441:
465:
rescue tigers from the brink of extinction. The year 2010 was the
Chinese year of the tiger, which made the year a natural focus of international conservation efforts. Tiger experts fear that tigers are in jeopardy of extinction due to current threats (Traffic 2010). Prolonging their existence will take a very high level of commitment from multiple countries. Experts agree that efforts to conserve habitat are essential. For example, an evaluation of conservation strategies to preserve species of tigers in North-eastern China reveal the importance of enlarging suitable habitats for conservation and survival (Xiaofeng, 2009). Key landscapes must be tiger-conservation friendly to ensure ecosystem integrity that is equally valuable for humans, tigers and many other wildlife species sharing the same area. In July 2014 at an international convention on endangered species in
653:
453:
zones of this wild animal. In some middle eastern countries tiger parts are believed to heal the liver and kidneys and are used to treat epilepsy, baldness, inflammation, possession by evil demons, toothaches, malaria, hydrophobia, skin diseases, nightmares, laziness, fevers, and headaches. Although tiger populations are mostly impacted by habitat degradation and diminution in prey density. Wang and Shen 2010 explain that factors that best explain diminishing population of tiger species are human population density and distance from roads. However, hunting activities and poaching contribute greatly to the declines of this animal. Illegal trade circulating products from tiger parts is another of the major causes of extinction of the Javan, Caspian and Bali tiger subspecies (WWF 2010).
19:
432:
were created – for reintroducing the endangered species back into the wild. If tiger farming is allowed, the population of wild tigers will be directly affected. One of the first noticeable factors will be the growth in demand for a natural product (wild vs captive bred). The consequence of ignoring these dire issues will be detrimental to the population of tigers. Most alarmingly, it is projected that within the next decade, the species of tigers may go extinct. "James Leape, director general of the World
Wildlife Fund, told the meeting in St. Petersburg that if the proper protective measures aren't taken, tigers may disappear by 2022, the next Chinese calendar year of the tiger." (Titova 2010)
213:. The Russian army was instructed to exterminate all tigers found around the area of the Caspian Sea, a project that was carried out very efficiently. Once the extermination of the Caspian tiger was almost complete, the farmers followed, clearing forests and planting crops. Due to intensive hunting and deforestation, the Caspian tiger retreated first from the lush lowlands to the forested ranges, then to the marshes around some of the larger rivers, and finally, deeper into the mountains, until it almost certainly became extinct. The last stronghold of the Caspian tiger in the former Soviet Union was in the Tigrovaya Balka area, in
112:. Any of these involved considerable danger and the hunting of a tiger had been considered a manly and a courageous feat with game, trophies being collected as the symbols of valor and prestige. Accounts of British royalty photographed aside dead tiger carcasses during the late 19th and early 20th centuries depict the construction of the successful conquest of Indian nature, thus symbolizing the imperial, masculine identities desired by the British. In some places such as China, tigers were also perceived to be a threat to human life in the area, so those who managed to kill them were hailed as heroes to the general public.
119:. By 1992, the trade industry paid a total of $ 12.4 million for 200 tigers that were harvested by poachers. Since that time, the Chinese have banned poaching and the tiger part trade. However, this has only increased the value of poached tigers. Individual poachers now get approximately $ 800 per tiger, but those associated with well-known established gangs can receive up to $ 5,000 per body received. In addition to poaching, to compensate for the banning of trade in tiger parts, China has begun harvesting tigers by means of "tiger farming." This enables them to breed captive tigers for the purpose of selling their parts.
517:
161:
photographs, with successful tiger hunts being seen as a symbol of the successful conquest of nature by civilised, manly
Britons. British rulers enacted Forest Act of 1878 which enabled them to treat forest area as hunting grounds. British officially killed 1,579 tigers in the year 1878. In 1882, the British officials paid £4800 in rewards for killing 1,726 tigers. Maharaja of Surguja killed 1,710 tigers in his hunting quests. George Yule, a British civil servant in
128:
409:
628:
of vegetative elements in their reproductive and dwelling environment is a cause for concern as well, since these species rely on cover from trees and tall grasses to prey on other animals. Trees and vegetation also provide natural cover from abiotic factors and elements that these animals rely on for their protection. Tigers mate and reproduce in the same areas where they were born, therefore conserving natural vegetation and tree cover is important.
77:. Tigers have mythological, cultural and religious significance in these countries. Foreign invaders saw hunting of tigers as a symbol of masculinity and an adventurous sporting event. It has been hunted in these countries for centuries. In 1924, the tiger population in Asia was estimated to be more than 100,000. However, within less than a hundred years, it had declined to fewer than 3,200. Tigers have historically been a popular
597:
with feelings of extreme nervousness. Half of the pack would continue to surround the tiger, while the other dogs rested. If, however, the quarry tried to break away, the whole pack charged it, with some of the dogs actually jumping on the animal's back and forcing it to halt once more. Working only from sound and keeping behind trees out of sight of the quarry, the hunter would get within easy range of the latter and shoot it.
482:
568:
289:
420:
political issue in the world. Therefore it is necessary for the traditional
Chinese medicine industry to support the conservation of endangered species, including tigers". As TCM practitioners push to remove endangered species from the "ingredients list," they are being met by farmers hoping to reignite the demand for TCM-based medicinal products, such as
97:
1046:
428:
their wine as holistic medicinal remedies, meeting the market demand for prior medicinal practices. While TCM practitioners attempt to move away from the use of endangered species, tiger farms are reigniting this demand. Today, tiger farmers in China are pushing their government to lift the ban on tiger part sales.
457:
wild, making it the third largest sub-species. It is one of the most portrayed, which appears on the
Malaysian coat of arms. The Bali tiger has already become extinct due to hunting. It was the smallest of the tiger family with an approximate weight of 90–100 kg in males and 65–80 kg in females.
636:
between Bhutan and
Myanmar to help sustain a large, continuous population of tigers, spanning eight countries. This project promises to be the largest area of unbroken or unfragmented tiger habitat, and would represent the single most intense effort to conserve this species from extinction. (Rabinowitz).
643:
Sanderson et al. (2006) evaluated the effectiveness of varying conservation measures for the tiger species in differing sites through a survey of 70 conservationists. High scores were given for those areas that showed a high effectiveness in implementation with a scaling value in descending order for
627:
Tigers depend on trees for shelter and cover and hunting of animals that live on them. Habitat destruction and logging for new roads and dwellings harms this species ecosystem drastically. The trees allow tigers to sharpen their claws and scratch trees to provide the basic survival toolkits. The loss
596:
Upon encountering the tiger, the dogs would begin to bark furiously, at the same time catching hold of its legs and biting it in the hind quarters. In such a manner, they caused it to stop and turn at bay. When the tiger was finally cornered, the dogs would usually make high pitched barks, consistent
507:
In Burma and in India, a concoction of mustard oil and latex was strewn around a water hole frequented by a tiger. In an attempt to rid its paws of the sticky fluid with its tongue or teeth, the tiger would involuntarily cover its face with dirt and leaves. The resulting blindness made it easier for
308:
for medicinal uses has greatly reduced tiger populations in the wild. A century ago, it is estimated that there were over 100,000 tigers in the world; now, global numbers may be below 2,500 mature breeding individuals, with no subpopulation containing more than 250 mature breeding individuals. There
554:
would hang a tiger's kill from the middle of a horizontal pole supported in two forked trees a few feet apart. Because the pole was slippery and had no bark, the tiger would slip, trying to gain access to the kill and fall upon sharpened bamboo spikes at the bottom. In Burma, bamboo stakes would be
464:
In recognition of these times of struggle for the survival of the tiger, Russian Prime minister
Vladimir Putin has put forth an effort to bring people together in awareness of this occurrence in the city of St. Petersburg. The name of the event is called the "Tiger Summit" an international forum to
460:
As the
Russian economy has declined, laws and regulations against poaching became looser and less enforced, which has favoured the hunting and poaching of tigers to improve market conditions and economy (Washington Post, 2010). The degree to which poaching and hunting is practised is such that very
431:
In 2007, farmers fought to have the ban lifted, citing that, "he poaching of wild tigers for traditional medicine would diminish substantially if tigers, which breed prolifically in captivity – could be farmed for food." However, this goes directly against the reasons for which these establishments
494:
Baiting consisted of watching for a tiger over the carcass of some animal, domestic or wild, which it had previously killed. The tiger would usually come to its kill in the evening, making the vicinity resound with its loud roars. While there was no danger to the hunter as long as he sat up in the
456:
A well-respected report "Traffic: The wildlife trade monitoring network" has released numbers on animals killed and traded for parts and products. "One thousand tigers were killed and traded for their parts and products in the last decade." The
Malayan species of tiger has about 600 to 800 in the
452:
The wild tiger is one of the most threatened species on the planet. The main factors behind the endangerment of tigers are spurred by humans, due to demand, customary beliefs, ritual practices of/and increasing number of populations clashing and tampering with the original boundaries and dwelling
427:
Tiger farming is partially, if not fully, responsible for reigniting the demand for tiger-based medicinal products. At
Xiongsen bear and tiger farm in Guilin, China, as many as 200,000 bottles of tiger bone wine are being produced annually. (Jacobs 2010) Parks such as Xiongsen profit off branding
639:
Another major contributor is the World Wildlife Fund for nature. This organisation has proposed a major initiative with an objective of doubling wild tiger populations by the year 2020. In response to major organisations putting forth such great efforts, other smaller more numerous efforts have
635:
Gratwicke et al. 2006 writes that ExxonMobil, a major corporation has invested 12.6 million US dollars for the sole purpose of tiger conservation between the years of 1999–2004. The Wildlife Conservation Society and the Panthera Foundation announced a plan in 2008 to create a "Genetic Corridor"
592:
of very considerable strength, well trained in the chase of every kind of big game animal found in the taiga. When hunting, the hunters would usually collect most of the dogs of their village to form a nondescript pack. Not all dogs were equal in hunting, as they differed greatly in quality and
419:
On 15 March 2010, the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies (WFCMS) issued a statement regarding the use of endangered species for medicinal purposes. Huang Jianyin, Deputy Secretary of WFCMS, addressing the conference, issued the following statement: "Tiger conservation has become a
631:
The effort to promote the recovery of tigers throughout their range has been ongoing for at least 40 years. Multiple governments have funded a special Project Tiger Program, and have been very active. Anderson et al. 2006 has analysed funding of money for tiger conservation specifically by
160:
due to the hunters' use of far superior firepower, and their interest to hunt shared by a much larger number of colonial aristocrats led to further depletion. Hunting events were chronicled in detail by the British officers in their personal diaries, memoirs, official gazetteers and their
269:
as enemies of man, and began organizing and encouraging eradication campaigns. By the early 1960s, Chinese tigers had been reduced to just over 1,000 animals. A decade later, their range was reduced to three regions in southern China, two of which were located in the
593:
character. In every pack there were one or two leaders which the rest follow. If the leader were lost, the pack soon got out of hand. Hunters rarely brought dogs along in heavy snow, as it would impede the dogs' movement and make them easy targets for the tiger.
579:
in the 17th century India, which they found to be more reliable and less unpredictable than elephants. After chasing the tigers to exhaustion, the riders would gallop around the tigers in ever decreasing circles, and then kill the tiger with a sword.
440:
245:. In the 1920s, tigers were heavily persecuted by the Communists, who would on occasion bag up to eight or ten on a single outing. Legal tiger hunting within the Soviet Union would continue until 1947, when it was officially prohibited.
88:, the majority of the world's tigers live in captivity. Tigers were once considered to be harder to hunt than lions, due to their habit of living alone in dense cover and not noisily asserting their presence with roars as often.
1727:
147:
From time immemorial, humans and tigers have co-existed throughout the Indian subcontinent. In fact, tigers were revered and worshiped in the forests and grasslands it shared with people throughout the region. While the
337:
Tiger's skin is said to cure a fever caused by ghosts. To use it effectively, the user must sit on the tiger's skin, but beware. If too much time is spent on the tiger's skin, legend says the user will become a
600:
Despite their great strength, the tigers usually did not stand their ground against the dogs unless cornered, much preferring to retreat. It was theorised that this is due to the tiger mistaking the dogs for
550:, when a bamboo bridge was seen to be used by tigers, the slats of the bridge would be adjusted, so that on its next crossing, the tiger would fall onto sharpened poles at the bottom. In Madhya Pradesh, the
81:
animal and has been hunted for prestige as well as for taking trophies. Extensive poaching has continued even after such hunting became illegal and legal protection was provided to the tiger. Now a
1201:
IFS officer Parveen Kaswan, who is well-known on Twitter for sharing wildlife facts, tweeted a document that showed in a single year of 1878 British government officially killed 1579 tigers.
538:
of reducing the numbers of tigers by setting fire to grass ten or twenty miles around one jungle in such a manner that beaters could drive the fleeing animals into a mile of netting.
1735:
617:
To conserve the wild tigers as a species in the environment, several threats need to be addressed – habitat loss, reduction of prey populations, and direct hunting of tigers.
839:
495:
tree, it was dangerous for him to attempt to return home during the night. The hunter would thus have to remain in the tree till morning. In China, small bombs known as
1119:
156:
from 40,000 to less than 1,800 in a mere hundred years. Despite the prevalence of tiger hunting as a royal sport for centuries, the consequences were larger during the
652:
632:
non-governmental organisations between the years 1998–2002. Over $ 23 million has been invested between the countries of India, Russia, Indonesia, Malaysia and Nepal.
23:
380:
One will allegedly possess courage and shall be protected from sudden fright by wearing a tiger's claw as a piece of jewellery or carrying one in a pocket.
1310:
1461:
27:
869:
559:
would loudly spring back on its other half. The sound would apparently cause the tiger to leap to one side and impale itself on one of the stakes.
18:
1385:
644:
those measures proven ineffective. Of these measures, a few projects in India, Bhutan, Nepal and Malaysia were considered to be most effective.
555:
placed on both sides of a path frequented by tigers. When a tiger made physical contact with a cord tied across the path, the slit half of the
1347:
152:
were widely extant and not threatened up to the first decades of the twentieth century, hunting and habitat loss reduced their population in
115:
In 1986, it was discovered that tigers were declining rapidly due to being poisoned, snared or shot and then smuggled out of India to supply
931:
Sramek, Joseph (Summer 2006). ""Face Him like a Briton": Tiger Hunting, Imperialism, and British Masculinity in Colonial India, 1800-1875".
1655:
1847:
Barber-Meyer, Shannon M. (8 April 2010). "Dealing with the Clandestine nature of clandestine nature of Wildlife Trade market surveys".
1442:
1817:
1483:
1188:
1056:
764:
621:
1816:
Chundawat RS, Habib B, Karanth U, Kawanishi K, Ahmad Khan J, Lynam T, Miquelle D, Nyhus P, Sunarto S, Tilson R, Sonam Wang (2010).
1072:
847:
669:
300:
for a range of purported uses, including pain killers. When combined with the high prices that furs fetch on the black market and
1941:
1921:
201:. The Russian local authorities worked heavily to exterminate tigers during a huge land reclamation program in areas such as the
516:
473:, a Chinese representative admitted for the first time his government was aware trading in tiger skins was occurring in China.
1931:
1289:
624:
and the wild tiger populations can in these places remain stable or increase, as long as they are not subject to poaching.
1101:
640:
joined forces in this task. The conglomeration of these organisations has been named the international Tiger Coalition.
297:
170:
116:
82:
217:. Though the tigers were reported as being found here until the mid-1950s, the reliability of these claims is unknown.
1363:
359:
Mixing the brain of a tiger with oil and rubbing the mixture on your body is an alleged cure for both laziness and
188:
165:
had killed more than 400 tigers during his administration. Duke of Windsor shot 17 tigers in one week in 1921 King
1936:
711:
679:
169:
on his visit to Colonial India in 1911 killed 39 tigers in a matter of 10 days One of these is on display at the
1916:
1911:
1248:
1023:
45:. Humans are the tigers' most significant predator, and illegal poaching is a major threat to the tigers. The
461:
rarely do Siberian tigers die of old age, since they are killed before they are allowed to reach this stage.
1142:"?Face Him Like a Briton?: Tiger Hunting, Imperialism, and British Masculinity in Colonial India, 1800-1875"
978:
Nichols, Michael, and Geoffrey C. Ward. (1998). "The Year of the Tiger." National Geographic Society. Print.
787:""Face Him like a Briton": Tiger Hunting, Imperialism, and British Masculinity in Colonial India, 1800-1875"
301:
989:
49:
is the most common subspecies of tiger, constituting approximately 80% of the entire tiger population in
1926:
877:
1612:
1591:
50:
1782:
Xavier, N.K. (2010). "A new conservation policy needed for reintroduction of Bengal tiger-white".
404:
Small bones in a tiger's feet tied to a child's wrists are said to be a sure cure for convulsions.
1891:
1872:
1709:
1513:
Wibisono, Hariyo T.; Pusparini, Wulan (2010). "Sumatran Tiger: a review of conservation status".
1404:
1270:
1095:
956:
948:
814:
806:
661:
258:
85:
1651:"Habitat evaluation of wild Amur Tiger and conservation priority setting in North Eastern China"
1229:
1649:
Xiaofeng, Luan; Yi, Qu; Diqiang, Li; Shirong, Liu; Xiulei, Wang; Bo, Wu; Chunquan, Zhu (2011).
408:
334:
and hung in front of a door, are said to diminish the likelihood of evil spirits from entering.
127:
1864:
1674:
1631:
1571:
1530:
1343:
1163:
1146:
1052:
738:
266:
226:
162:
1423:
990:"Can Domestication of Wildlife Lead to Conservation? The Economics of Tiger Farming in China"
1856:
1701:
1664:
1621:
1589:
Lally, Kathy (1996–2011). "Members of Russian summit have diverging ideas but common goal".
1561:
1522:
1260:
1189:"1,579 Tigers Were Killed by British in India in Just One Year, Reveals IFS Officer's Tweet"
1155:
1004:
940:
798:
657:
551:
398:
271:
78:
1825:
1491:
576:
547:
421:
283:
194:
149:
701:
556:
413:
242:
481:
1905:
1860:
1801:
Jenkins, Hank. "Conservation of the Tiger; The need for new and radical approaches".
1626:
1607:
1566:
1549:
1526:
1311:"India almost doubled its tiger population, says Minister on International Tiger Day"
1274:
960:
818:
684:
198:
132:
109:
31:
1876:
1713:
1045:
Seidensticker, John; Jackson, Peter; Christie, Sarah; Burge, Richard, eds. (1999).
1008:
706:
46:
1669:
1650:
108:
Historically, tigers have been hunted on foot, horseback, elephant-back, and from
324:
The bones found in the tip of the tiger's tail are said to ward off evil spirits.
1265:
1120:"Reparation for destruction of wildlife: That'll be 15 bn Pounds, your highness"
674:
589:
470:
445:
383:
Strength, cunning, and courage can allegedly be obtained by consuming a tiger's
371:
345:
and applying the combination to the hands and feet is said to effectively treat
318:
238:
157:
197:
government began a plan to colonise the Central Asiatic lands inhabited by the
96:
1159:
1077:
944:
802:
567:
353:
342:
262:
234:
214:
140:
58:
1760:
1705:
1167:
1763:. Museum of North Manchuria, Manchuria Research Institute, Harbin, Manchuria
346:
206:
202:
1868:
1678:
1635:
1575:
1534:
742:
313:
The tail of the tiger is sometimes ground and mixed with soap to create an
288:
1405:"Chinese Medicine Societies Reject Tiger Bones Ahead of CITES Conference"
520:
331:
314:
305:
230:
210:
166:
54:
1371:
732:
952:
810:
786:
367:
327:
Crushed tiger bones added to wine, served as a Taiwanese general tonic.
66:
1141:
176:
As of 2022, India contains 75 percent of the global tiger population.
1728:"Conservationists shocked by Chinese admission of tiger skin selling"
535:
466:
391:
136:
62:
1048:
Riding the tiger: tiger conservation in human-dominated landscapes
689:
651:
602:
566:
515:
499:
were placed in a tiger's kill, and would detonate upon ingestion.
480:
439:
407:
384:
287:
254:
153:
126:
101:
95:
74:
70:
42:
17:
1608:"Human-Tiger conflict:a review and call for comprehensive plans"
531:
360:
309:
is no scientific corroboration to these beliefs, which include:
1073:"South Asia news, business and economy from India and Pakistan"
1386:"Chinese Medicine Societies Reject Tiger Bones ahead of CITES"
1082:. 21 March 2006. Archived from the original on 22 March 2006
609:), which have been known to kill tigers on rare occasions.
1249:"Portrayal of 'Hunting' in Environmental History of India"
1051:(First ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 50.
571:
Elephant back beaters on a tiger hunt, India, late 1890's.
1462:"Tiger Hunting: Illegal Worldwide But Still on the Rise"
1892:"Genetic corridors are the next step to saving tigers"
1482:
Linkie M, Wibisono HT, Martyr DJ, Sunarto S (2008).
1443:"Tigers Could Be Extinct in 12 Years If Unprotected"
588:
For this purpose it was necessary to have a pack of
390:
Floating ribs of a tiger are considered a good luck
1822:
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.2
1488:
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2
988:Cornelis van Kooten, Gerrit; Abbott, Brant (2011).
1118:Raghav Chandra; Shruti Chandra (12 October 2015).
296:Tiger bones and nearly all body parts are used in
131:'Ala'ud-Din and Mahima Dharma hunting a tiger for
1692:Dyabas, C. (2010). "The Once and Future Tiger".
24:George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston
1333:
1331:
1290:"Shooting Tigers in Early 20th-Century India"
1217:. London: Trübner & Company. p. 653.
8:
1755:
1753:
1424:"Tiger Farms in China Feed Thirst For Parts"
670:Maharaja Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo of Surguja
193:In the first years of the 20th century, the
1392:, Gland: World Wildlife Fund, 12 March 2010
765:"Tigers in Different Culture and Folklore"
352:Burnt tiger hair can allegedly drive away
1668:
1625:
1565:
1460:Winter, S.; Guynop, S. (3 January 2014).
1264:
974:
972:
970:
377:The whiskers are used to cure toothaches.
797:(4). Indiana University Press: 659–680.
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
723:
1093:
278:Tigers in traditional Chinese medicine
1761:"Tiger Hunting and Some Tiger Habits"
1113:
1111:
7:
1548:Seidensticker, John (January 2010).
370:into pills is an alleged remedy for
330:The feet of a tiger, when dipped in
1656:Journal of Environmental Management
444:A group of men poses with a killed
135:while in an intimate relationship,
1441:Titova, Irina (21 November 2010).
1422:Andrew Jacobs (13 February 2010).
1213:Sir William Wilson Hunter (1886).
1191:. News 18 Network. 23 January 2022
763:Mohammed Ullah (5 December 2017).
14:
1024:"The people who live with tigers"
737:. London: J. & A. Churchill.
622:exploitation of natural resources
248:
1861:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01500.x
1627:10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00218.x
1567:10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00214.x
1527:10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00219.x
1490:(published 2011). Archived from
1022:Kalpana Pradhan (2 April 2019).
920:. p. 260. ASIN: B0007DU2IU.
117:medicinal manufacturers in China
1890:Wildlife Conservation Society.
1803:IUCN Sustainable Use Initiative
1484:"Panthera tigris ssp. sumatrae"
1215:The Imperial Gazetteer of India
846:. 3 August 2014. Archived from
575:Horses and camels were used by
292:Instructions for tiger skinning
1734:. 12 July 2014. Archived from
1140:Sramek, Joseph (Summer 2006).
1009:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.11.006
620:Human scarcity makes for less
485:Tiger hunting on elephant-back
41:is the capture and killing of
1:
1670:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.08.001
1228:Roshni Johar (6 April 2003).
840:"Tiger Hunting in India 1924"
613:Solutions to tiger extinction
401:is said to be an aphrodisiac.
298:traditional Chinese medicine
171:Royal Albert Memorial Museum
100:Historical tiger hunting in
1447:The San Diego Union-Tribune
1338:Matthiessen, Peter (2000).
1266:10.52919/altralang.v2i02.84
241:nearly wiped out the local
1958:
731:Sir Joseph Fayrer (1875).
281:
249:People's Republic of China
225:In the early years of the
189:Russian history, 1892-1917
186:
1160:10.2979/VIC.2006.48.4.659
1100:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
945:10.2979/VIC.2006.48.4.659
803:10.2979/VIC.2006.48.4.659
734:The Royal Tiger of Bengal
712:Elephant hunting in Kenya
523:Ram Singh hunting a tiger
1706:10.1525/bio.2010.60.11.3
1942:Social history of China
1922:Social history of India
1606:Goodrich, J.M. (2010).
916:Perry, Richard (1965).
870:"Animals : Tigers"
508:it to be brought down.
918:The World of the Tiger
785:Joseph Sramek (2006).
665:
572:
524:
486:
449:
416:
302:destruction of habitat
293:
144:
105:
35:
1932:History of South Asia
1230:"The scent of shikar"
664:hunting tiger, c 1660
655:
648:Notable tiger hunters
570:
519:
484:
443:
411:
291:
130:
99:
21:
1849:Conservation Biology
1550:"Saving Wild Tigers"
997:Ecological Economics
436:Hunting and poaching
341:Adding honey to the
317:for use in treating
253:In 1959, during the
83:conservation-reliant
51:Indian Sub-Continent
1613:Integrative Zoology
1592:The Washington Post
1554:Integrative Zoology
1515:Integrative Zoology
880:on 20 February 2012
844:National Geographic
1428:The New York Times
1340:Tigers in the Snow
1288:Mitra, R. (2018).
666:
573:
525:
487:
450:
417:
412:Tiger shooting in
294:
267:South China tigers
259:Great Leap Forward
145:
106:
86:endangered species
36:
1820:. In IUCN (ed.).
1818:"Panthera tigris"
1486:. In IUCN (ed.).
1349:978-1-86046-677-9
1253:Altralang Journal
1247:Lodh, S. (2020).
1234:The Tribune India
1147:Victorian Studies
933:Victorian Studies
791:Victorian Studies
227:Russian Civil War
163:Bengal Presidency
22:Tiger hunting by
1949:
1937:Cat conservation
1896:
1895:
1894:(Press release).
1887:
1881:
1880:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1824:. Archived from
1813:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1672:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1629:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1569:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1411:. 15 March 2010.
1401:
1395:
1393:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1370:. Archived from
1360:
1354:
1353:
1335:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1019:
1013:
1012:
994:
985:
979:
976:
965:
964:
928:
922:
921:
913:
890:
889:
887:
885:
876:. Archived from
874:Vital Statistics
866:
860:
859:
857:
855:
850:on 27 March 2021
836:
830:
829:
827:
825:
782:
776:
775:
773:
771:
760:
754:
753:
751:
749:
728:
680:Kenneth Anderson
658:Ali Adil Shah II
577:cavalry officers
563:Horse/camel back
272:Jiangxi Province
237:armies based in
195:Imperial Russian
1957:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1917:Culture of Asia
1912:Hunting by game
1902:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1828:on 11 July 2010
1815:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1784:Current Science
1781:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1738:on 14 July 2014
1726:
1725:
1721:
1700:(11): 872–877.
1691:
1690:
1686:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1374:on 15 May 2007.
1362:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1342:. p. 185.
1337:
1336:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1016:
992:
987:
986:
982:
977:
968:
930:
929:
925:
915:
914:
893:
883:
881:
868:
867:
863:
853:
851:
838:
837:
833:
823:
821:
784:
783:
779:
769:
767:
762:
761:
757:
747:
745:
730:
729:
725:
720:
698:
650:
615:
586:
565:
544:
534:'s practise in
514:
505:
492:
479:
438:
422:Tiger Bone Wine
286:
284:Tiger bone wine
280:
251:
243:Siberian tigers
223:
209:rivers and the
191:
185:
179:
150:tigers in India
125:
94:
12:
11:
5:
1955:
1953:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1882:
1855:(4): 918–923.
1839:
1808:
1793:
1774:
1749:
1719:
1684:
1641:
1620:(4): 300–312.
1598:
1581:
1560:(4): 289–299.
1540:
1521:(4): 313–323.
1505:
1494:on 14 May 2012
1474:
1452:
1433:
1414:
1396:
1377:
1368:Big Cat Rescue
1355:
1348:
1327:
1302:
1280:
1239:
1220:
1205:
1180:
1154:(4): 659–680.
1132:
1107:
1064:
1057:
1037:
1014:
1003:(4): 721–728.
980:
966:
939:(4): 659–680.
923:
891:
861:
831:
777:
755:
722:
721:
719:
716:
715:
714:
709:
704:
702:Animal welfare
697:
694:
693:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
649:
646:
614:
611:
585:
582:
564:
561:
557:bamboo clapper
543:
540:
513:
510:
504:
501:
491:
488:
478:
475:
437:
434:
406:
405:
402:
395:
388:
381:
378:
375:
364:
357:
350:
339:
335:
328:
325:
322:
279:
276:
250:
247:
222:
219:
187:Main article:
184:
183:Tsarist Russia
181:
124:
121:
93:
90:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1954:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1794:
1790:(7): 894–895.
1789:
1785:
1778:
1775:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1475:
1463:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1390:Official site
1387:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1058:0-521-64057-1
1054:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1038:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
984:
981:
975:
973:
971:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
927:
924:
919:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
892:
879:
875:
871:
865:
862:
849:
845:
841:
835:
832:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
781:
778:
766:
759:
756:
744:
740:
736:
735:
727:
724:
717:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
695:
691:
688:
686:
685:Pachabdi Gazi
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
663:
659:
654:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
623:
618:
612:
610:
608:
604:
598:
594:
591:
583:
581:
578:
569:
562:
560:
558:
553:
549:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
522:
518:
511:
509:
502:
500:
498:
489:
483:
476:
474:
472:
468:
462:
458:
454:
447:
442:
435:
433:
429:
425:
423:
415:
410:
403:
400:
399:tiger's penis
396:
393:
389:
386:
382:
379:
376:
373:
369:
365:
362:
358:
355:
351:
348:
344:
340:
336:
333:
329:
326:
323:
320:
316:
312:
311:
310:
307:
303:
299:
290:
285:
277:
275:
273:
268:
264:
260:
256:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
220:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:Caspian tiger
196:
190:
182:
180:
177:
174:
172:
168:
164:
159:
155:
151:
142:
138:
134:
133:entertainment
129:
122:
120:
118:
113:
111:
103:
98:
91:
89:
87:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:Tiger hunting
33:
32:British India
29:
28:his wife Mary
25:
20:
16:
1927:Maoist China
1885:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1826:the original
1821:
1811:
1802:
1796:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1767:27 September
1765:. Retrieved
1740:. Retrieved
1736:the original
1732:Shanghai Sun
1731:
1722:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1663:(1): 31–42.
1660:
1654:
1644:
1617:
1611:
1601:
1590:
1584:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1496:. Retrieved
1492:the original
1487:
1477:
1465:. Retrieved
1455:
1446:
1436:
1427:
1417:
1409:ScienceDaily
1408:
1399:
1389:
1380:
1372:the original
1367:
1358:
1339:
1318:. Retrieved
1314:
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1283:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1233:
1223:
1214:
1208:
1200:
1193:. Retrieved
1183:
1171:. Retrieved
1151:
1145:
1135:
1123:. Retrieved
1084:. Retrieved
1076:
1067:
1047:
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1017:
1000:
996:
983:
936:
932:
926:
917:
882:. Retrieved
878:the original
873:
864:
852:. Retrieved
848:the original
843:
834:
822:. Retrieved
794:
790:
780:
768:. Retrieved
758:
746:. Retrieved
733:
726:
707:Lion hunting
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
619:
616:
607:Cuon alpinus
606:
599:
595:
590:hunting dogs
587:
584:Hunting dogs
574:
545:
527:
526:
506:
496:
493:
463:
459:
455:
451:
430:
426:
418:
366:Rolling the
295:
252:
224:
221:Soviet Union
192:
178:
175:
146:
114:
107:
47:Bengal tiger
38:
37:
15:
1696:. 872-877.
1467:25 February
1315:News on AIR
1259:(02): 199.
1086:26 February
884:26 February
675:Jim Corbett
471:Switzerland
446:Javan tiger
372:convulsions
319:skin cancer
239:Vladivostok
158:British Raj
1906:Categories
1694:BioScience
1078:Asia Times
718:References
542:Impalement
354:centipedes
343:gallstones
282:See also:
263:Mao Zedong
215:Tajikistan
141:South Asia
104:, c. 1821.
59:Bangladesh
1275:238134573
1168:0042-5222
1096:cite news
961:145632352
819:145632352
548:Irrawaddy
546:In upper
503:Bird lime
347:abscesses
265:declared
207:Amu-Daria
203:Syr-Daria
53:, and is
1877:35243642
1869:20408867
1714:83471382
1679:20828917
1636:21392348
1576:21392347
1535:21392349
1498:15 March
1364:"Tigers"
1320:3 August
1295:1 August
1195:3 August
1125:3 August
1030:3 August
854:3 August
824:3 August
770:3 August
748:3 August
696:See also
530:was the
521:Maharaja
497:pen-tras
392:talisman
368:eyeballs
332:palm oil
315:ointment
306:poaching
211:Aral Sea
167:George V
79:big game
1832:11 July
1742:12 July
1173:15 June
953:4618910
811:4618910
743:3733279
662:Bijapur
656:Sultan
512:Hunquah
490:Baiting
477:Methods
229:, both
110:machans
92:History
67:Myanmar
55:endemic
34:, 1903.
1875:
1867:
1712:
1677:
1634:
1574:
1533:
1346:
1273:
1166:
1080:Online
1055:
959:
951:
817:
809:
741:
603:dholes
552:Baigas
536:Bengal
528:Hunqua
467:Geneva
448:, 1941
338:tiger.
143:, 1790
137:Punjab
73:, and
63:Bhutan
43:tigers
26:, and
1873:S2CID
1710:S2CID
1271:S2CID
1026:. BBC
993:(PDF)
957:S2CID
949:JSTOR
815:S2CID
807:JSTOR
690:Timur
532:rajah
414:Berar
385:heart
235:White
154:India
123:India
102:India
75:India
71:Nepal
1865:PMID
1834:2010
1769:2007
1744:2014
1675:PMID
1632:PMID
1572:PMID
1531:PMID
1500:2012
1469:2015
1344:ISBN
1322:2022
1297:2022
1197:2022
1175:2024
1164:ISSN
1127:2022
1102:link
1088:2012
1053:ISBN
1032:2022
886:2012
856:2022
826:2022
772:2022
750:2022
739:OCLC
397:The
361:acne
233:and
205:and
1857:doi
1702:doi
1665:doi
1622:doi
1562:doi
1523:doi
1261:doi
1156:doi
1005:doi
941:doi
799:doi
660:of
257:'s
255:PRC
231:Red
57:to
30:in
1908::
1871:.
1863:.
1853:24
1851:.
1788:99
1786:.
1752:^
1730:.
1708:.
1698:60
1673:.
1661:92
1659:.
1653:.
1630:.
1616:.
1610:.
1570:.
1556:.
1552:.
1529:.
1517:.
1445:.
1426:.
1407:.
1388:,
1366:.
1330:^
1313:.
1269:.
1255:.
1251:.
1232:.
1199:.
1162:.
1152:48
1150:.
1144:.
1110:^
1098:}}
1094:{{
1075:.
1001:70
999:.
995:.
969:^
955:.
947:.
937:48
935:.
894:^
872:.
842:.
813:.
805:.
795:48
793:.
789:.
469:,
424:.
304:,
274:.
261:,
173:.
139:,
69:,
65:,
61:,
1879:.
1859::
1836:.
1805:.
1771:.
1746:.
1716:.
1704::
1681:.
1667::
1638:.
1624::
1618:5
1595:.
1578:.
1564::
1558:5
1537:.
1525::
1519:5
1502:.
1471:.
1449:.
1430:.
1394:.
1352:.
1324:.
1299:.
1277:.
1263::
1257:2
1236:.
1177:.
1158::
1129:.
1104:)
1090:.
1061:.
1034:.
1011:.
1007::
963:.
943::
888:.
858:.
828:.
801::
774:.
752:.
605:(
394:.
387:.
374:.
363:.
356:.
349:.
321:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
