1749:
886:
as demand for them grew eventually sometime in the second half of 1959 (believed by most to be in the last quarter) producers such as
Coxsone Dodd and Duke Reid began to issue these recording on 45rpm 7-inch discs. At this point, the style was a direct copy of the American "shuffle blues" style, but within two or three years it had morphed into the more familiar ska style with the off-beat guitar chop that could be heard in some of the more uptempo late-1950s American rhythm and blues recordings such as Domino's "
807:
1715:
435:
1734:
1800:
960:
began emphasizing the second and fourth beats in the bar, giving rise to the new sound. The drums were taken from traditional
Jamaican drumming and marching styles. To create the ska beat, Prince Buster essentially flipped the R&B shuffle beat, stressing the offbeats with the help of the guitar. Prince Buster has explicitly cited American rhythm and blues as the origin of ska: specifically,
1205:
233:
1696:
780:
1110:
1266:
1010:. Small's rhythmically similar version, released in 1964, was Jamaica's first commercially successful international hit. With over seven million copies sold, it remains one of the best selling reggae/ska songs of all time. Many other Jamaican artists would have success recording instrumental ska versions of popular American and British music, such as
1814:
1787:
The term New Tone to describe a fourth wave of ska has started to pick up traction. The term New Tone originates from new ska band Bad
Operation, to describe their two-tone sound and their city of New Orleans. The term has been popularized by the record label Bad Time Records due to their movie This
959:
recorded "Dynamite", "Ringo" and "Guns of
Navarone". One theory about the origin of ska is that Prince Buster created it during the inaugural recording session for his new record label Wild Bells. The session was financed by Duke Reid, who was supposed to get half of the songs to release. The guitar
885:
and more traditional R&B genres began to dry up in the late 1950s, Jamaican producers began recording their own version of the genres with local artists. These recordings were initially made to be played on "soft wax" (a lacquer on metal disc acetate later to become known as a "dub plate"), but
861:
whose early recordings all contain the seeds of the "behind-the-beat" feel of ska and reggae. The stationing of
American military forces during and after the war meant that Jamaicans could listen to military broadcasts of American music, and there was a constant influx of records from the United
1148:
The 2 tone movement promoted racial unity at a time when racial tensions were high in
England. There were many Specials songs that raised awareness of the issues of racism, fighting and friendship. Riots in English cities were a feature during the summer that the Specials song
1288:. Third-wave ska originated in the punk scene in the late 1980s and became commercially successful in the 1990s. Although some third-wave ska has a traditional 1960s sound, most third-wave ska is characterized by dominating guitar riffs and large horn sections.
1680:
By the late 1990s, mainstream interest in third wave ska bands waned as other music genres gained momentum. Moon Ska
Records folded in 2000, but Moon Ska Europe, a licensed affiliate based in Europe, continued operating in the 2000s and was later relaunched as
1490:—both formed in 1981 — were among the first active ska bands in North America. They are both credited with laying the groundwork for American ska and establishing scenes in their respective regions. In Los Angeles around the same time,
814:
1665:, becoming the first major ska punk hit of the 1990s and launching the genre into the public eye. Over the next few years, a string of notable ska and ska-influenced singles became hits on mainstream radio, including "
995:
3052:
927:
and the bass drum was accented on the third beat of each four-triplet phrase. The snare would play side stick and accent the third beat of each 4-triplet phrase. The upstroke sound can also be found in other
2729:
2895:
795:
2706:
3021:
1748:
397:
instructed guitarist
Ranglin to "play like ska, ska, ska", although Ranglin has denied this, stating "Clue couldn't tell me what to play!" A further theory is that it derives from Johnson's word
2638:
2352:
3278:
1455:
Latin
America's ska scene started developing in the mid-1980s. Latin American ska bands typically play traditional ska rhythms blended with strong influences from Latin music and
389:
claimed that the term was coined by musicians to refer to the "skat! skat! skat!" scratching guitar strum. Another explanation is that at a recording session in 1959 produced by
3001:
909:—known as an upstroke or 'skank'—with horns taking the lead and often following the off-beat skank and piano emphasizing the bass line and, again, playing the skank. Drums kept
1091:. As music changed in the United States, so did ska. In 1965 and 1966, when American soul music became slower and smoother, ska changed its sound accordingly and evolved into
1673:" by the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, all of whom would reach platinum status with each of their respective albums. By 1996, third wave ska was one of the most popular forms of
1784:
broke into the U.S. charts with their single "She's
Kerosene." By 2019, several publications started wondering aloud whether a "fourth wave" of ska was about to emerge.
1567:
radio show) to describe the new wave of ska-influenced bands which were steadily gaining notoriety; and Brown wrote the first treatise on ska's third wave in 1994. The
1129:'s more aggressive guitar chords and lyrics. Compared to 1960s ska, 2 Tone music had faster tempos, fuller instrumentation, and a harder edge. The genre was named after
2498:
1586:
The mid-1990s saw a considerable rise in ska music's underground popularity, marked by the formation of many ska-based record labels, booking organizations and indie
3040:
2969:
1319:
The early 1980s saw a massive surge in ska's popularity in Germany, leading to the founding of many German ska bands like the Busters, record labels and festivals.
2057:
346:
to play American rhythm and blues and then began recording their own songs. In the early 1960s, ska was the dominant music genre of Jamaica and was popular with
2756:
2737:
3025:
3136:
2702:
2220:
Kauppila, Paul. "From Memphis to Kingston: An Investigation into the Origin of Jamaican Ska" Social and Economic Studies. SJSU Scholarsorks (2006): 75-91.
3323:
766:
3312:
3252:
983:. The ska sound coincided with the celebratory feelings surrounding Jamaica's independence from the UK in 1962; an event commemorated by songs such as
2634:
720:
2344:
1185:". The music of this era resonated with white working class youth and West Indian immigrants who experienced the struggles addressed in the lyrics.
605:
2568:
3725:
2891:
2669:
1714:
3171:
1928:
2852:
1468:
1962:
3853:
3667:
3642:
3394:
3347:
2616:
2404:
2378:
735:
2436:
2013:
2235:
1695:
1733:
3275:
1491:
3229:
1141:. In many cases, the reworking of classic ska songs turned the originals into hits again in the United Kingdom. The Specials recorded "
2778:
1893:
3926:
3553:
3367:
3210:
2682:
2664:
2482:
2315:
2269:
2205:
2175:
2154:
2133:
2092:
1997:
1252:
2539:
1030:
2917:
361:
ska revival of the late 1970s in Britain, which fused Jamaican ska rhythms and melodies with the faster tempos and harder edge of
2594:
660:
1534:, a ska punk band was formed. They were one of the more mainstream ska bands that set the stage for many up and coming bands.
3843:
3657:
1230:
1150:
887:
759:
710:
2506:
1553:
scene was a major breeding ground for ska punk and more contemporary pop-influenced ska music, personified by bands such as
1542:
1076:
3422:
2808:
1666:
1590:. While Moon Ska was still the largest of the United States' ska labels, other notable labels included Jump Up Records of
1088:
2979:
2373:
Stratton, Jon (2014) "When Music Migrates: Crossing British and European Racial Faultlines, 1945–2010" England: Ashgate.
3887:
3860:
1561:. It was here that the term "third wave ska" was coined and popularized by Albino Brown and Tazy Phyllipz (hosts of the
1444:
1153:" was a hit, although this work was in a slower, reggae beat. Most of the 2 Tone bands had multiracial lineups, such as
961:
730:
600:
66:
3324:
https://www.brooklynvegan.com/kill-lincoln-declare-no-normal-on-new-album-new-song-interview-2024-state-of-ska-address/
357:
Music historians typically divide the history of ska into three periods: the original Jamaican scene of the 1960s; the
3718:
1739:
1503:
740:
635:
3104:
2752:
1215:
3313:
https://www.brooklynvegan.com/bad-time-records-documentaryconcert-film-this-is-new-tone-coming-kickstarter-launched/
1362:
scene flourished in the mid-1980s, following the musical precedents set by 2 Tone, and spearheaded by bands such as
1296:
By the late 1980s, ska had experienced a minor resurgence of popularity in the United Kingdom, due to bands such as
2410:
1610:
was Canada's primary producer and distributor of ska music. Additionally, many punk and indie rock labels, such as
2782:
1494:
also formed. While many of the early American ska bands continued in the musical traditions set by 2 Tone and the
1234:
1219:
1080:
3931:
3848:
3692:
3558:
1670:
1538:
1297:
972:
752:
548:
454:
3078:
1626:), founded in 1996, started out primarily releasing ska punk albums before branching out to other music styles.
3126:
1595:
1182:
1342:
followed in the early 1990s and their influence is visible outside the Basque Country in punk-rock bands like
1280:) coined the term "third-wave ska" (3rd Wave Ska) in 1989 and helped to catalyze such multi-platinum bands as
1768:
In the early 21st century, ska was mostly absent from the radio, though there were exceptions. In 2017,
1006:'s version of the R&B/shuffle tune, "My Boy Lollypop", first recorded in New York in 1956 by 14-year-old
3687:
3248:
2564:
2049:
1781:
1655:
1464:
1419:
1375:
1323:
1154:
895:
543:
3711:
3626:
3470:
1788:
Is New Tone. New Tone now has a vague definition and is used to describe the modern ska scene in general.
1568:
1383:
1174:
1118:
1104:
838:
216:
1633:, becoming the first American ska punk band to find mainstream commercial success, with their 1994 album
1173:
was one of the most effective bands at bringing the 2 tone genre into the mainstream, with hits such as "
3662:
3652:
3198:
2948:
2470:
1833:
1142:
577:
196:
1948:
3865:
3807:
3299:
1963:"Smiling Smash: An Interview with Cathal Smyth, a.k.a Chas Smash, of Madness - Ska/Reggae - 08/16/99"
1724:
1635:
1507:
1479:
1379:
1226:
1042:
715:
705:
610:
373:, which involved bands from a wide range of countries around the world, in the late 1980s and 1990s.
358:
118:
31:
2856:
1366:. Some of the Australian ska revival bands found success on the national music charts, most notably
1966:
1755:
1580:
1576:
1460:
1350:
and many others that have gained importance in the Spanish rock and punk rock scene and festivals.
1327:
1178:
1095:. However, rocksteady's heyday was brief, peaking in 1967. By 1968, ska evolved again into reggae.
1046:
875:
695:
690:
670:
650:
645:
343:
3161:
3647:
2620:
2023:
1640:
1527:
1447:, formed in 1985, have been one of the most commercially successful progenitors of Japanese ska.
1431:
1371:
685:
2870:
2432:
1572:
1456:
806:
2261:
2229:
3833:
3583:
3568:
3496:
3415:
3390:
3381:
3363:
3343:
3206:
2678:
2478:
2400:
2374:
2311:
2265:
2201:
2171:
2150:
2129:
2088:
1993:
1674:
1659:
1619:
1550:
1549:
in 1983. The label quickly became the largest independent ska label in the United States. The
976:
725:
655:
615:
595:
498:
2197:
3672:
3599:
3578:
3532:
3226:
2674:
2303:
1940:
1777:
1773:
1701:
1686:
1546:
1474:
By the early 1980s, 2 Tone-influenced ska bands began forming throughout the United States.
1427:
1423:
1395:
1019:
906:
834:
665:
630:
625:
442:
347:
323:
315:
249:
206:
3619:
3282:
3276:"Ska Lives: How the Genre's Fourth Wave Has Managed to Pick It Up Where the '90s Left Off"
3256:
3233:
2307:
2293:
2239:
2018:
1630:
1615:
1611:
1305:
898:
of the late 1950s. Domino's rhythm, accentuating the offbeat, was a particular influence.
891:
700:
675:
620:
267:
221:
2830:
2688:
2330:
901:
This "classic" ska style was of bars made up of four triplets but was characterized by a
2927:
2532:
3573:
3563:
3486:
3376:
1929:"Subcultures, pop music and politics: skinheads and "Nazi rock" in England and Germany"
1805:
1682:
1558:
1515:
1359:
1285:
1170:
1130:
1066:
1045:". They also created their own versions of Latin-influenced music from artists such as
1034:
988:
984:
941:
784:
680:
414:
394:
386:
370:
236:
191:
167:
2254:
3915:
3838:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3734:
3677:
3512:
3445:
3359:
3261:
3006:
2660:
2299:
2190:
1843:
1828:
1651:
1644:
1603:
1554:
1487:
1407:
1301:
1158:
1134:
1062:
1054:
937:
863:
640:
513:
402:
331:
327:
308:
304:
144:
56:
2590:
2103:
Boot, Adrian & Salewicz, Chris (1995) "Bob Marley: Songs of Freedom", Bloomsbury
1002:
protection. This created many cover songs and reinterpretations. One such cover was
944:
asserted that the difference between R&B and ska beats is that the former goes "
3921:
3823:
3491:
3408:
1819:
1623:
1483:
1434:
became popular and commercially successful in Russia and abroad in the late 1990s.
1403:
1166:
1162:
1138:
1070:
1058:
1050:
1003:
980:
867:
858:
854:
826:
788:
523:
390:
335:
319:
1304:. The 1980s and 1990s also heralded many ska festivals, and a re-emergence of the
1537:
Two hotspots for the United States' burgeoning ska scenes were New York City and
3900:
3386:
3202:
2474:
1769:
1720:
1599:
1495:
1475:
1378:
has enjoyed success in recent years, touring internationally, including sets at
1363:
1204:
1084:
1011:
1007:
902:
850:
846:
842:
488:
281:
232:
2804:
964:'s song "Later for the Gator" (which was Coxsone Dodd's number one selection).
3788:
3682:
3609:
3537:
1905:
1876:
1795:
1563:
1399:
1308:
1092:
1022:
968:
956:
882:
518:
478:
289:
90:
17:
3828:
2974:
1519:
1367:
1339:
1335:
1126:
1038:
999:
929:
871:
830:
473:
468:
410:
362:
339:
297:
100:
3100:
1654:, featuring former members of Operation Ivy, released the ska punk single "
779:
1944:
1109:
3614:
3604:
3455:
3450:
3166:
3131:
2953:
2922:
2875:
2112:
Clarke, Sebastien "Jah Music: the Evolution of the Popular Jamaican Song"
2078:
White, Timothy (1983) "Catch a Fire: The Life of Bob Marley", Corgi Books
1901:
1838:
1607:
1531:
1511:
1499:
1281:
1269:
1194:
1122:
910:
538:
533:
366:
351:
276:
211:
201:
131:
123:
2533:"Unicorn Records and the new ska classics – the blueprint of ska today?"
2394:
1265:
3763:
1705:
1591:
1331:
285:
2087:
Thompson, Dave (2002) "Reggae & Caribbean Music", Backbeat Books,
1394:
A Russian (then-Soviet) ska scene was established in the mid-1980s in
3880:
3870:
3783:
3527:
3460:
3074:
1522:
that typically downplayed ska's R&B influence in favor of faster
1415:
1347:
1015:
508:
483:
293:
139:
95:
3768:
3227:"Lily Allen, Britain's New Pop Star, Has Cheek, and Bite, to Spare."
1125:
area of UK, was a fusion of Jamaican ska rhythms and melodies with
3778:
3773:
3522:
1523:
1439:
1343:
1264:
1108:
1026:
996:
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
933:
805:
778:
503:
493:
300:
231:
162:
51:
2433:"Don Drummond Biography - Interview with Author Heather Augustyn"
1437:
Japan established its own ska scene, colloquially referred to as
862:
States. To meet the demand for that music, entrepreneurs such as
3703:
3517:
1618:, broadened their scope to include both ska and ska punk bands.
1587:
1411:
311:
61:
3707:
3404:
1602:, which covered Southern California's traditional ska revival.
1198:
1467:
from Argentina, who scored an international hit single with "
833:
purchased radios in increasing numbers and were able to hear
417:
said: "Guitar and piano making a ska sound, like 'ska, ska".
258:
30:
This article is about the musical genre. For other uses, see
967:
The first ska recordings were created at facilities such as
2256:
Blue Monday: Fats Domino and the lost dawn of rock 'n' roll
381:
There are multiple theories about the origins of the word
2230:
Ricardo Henry, "Jamaican Ska Music - Made For Dancing",
1459:. The most prominent bands include the Grammy nominated
1029:
theme songs and instrumentals (007, Guns of Navarone).
3400:
3195:
The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History, Volume Six
2753:"Rastaman Vibration – What's up with Japanese Reggae?"
2635:"Ska'd for Life: Remembering the Sydney 80s ska scene"
979:
with producers such as Dodd, Reid, Prince Buster, and
1418:
were among the first bands of genre. Then bands like
255:
252:
1685:. In 2003, Hingley launched a new ska record label,
1169:. Although only on the 2 tone label for one single,
3816:
3797:
3741:
3635:
3592:
3546:
3505:
3479:
3438:
1571:also contributed to ska's growing popularity, with
182:
153:
109:
83:
75:
44:
39:
2619:. The Atlantic Times. January 2009. Archived from
2565:"Interview: Kevin Flowerdew of Do the Dog Records"
2253:
2189:
1322:In Spain, ska became relevant in the 1980s in the
1629:In 1993, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones signed with
1334:and Potato being the most representatives bands.
1276:Ska historian Albino Brown (of the radio program
881:As the supply of previously unheard tunes in the
3156:
3154:
2734:, "SKA – alive and kicking but outside Jamaica""
2388:
2386:
998:, the country did not honor international music
401:, with which he was known to greet his friends.
326:. It was developed in Jamaica in the 1960s when
3356:The Billboard Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music
2779:"Nippop Profiles: Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra"
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2399:. New York City, NY: Rowman & Littlefield.
1370:, who had a number 10 hit with a ska cover of "
3249:"Ska Still Has Things to Say - A Fourth Wave?"
2306:: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. p.
405:insisted that the musicians called the rhythm
3719:
3416:
1541:, California. In New York, Toasters frontman
760:
8:
2043:
2041:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1121:genre, which began in the late 1970s in the
2345:"Chris Blackwell interview: Island Records"
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
1877:http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article–9118222
1233:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
288:in the late 1950s and was the precursor to
3726:
3712:
3704:
3423:
3409:
3401:
2526:
2524:
894:", both of which were popular on Jamaican
767:
753:
568:
557:
429:
36:
1253:Learn how and when to remove this message
3127:"The Mighty Mighty Bosstones – AllMusic"
2435:. Reggae Steady Ska. 13 September 2013.
1643:status and peaking at number 138 on the
2968:Bose, Lilledeshan (16 September 2010).
2670:Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop
2637:. powerhousemuseum.com. February 2010.
2120:
2118:
1856:
1691:
1583:becoming known on the touring circuit.
587:
571:
562:
460:
448:
3010:. 9 May 1998. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
2831:"Desorden Público Artist - GRAMMY.com"
275:
3668:Man in Business Suit Levitating emoji
3643:Caribbean music in the United Kingdom
3362:: Billboard Books. pp. 350–351.
3342:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press.
3107:from the original on 12 November 2011
2853:"Los Fabulosos Cadillacs – Biography"
2811:from the original on 3 September 2017
2641:from the original on 23 February 2011
2439:from the original on 13 December 2019
1992:. Dunoon, Scotland: S.T. Publishing.
1888:
1886:
1598:scene, and Steady Beat Recordings of
7:
2665:"Encyclopedia entry for 'Allniters'"
2597:from the original on 14 January 2012
2413:from the original on 3 December 2013
2060:from the original on 9 November 2011
1545:formed the independent record label
1231:adding citations to reliable sources
3465:
3162:"Allmusic – Third Wave Ska Revival"
3075:"Union Label Group – Stomp Records"
2196:. Temple University Press. p.
3174:from the original on 30 April 2012
3139:from the original on 6 August 2011
3081:from the original on 24 April 2012
3055:from the original on 10 March 2021
3002:"The Ska Parade Is Coming To Town"
1965:. 19 February 2001. Archived from
1463:from Venezuela and Grammy awarded
1079:performed ska with Prince Buster,
322:line accented with rhythms on the
25:
2759:from the original on 29 June 2011
2709:from the original on 15 June 2013
2571:from the original on 22 June 2011
2545:from the original on 2 April 2012
2022:. 14 January 1998. Archived from
1658:", which reached number 8 on the
563:Nationalistic and patriotic songs
3300:"New Tone and the Future of Ska"
2898:from the original on 26 May 2008
2477:: Greenwood Press. p. 270.
2355:from the original on 22 May 2010
1812:
1798:
1747:
1732:
1713:
1694:
1203:
433:
248:
3205:: Greenwood Press. p. 47.
3051:(published December 1997): 39.
2728:Balford Henry (26 April 2004).
1990:Spirit of '69: A Skinhead Bible
1927:Brown, Timothy S. (Fall 2004).
1402:opposition to more traditional
1077:Byron Lee & the Dragonaires
1037:", and radically reinterpreted
413:who introduced the term "ska".
3658:List of Caribbean music genres
3354:Du Noyer, Paul (2003). "Ska".
2871:"The Toasters | AllMusic"
2531:Shafer, Steven (Summer 1998).
2048:Selvin, Joel (23 March 2008).
1742:in their typical plaid outfits
1189:Third Wave Ska (3rd Wave Ska)
1157:(known as the English Beat in
1:
3340:Ska: The Rhythm of Liberation
2890:Joel Selvin (23 March 2008).
2855:. rockero.com. Archived from
2751:Cahoon, Keith (21 May 2005).
2396:Ska: The Rhythm of Liberation
2343:Perry, Andrew (20 May 2009).
1594:, which covered the thriving
948:-ka" and the latter goes "ka-
3861:Music of Trinidad and Tobago
2465:Moskowitz, David V. (2006).
2147:Jerry Snyder's Guitar School
1445:Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra
1133:, a record label founded by
606:Aruba and the Dutch Antilles
318:. Ska is characterized by a
67:New Orleans rhythm and blues
3022:"Can't Rain on This Parade"
2949:"This Are Moon Ska, Vol. 2"
2331:Skatalites Guns of Navarone
1740:The Mighty Mighty Bosstones
1708:, Venezuela formed in 1985.
1504:the Mighty Mighty Bosstones
994:Until Jamaica ratified the
3948:
3338:Augustyn, Heather (2013).
2918:"Ska-Punk | AllMusic"
2591:"1986-1991 Ska Explosion!"
2567:. fungalpunknature.co.uk.
2393:Augustyn, Heather (2013).
2292:Nidel, Richard O. (2005).
2166:Johnston, Richard (2004).
2124:Augustyn, Heather (2010).
1875:. Hussey Dermot. pp.
1192:
1102:
1089:1964 New York World's Fair
296:. It combined elements of
29:
3896:
3554:Jamaican record producers
3101:"About Asian Man Records"
3024:. 944.com. Archived from
2703:"Melbourne Ska Orchestra"
2260:. Da Capo Press. p.
2168:How to Play Rhythm Guitar
1988:Marshall, George (1991).
1933:Journal of Social History
1671:The Impression That I Get
810:Eighth note skank rhythm
721:St Vincent and Grenadines
187:
158:
114:
3927:Jamaican styles of music
3077:. www.stomprecords.com.
2232:jamaica-land-we-love.com
2050:"A brief history of ska"
1772:reached number 4 on the
1669:" by Reel Big Fish and "
1443:, in the mid-1980s. The
1374:" in 1983. The 30 piece
1326:due to the influence of
932:forms of music, such as
3688:Sound system (Jamaican)
2467:Caribbean Popular Music
2295:World Music: The Basics
2242:. Retrieved 3 July 2019
2054:San Francisco Chronicle
1873:Encyclopædia Britannica
1543:Robert "Bucket" Hingley
1510:pioneered the American
1465:Los Fabulosos Cadillacs
1376:Melbourne Ska Orchestra
987:'s "Forward March" and
787:" guitar rhythm, named
271:
3255:3 January 2020 at the
3232:3 January 2020 at the
2252:Coleman, Rick (2006).
2145:Snyder, Jerry (1999).
1904:. 2007. Archived from
1677:in the United States.
1569:San Francisco Bay Area
1384:Montreux Jazz Festival
1273:
1272:playing in Los Angeles
1114:
1105:Two-tone (music genre)
1033:covered the Beatles' "
975:, and WIRL Records in
839:Southern United States
822:
803:
336:Clement "Coxsone" Dodd
240:
3663:List of ska musicians
2740:on 26 September 2007.
2617:"Play It Upside Down"
2503:Skinheadheaven.org.uk
2333:Retrieved 7 June 2022
1945:10.1353/jsh.2004.0079
1834:List of ska musicians
1650:. In 1995, punk band
1268:
1143:A Message to You Rudy
1112:
890:" and Barbie Gaye's "
809:
782:
578:Jamaica, Land We Love
235:
197:list of ska musicians
3866:Music of West Africa
3281:2 March 2020 at the
3041:"Three Waves Of Ska"
2859:on 10 November 2006.
2188:Chen, Wayne (1998).
2126:Ska: An Oral History
1725:Berkeley, California
1636:Question the Answers
1480:Berkeley, California
1306:traditional skinhead
1227:improve this section
1043:Like a Rolling Stone
955:Famous ska band the
222:traditional skinhead
3193:Gulla, Bob (2006).
3039:Gulla, Bob (1997).
2349:The Daily Telegraph
2238:3 July 2019 at the
1969:on 19 February 2001
1756:Dance Hall Crashers
1581:Dance Hall Crashers
1328:Basque Radical Rock
1179:Night Boat to Cairo
1081:Eric "Monty" Morris
1073:also recorded ska.
1057:, Roland Alphonso,
991:' "Freedom Sound".
845:by artists such as
731:Trinidad and Tobago
601:Antigua and Barbuda
284:that originated in
79:Late 1950s, Jamaica
3854:the United Kingdom
3648:Culture of Jamaica
3265:. 4 February 2019.
3020:Iavazzi, Jessica.
2982:on 19 October 2010
2892:"Uptones Get Down"
1663:Modern Rock Tracks
1432:Markscheider Kunst
1274:
1115:
1049:. The Skatalites,
841:in cities such as
823:
804:
711:St Kitts and Nevis
661:Dominican Republic
409:, and that it was
241:
239:performing in 2005
3909:
3908:
3834:Caribbean English
3701:
3700:
3584:Asian Man Records
3569:Blue Beat Records
3395:978-1-84513-480-8
3382:Original Rude Boy
3348:978-0-8108-8449-6
3302:. 4 October 2021.
3274:Lipsky, Jessica.
2691:on 3 August 2004.
2675:Allen & Unwin
2623:on 25 April 2012.
2406:978-0-8108-8449-6
2379:978-1-4724-2978-0
1780:." In 2018,
1727:, formed in 1981.
1723:, which are from
1704:, which are from
1675:alternative music
1620:Asian Man Records
1551:Orange County ska
1263:
1262:
1255:
977:Kingston, Jamaica
789:onomatopoetically
777:
776:
583:
582:
558:
393:, double bassist
230:
229:
45:Stylistic origins
16:(Redirected from
3939:
3932:Music of Jamaica
3728:
3721:
3714:
3705:
3673:Music of Jamaica
3579:Moon Ska Records
3425:
3418:
3411:
3402:
3373:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3296:
3290:
3289:. 25 April 2019.
3272:
3266:
3246:
3240:
3239:. 5 August 2006.
3223:
3217:
3216:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3103:. Punknews.org.
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3028:on 16 July 2012.
3017:
3011:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2978:. Archived from
2970:"Ska's Not Dead"
2965:
2959:
2958:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2926:. Archived from
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2781:. Archived from
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2736:. Archived from
2732:Jamaica Observer
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2687:. Archived from
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2544:
2537:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2505:. Archived from
2495:
2489:
2488:
2462:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2390:
2381:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2289:
2276:
2275:
2259:
2249:
2243:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2195:
2185:
2179:
2164:
2158:
2143:
2137:
2122:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2095:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1951:on 28 June 2009.
1947:. Archived from
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1868:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1782:the Interrupters
1778:Liar Liar GE2017
1774:UK Singles Chart
1751:
1736:
1717:
1702:Desorden Publico
1698:
1687:Megalith Records
1577:Let's Go Bowling
1547:Moon Ska Records
1498:, bands such as
1492:the Untouchables
1461:Desorden Público
1396:Saint Petersburg
1390:Russia and Japan
1258:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1207:
1199:
1161:and Australia),
1047:Mongo Santamaría
924:
923:
922:
921:
835:rhythm and blues
821:
820:
819:
817:
802:
801:
800:
798:
769:
762:
755:
736:Turks and Caicos
569:
455:Related articles
443:Music of Jamaica
437:
436:
430:
316:rhythm and blues
279:
265:
264:
261:
260:
257:
254:
84:Derivative forms
76:Cultural origins
37:
21:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3892:
3844:Caribbean music
3812:
3798:Regional scenes
3793:
3737:
3732:
3702:
3697:
3631:
3620:Trojan skinhead
3588:
3542:
3501:
3480:Regional scenes
3475:
3434:
3429:
3370:
3353:
3335:
3333:Further reading
3330:
3329:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3307:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3283:Wayback Machine
3273:
3269:
3257:Wayback Machine
3247:
3243:
3234:Wayback Machine
3224:
3220:
3213:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3160:
3159:
3152:
3142:
3140:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3056:
3045:Guitar Magazine
3038:
3037:
3033:
3019:
3018:
3014:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2933:
2931:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2785:on 28 July 2012
2777:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2685:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2509:on 7 April 2010
2497:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2464:
2463:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2407:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2291:
2290:
2279:
2272:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2240:Wayback Machine
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2165:
2161:
2144:
2140:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2026:on 26 June 2002
2019:Montreal Mirror
2012:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1870:
1869:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1766:
1764:Post-third wave
1759:
1752:
1743:
1737:
1728:
1718:
1709:
1699:
1631:Mercury Records
1616:Fueled by Ramen
1612:Hellcat Records
1573:Skankin' Pickle
1457:rock en Español
1453:
1392:
1356:
1317:
1294:
1259:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1224:
1208:
1197:
1191:
1175:One Step Beyond
1107:
1101:
969:Federal Records
920:
915:
914:
913:
912:
911:
892:My Boy Lollypop
837:music from the
815:
813:
812:
811:
796:
794:
793:
792:
791:for its sound.
773:
572:National anthem
434:
428:
423:
379:
268:Jamaican Creole
251:
247:
226:
178:
154:Regional scenes
149:
105:
71:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3945:
3943:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3914:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3817:Related topics
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3708:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3574:2 Tone Records
3571:
3566:
3564:Trojan Records
3561:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3466:Third wave ska
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3377:Neville Staple
3374:
3368:
3351:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3316:
3305:
3291:
3267:
3241:
3237:New York Times
3218:
3211:
3185:
3150:
3118:
3092:
3066:
3031:
3012:
2993:
2960:
2940:
2909:
2894:. Sfgate.com.
2882:
2862:
2844:
2822:
2796:
2770:
2755:. Nippop.com.
2743:
2720:
2694:
2683:
2661:McFarlane, Ian
2652:
2626:
2608:
2582:
2556:
2520:
2490:
2483:
2450:
2424:
2405:
2382:
2366:
2335:
2323:
2316:
2277:
2270:
2244:
2222:
2213:
2206:
2180:
2159:
2138:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2080:
2071:
2037:
2005:
1998:
1980:
1954:
1919:
1882:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1809:
1806:Jamaica portal
1793:
1790:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1700:
1693:
1683:Moon Ska World
1452:
1449:
1391:
1388:
1360:Australian ska
1355:
1352:
1324:Basque Country
1316:
1313:
1293:
1292:United Kingdom
1290:
1278:The Ska Parade
1261:
1260:
1211:
1209:
1202:
1190:
1187:
1131:2 Tone Records
1103:Main article:
1100:
1097:
1067:Desmond Dekker
1035:And I Love Her
989:the Skatalites
985:Derrick Morgan
962:Willis Jackson
942:Ernest Ranglin
916:
783:Quarter note "
775:
774:
772:
771:
764:
757:
749:
746:
745:
744:
743:
741:Virgin Islands
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
636:Cayman Islands
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
590:
589:
588:Regional music
585:
584:
581:
580:
574:
573:
565:
564:
560:
559:
554:
553:
552:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
463:
462:
458:
457:
451:
450:
449:General topics
446:
445:
439:
438:
427:
424:
422:
419:
415:Derrick Morgan
395:Cluett Johnson
387:Ernest Ranglin
378:
375:
371:third wave ska
350:and with many
277:[skjæ]
228:
227:
225:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
192:Third wave ska
188:
185:
184:
180:
179:
177:
176:
175:United Kingdom
173:
170:
165:
159:
156:
155:
151:
150:
148:
147:
142:
137:
134:
129:
126:
121:
115:
112:
111:
107:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
87:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
70:
69:
64:
59:
54:
48:
46:
42:
41:
26:
24:
18:Third wave ska
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3944:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3824:Calypso tents
3822:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:Cadence-lypso
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3735:Calypso music
3729:
3724:
3722:
3717:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3678:Skank (dance)
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:Record labels
3545:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3497:Orange County
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:Christian ska
3444:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3369:0-8230-7869-8
3365:
3361:
3360:New York City
3357:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3287:Billboard.com
3284:
3280:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3262:The Economist
3258:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3225:Sia, Michel.
3222:
3219:
3214:
3212:0-313-32981-8
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3186:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3007:Rolling Stone
3003:
3000:Layne, Anni.
2997:
2994:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2964:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2930:on 2011-09-02
2929:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2810:
2807:. 2-tone.de.
2806:
2800:
2797:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2724:
2721:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2684:1-86448-768-2
2680:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2596:
2593:. hpska.com.
2592:
2586:
2583:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2484:0-313-33158-8
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2317:0-415-96800-3
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2271:0-306-81491-9
2267:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2207:1-56639-629-8
2203:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2192:Reggae Routes
2184:
2181:
2177:
2176:0-87930-811-7
2173:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2155:0-7390-0260-0
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2134:0-7864-6040-7
2131:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2093:0-87930-655-6
2090:
2084:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2014:"Inspecter 7"
2009:
2006:
2001:
1999:1-898927-10-3
1995:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1908:on 2019-03-26
1907:
1903:
1899:
1898:Genre Listing
1895:
1894:"Ska Revival"
1889:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1845:
1844:Skank (dance)
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1829:Christian ska
1827:
1826:
1821:
1810:
1807:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1604:Stomp Records
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1555:Reel Big Fish
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:Orange County
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:Operation Ivy
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:New York City
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:Strannye Igry
1405:
1401:
1398:as a kind of
1397:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1302:the Hotknives
1299:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1254:
1246:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1212:This section
1210:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:North America
1156:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:Jerry Dammers
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1106:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:Jackie Mittoo
1060:
1056:
1055:Laurel Aitken
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
965:
963:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
919:
908:
904:
899:
897:
896:sound systems
893:
889:
884:
879:
877:
876:sound systems
873:
869:
865:
864:Prince Buster
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
818:
808:
799:
790:
786:
781:
770:
765:
763:
758:
756:
751:
750:
748:
747:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
592:
591:
586:
579:
576:
575:
570:
567:
566:
561:
556:
555:
550:
547:
545:
544:Sound systems
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
514:Reggae fusion
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
465:
464:
459:
456:
453:
452:
447:
444:
441:
440:
432:
431:
425:
420:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:Jackie Mittoo
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
376:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
344:sound systems
341:
337:
333:
332:Prince Buster
329:
328:Stranger Cole
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:
306:
302:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
273:
269:
263:
245:
238:
234:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
189:
186:
181:
174:
172:United States
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
160:
157:
152:
146:
145:Christian ska
143:
141:
138:
135:
133:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:Fusion genres
108:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
53:
50:
49:
47:
43:
38:
33:
19:
3901:Calypsonians
3875:
3636:Other topics
3431:
3380:
3355:
3339:
3319:
3308:
3294:
3286:
3270:
3260:
3244:
3236:
3221:
3194:
3188:
3176:. Retrieved
3165:
3141:. Retrieved
3130:
3121:
3109:. Retrieved
3095:
3083:. Retrieved
3069:
3057:. Retrieved
3048:
3044:
3034:
3026:the original
3015:
3005:
2996:
2984:. Retrieved
2980:the original
2973:
2963:
2952:
2943:
2932:. Retrieved
2928:the original
2921:
2912:
2900:. Retrieved
2885:
2874:
2865:
2857:the original
2847:
2835:. Retrieved
2833:. GRAMMY.com
2825:
2813:. Retrieved
2799:
2787:. Retrieved
2783:the original
2773:
2761:. Retrieved
2746:
2738:the original
2731:
2723:
2711:. Retrieved
2697:
2689:the original
2668:
2655:
2643:. Retrieved
2629:
2621:the original
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2585:
2573:. Retrieved
2559:
2547:. Retrieved
2511:. Retrieved
2507:the original
2502:
2493:
2466:
2441:. Retrieved
2427:
2415:. Retrieved
2395:
2369:
2357:. Retrieved
2348:
2338:
2326:
2294:
2255:
2247:
2231:
2225:
2216:
2191:
2183:
2167:
2162:
2146:
2141:
2125:
2108:
2099:
2083:
2074:
2062:. Retrieved
2053:
2028:. Retrieved
2024:the original
2017:
2008:
1989:
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1967:the original
1957:
1949:the original
1936:
1932:
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1906:the original
1897:
1872:
1820:Music portal
1786:
1767:
1679:
1660:
1645:
1634:
1628:
1624:Dill Records
1585:
1562:
1536:
1514:subgenre, a
1484:the Toasters
1473:
1454:
1451:The Americas
1438:
1436:
1404:Russian rock
1393:
1357:
1321:
1318:
1295:
1277:
1275:
1249:
1240:
1225:Please help
1213:
1167:the Selecter
1163:the Specials
1147:
1139:the Specials
1116:
1113:The Specials
1075:
1071:Don Drummond
1059:Tommy McCook
1051:Lord Creator
1004:Millie Small
993:
981:Edward Seaga
966:
954:
949:
945:
917:
900:
880:
868:Coxsone Dodd
859:Louis Jordan
855:Rosco Gordon
827:World War II
824:
528:
524:Roots reggae
426:Jamaican ska
406:
398:
391:Coxsone Dodd
382:
380:
356:
348:British mods
320:walking bass
243:
242:
183:Other topics
3839:Limbo dance
3804:Costa Rican
3593:Subcultures
3387:Aurum Press
3203:Connecticut
3178:20 February
3143:20 February
2805:"Latin Ska"
2499:"Ska Party"
2475:Connecticut
2443:13 December
2417:28 November
1939:: 157–178.
1770:Captain SKA
1721:The Uptones
1641:gold record
1600:Los Angeles
1530:. In 1986,
1526:and guitar
1518:of ska and
1496:mod revival
1476:The Uptones
1471:" in 1994.
1380:Glastonbury
1372:Montego Bay
1364:the Porkers
1145:" in 1979.
1085:Jimmy Cliff
1031:The Wailers
1008:Barbie Gaye
903:guitar chop
888:Be My Guest
851:Barbie Gaye
847:Fats Domino
843:New Orleans
706:Puerto Rico
504:Raggamuffin
489:Lovers rock
407:Staya Staya
282:music genre
27:Music genre
3916:Categories
3808:Venezuelan
3683:Ska stroke
3653:Dance hall
3610:Scooterboy
3559:Studio One
3538:Rocksteady
3506:Influences
3111:29 October
3085:29 October
2986:29 October
2934:2016-12-30
2902:28 October
2815:28 October
2789:28 October
2763:28 October
2713:2 February
2645:28 October
2601:28 October
2575:28 October
2549:28 October
2064:28 October
2030:28 October
1973:28 October
1912:2 February
1851:References
1639:achieving
1622:(formerly
1564:Ska Parade
1528:distortion
1469:El Matador
1400:anglophone
1309:subculture
1298:the Burial
1193:See also:
1151:Ghost Town
1093:rocksteady
973:Studio One
957:Skatalites
883:jump blues
696:Montserrat
691:Martinique
671:Guadeloupe
646:Costa Rica
519:Rocksteady
499:Niyabinghi
479:Dub poetry
290:rocksteady
91:Rocksteady
3829:Canboulay
3627:Suedehead
3487:Australia
3059:8 January
2975:OC Weekly
2513:31 August
2170:, p. 72.
2128:, p. 16.
1661:Billboard
1656:Time Bomb
1646:Billboard
1520:punk rock
1428:Leningrad
1424:Distemper
1368:Allniters
1354:Australia
1340:Betagarri
1336:Skalariak
1243:June 2022
1214:does not
1183:Our House
1127:punk rock
1039:Bob Dylan
1000:copyright
930:Caribbean
872:Duke Reid
831:Jamaicans
686:Mauritius
469:Dancehall
411:Byron Lee
399:skavoovie
377:Etymology
363:punk rock
352:skinheads
340:Duke Reid
298:Caribbean
217:Suedehead
168:Australia
101:Dancehall
3888:Carnival
3693:Toasting
3615:Skinhead
3605:Rude boy
3471:Two-tone
3456:Ska punk
3451:Ska jazz
3379:(2009).
3279:Archived
3253:Archived
3230:Archived
3199:Westport
3172:Archived
3167:AllMusic
3137:Archived
3132:AllMusic
3105:Archived
3079:Archived
3053:Archived
2954:AllMusic
2923:AllMusic
2896:Archived
2876:AllMusic
2809:Archived
2757:Archived
2707:Archived
2663:(1999).
2639:Archived
2595:Archived
2569:Archived
2540:Archived
2471:Westport
2437:Archived
2411:Archived
2353:Archived
2304:New York
2300:New York
2236:Archived
2149:, p.28.
2058:Archived
1902:AllMusic
1839:Rude boy
1792:See also
1667:Sell Out
1608:Montreal
1579:and the
1532:No Doubt
1512:ska punk
1500:Fishbone
1420:Spitfire
1282:No Doubt
1270:Fishbone
1195:Ska punk
1181:", and "
1155:the Beat
1123:Coventry
1020:Atlantic
907:off beat
726:Suriname
716:St Lucia
656:Dominica
616:Barbados
596:Anguilla
549:Toasting
539:Ska punk
534:Ska jazz
367:ska-punk
365:forming
324:off beat
309:American
212:skinhead
202:rude boy
136:ska-core
132:ska punk
124:ska jazz
3764:Extempo
3759:Chutney
3533:R&B
3513:Calypso
2837:14 June
1871:"Ska".
1758:in 1998
1706:Caracas
1596:midwest
1592:Chicago
1559:Sublime
1406:music.
1332:Kortatu
1330:, with
1286:Sublime
1235:removed
1220:sources
1171:Madness
1087:at the
1014:songs,
1012:Beatles
938:calypso
905:on the
874:formed
666:Grenada
651:Curaçao
631:Bonaire
626:Bermuda
611:Bahamas
421:History
342:formed
305:calypso
286:Jamaica
280:) is a
237:Madness
128:ska pop
57:calypso
3881:Spouge
3871:Reggae
3849:Canada
3784:Shanto
3742:Genres
3528:Reggae
3461:Spouge
3439:Genres
3393:
3366:
3346:
3209:
2681:
2481:
2403:
2377:
2359:28 May
2351:. UK.
2314:
2268:
2204:
2174:
2153:
2132:
2091:
1996:
1776:with "
1652:Rancid
1524:tempos
1516:fusion
1416:N.O.M.
1348:Boikot
1315:Europe
1165:, and
1119:2 tone
1099:2 Tone
1083:, and
1069:, and
1025:hits,
1016:Motown
870:, and
825:After
701:Panama
676:Guyana
621:Belize
509:Reggae
484:Kumina
461:Genres
369:; and
359:2 Tone
338:, and
294:reggae
140:spouge
119:2 Tone
96:Reggae
3779:Mento
3774:Kaiso
3749:Benna
3523:Mento
3492:Japan
2543:(PDF)
2536:(PDF)
1588:zines
1486:from
1478:from
1440:J-ska
1344:Ska-P
1027:movie
950:chink
946:chink
934:mento
785:skank
681:Haiti
494:Mento
307:with
301:mento
163:Japan
52:Mento
3789:Soca
3518:Jazz
3391:ISBN
3364:ISBN
3344:ISBN
3207:ISBN
3180:2020
3145:2020
3113:2011
3087:2011
3061:2017
2988:2011
2904:2011
2839:2022
2817:2011
2791:2011
2765:2011
2715:2016
2679:ISBN
2647:2011
2603:2011
2577:2011
2551:2011
2515:2010
2479:ISBN
2445:2019
2419:2013
2401:ISBN
2375:ISBN
2361:2010
2312:ISBN
2266:ISBN
2202:ISBN
2172:ISBN
2151:ISBN
2130:ISBN
2089:ISBN
2066:2011
2032:2011
1994:ISBN
1975:2011
1914:2007
1754:The
1614:and
1557:and
1506:and
1482:and
1430:and
1414:and
1412:AVIA
1382:and
1358:The
1338:and
1300:and
1284:and
1218:any
1216:cite
1177:", "
1117:The
1041:'s "
1023:soul
1018:and
936:and
925:time
857:and
816:Play
797:Play
641:Cuba
314:and
312:jazz
303:and
292:and
272:skia
62:jazz
3922:Ska
3876:Ska
3769:Jwé
3600:Mod
3432:Ska
3259:).
2308:282
2262:210
1941:doi
1648:200
1606:of
1229:by
1137:of
952:".
529:Ska
474:Dub
383:ska
244:Ska
207:mod
40:Ska
32:SKA
3918::
3389:.
3385:,
3358:.
3285:.
3201:,
3197:.
3170:.
3164:.
3153:^
3135:.
3129:.
3049:15
3047:.
3043:.
3004:.
2972:.
2951:.
2920:.
2873:.
2705:.
2677:.
2673:.
2667:.
2538:.
2523:^
2501:.
2473:,
2469:.
2453:^
2409:.
2385:^
2347:.
2310:.
2302:,
2298:.
2280:^
2264:.
2200:.
2198:30
2117:^
2056:.
2052:.
2040:^
2016:.
1937:38
1935:.
1931:.
1900:.
1896:.
1885:^
1859:^
1689:.
1575:,
1502:,
1426:,
1422:,
1410:,
1386:.
1346:,
1311:.
1065:,
1061:,
1053:,
971:,
940:.
878:.
866:,
853:,
849:,
829:,
385:.
354:.
334:,
330:,
274:,
270::
266:;
259:ɑː
3727:e
3720:t
3713:v
3424:e
3417:t
3410:v
3397:.
3372:.
3350:.
3251:(
3215:.
3182:.
3147:.
3115:.
3089:.
3063:.
2990:.
2957:.
2937:.
2906:.
2879:.
2841:.
2819:.
2793:.
2767:.
2730:"
2717:.
2649:.
2605:.
2579:.
2553:.
2517:.
2487:.
2447:.
2421:.
2363:.
2320:.
2274:.
2210:.
2178:.
2157:.
2136:.
2068:.
2034:.
2002:.
1977:.
1943::
1916:.
1879:.
1256:)
1250:(
1245:)
1241:(
1237:.
1223:.
1149:"
918:4
768:e
761:t
754:v
262:/
256:k
253:s
250:/
246:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
