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In South Africa, a study showed that these snails were most abundant along roadsides; densities decreased dramatically with distance from roads. The snails were observed to be living on a variety of endemic and introduced plant species; these snails appear to be able to eat an unusually wide range of
823:
appear to have an annual lifecycle, breeding in autumn to winter and growing to adult size of about 14 mm diameter by the end of the following summer. Maturity is reached at half maximum shell size after 1 year. Maximum shell size is attained after 2 years. This species of snail makes and uses
694:
The width of the shell is 12–25 mm, but in Greece the adult shells are usually below 15 mm in width. The height of the shell is 9–20 mm. The visible soft parts are very light yellowish with dark colour bands running from the sides to the upper tentacles; the tentacles are very long.
818:
snails have an annual life cycle, breeding in summer and autumn, but a few also take 2 years to mature. In aestivating T. pisana populations in Israel some individuals retain an immature size and shape and a rudimentary status of the genital system, defined as 'infantiles'; the populations of T.
903:
and sediment dynamics or on the germination and succession processes of the plant community itself. However, the snail could seriously impact directly on fynbos plants, by feeding on them, and also displace native herbivores by competing with them for resources, and these effects have not been
660:
The shell background color is a creamy white. Different individuals may have shells with varying degrees of pale to dark brown markings. The markings, when present, may be in the form of uninterrupted spiral bands, spiral dotted lines, or small radial smudges.
668:
can be found in various colour variants, but is basically yellow or white with dark color bands or spots and often a dark bluish grey apex. The shells of juveniles are sharply keeled, however the keel is not present on the final adult whorl. The
764:
it can live on nearly bare sand that is poorly fixed in place by grasses. In colder regions the snails do not aestivate, but they do climb on plants in dry weather. This snail does not survive serious winter frosts.
868:
feeding on agricultural crops, it also has several other additional effects. It uses the stalks of cereals as aestivating sites, which in turn clogs machinery and fouls produce during mechanical harvesting.
1602:
1195:
Cowie R. H., Dillon R. T., Robinson D. G. & Smith J. W. (2009). "Alien non-marine snails and slugs of priority quarantine importance in the United States: A preliminary risk assessment".
1000:
421:
can attain at some sites, plus their apparently not particular feeding habits, their potential impact on the vegetation is cause for concern and should be further investigated.
1365:
1999:
1793:
448:
which could negatively affect agriculture, natural ecosystems, human health or commerce. Therefore, it has been suggested that this species be given top national
381:
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often directly exposed to the sun, attached to grasses, shrubs or succulent plants, fence posts, tall weeds, and so on. It is common near beaches. In
1951:
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375:
302:
1994:
342:
337:
712:
347:
332:
327:
313:
1384:
MacDonald I. A. W. & Jarman M. L. (1984). "Invasive alien organisms in the terrestrial ecosystems of the fynbos biome, South Africa".
1186:, Australia: State of the Environment, Second Technical Paper Series (Biodiversity), Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra.
1989:
943:
835:
In South Africa, these snails are active mostly at night and especially during periods of high humidity, irrespective of temperature.
1325:
1108:"SuchozemštĂ, sladkovodnĂ a brakiÄŤtĂ mÄ›kkýši ostrovĹŻ Malty [Terrestrial, freshwater and brackish mollusca of Malta islands]"
928:
Vermivm terrestrium et fluviatilium, seu animalium infusoriorum, helminthicorum, et testaceorum, non marinorum, succincta historia
1897:
1767:
1206:
819:
pisana may be self-regulated by the mechanism of infantilism or controlled by humidity or, perhaps, by both. In South Africa,
554:
506:
494:
482:
1824:
1182:
Clarke, G. M., Gross, S., Matthews, M., Catling, P. C., Baker, B., Hewitt, C. L., Crowther, D., & Saddler, S. R. 2000,
2004:
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1085:
518:
1984:
1806:
1676:
1663:
1733:
1521:
McQuaid C. D., Branch G. M. & Frost P. G. (1979). "Aestivation behaviour and thermal relations of the pulmonate
275:
in numerous parts of the world. The shell color varies from white to yellow-brown with light brown spiral markings.
1863:
1527:
1431:
1411:
1150:
626:
602:
530:
360:
1151:"Citrus Imports from the Arab Republic of Egypt. A Review Under Existing Import Conditions for Citrus from Israel"
681:
has a characteristic size in the eastern
Mediterranean when compared with other species, where there are no other
673:
often has a lip that is light reddish on the inside, and the lip margin is only reflected at columellar side. The
1746:
1337:
Butcher A. R. & Grove D. I. (2006). "Seasonal variation in rates of sporocyst and metacercarial infection by
590:
578:
440:
This species is already established in the US, and is considered to represent a potentially serious threat as a
430:
165:
298:
includes the
Mediterranean region and adjacent Atlantic coasts from central Morocco to north western Europe:
53:
288:
1618:
470:
458:
1681:
1483:
Gess S. & Gess F. (2007). "Snail
Invasion: The potential impact of the invasive Mediterranean snail,
1274:"Weather- and population density-induced infantilism in the landsnailTheba pisana in a semi-arid climate"
1592:
900:
877:
148:
1587:
912:
This article incorporates public domain text from the reference and CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference
1902:
1702:
1650:
240:
378:- introduced since at least the 1700s and it is still spreading along frost-free coastal localities.
931:
687:
674:
1837:
1979:
1503:
1451:
1425:
Baker G. H. & Vogelzang B. K. (1988). "Life-history, population dynamics and polymorphism of
1254:
852:
829:
725:
670:
174:
48:
1497:
Hazel W. N. & Johnson M. S. (1990). "Microhabitat choice and polymorphism in the land snail
1798:
1938:
1884:
1689:
1321:
1293:
1246:
1160:. Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Australia. Caption: Gastropods, page 12 and Appendix 2.
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783:, but it can live slightly deeper inside pure sandy habitats, and is usually more common than
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1351:
1285:
1238:
1119:
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896:
445:
264:
1871:
1445:
Cowie R. H. (1985). "Microhabitat choice and high temperature tolerance in the land snail
1210:
1157:
665:
441:
434:
272:
105:
994:
Odendaal L. J., Haupt T. M. & Griffiths C. L. (2008). "The alien invasive land snail
1578:
1316:
787:. It is one of the most common snails in coastal regions from south Portugal to Greece.
1741:
1728:
1463:
883:
In their report on the status and potential impacts of alien invasive organisms in the
678:
646:
Apical and apertural view of a shell, with an arrow marking the half-colvered umbilicus
1226:"The Life-Cycle and Productivity of the Land Snail Theba pisana (Mollusca: Helicidae)"
1203:
1973:
1655:
1539:
930:. Volumen alterum. pp. I-XXXVI, 1-214. Havniae & Lipsiae. (Heineck & Faber).
284:
260:
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1943:
1929:
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has been responsible for the extermination of native snail species as a result of
642:
1850:
1832:
1780:
737:
324:, from coastal habitats in Spain and Portugal, is on the Red List as Endangered.
212:
32:
1641:
1405:
Baker G. H. & Hawke B. G. (1990). "Life
History and Population Dynamics of
1341:
in helicid and hygromiid land snails on the Yorke
Peninsula, South Australia".
1564:: taxonomy, short description, distribution, biology, status (threats), images
1561:
1475:
South
African Department of Agriculture. Stellenbosch-Elsenburg Science Series
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in South Africa. In
Australia, it feeds on a range of agricultural plants.
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usually lives in coastlands, in or near sandy habitats. In hot climates it
650:
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species. The umbilicus is also rarely seen in other species. Juveniles of
1923:
1876:
1635:
1515:
1469:
Durr H. J. R. (1946). "A contribution to the morphology and bionomics of
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405:
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1956:
413:- It was introduced into South Africa prior to 1881. It has invaded the
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A field guide to the land snails of
Britain and northwestern Europe
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is narrow and half covered by the reflected columellar margin. The
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125:
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in the West Coast
National Park: Is there cause for concern?".
828:. The size of the egg is 2.2 mm. In South Africa, the
417:
biome in South Africa. Given the very high densities that
704:, a species with a much smaller and less inflated shell.
1001:
Koedoe - African
Protected Area Conservation and Science
316:
occasionally also in the interior. It is introduced to
1096:, last modified 2 February 2011, accessed 11 May 2011.
771:
is often associated with two other land snail species
235:, is an edible species of medium-sized, air-breathing
1409:(Mollusca: Helicidae) in a Cereal-Pasture Rotation".
887:
biome, MacDonald & Jarman (1984) predicted that
404:
southeastern Australia, southwestern Australia and
1913:
1625:
1386:
South African National Scientific Programmes Report
1366:Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London
1224:
990:
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986:
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1363:Quick H. E. (1952). "Emigrant British snails".
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864:In addition to the direct negative effect of
8:
1169:Kerney M. P. & Cameron R. A. D. (1979).
846:is an intermediate host for the terrestrial
1596:Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
1613:
31:
20:
1149:Commonwealth of Australia. (April 2002).
1123:
1145:
1143:
1278:International Journal of Biometeorology
1184:Environmental Pest Species in Australia
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454:
371:: - introduced since at least the 1700s
698:This snail is sometimes confused with
367:southwestern England and south Wales,
1429:(Mollusca: Helicidae) in Australia".
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1747:1fa5618a-40ef-4da7-aaca-b43dc6b1e433
1603:Snailcream.in.th: White garden snail
1043:
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1039:
1037:
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1031:
1029:
1027:
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363:to numerous other areas, including:
2000:Taxa named by Otto Friedrich MĂĽller
1473:(Muller) (Gastropoda: Helicidae)".
1320:. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001,
1317:The biology of terrestrial molluscs
950:. AnimalBase, accessed 11 May 2011.
1464:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04924.x
832:can reach up to 300-700 snails m.
14:
1487:on our coastal dune vegetation".
891:would have very little impact on
691:have a considerably larger apex.
1605:- Images of shell variations in
1588:Ifas.ufl.edu: White garden snail
1106:Kolouch, Luboš R. (2003-07-10).
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40:A live and active individual of
1197:American Malacological Bulletin
1553:Animalbase.uni-goettingen.de:
795:is also a significant pest of
259:This species is native to the
1:
1598:"Featured Creatures website."
1570:Encyclopedia of Life—EOL.org
1525:in a semi-arid environment".
1344:Australian Journal of Zoology
283:The species is native to the
271:is a well-known agricultural
263:region, but it has become an
1995:Gastropods described in 1774
1540:10.1016/0306-4565(79)90045-7
1272:Moran, Shmuel (1989-06-01).
433:and a serious agricultural
229:Mediterranean coastal snail
2021:
1990:Agricultural pest molluscs
1609:(Thai language translate).
1528:Journal of Thermal Biology
1432:Journal of Applied Ecology
1412:Journal of Applied Ecology
1112:Malacologica Bohemoslovaca
872:According to Quick (1952)
1449:(Mollusca: Gastropoda)".
1328:. 1-146, cited page: 428.
1314:. in Barker G. M. (ed.):
1231:Journal of Animal Ecology
1223:Cowie, Robert H. (1984).
452:significance in the USA.
429:has become a problematic
267:in many other countries.
180:
173:
154:
147:
49:Scientific classification
47:
39:
30:
23:
1017:10.4102/koedoe.v50i1.153
791:different food sources.
425:In many of these places
355:central Atlantic islands
1312:Life History Strategies
560:Theba pisana ferruginea
512:Theba pisana carpiensis
500:Theba pisana ampullacea
488:Theba pisana ampullacea
750:
734:
657:
647:
620:Theba pisana semifulva
572:Theba pisana lineolata
548:Theba pisana fauxrosea
256:, the typical snails.
231:, and simply just the
1593:University of Florida
1086:"Species summary for
926:MĂĽller O. F. (1774).
740:
715:
653:
645:
524:Theba pisana concolor
387:the United States in
374:eastern and southern
359:The species has been
322:Theba pisana arietina
2005:Gastropods of Africa
1742:Fauna Europaea (new)
1583:(white garden snail)
1516:10.1038/hdy.1990.116
1173:. - Collins, London.
1125:10.5817/MaB2003-2-43
880:for available food.
294:The distribution of
16:Species of gastropod
895:processes, such as
860:Impact of invasions
688:Eobania vermiculata
632:Theba pisana sertum
608:Theba pisana musica
536:Theba pisana dermoi
476:Theba pisana pisana
464:Theba pisana pisana
233:Mediterranean snail
225:white Italian snail
1985:Molluscs of Europe
1452:Journal of Zoology
1339:Brachylaima cribbi
1290:10.1007/BF01686286
1209:2016-06-16 at the
1156:2009-01-09 at the
853:Brachylaima cribbi
830:population density
751:
735:
726:Foeniculum vulgare
658:
648:
596:Theba pisana minor
584:Theba pisana major
320:. - A subspecies,
217:white garden snail
1967:
1966:
1885:Open Tree of Life
1619:Taxon identifiers
785:Cochlicella acuta
780:Cernuella virgata
774:Cochlicella acuta
701:Cernuella virgata
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196:Eupharypha pisana
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1533:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1448:
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1441:
1437:
1434:
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1428:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
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1408:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1326:0-85199-318-4
1323:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
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1260:
1256:
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1248:
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1232:
1227:
1219:
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1212:
1208:
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1198:
1192:
1189:
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1179:
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1166:
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1159:
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1126:
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1099:
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1080:
1078:
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1074:
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1068:
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1060:
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1036:
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1026:
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997:
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987:
985:
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973:
971:
969:
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965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
953:
949:
947:
944:"Synonyms of
940:
937:
933:
929:
923:
921:
917:
913:
907:
905:
902:
898:
894:
890:
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867:
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831:
827:
822:
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766:
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748:
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739:
732:
728:
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722:
718:
714:
707:
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703:
702:
696:
692:
690:
689:
684:
680:
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672:
667:
662:
656:
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644:
637:
628:
623:
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611:
604:
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587:
580:
575:
568:
563:
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551:
544:
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508:
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484:
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467:
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438:
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409:
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370:
369:Great Britain
366:
365:
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354:
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344:
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339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
323:
319:
315:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
299:
297:
292:
290:
289:type locality
286:
285:Mediterranean
278:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:Mediterranean
257:
255:
251:
248:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:Helix Albella
182:
181:
179:
176:
172:
167:
161:
159:
153:
150:
149:Binomial name
146:
142:
141:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
55:
50:
46:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1915:Helix pisana
1914:
1669:Theba_pisana
1656:Theba_pisana
1627:Theba pisana
1626:
1607:C. hortensis
1606:
1591:
1581:Theba pisana
1580:
1572:Theba pisana
1571:
1559:
1555:Theba pisana
1554:
1534:(1): 47–56.
1531:
1526:
1523:Theba pisana
1522:
1507:
1502:
1499:Theba pisana
1498:
1491:
1488:
1485:Theba pisana
1484:
1477:
1474:
1471:Theba pisana
1470:
1455:
1450:
1447:Theba pisana
1446:
1435:
1430:
1427:Theba pisana
1426:
1418:(1): 16–29.
1415:
1410:
1407:Theba pisana
1406:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1370:
1364:
1359:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1243:10.2307/4359
1234:
1230:
1218:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1183:
1178:
1170:
1165:
1115:
1114:(in Czech).
1111:
1101:
1088:Theba pisana
1087:
1007:(1): 93-98.
1004:
999:
996:Theba pisana
995:
946:Helix pisana
945:
939:
927:
911:
889:Theba pisana
888:
882:
874:Theba pisana
873:
871:
866:Theba pisana
865:
863:
851:
844:Theba pisana
843:
842:
834:
821:Theba pisana
820:
816:Theba pisana
815:
813:
793:Theba pisana
792:
789:
784:
778:
772:
769:Theba pisana
768:
767:
754:Theba pisana
753:
752:
747:Theba pisana
746:
724:
717:Theba pisana
716:
699:
697:
693:
686:
682:
663:
659:
655:Theba pisana
654:
439:
426:
424:
419:Theba pisana
418:
411:South Africa
358:
321:
296:Theba pisana
295:
293:
287:region. The
282:
279:Distribution
269:Theba pisana
268:
258:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:common names
208:Theba pisana
207:
206:
205:
195:
192:MĂĽller, 1774
190:Helix pisana
189:
183:
158:Theba pisana
157:
155:
139:
138:
126:
42:Theba pisana
41:
25:Theba pisana
24:
18:
1833:NatureServe
1781:iNaturalist
1510:: 449–454.
1501:(MĂĽller)".
1310:Heller J.:
1202:: 113-132.
901:energy flow
878:competition
741:Drawing of
638:Description
382:Netherlands
241:terrestrial
1974:Categories
1930:Q109556067
1562:Animalbase
1494:: 216–218.
1375:: 181-189.
1094:AnimalBase
932:page 60-61
908:References
826:love darts
807:crops and
758:aestivates
723:on fennel
450:quarantine
389:California
361:introduced
291:is Italy.
237:land snail
96:Gastropoda
1980:Helicidae
1298:1432-1254
1251:0021-8790
1134:1336-6939
1118:: 43–50.
904:studied.
893:ecosystem
850:parasite
848:trematode
839:Parasites
743:love dart
733:, France.
731:Montbazin
721:aestivate
675:umbilicus
427:T. pisana
393:parts of
254:Helicidae
247:gastropod
244:pulmonate
134:Species:
116:Helicidae
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
1957:11286105
1924:Wikidata
1838:2.116285
1799:11006116
1642:Q1940276
1636:Wikidata
1504:Heredity
1352:abstract
1207:Archived
1154:Archived
1009:abstract
671:aperture
406:Tasmania
308:Portugal
198:(MĂĽller)
175:Synonyms
112:Family:
86:Mollusca
82:Phylum:
76:Animalia
62:Domain:
1760:2294277
1480:: 1-34.
809:cereals
719:snails
708:Ecology
376:Ireland
352:Belgium
318:Menorca
303:Morocco
250:mollusk
168:, 1774)
122:Genus:
102:Order:
92:Class:
1903:426411
1890:569706
1864:145622
1786:119608
1734:425935
1721:THEBPI
1708:452023
1682:462153
1574:images
1324:
1296:
1257:
1249:
1132:
885:fynbos
805:legume
797:citrus
415:fynbos
395:Africa
343:Israel
338:Greece
166:MĂĽller
1944:7RMFC
1898:WoRMS
1877:20066
1825:77918
1812:62094
1794:IRMNG
1695:565SR
1440:JSTOR
1420:JSTOR
1255:JSTOR
814:Most
801:vines
762:dunes
683:Theba
666:shell
444:, an
348:Egypt
333:Malta
328:Italy
314:Spain
127:Theba
1952:GBIF
1859:NCBI
1820:ITIS
1773:1936
1768:GISD
1755:GBIF
1716:EPPO
1677:BOLD
1388:No.
1322:ISBN
1294:ISSN
1259:4359
1247:ISSN
1130:ISSN
777:and
679:apex
664:The
442:pest
435:pest
400:Asia
273:pest
239:, a
215:the
1939:CoL
1846:NBN
1807:ISC
1703:EoL
1690:CoL
1664:AFD
1651:ADW
1560:at
1536:doi
1512:doi
1460:doi
1456:207
1373:(5)
1286:doi
1239:doi
1204:PDF
1120:doi
1013:doi
745:of
729:in
312:In
1976::
1954::
1941::
1926::
1900::
1887::
1874::
1861::
1848::
1835::
1822::
1809::
1796::
1783::
1770::
1757::
1744::
1731::
1718::
1705::
1692::
1679::
1666::
1653::
1638::
1590:—
1558:—
1508:65
1492:93
1478:47
1436:25
1416:27
1390:85
1371:29
1348:53
1292:.
1282:33
1280:.
1276:.
1253:.
1245:.
1235:53
1233:.
1229:.
1200:27
1142:^
1128:.
1110:.
1092:.
1024:^
1011:,
1005:50
955:^
919:^
899:,
856:.
803:,
799:,
437:.
227:,
223:,
219:,
211:,
1566:.
1542:.
1538::
1532:4
1518:.
1514::
1466:.
1462::
1442:.
1422:.
1392:.
1354:.
1300:.
1288::
1261:.
1241::
1213:.
1136:.
1122::
1116:2
1090:"
1019:.
1015::
948:"
934:.
749:.
164:(
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