelmann
1545:Kierkegaard
1470:Collingwood
1440:Baudrillard
1367:Romanticism
1337:Historicism
1271:Mathematics
621:Shakespeare
575:Gary Tedman
547:Leo Tolstoy
539:art gallery
535:Andy Warhol
448:applied art
353:metaphysics
272:prima facie
217:work of art
211:(1971) and
174:Andy Warhol
151:institution
43:definitions
4277:Categories
4196:Amerindian
4103:Australian
4042:Vietnamese
4022:Indonesian
3571:Kantianism
3520:Positivism
3510:Pragmatism
3485:Naturalism
3465:Liberalism
3443:Subjective
3381:Empiricism
3285:Avicennism
3230:Bhedabheda
3114:East Asian
3037:Madhyamaka
3017:Abhidharma
2883:Pyrrhonism
2650:Nominalism
2645:Naturalism
2574:Skepticism
2564:Relativism
2554:Absolutism
2483:Naturalism
2393:Deontology
2365:Skepticism
2350:Naturalism
2340:Empiricism
2304:Aesthetics
2208:Philosophy
1874:Recreation
1852:Perception
1745:Creativity
1445:Baumgarten
1435:Baudelaire
1317:Classicism
1232:Aesthetics
687:References
527:Brillo Box
488:postmodern
463:Stravinsky
406:See also:
281:Berys Gaut
235:Historical
176:'s famous
166:readymades
47:Theorizing
28:Aesthetics
4075:Pakistani
4037:Taiwanese
3984:Ethiopian
3957:By region
3943:By region
3758:Scientism
3753:Systemics
3613:Spinozism
3540:Socialism
3475:Modernism
3438:Objective
3346:Anarchism
3280:Averroism
3169:Christian
3121:Neotaoism
3092:Zurvanism
3082:Mithraism
3077:Mazdakism
2848:Cyrenaics
2775:Logicians
2408:Free will
2370:Solipsism
2317:Formalism
1879:Reverence
1785:Eroticism
1755:Depiction
1728:Masculine
1630:Santayana
1590:Nietzsche
1535:Hutcheson
1525:Heidegger
1510:Greenberg
1465:Coleridge
1430:Balthasar
1415:Aristotle
1377:Theosophy
1372:Symbolism
1347:Modernism
1332:Formalism
1029::3, 1997.
625:Rembrandt
565:'s essay
479:McLuhan's
396:supervene
357:Heidegger
155:art world
118:Formalist
87:aesthetic
4261:Category
4216:Yugoslav
4206:Romanian
4113:Scottish
4098:American
4027:Japanese
4007:Buddhist
3989:Africana
3979:Egyptian
3821:Feminist
3743:Rawlsian
3738:Quietism
3636:Analytic
3588:Krausism
3495:Nihilism
3460:Kokugaku
3423:Absolute
3418:Idealism
3406:Humanism
3194:Occamism
3161:European
3106:Medieval
3052:Yogacara
3012:Buddhist
3005:Syādvāda
2888:Stoicism
2853:Cynicism
2841:Sophists
2836:Atomists
2831:Eleatics
2770:Legalism
2711:Medieval
2635:Idealism
2589:Ontology
2569:Nihilism
2473:Idealism
2231:Branches
2220:Branches
2154:Category
2086:Axiology
1955:(c. 500)
1945:(c. 100)
1820:Judgment
1775:Emotions
1770:Elegance
1750:Cuteness
1723:Feminine
1686:Concepts
1655:Tanizaki
1635:Schiller
1620:Richards
1610:Rancière
1580:Maritain
1515:Hanslick
1455:Benjamin
1327:Feminism
1296:Theology
1276:Medieval
1266:Japanese
1261:Internet
1167:Archived
1019:Guattari
799:(1971).
623:play, a
459:dadaists
436:fine art
349:ontology
194:artworld
107:Fountain
63:Platonic
4211:Russian
4180:Spanish
4175:Slovene
4165:Maltese
4160:Italian
4140:Finland
4108:British
4090:Western
4080:Turkish
4065:Islamic
4060:Iranian
4012:Chinese
3999:Eastern
3966:African
3913:more...
3598:Marxism
3428:British
3371:Dualism
3267:Islamic
3225:Advaita
3215:Vedanta
3189:Scotism
3184:Thomism
3126:Tiantai
3069:Persian
3057:Tibetan
3047:Śūnyatā
2988:Cārvāka
2978:Ājīvika
2973:Mīmāṃsā
2953:Samkhya
2868:Academy
2821:Ionians
2795:Yangism
2752:Chinese
2743:Ancient
2706:Western
2701:Ancient
2660:Realism
2617:Reality
2607:Process
2488:Realism
2468:Dualism
2463:Atomism
2345:Fideism
2149:Outline
2064:Related
1931:Poetics
1899:Tragedy
1889:Sublime
1862:Quality
1847:Mimesis
1805:Harmony
1790:Fashion
1765:Ecstasy
1760:Disgust
1676:more...
1645:Scruton
1570:Lyotard
1505:Goodman
1485:Deleuze
1420:Aquinas
1410:Alberti
1383:more...
1362:Realism
1342:Marxism
1322:Fascism
1305:Schools
1291:Science
1246:Ancient
1185:page 11
1120:, 1963.
783:2022937
591:Dadaist
475:Croce's
455:cubists
109:is the
51:gravity
4170:Polish
4150:German
4145:French
4130:Danish
4120:Canada
4070:Jewish
4032:Korean
4017:Indian
3559:People
3480:Monism
3433:German
3401:Holism
3334:Modern
3312:Jewish
3235:Dvaita
3208:Indian
3131:Huayan
2983:Ajñana
2940:Indian
2805:Greco-
2790:Taoism
2780:Mohism
2726:Modern
2693:By era
2682:By era
2597:Action
2478:Monism
2398:Virtue
2380:Ethics
2055:(2009)
2045:(1977)
2035:(1946)
2025:(1939)
2015:(1935)
2005:(1934)
1995:(1933)
1985:(1891)
1975:(1835)
1965:(1757)
1832:Kitsch
1810:Humour
1740:Comedy
1718:Beauty
1660:Vasari
1650:Tagore
1625:Ruskin
1565:Lukács
1555:Langer
1500:Goethe
1425:Balázs
1405:Adorno
1286:Nature
1251:Africa
1080:
1059:
898:
840:
807:
781:
523:urinal
170:Brillo
4201:Aztec
4155:Greek
4135:Dutch
4125:Czech
3974:Bantu
3411:Anti-
2958:Nyaya
2948:Hindu
2808:Roman
2602:Event
2244:Logic
2144:Index
1913:Works
1894:Taste
1884:Style
1665:Wilde
1605:Plato
1600:Pater
1560:Lipps
1520:Hegel
1490:Dewey
1480:Danto
1460:Burke
1281:Music
1256:India
1239:Areas
779:JSTOR
511:Beuys
507:Weitz
471:Danto
440:craft
219:from
3302:Sufi
3136:Chan
2995:Jain
2968:Yoga
2498:Mind
2438:Hard
2426:Hard
1868:Rasa
1826:Kama
1800:Gaze
1735:Camp
1615:Rand
1550:Klee
1540:Kant
1530:Hume
1450:Bell
1078:ISBN
1057:ISBN
1023:CRCL
896:ISBN
838:ISBN
805:ISBN
629:Bach
533:and
351:and
345:Kant
164:'s "
141:The
128:The
4283:Art
3576:Neo
3141:Zen
1795:Fun
1575:Man
1495:Fry
771:doi
525:or
509:or
244:art
157:".
147:art
81:or
39:art
4279::
2023:"
2013:"
1983:"
1145:,
1027:24
1025:,
991:,
981:^
917:,
878:^
832:.
777:.
767:61
765:.
744:,
573:,
461:,
457:,
223::
33:A
2200:e
2193:t
2186:v
2019:"
2009:"
1979:"
1224:e
1217:t
1210:v
1151:.
1133:.
1063:.
904:.
846:.
813:.
785:.
773::
30:.
23:.
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