2808:
22:
2294:
To establish the context of the present work, it is informative to trace the development of time-sharing at MIT. Shortly after the first paper on time-shared computers by C. Strachey at the June 1959 UNESCO Information
Processing conference, H.M. Teager and J. McCarthy delivered an unpublished paper
127:
Without time-sharing, an individual user would enter bursts of information followed by long pauses; but with a group of users working at the same time, the pauses of one user would be filled by the activity of the others. Similarly, small slices of time spent waiting for disk, tape, or network input
216:
See details and additional systems in the table below. Relationships shown here are for the purpose of grouping entries and do not reflect all influences. The
Cambridge Multiple-Access System was the first time-sharing system developed outside the United States.
107:
Time-sharing was first proposed in the mid- to late-1950s and first implemented in the early 1960s. The concept was born out of the realization that a single expensive computer could be efficiently utilized by enabling
2572:
2538:
93:
has shifted from its original usage. From 1949 to 1960, time-sharing was used to refer to multiprogramming; it evolved to mean multi-user interactive computing.
2565:
942:
880:
2838:
2812:
2558:
2537:(ADR), interviewed by: Burt Grad and Luanne Johnson, December 10, 1985 at Princeton, New Jersey, Computer History Museum Reference No. X4579.2008
185:
227:
Influences: ⇶ derivation ⇉ strong influence → some influence/precedence
985:
2287:
596:
537:
Influences: ⇶ derivation ⇉ strong influence → some influence/precedence
2668:
2376:
2364:
2633:
2468:
65:
633:
Mathematically oriented language and interactive environment, noted for incredible terseness and powerful set processing operators
32:
2653:
2338:
2528:
2325:
Almost immediately after the 1965 meeting, Donald Davies conceived of the details of a store-and-forward packet switching system
2658:
1711:
967:
958:
896:
602:
491:
322:
2628:
1828:
1266:
1225:
1181:
1005:
991:
852:
789:
232:
2773:
2743:
2663:
2648:
2308:
2115:
2002:
1788:
1749:
1683:
1647:
1488:
1463:
1186:
905:
432:
380:
152:
2833:
1763:
2723:
2613:
815:
778:
640:
205:
47:
1038:
Lightweight, interactive computing language for non-specialists; did not distinguish operating system from language
613:
43:
1328:
2733:
2673:
2643:
1736:
1730:
1320:
1292:
1161:
1144:
717:
575:
455:
345:
2608:
2512:
1345:
1171:
1149:
713:
685:
592:
443:
128:
could be granted to other users. Given an optimal group size, the overall process could be very efficient.
2758:
2693:
2270:
1585:
1281:
2778:
2718:
2534:
1566:
1436:
1209:
919:
841:
821:
672:
113:
2273:; Daggett, M. M.; Daley, R. C.; Creasy, R. J.; Hellwig, J. D.; Orenstein, R. H.; Korn, L. K. (1963).
1574:
117:
2738:
2146:
after seminar he gave on time-sharing in the Autumn of 1965, attended by several people working on
2085:
1358:
1240:
784:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
2274:
2475:
The things that I liked enough to actually take were the hierarchical file system and the shell
2242:
2196:
2135:
1860:
1526:
Seminal system for experimental programming, responsible for many modern user interface concepts
628:
181:
144:
1901:
Ultimately dominated operating system thought, in both proprietary and open-source descendants
2464:
2372:
2283:
2258:
I did not envisage the sort of console system which is now so confusingly called time-sharing.
2109:
2038:
1895:
1811:
1579:
1540:
1088:
927:
807:
140:
132:
2399:
2708:
2584:
2447:
a good case can be made that UNIX is in essence a modern implementation of MIT's CTSS system
2414:
2234:
2188:
2143:
2091:
2071:
1611:
1364:
1340:
1033:
676:
361:
148:
124:
to be a source of confusion and not what he meant when he wrote his original paper in 1959.
109:
2542:
1175:
933:
2433:
2391:
1754:
1582:
1349:
1167:
1153:
1057:
201:
159:
2342:
2827:
2618:
2395:
2139:
911:
653:
243:
2246:
2200:
2581:
2051:
1675:
222:
177:
173:
163:
102:
83:
2437:
2222:
2176:
532:
Important time-sharing systems, 1960–1990 (and successors); listed alphabetically
2550:
2488:
2147:
1850:
1549:
1402:
1217:
1065:
1061:
825:
697:
421:
189:
136:
2312:
2623:
2419:
2076:
2042:
2025:
1926:
1554:
1530:
1520:
1511:
1427:
1412:
1368:
1301:
1245:
619:
1990:
1956:
1535:
1506:
1396:
1332:
1309:
1136:
1108:
948:
886:
830:
766:
412:
253:
193:
1442:
Early time-sharing editor environment, often used as an alternative to TSO
2683:
2021:
1131:
1021:
936:
and other tools; became the first commercial time-sharing system through
863:
859:
753:
689:
483:
353:
2753:
2748:
2703:
2678:
2015:
2010:
1977:
1904:
1876:
1804:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1670:
1658:
1632:
1625:
1620:
1598:
1590:
1562:
1499:
1271:
1200:
1126:
995:
953:
891:
662:
645:
479:
475:
459:
451:
417:
404:
389:
287:
2238:
2192:
2788:
2783:
2728:
2713:
2698:
2638:
2063:
2057:
2033:
1994:
1966:
1947:
1917:
1871:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1797:
1637:
1603:
1480:
1475:
1455:
1450:
1406:
1205:
1116:
977:
937:
915:
836:
467:
408:
280:
268:
264:
257:
166:
50:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2793:
2763:
2688:
1986:
1960:
1910:
1780:
1775:
1742:
1099:
1078:
1046:
1025:
999:
973:
802:
795:
757:
708:
606:
518:
326:
197:
2768:
2445:. Tenth Hawaii International Conference on the System Sciences.
1970:
1951:
1935:
1883:
1663:
1616:
Influential system widely used at research and government sites
1378:
1231:
1192:
1121:
1073:
1015:
990:"Subversive" operating system developed to counter direction of
845:
736:
701:
514:
503:
393:
318:
272:
155:
2554:
2151:
1982:
1941:
1820:
1729:
High-performance mainframe transaction platform, successor to
1724:
1558:
1392:
1384:
1254:
1095:
871:
747:
586:
15:
2461:
Coders at work : reflections on the craft of programming
2369:
The
Cambridge multiple-access system: user's reference manual
2295:"Time-Shared Program Testing" at the August 1959 ACM Meeting.
1825:
IBM's original "official" time-sharing system; not a success
204:
and successors, allowed remote and higher-speed use over the
1070:
Operating system dominating current open source activities
752:
Ubiquitous mainframe transaction platform; often used with
120:
wrote he considered the change in the meaning of the term
172:
Terminals were initially linked to a nearby computer via
147:; from about 1970 these were progressively superseded by
2400:"The Design of Multiple-Access Computer Systems: Part 2"
591:
High-performance mainframe transaction platform used in
2276:
The
Compatible Time-Sharing System A Programmer's Guide
877:
First-generation "grandfather" of time-sharing systems
267:⇶ VM/SE versions ⇶ VM/SP versions ⇶ VM/XA versions ⇶
86:
operating systems, showing their subsequent evolution.
39:
616:("A Programming Language," also "Iverson's Language")
112:, and, later, by allowing multiple users simultaneous
1401:Joint OS effort, now moribund. Still available as
2507:
2505:
1162:University of Michigan and 7 other universities
938:General Electric Information Services Division
337:IBM mainframes with non-IBM operating systems:
2566:
2439:The Unix Time-sharing System: A retrospective
1259:Probably the most widely used version of TSO,
8:
2513:"A partial history of CDC Operating Systems"
2094:, used under OS/VS as an alternative to TSO
1468:General-purpose time-sharing for the PDP-11
1652:Widely used at research and academic sites
1041:Highly regarded, but no obvious successors
2573:
2559:
2551:
2307:Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (November 1978).
1493:Real-time operating system for the PDP-11
530:
2418:
1868:and government agencies were early users
1363:Early time-sharing system; source of the
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
2489:"The Socio-Technical Beginnings of APL"
2227:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
2181:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
2167:
2127:
2090:Popular editor system originally from
986:MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
2629:Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS)
2339:"The ARPANET & Computer Networks"
2337:Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (May 1995).
2175:Lee, J.A.N.; Rosin, Robert F (1992).
527:System descriptions and relationships
7:
2371:, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press,
2112:has many period details and sources.
970:("Incompatible Timesharing System")
2309:"The Evolution of Packet Switching"
2223:"Claims to the Term "Time-Sharing""
2060:developed by a time-sharing vendor
1768:Early general purpose mainframe OS
855:("Compatible Time Sharing System")
1002:and other important applications.
932:Early time-sharing system running
908:("Dartmouth Time Sharing System")
14:
2463:. New York: Apress. p. 463.
1325:System used on most CDC machines
1297:System used on most CDC machines
816:IBM's Cambridge Scientific Center
669:Cambridge Multiple-Access System
82:, providing links to major early
80:evolution of time-sharing systems
2807:
2806:
1946:Proprietary reimplementation of
1166:First (Nov. 1967) OS to use the
1113:Ubiquitous GUI operating system
206:analogue voice telephone network
20:
2644:Cray Time Sharing System (CTSS)
2530:Oral History of Martin A. Goetz
2134:Application of this concept to
820:Influential precursor to IBM's
492:Incompatible Timesharing System
2839:Time-sharing operating systems
1174:. Early (Sept. 1968) S/360-67
1145:MTS (Michigan Terminal System)
1018:("JOHNNIAC Open Shop System")
824:series, widely distributed as
346:Michigan Terminal System (MTS)
135:, initially electromechanical
131:Each user would use their own
1:
2596:Time-sharing system evolution
2116:Timeline of operating systems
2007:Popular DEC operating system
1644:1964–1970 (as PDP-6 Monitor)
381:Dartmouth Time Sharing System
994:. The original platform for
212:Family tree of major systems
188:and over specialist digital
2614:Berkeley Timesharing System
1733:, still available as z/TPF
779:Cambridge Scientific Center
641:Berkeley Timesharing System
46:the claims made and adding
2855:
1415:⇶ Microsoft Windows ⇉ OS/2
512:
498:
489:
473:
465:
449:
441:
427:
387:
378:
367:
359:
351:
343:
332:
316:
293:
286:
262:
239:
231:
100:
2802:
2604:
2591:
536:
252:
225:operating system families
151:-based units such as the
1321:Control Data Corporation
1293:Control Data Corporation
1263:current version zOS-TSO
783:First implementation of
718:Burroughs Medium Systems
89:The meaning of the term
78:This article covers the
2609:BBN Time-Sharing System
2420:10.1093/comjnl/10.4.315
1886:and derivative systems
1793:Simple minicomputer OS
1642:1970–1988? (as TOPS-10)
1612:Bolt Beranek and Newman
1346:IBM System/360 Model 67
1261:extended version TSO/E,
1222:Rich, important system
714:Burroughs Large Systems
694:Multiple Access System
686:University of Cambridge
444:BBN Time-Sharing System
317:Transactional systems:
2459:Seibel, Peter (2009).
1586:transaction processing
1514:, later made portable
1381:(as Citrix Multiuser)
658:Early general-purpose
2535:Applied Data Research
2177:"Time-Sharing at MIT"
1950:, still available as
1437:Applied Data Research
1367:editor later used on
1314:CDC 60-bit platforms
1286:CDC 60-bit platforms
920:Honeywell 6000 series
731:(separate evolution)
221:Family tree of major
2407:The Computer Journal
2221:Lee, J.A.N. (1992).
2056:Proprietary fork of
1721:2005–present(z/TPF)
1575:Stratus Technologies
771:customized S/360-40
372:DTSS/Multics family:
118:Christopher Strachey
2834:History of software
2487:McDonnell, Eugene.
2086:Stanford University
1359:Stanford University
874:Computation Center
785:full virtualization
533:
228:
2541:2012-03-24 at the
2434:Ritchie, Dennis M.
2136:data communication
1866:Many universities
1719:1979–present (TPF)
564:
531:
220:
182:telegraph circuits
180:, by conventional
145:Friden Flexowriter
114:interactive access
31:possibly contains
2821:
2820:
2585:operating systems
2345:on March 24, 2016
2315:on March 24, 2016
2289:978-0-262-03008-3
2239:10.1109/85.145316
2193:10.1109/85.145316
2110:History of CP/CMS
2101:
2100:
2039:IBM System/360-67
1896:Bell Laboratories
1812:IBM System/360-67
1580:High-availability
1541:Microsoft Windows
1352:, and successors
1089:Microsoft Windows
928:Dartmouth College
808:IBM System/360-67
524:
523:
396:— see also
141:Teletype Model 33
133:computer terminal
76:
75:
68:
33:original research
2846:
2810:
2809:
2709:ORVYL and WYLBUR
2575:
2568:
2561:
2552:
2545:
2533:, co-founder of
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2404:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2341:. Archived from
2334:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2311:. Archived from
2304:
2298:
2297:
2281:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2172:
2155:
2144:packet switching
2132:
1170:features of the
1034:RAND Corporation
675:, the prototype
580:S/360 and S/370
567:
563:
534:
235: →
229:
219:
110:multiprogramming
71:
64:
60:
57:
51:
48:inline citations
24:
23:
16:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2798:
2600:
2587:
2579:
2549:
2548:
2543:Wayback Machine
2527:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2442:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2402:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2318:
2316:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2290:
2279:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2251:
2249:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2142:to the idea of
2133:
2129:
2124:
2106:
2079:and successors
2045:and successors
2028:
2019:
2014:
1964:
1933:
1929:and successors
1922:
1920:
1908:
1898:and successors
1875:
1867:
1854:and successors
1853:
1832:
1814:and successors
1807:
1757:and successors
1740:
1720:
1702:
1661:
1656:
1655:PDP-6 Monitor ⇶
1643:
1623:
1543:
1538:
1536:Apple Macintosh
1533:
1497:
1430:and successors
1418:
1416:
1275:
1270:
1262:
1260:
1248:and successors
1234:
1229:
1190:
1185:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1091:
1082:
1077:
1009:
961:
956:
951:
946:
934:Dartmouth BASIC
899:
894:
889:
884:
839:
834:
793:
629:Kenneth Iverson
622:, others later
565:
561:
529:
499:
458: ⇉
428:
415:
402:
368:
333:
226:
214:
105:
99:
72:
61:
55:
52:
37:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
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2676:
2671:
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2646:
2641:
2636:
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2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
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2570:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2546:
2521:
2501:
2479:
2469:
2451:
2425:
2413:(4): 315–320,
2383:
2378:978-0901224002
2377:
2365:Hartley, D. F.
2356:
2329:
2299:
2288:
2271:Corbató, F. J.
2262:
2213:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:⇶ SuperWylbur
2095:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1954:
1944:
1939:
1934:2000–present (
1930:
1924:
1914:
1913:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1864:
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1848:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1755:RCA Spectra 70
1752:
1746:
1745:
1734:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1696:
1692:but more like
1686:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1583:fault-tolerant
1577:
1572:
1571:1980?–present
1569:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1453:
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1425:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1399:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1350:IBM System/370
1343:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1290:
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1277:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1210:Honeywell 6180
1203:
1197:
1196:
1179:
1176:multiprocessor
1168:virtual memory
1164:
1159:
1156:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1071:
1068:
1058:Linus Torvalds
1055:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1019:
1012:
1011:
1003:
988:
983:
980:
971:
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963:
940:
930:
925:
922:
909:
902:
901:
878:
875:
869:
866:
856:
849:
848:
828:
818:
813:
810:
805:
799:
798:
787:
781:
775:
772:
769:
763:
762:
760:
756:terminals and
750:
745:
742:
739:
733:
732:
729:
726:
723:
722:1965?–present
720:
711:
705:
704:
695:
692:
683:
680:
670:
666:
665:
659:
656:
651:
648:
643:
637:
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634:
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299:OS/VS2 SVS-TSO
295:OS/360 MVT-TSO
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101:Main article:
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2518:. March 1976.
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2470:9781430219491
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2282:. MIT Press.
2278:
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2140:Donald Davies
2137:
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2027:
2023:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2006:
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1999:1977–present
1998:
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1984:
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1435:
1433:1969–present
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:⇶ ArcaOS 5.0
1417:⇶ eComStation
1414:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1394:
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1389:1987–present
1388:
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1251:1971–present
1250:
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1219:
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1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
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1112:
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1107:
1105:1985–present
1104:
1101:
1097:
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1092:(Windows NT)
1090:
1087:
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1080:
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1069:
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870:
867:
865:
862:and modified
861:
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832:
829:
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823:
819:
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814:
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749:
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744:1969–present
743:
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734:
730:
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724:
721:
719:
715:
712:
710:
707:
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693:
691:
687:
684:
681:
678:
674:
671:
668:
667:
664:
660:
657:
655:
654:Project Genie
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:1964–present
624:
621:
618:
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612:
611:
608:
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600:
598:
594:
590:
588:
585:
582:
579:
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560:
556:
553:
550:
548:Dates in use
547:
544:
541:
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520:
516:
511:
508:
507:
505:
497:
493:
488:
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224:
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199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:serial cables
175:
170:
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165:
161:
157:
154:
150:
146:
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138:
134:
129:
125:
123:
119:
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104:
96:
94:
92:
87:
85:
81:
70:
67:
59:
49:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
18:
17:
2595:
2582:Time-sharing
2529:
2524:
2492:. Retrieved
2482:
2474:
2460:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2428:
2410:
2406:
2386:
2368:
2359:
2347:. Retrieved
2343:the original
2332:
2324:
2317:. Retrieved
2313:the original
2302:
2293:
2275:
2265:
2257:
2250:. Retrieved
2230:
2226:
2216:
2204:. Retrieved
2184:
2180:
2170:
2130:
2052:National CSS
1676:DECsystem 20
1150:IBM S/360-67
568:
558:
557:Influences:
554:Description
513:
502:
501:
490:
474:
466:
450:
442:
431:
430:
416:
403:
398:
397:
388:
379:
371:
370:
360:
352:
344:
336:
335:
242:
241:
223:time-sharing
215:
200:such as the
190:leased lines
184:provided by
174:current loop
171:
164:Lear Siegler
139:such as the
137:teleprinters
130:
126:
122:time-sharing
121:
106:
103:Time-sharing
97:Time-sharing
91:time-sharing
90:
88:
84:time-sharing
79:
77:
62:
53:
30:
2396:Needham, R.
2319:5 September
2148:Project MAC
2082:1967–2009?
2048:1968–1986?
1889:ubiquitous
1874:⇶ OS 1100 ⇶
1861:Sperry-Rand
1851:UNIVAC 1108
1817:1967–1971?
1760:1968-today
1550:Stratus VOS
1460:1972–1992+
1403:eComStation
1276:⇶ z/OS-TSO
1218:Project MAC
1066:open source
1062:GNU project
1051:ubiquitous
1030:1963–1971?
826:open source
812:1967–1975?
774:1967–1972?
698:Project MAC
515:UNIX family
422:Stratus VOS
394:UNIX family
143:ASR or the
116:. In 1984,
2828:Categories
2624:CDC Kronos
2494:18 January
2392:Wilkes, M.
2252:October 3,
2206:October 3,
2162:References
2077:System/370
2043:System/370
2026:Windows NT
1927:System/370
1833:⇶ TSS/370
1531:Apple Lisa
1521:Xerox PARC
1512:Xerox Alto
1428:System/360
1371:platforms
1369:System/370
1246:System/370
1214:1969–2000
1158:1967–1999
982:1967–1990
924:1963–1999
868:1961–1973
728:first IDE
725:Burroughs
682:1967–1973
650:1964–1972
620:System/360
583:1965–1979
551:Developer
307:OS/390-TSO
40:improve it
2233:(1): 17.
2187:(1): 16.
1991:DEC Alpha
1932:1972–1988
1608:1970?-??
1507:Smalltalk
1397:Microsoft
1178:support.
1137:Smalltalk
1109:Microsoft
1102:, others
858:modified
803:CP-67/CMS
767:CP-40/CMS
545:Platform
413:Domain/OS
260:⇶
254:CP-40/CMS
44:verifying
2813:Category
2684:MUSIC/SP
2539:Archived
2436:(1977).
2398:(1968),
2367:(1968),
2349:13 April
2247:30976386
2201:30976386
2104:See also
1808:TSS/370
1785:1967–??
1680:1976-??
1485:1972-??
1355:1967-??
1317:1976-??
1289:1976-??
1172:S/360-67
1022:JOHNNIAC
864:IBM 7094
860:IBM 7090
754:IBM 3270
690:Ferranti
435:systems:
354:MUSIC/SP
311:z/OS-TSO
202:Bell 103
56:May 2024
2754:TOPS-20
2749:TOPS-10
2704:OpenVMS
2679:Multics
2016:RSX-11M
1978:OpenVMS
1905:Multics
1877:OS 2200
1863:et al.
1805:TSS/360
1704:TOPS-10
1690:TOPS-10
1671:TOPS-20
1633:TOPS-10
1621:TOPS-20
1591:MULTICS
1563:PA-RISC
1445:⇶ WRAP
1424:ROSCOE
1300:MACE→⇶
1272:TSS/360
1241:MVS/TSO
1201:Multics
996:Macsyma
954:Multics
892:Multics
646:SDS 940
542:System
476:RSX-11M
460:TOPS-20
452:TOPS-10
418:MULTICS
405:MULTICS
390:MULTICS
383:(DTSS)
303:MVS-TSO
288:TSS/360
38:Please
2811:
2789:VPS/VM
2784:VP/CSS
2729:RSTS/E
2714:OS4000
2699:NOS/VE
2639:CP/CMS
2467:
2375:
2286:
2245:
2199:
2072:WYLBUR
2064:CP/CMS
2058:CP/CMS
2034:VP/CSS
1995:x86-64
1967:VM/ESA
1948:CP/CMS
1923:VM/SP
1918:VM/370
1872:EXEC 8
1846:EXEC 8
1843:UNIVAC
1839:Unisys
1798:RSTS/E
1716:S/3x0
1638:PDP-10
1604:PDP-10
1481:PDP-11
1476:RSX-11
1456:PDP-11
1451:RSTS/E
1439:(ADR)
1407:ArcaOS
1365:WYLBUR
1310:NOS/BE
1302:Kronos
1206:GE 645
1195:(BSD)
1117:MS-DOS
978:PDP-10
916:GE 635
912:GE 200
842:VM/370
837:VP/CSS
777:IBM's
741:S/3x0
494:(ITS)
468:RSTS/E
409:PRIMOS
281:VP/CSS
279:
269:VM/ESA
265:VM/370
263:
258:CP/CMS
198:Modems
167:ADM-3A
2794:WAITS
2764:TSS/8
2734:TENEX
2689:NLTSS
2669:MCTSS
2516:(PDF)
2443:(PDF)
2403:(PDF)
2280:(PDF)
2243:S2CID
2197:S2CID
2122:Notes
2092:ORVYL
2011:TENEX
1987:IA-64
1961:CP-67
1957:CP-40
1921:VM/SE
1911:Linux
1781:PDP-8
1776:TSS-8
1743:z/TPF
1699:TENEX
1694:TENEX
1659:TENEX
1599:TENEX
1496:⇶ IAS
1341:ORVYL
1333:SCOPE
1154:S/370
1100:IA-64
1079:minix
1047:Linux
1026:PDP-6
1000:EMACS
974:PDP-6
949:CP-40
887:CP-40
831:CP-40
796:CP-67
758:COBOL
709:CANDE
677:Atlas
673:Titan
663:TENEX
607:z/TPF
593:SABRE
519:Linux
456:TENEX
362:ORVYL
327:z/TPF
192:such
2769:Unix
2744:TSOS
2719:Pick
2664:LTSS
2654:EMAS
2649:DTSS
2496:2019
2465:ISBN
2373:ISBN
2351:2016
2321:2017
2284:ISBN
2254:2022
2208:2022
2138:led
2022:MICA
1971:z/VM
1952:z/VM
1936:z/VM
1884:UNIX
1829:CTSS
1750:TSOS
1664:CP/M
1555:i860
1405:and
1379:OS/2
1267:CTSS
1232:UNIX
1226:CTSS
1193:UNIX
1187:DTSS
1182:CTSS
1132:MICA
1122:OS/2
1074:UNIX
1016:JOSS
1006:CTSS
992:CTSS
906:DTSS
853:CTSS
846:z/VM
790:CTSS
737:CICS
702:UNIX
688:and
597:PARS
595:and
559:from
504:UNIX
484:MICA
399:UNIX
319:CICS
273:z/VM
233:CTSS
186:PTTs
162:and
156:VT05
2774:UTS
2759:TSS
2739:TSO
2724:RAX
2694:NOS
2674:MTS
2659:ITS
2634:COS
2415:doi
2235:doi
2189:doi
2152:MIT
2150:at
2003:DEC
1983:VAX
1942:IBM
1821:IBM
1789:DEC
1764:RCA
1737:ACP
1731:ACP
1725:IBM
1712:TPF
1684:DEC
1648:DEC
1626:VMS
1567:68k
1559:x86
1544:⇉
1500:VMS
1489:DEC
1464:DEC
1413:DOS
1393:IBM
1385:x86
1335:→⇶
1329:COS
1282:NOS
1255:IBM
1235:⇉
1127:VMS
1096:x86
1083:→
1010:→
968:ITS
962:→
959:ITS
943:FMS
900:→
897:ITS
881:FMS
872:MIT
748:IBM
700:⇶ ⇶
614:APL
603:TPF
587:IBM
576:ACP
480:VMS
433:DEC
323:TPF
176:or
153:DEC
149:CRT
42:by
2830::
2779:VM
2504:^
2473:.
2411:10
2409:,
2405:,
2394:;
2323:.
2292:.
2256:.
2241:.
2231:14
2229:.
2225:.
2195:.
2185:14
2183:.
2179:.
2066:⇶
2041:,
2024:⇉
2020:⇉
2018:⇉
2013:→
1993:,
1989:,
1985:,
1969:⇶
1965:⇶
1959:⇶
1938:)
1909:⇉
1796:→
1741:⇶
1706:→
1662:⇉
1657:→
1624:⇉
1619:⇉
1593:⇉
1565:,
1561:,
1557:,
1539:⇉
1534:⇉
1529:⇉
1498:⇉
1409:.
1348:,
1331:⇶
1304:⇉
1274:→
1230:⇉
1208:,
1191:→
1152:,
1139:⇉
1098:,
1064:,
1060:,
1024:,
998:,
976:,
957:⇉
952:⇉
947:⇉
918:,
914:,
895:⇉
890:⇉
885:⇉
883:→
844:⇶
840:⇶
835:⇶
822:VM
794:⇶
716:,
679:2
661:⇉
605:⇶
601:⇶
569:to
517:⇉
482:⇶
478:⇉
454:→
420:⇉
411:→
407:→
392:→
325:⇶
321:,
309:⇶
305:⇶
301:⇶
297:⇶
271:⇶
256:⇶
208:.
196:.
194:T1
169:.
158:,
2574:e
2567:t
2560:v
2498:.
2417::
2353:.
2237::
2210:.
2191::
2154:.
1963:⇶
1907:⇉
1841:/
1831:→
1739:⇶
1701:→
1395:/
1269:→
1228:⇉
1189:→
1184:→
1134:⇉
1129:⇉
1124:⇉
1119:⇉
1081:⇉
1076:⇉
1008:→
945:→
833:⇶
792:→
566:→
562:→
506::
500:•
429:•
369:•
334:•
246::
240:•
69:)
63:(
58:)
54:(
36:.
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