566:
neuroinvasive. The initial viremic stage allows access to a number of the preferential tissues. However, the exact mechanism by which TBEV crosses into the central nervous system (CNS) is unclear. There are several proposed mechanism for TBEV breaching the blood-brain barrier (BBB): 1)The "Trojan Horse" mechanism, whereby TBEV gains access to the CNS while infecting an immune cell that passes through the BBB; 2) Disruption and increased permeability of the BBB by immune immune cytokines; 3) Via infection of the olfactory neurons; 4) Via retrograde transport along peripheral nerves to the CNS; 5) Infection of the cells that make up part of the BBB.
31:
49:
527:
444:
538:(or Langerhans) cells (DCs) are preferentially targeted. Initially, the virus replicates locally and immune response is triggered when viral components are recognized by cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Recognition causes the release of cytokines including
694:
and
Sheboldova were arrested, falsely accused of spreading Japanese encephalitis. Expedition epidemiologist Tamara M. Safonov, was arrested the following January for protesting the charges against Zilber and Sheboldova. As a consequence of the arrests, one of the important initial works was published
616:
strains appear to be related to those from
Western Europe. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the European and Siberian TBEV sub-types are closely related while the Far-eastern sub-type is closer to the Louping Ill Virus. However, in antigenic relatedness, based on the E, NS3, and NS5 proteins, all
578:
TBEV specific IgM and IgG antibodies are produced in response to infection. IgM antibodies appear and peak first, as well as reaching higher levels, and typically dissipate in about 1.5 months post infection, though there exists considerable variation from patient to patient. IgG levels peak at about
569:
CNS infection brings on the second phase in the classic biphasic infection pattern associated with the
European subtype. CNS disease is immunopathological; release of inflammatory cytokines coupled with the action of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and possibly NK cells results in inflammation and apoptosis
377:
The envelope protein is involved in receptor-binding and neurovirulence, where increased glycosaminoglycan-binding affinity attenuates neuroinvasiveness. The conformation of the E protein during viral particle secretion is influenced by glycosylation as well. The immunogenicity of TBEV NS1 has been
517:
The virus is released from the host cell upon fusion of the transport vesicle with the host cell membrane, the cleaved Pr now segments dissociate, resulting in a fully mature, infectious virus. However, partially mature and immature viruses are sometimes released as well; immature viruses are
565:
The draining lymph node can also serve as a viral amplification site, from where TBEV gains systemic access. This viremic stage corresponds to the first symptomatic phase in the prototypical biphasic pattern of tick-borne encephalitis. TBEV has a strong preference for neuronal tissue, and is
549:
and chemokines, attracting migratory immune cells to the site of the bite. The infection may be halted at this stage and cleared, before the onset of noticeable symptoms. Notably, tick saliva enhances infection by modulating host immune response, dampening apoptotic signals. If the infection
595:
subtypes diverged about 2250 years ago. A second analysis suggests an earlier date of evolution (3300 years ago) with a rapid increase in the number of strains starting around 300 years ago. Different strains of the virus have been transmitted at least three times into
514:-golgi network, under increasingly acidic conditions, by which the virion matures with cleavage of the Pr segment from the M protein and formation fusion competent E protein homodimers. Though the cleaved Pr segment remains associated with protein complex until exit.
695:
under the authorship of expedition acarologist, Vasily S. Mironov. Zilber was released in 1939 and managed to restore, along with
Sheboldova, co-authorship on this initial work; however, Safanov and Sheboldova (who was not released) spent 18 years in
368:
activity. Structural and nonstructural proteins are not required for the genome to be infectious. All viral proteins are expressed as a single large polyprotein, with the order C, PrM, E, NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5.
1708:
Zlobin VI, Pogodina VV, Kahl O (October 2017). "A brief history of the discovery of tick-borne encephalitis virus in the late 1930s (based on reminiscences of members of the expeditions, their colleagues, and relatives)".
378:
demonstrated, showcasing its ability to trigger oxidative stress and elicit the expression of immunoproteasome subunits. Additionally, it has been observed to stimulate the production of cytokines. The NS5 protein has
682:
had isolated the virus from ticks feeding on intentionally infected mice. During the summer, five expeditions members became infected with TBEV, and while there were no fatalities, three of the five suffered damaging
494:
activity), while the remaining nonstructural proteins alter the structure of the ER membrane. This altered membrane permits the assembly of replication complexes, where the viral genome is replicated by the viral
506:, and gain E and PrM proteins, arranged as a heterodimer, during budding into the lumen of the ER. The immature virion is spiky and geometric in comparison to the mature particle. The particle passes through the
1747:
Uspensky I (May 2018). "Several words in addition to "A brief history of the discovery of tick-borne encephalitis virus in the late 1930s" by V.I. Zlobin, V.V. Pogodina and O. Kahl (TTBDIS, 2017, 8, 813-820)".
1526:
Vene S, Golovljova I, Mavtchoutko V, Forsgren M, Kalnina V, Plyusnin A (December 2001). "Characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus from Latvia: evidence for co-circulation of three distinct subtypes".
919:
Ruzek D, Avšič Županc T, Borde J, Chrdle A, Eyer L, Karganova G, et al. (April 2019). "Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe and Russia: Review of pathogenesis, clinical features, therapy, and vaccines".
1499:
Takashima I, Hayasaka D, Goto A, Kariwa H, Mizutani T (February 2001). "Epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and phylogenetic analysis of TBE viruses in Japan and Far
Eastern Russia".
2891:
1269:
Velay A, Paz M, Cesbron M, Gantner P, Solis M, Soulier E, et al. (August 2019). "Tick-borne encephalitis virus: molecular determinants of neuropathogenesis of an emerging pathogen".
657:, microbiology, neurology, and epidemiology. The expedition arrived in Khabarovsk on May 15, 1937, and divided into squads, Northern-led by Elizabeth N. Levkovich and working in the
486:
by host peptidases and in the lumen by viral enzyme action. The viral proteins C, NS3, and NS5 are cleaved into the cytosol (though NS3 can complex with NS2B or NS4A to perform
382:
antagonist activity as it downregulates the expression of IFN receptor subunit. Non structural protein 5 (NS5) affects neuropathogenesis by attenuation of neurite outgrowth.
1832:
2647:
3176:
475:
triggers a conformational change in the E proteins, resulting in fusion, followed by uncoating, and release of the single-stranded RNA genome into the cytoplasm.
386:
3 (UTR3) and UTR 5 affect genomic RNA cyclization and replication, and viral RNA transport in dendrites, which impacts neurogenesis and synaptic communication.
3189:
2901:
451:
In humans, the infection begins in the skin (with the exception of food-borne cases, about 1% of infections) at the site of the bite of an infected tick, where
1570:
Golovljova I, Vene S, Sjölander KB, Vasilenko V, Plyusnin A, Lundkvist A (December 2004). "Characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus from
Estonia".
2276:
810:
Kovalev SY, Mukhacheva TA, Kokorev VS, Belyaeva IV (April 2012). "Tick-borne encephalitis virus: reference strain Sofjin and problem of its authenticity".
625:
Though the first description of what may have been TBE appears in records in the 1700s in
Scandinavia, identification of the TBEV virus occurred in the
1419:"Rate of evolution and molecular epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Europe, including two isolations from the same focus 44 years apart"
356:(E). The seven nonstructural proteins are: NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5. The role of some nonstructural proteins is known, NS5 serves as
3163:
419:
co-feeding on the same host is thought to be key in maintaining the circulation of TBEV. TBEV in the blood of the host infects the tick through the
1613:
Mickiené A, Vene S, Golovljova I, Laiskonis A, Lindquist L, Plyusnin A, Lundkvist A (December 2001). "Tick-borne encephalitis virus in
Lithuania".
1913:
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6 weeks after the appearance of CNS symptoms, then decline slightly but do not dissipate, likely conferring life long immunity to the patient.
431:, thus the tick remains infectious throughout its life. Infected adult ticks may be able to lay eggs that are infected, transmitting the virus
1825:
794:
502:
Newly replicated viral RNA genomes are then packaged by the C proteins while on the cytosolic side of the ER membrane, forming the immature
2150:
2265:
3222:
1017:"N-linked glycan in tick-borne encephalitis virus envelope protein affects viral secretion in mammalian cells, but not in tick cells"
2140:
3128:
2652:
2492:
2025:
2020:
1818:
2427:
1807:
4th
Edition, Gerhard Dobler, Wilhelm Erber, Michael Bröker, Heinz-Josef Schmitt, Global Health Press, May 25, 2021 -pp 386pp
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1923:
468:
234:
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continues, migratory DCs and macrophages become infected and travel to the local draining lymph node where activation of
2975:
2970:
2578:
496:
357:
228:
423:, from where it can pass to the salivary glands to be passed to the next host. In non-adult ticks, TBEV is transmitted
2605:
2600:
2588:
2130:
2013:
551:
338:
1795:
617:
three sub-types are highly similar, and
Louping Ill virus is the closest relative outside the collective TBEV group.
48:
2694:
2612:
2593:
1959:
587:
The ancestor of the extant strains appears to have separated into several clades approximately 2750 years ago. The
518:
noninfectious as the E proteins are not fusion competent, partially mature viruses are still capable of infection.
3194:
2817:
2280:
432:
424:
306:
194:
2172:
2896:
2839:
2717:
2512:
2037:
1789:
334:
1785:
3000:
2662:
2657:
2562:
2357:
2343:
2319:
2261:
2071:
1955:
408:
198:
3090:
2347:
2315:
2291:
2126:
2004:
1928:
1903:
1889:
1868:
1417:
Uzcátegui NY, Sironen T, Golovljova I, Jääskeläinen AE, Välimaa H, Lundkvist Å, et al. (April 2012).
1068:"Activation of Early Proinflammatory Responses by TBEV NS1 Varies between the Strains of Various Subtypes"
1804:
1157:"Potential significance of transovarial transmission in the circulation of tick-borne encephalitis virus"
3217:
2780:
2689:
2667:
2331:
2008:
1325:"Cell-Mediated Immune Responses and Immunopathogenesis of Human Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus-Infection"
1066:
Starodubova E, Tuchynskaya K, Kuzmenko Y, Latanova A, Tutyaeva V, Karpov V, Karganova G (January 2023).
630:
534:
With the exception of food-borne cases, infection begins in the skin at the site of the tick bite. Skin
479:
400:
284:
Far Eastern subtype (formerly Russian Spring Summer encephalitis virus, RSSEV; principal tick vector:
3150:
2832:
2827:
2206:
266:
Western European subtype (formerly Central European encephalitis virus, CEEV; principal tick vector:
43:
2768:
2753:
2622:
2417:
383:
326:
1120:
Nuttall PA, Jones LD, Labuda M, Kaufman WR (January 1994). "Adaptations of arboviruses to ticks".
2965:
2240:
2092:
1681:
1638:
1595:
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1399:
1294:
945:
878:
835:
669:
322:
277:
30:
3181:
3137:
3045:
2822:
2165:
1979:
1765:
1726:
1673:
1630:
1587:
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1508:
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1238:
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997:
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559:
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420:
244:
1810:
1323:
Blom K, Cuapio A, Sandberg JT, Varnaite R, Michaëlsson J, Björkström NK, et al. (2018).
668:
Inside the month of May, the expedition had identified ticks as the likely vector, collected
2773:
2758:
2388:
2199:
2194:
1757:
1718:
1665:
1622:
1579:
1536:
1471:
1430:
1383:
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1336:
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1228:
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1168:
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1038:
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987:
979:
929:
862:
819:
757:
679:
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353:
349:
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2480:
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2182:
2062:
2057:
658:
634:
507:
460:
452:
412:
330:
97:
653:, who assembled a team of twenty young scientists in a number of related fields such as
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2365:
2336:
1351:
1324:
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1206:
1094:
1067:
992:
967:
662:
535:
404:
318:
314:
268:
239:
866:
744:
Mansfield KL, Johnson N, Phipps LP, Stephenson JR, Fooks AR, Solomon T (August 2009).
526:
443:
3211:
3024:
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2882:
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2707:
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2503:
2485:
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1298:
882:
85:
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1403:
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in the 1930s. The investigation began due to an outbreak of what was believed to be
3142:
3038:
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2638:
2453:
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2306:
2295:
2252:
2087:
2080:
2075:
2030:
1995:
1938:
1880:
675:
626:
250:
133:
121:
109:
1848:
1669:
1460:"Multiple transmissions of tick-borne encephalitis virus between Japan and Russia"
1282:
1761:
1722:
633:("Summer encephalitis"), among Soviet troops stationed along the border with the
3122:
2869:
2859:
2763:
2744:
2571:
2566:
2462:
2226:
2160:
2117:
2047:
1969:
1893:
464:
333:. Like other flaviviruses, the TBEV genome codes for ten viral proteins, three
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2986:
2956:
2906:
2790:
2672:
2553:
2408:
2286:
2217:
2099:
1948:
1626:
1387:
823:
691:
650:
646:
539:
459:
in the skin are preferentially targeted. TBEV envelope (E) proteins recognize
456:
379:
222:
203:
145:
3113:
1677:
1341:
604:
appear to have originated from both Russia and Western Europe while those in
3065:
1857:
654:
613:
310:
73:
1769:
1730:
1634:
1591:
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1512:
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1444:
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1418:
1395:
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1103:
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1016:
1001:
941:
874:
831:
771:
762:
745:
1141:
3107:
1841:
1173:
1156:
1084:
983:
592:
555:
491:
487:
472:
428:
365:
361:
3168:
785:
Goodman JL, Dennis DT, Sonenshine DE (2005). "Tick-Borne Encephalitis".
317:
capsid. The TBEV genome is approximately 11kb in size, which contains a
2995:
2944:
2922:
2441:
1476:
1459:
684:
605:
588:
483:
275:
Siberian subtype (formerly West Siberian virus; principal tick vector:
1583:
1223:
1133:
1043:
1015:
Yoshii K, Yanagihara N, Ishizuka M, Sakai M, Kariwa H (October 2013).
853:
Wilder-Smith A, Ooi EE, Horstick O, Wills B (January 2019). "Dengue".
3033:
2812:
2541:
2530:
1540:
968:"Epidemiology and pathological mechanisms of tick-borne encephalitis"
609:
601:
503:
345:
3084:
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of infected cells that is responsible for many of the CNS symptoms.
1615:
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
746:"Tick-borne encephalitis virus - a review of an emerging zoonosis"
696:
638:
597:
525:
442:
416:
226:. Other close relatives, members of the TBEV serocomplex, include
60:
2104:
3155:
3088:
1814:
1657:
661:- and Southern-led by Alexandra D. Sheboldaeva, working in the
530:
IFN evasion strategies of Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV).
2732:
463:(and likely other receptors) on the host cell surface and are
407:. This can occur at any part of the tick's life cycle but a
348:), PrM (premembrane), which is cleaved to produce the final
1658:"Chapter 2b: The molecular and antigenic structure of TBEV"
690:
The expedition returned in mid-August and in October 1937
478:
The viral polyprotein is translated and inserts into the
403:
begins when a tick takes a blood meal from an infected
600:
between 260–430 years ago. The strains circulating in
1799:
1155:
Danielová V, Holubová J, Pejcoch M, Daniel M (2002).
1205:
Pulkkinen LI, Butcher SJ, Anastasina M (June 2018).
3097:
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3022:
3013:
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2954:
2932:
2921:
2880:
2848:
2801:
2742:
2731:
2705:
2636:
2551:
2540:
2529:
2501:
2451:
2440:
2406:
2386:
2304:
2250:
2239:
2215:
2115:
1993:
1878:
1867:
1856:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
1207:"Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: A Structural View"
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
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427:by infecting cells that are not destroyed during
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1703:
1701:
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1697:
1695:
1115:
1113:
1826:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
914:
912:
447:Replication cycle of tick-borne flaviviruses.
8:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
373:Viral genetic determinants for pathogenicity
2277:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
1072:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
292:The reference strain is the Sofjin strain.
3085:
3019:
2929:
2739:
2548:
2537:
2448:
2247:
1875:
1864:
1833:
1819:
1811:
789:. Washington, DC: ASM Press. p. 151.
313:, contained in a 40-60 nm spherical,
29:
18:
1788:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1475:
1434:
1350:
1340:
1232:
1222:
1172:
1093:
1083:
1042:
1032:
991:
972:The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
761:
961:
959:
1501:Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases
707:
649:. The expedition was led by virologist
482:membrane, where it is processed on the
678:Alexander V. Gutsevich and virologist
2648:Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
7:
1374:Subbotina EL, Loktev VB (2012). "".
2151:Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
1662:Tick-borne Encephalitis - the Book
674:ticks by exposure of bare skin by
14:
2141:Western equine encephalomyelitis
2131:Eastern equine encephalomyelitis
1786:Encephalitis+Viruses,+Tick-Borne
1271:Critical Reviews in Microbiology
522:Pathogenesis and immune response
47:
2266:Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
1423:The Journal of General Virology
1021:The Journal of General Virology
934:10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.01.014
750:The Journal of General Virology
344:The structural proteins are C (
2428:Kemerovo tickborne viral fever
220:TBEV is a member of the genus
1:
3129:Tick-borne encephalitis virus
3099:Tick-borne encephalitis virus
2685:Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
1924:Jamestown Canyon encephalitis
1750:Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases
1711:Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases
1670:10.33442/978-981-14-0914-1_2b
1283:10.1080/1040841X.2019.1629872
1122:Journal of Medical Entomology
867:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32560-1
787:Tick-Borne Diseases of Humans
608:appear to have originated in
235:Kyasanur Forest disease virus
187:Tick-borne encephalitis virus
160:Tick-borne encephalitis virus
23:Tick-borne encephalitis virus
2579:Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever
1762:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.03.007
1723:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.05.001
1656:Heinz FX, Stiasny K (2019).
552:polymorphonuclear leukocytes
497:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
471:. Acidification of the late
358:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
229:Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus
38:TBEV at different pH levels
2601:Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
2589:Argentine hemorrhagic fever
1572:Journal of Medical Virology
1529:Journal of Medical Virology
1464:Genes & Genetic Systems
364:(in complex with NS2B) and
3239:
3223:Health in the Soviet Union
2613:Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
2493:Sandfly fever Naples virus
639:People's Republic of China
2281:Huaiyangshan banyangvirus
1800:World Health Organization
1627:10.1007/s10096-001-0637-5
1388:10.1134/S0026893311060148
824:10.1007/s11262-011-0690-9
469:clathrin mediated pathway
262:TBEV has three subtypes:
195:positive-strand RNA virus
172:
167:
42:
37:
28:
21:
2897:SARS-related coronavirus
2860:Henipavirus encephalitis
2718:Murid gammaherpesvirus 4
2563:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
2344:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
2316:Arbovirus encephalitides
2292:Arbovirus encephalitides
2262:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
2227:Banna virus encephalitis
2127:Arbovirus encephalitides
2072:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
2038:Saint Louis encephalitis
2005:Arbovirus encephalitides
1956:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
1890:Arbovirus encephalitides
1790:Medical Subject Headings
1376:Molekuliarnaia Biologiia
1342:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02174
3001:Yaba monkey tumor virus
2358:Kyasanur Forest disease
2320:Tick-borne encephalitis
2021:Australian encephalitis
1914:California encephalitis
1796:Tick-borne encephalitis
1329:Frontiers in Immunology
966:Yoshii K (March 2019).
409:horizontal transmission
199:tick-borne encephalitis
2348:Omsk hemorrhagic fever
1929:La Crosse encephalitis
1458:Suzuki Y (June 2007).
1436:10.1099/vir.0.035766-0
1034:10.1099/vir.0.055269-0
763:10.1099/vir.0.011437-0
531:
448:
2781:Marburg virus disease
2332:Powassan encephalitis
2009:Japanese encephalitis
631:Japanese Encephalitis
529:
446:
2207:Semliki Forest virus
1174:10.14411/fp.2002.060
1161:Folia Parasitologica
1085:10.3390/ijms24021011
1027:(Pt 10): 2249–2258.
984:10.1292/jvms.18-0373
44:Virus classification
2754:Ebola virus disease
2418:Colorado tick fever
2173:O'nyong'nyong fever
756:(Pt 8): 1781–1794.
680:Mikhail P. Chumakov
384:Untranslated region
2966:Simian foamy virus
1477:10.1266/ggs.82.187
922:Antiviral Research
861:(10169): 350–363.
532:
449:
323:open reading frame
286:Ixodes persulcatus
278:Ixodes persulcatus
3205:
3204:
3091:Taxon identifiers
3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3009:
3008:
2917:
2916:
2727:
2726:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2436:
2435:
2235:
2234:
1980:Rift Valley fever
1584:10.1002/jmv.20224
1429:(Pt 4): 786–796.
1224:10.3390/v10070350
1134:10.7939/r3m03xx77
796:978-1-55581-238-6
560:complement system
540:interferons (IFN)
411:between infected
399:Infection of the
329:, and is without
245:Louping ill virus
184:
183:
3230:
3198:
3197:
3185:
3184:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3158:
3146:
3145:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3086:
3020:
2930:
2740:
2549:
2538:
2513:Chandipura virus
2449:
2389:Orthomyxoviridae
2248:
2195:Ross River fever
1960:Bunyamwera fever
1876:
1865:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1812:
1774:
1773:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1705:
1690:
1689:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1541:10.1002/jmv.2097
1523:
1517:
1516:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1438:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1344:
1320:
1303:
1302:
1266:
1247:
1246:
1236:
1226:
1202:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1097:
1087:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1036:
1012:
1006:
1005:
995:
963:
954:
953:
916:
887:
886:
850:
844:
843:
807:
801:
800:
782:
776:
775:
765:
741:
659:Khabarovski Krai
574:Humoral response
453:Langerhans cells
354:envelope protein
350:membrane protein
309:single-stranded
197:associated with
175:Absettarov virus
52:
51:
33:
19:
16:Species of virus
3238:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3193:
3188:
3180:
3175:
3167:
3162:
3154:
3149:
3141:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3093:
3083:
3070:
3050:
3015:
3005:
2980:
2950:
2924:
2913:
2876:
2851:Paramyxoviridae
2844:
2797:
2734:
2723:
2701:
2632:
2543:
2532:
2517:
2497:
2481:Pappataci fever
2474:Oropouche virus
2469:Oropouche fever
2443:
2432:
2402:
2382:
2300:
2272:Heartland virus
2242:
2231:
2211:
2183:Pogosta disease
2111:
2058:West Nile fever
1989:
1870:
1859:
1852:
1839:
1782:
1777:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1707:
1706:
1693:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1621:(12): 886–888.
1612:
1611:
1607:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1322:
1321:
1306:
1268:
1267:
1250:
1204:
1203:
1190:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1014:
1013:
1009:
965:
964:
957:
918:
917:
890:
852:
851:
847:
809:
808:
804:
797:
784:
783:
779:
743:
742:
709:
705:
635:Japanese empire
623:
585:
576:
562:are activated.
524:
508:golgi apparatus
461:heparan sulfate
441:
415:and uninfected
397:
392:
375:
331:polyadenylation
325:with 3' and 5'
303:
298:
260:
218:
213:
163:
123:Amarillovirales
99:Kitrinoviricota
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3236:
3234:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3186:
3173:
3160:
3147:
3134:
3119:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3030:
3028:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2940:
2938:
2927:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2856:
2854:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2809:
2807:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2750:
2748:
2737:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2713:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2644:
2642:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2559:
2557:
2546:
2535:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2459:
2457:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2414:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2289:
2284:
2274:
2269:
2258:
2256:
2245:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2123:
2121:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2001:
1999:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1886:
1884:
1873:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1845:viral diseases
1840:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1793:
1781:
1780:External links
1778:
1776:
1775:
1756:(4): 834–835.
1736:
1717:(6): 813–820.
1691:
1648:
1605:
1578:(4): 580–588.
1562:
1535:(4): 730–735.
1518:
1491:
1470:(3): 187–195.
1450:
1409:
1366:
1304:
1277:(4): 472–493.
1248:
1188:
1167:(4): 323–325.
1147:
1109:
1058:
1007:
978:(3): 343–347.
955:
888:
845:
818:(2): 217–224.
802:
795:
777:
706:
704:
701:
663:Primorski Krai
622:
619:
584:
581:
575:
572:
523:
520:
484:cytosolic side
440:
437:
433:transovarially
396:
393:
391:
388:
374:
371:
307:positive-sense
302:
299:
297:
294:
290:
289:
282:
273:
269:Ixodes ricinus
259:
256:
240:Alkhurma virus
217:
214:
212:
211:Classification
209:
182:
181:
180:
179:
176:
170:
169:
165:
164:
157:
155:
151:
150:
143:
139:
138:
131:
127:
126:
119:
115:
114:
111:Flasuviricetes
107:
103:
102:
95:
91:
90:
83:
79:
78:
71:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3235:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3025:Rhabdoviridae
3021:
3018:
3012:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2935:Herpesviridae
2931:
2928:
2926:
2920:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2883:Coronaviridae
2879:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2804:Rhabdoviridae
2800:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2730:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2708:Herpesviridae
2704:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2528:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2504:Rhabdoviridae
2500:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2486:Toscana virus
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2398:Bourbon virus
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2238:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2188:Sindbis virus
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1003:
999:
994:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
962:
960:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
849:
846:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
806:
803:
798:
792:
788:
781:
778:
773:
769:
764:
759:
755:
751:
747:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
708:
702:
700:
698:
693:
688:
686:
681:
677:
673:
672:
671:I. persucatus
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:Lev A. Zilber
648:
644:
640:
637:(present day
636:
632:
628:
620:
618:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
590:
582:
580:
573:
571:
567:
563:
561:
557:
553:
548:
544:
541:
537:
528:
521:
519:
515:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
445:
438:
436:
434:
430:
426:
425:transtadially
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
394:
389:
387:
385:
381:
372:
370:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
339:nonstructural
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
300:
295:
293:
287:
283:
280:
279:
274:
271:
270:
265:
264:
263:
257:
255:
253:
252:
247:
246:
241:
237:
236:
231:
230:
225:
224:
215:
210:
208:
206:
205:
201:in the genus
200:
196:
192:
188:
177:
174:
173:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
132:
129:
128:
125:
124:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:
96:
93:
92:
89:
88:
87:Orthornavirae
84:
81:
80:
77:
76:
72:
69:
66:
65:
62:
59:
56:
55:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
24:
20:
3218:Flaviviruses
3098:
3055:
3046:Mokola virus
3023:
2985:
2957:Retroviridae
2955:
2943:
2933:
2881:
2849:
2802:
2743:
2716:
2706:
2639:Bunyavirales
2637:
2554:Arenaviridae
2552:
2502:
2454:Bunyavirales
2452:
2407:
2387:
2373:Langat virus
2324:
2307:Flaviviridae
2305:
2296:Bhanja virus
2253:Bunyavirales
2251:
2216:
2116:
2088:Yellow fever
2076:Dengue fever
1996:Flaviviridae
1994:
1939:Tahyna virus
1904:Bwamba Fever
1881:Bunyavirales
1879:
1805:The TBE Book
1753:
1749:
1714:
1710:
1661:
1651:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1575:
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1532:
1528:
1521:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1467:
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1412:
1382:(1): 82–92.
1379:
1375:
1369:
1332:
1328:
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1210:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1125:
1121:
1075:
1071:
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1024:
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753:
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676:entomologist
670:
667:
641:), near the
627:Soviet Union
624:
586:
577:
568:
564:
533:
516:
511:
504:nucleocapsid
501:
477:
450:
398:
395:Transmission
376:
343:
337:, and seven
304:
291:
285:
276:
267:
261:
251:Langat virus
249:
243:
233:
227:
221:
219:
202:
190:
186:
185:
178:Sofjin virus
159:
158:
146:
135:Flaviviridae
134:
122:
110:
98:
86:
74:
67:
57:(unranked):
22:
3123:Wikispecies
2745:Filoviridae
2567:Lassa fever
2463:Adria virus
2161:Chikungunya
2118:Togaviridae
2048:Usutu virus
1970:Ngari virus
1894:Batai virus
1507:(1): 1–11.
1078:(2): 1011.
812:Virus Genes
697:labor camps
643:Far Eastern
593:Far Eastern
488:proteolytic
465:endocytosed
457:macrophages
439:Replication
352:, (M), and
321:, a single
3212:Categories
3057:Poxviridae
2987:Poxviridae
2907:SARS-CoV-2
2409:Reoviridae
2287:Tete virus
2218:Reoviridae
2100:Zika fever
1949:Tete virus
1847:(A80–B34,
1217:(7): 350.
1128:(1): 1–9.
1044:2115/56524
703:References
647:Khabarovsk
614:Lithuanian
390:Life cycle
380:interferon
360:, NS3 has
335:structural
305:TBEV is a
223:Flavivirus
204:Flavivirus
147:Flavivirus
3066:Monkeypox
1858:Arthropod
1686:150118109
1678:2661-3980
1299:195787988
928:: 23–51.
883:208789595
655:acarology
583:Evolution
556:monocytes
536:dendritic
315:enveloped
311:RNA virus
301:Structure
154:Species:
82:Kingdom:
75:Riboviria
3182:11460956
3169:10220942
3108:Wikidata
3014:Multiple
2902:SARS-CoV
2892:MERS-CoV
2081:DENV-1-4
1869:Mosquito
1842:Zoonotic
1770:29559213
1731:28526419
1643:38061544
1635:11837641
1600:28491834
1592:15484275
1557:22860154
1549:11745938
1513:11326122
1486:17660689
1445:22205716
1404:18500235
1396:22642104
1361:30319632
1335:: 2174.
1291:31267816
1243:29958443
1183:12641208
1104:36674524
1053:23824303
1002:30674746
950:73414822
942:30710567
875:30696575
840:12587373
832:22095094
772:19420159
685:sequelae
645:city of
589:Siberian
558:and the
492:helicase
473:endosome
467:via the
366:helicase
362:protease
296:Virology
258:Subtypes
216:Taxonomy
168:Strains
130:Family:
94:Phylum:
3114:Q251824
3016:vectors
2996:Tanapox
2945:B virus
2923:Primate
2442:Sandfly
2268:(CCHFV)
1849:042–079
1352:6168641
1234:6071267
1211:Viruses
1142:8158611
1095:9863113
993:6451894
621:History
606:Estonia
499:, NS5.
429:molting
193:) is a
142:Genus:
118:Order:
106:Class:
3156:541199
3034:Rabies
2976:HTLV-2
2971:HTLV-1
2925:-borne
2813:Rabies
2735:-borne
2544:-borne
2542:Rodent
2533:-borne
2531:Mammal
2465:(ADRV)
2444:-borne
2243:-borne
1871:-borne
1860:-borne
1792:(MeSH)
1768:
1729:
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855:Lancet
838:
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692:Zilber
612:. The
610:Russia
602:Latvia
545:, and
421:midgut
417:larvae
413:nymphs
401:vector
346:capsid
319:5' cap
3195:11084
3177:IRMNG
3143:56VNP
2774:ZEBOV
2678:THAIV
2166:CHIKV
1682:S2CID
1639:S2CID
1596:S2CID
1553:S2CID
1400:S2CID
1295:S2CID
946:S2CID
879:S2CID
836:S2CID
598:Japan
512:trans
68:Realm
61:Virus
3190:NCBI
3164:GBIF
3039:RABV
2840:CHPV
2828:DUVV
2823:MOKV
2818:ABLV
2791:RAVV
2786:MARV
2769:TAFV
2764:SUDV
2759:BDBV
2690:ANDV
2673:AMRV
2668:SEOV
2663:PUUV
2658:HTNV
2653:DOBV
2628:CHPV
2623:LUJV
2617:MACV
2606:SABV
2594:JUNV
2583:GTOV
2572:LASV
2422:CTFV
2377:LGTV
2366:AHFV
2362:KFDV
2352:OHFV
2337:POWV
2325:TBEV
2241:Tick
2177:ONNV
2155:VEEV
2145:WEEV
2135:EEEV
2105:ZIKV
2052:USUV
2042:SLEV
2031:KUNV
2026:MVEV
1984:RVFV
1974:NRIV
1964:BUNV
1943:TAHV
1933:LACV
1908:BWAV
1898:BATV
1766:PMID
1727:PMID
1674:ISSN
1631:PMID
1588:PMID
1545:PMID
1509:PMID
1482:PMID
1441:PMID
1392:PMID
1357:PMID
1287:PMID
1239:PMID
1179:PMID
1138:PMID
1100:PMID
1049:PMID
998:PMID
938:PMID
871:PMID
828:PMID
791:ISBN
768:PMID
591:and
543:α, β
510:and
455:and
405:host
327:UTRs
248:and
191:TBEV
3151:EoL
3138:CoL
2870:NiV
2865:HeV
2833:LBV
2733:Bat
2695:SNV
2200:RRV
2093:YFV
2063:WNV
2014:JEV
1918:CEV
1798:at
1758:doi
1719:doi
1666:doi
1623:doi
1580:doi
1537:doi
1472:doi
1431:doi
1384:doi
1347:PMC
1337:doi
1279:doi
1229:PMC
1219:doi
1169:doi
1130:doi
1090:PMC
1080:doi
1039:hdl
1029:doi
988:PMC
980:doi
930:doi
926:164
863:doi
859:393
820:doi
758:doi
490:or
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