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120:
27:
1131:
By the time Toy and
Wichman started at UC Santa Cruz, BSD UNIX had entered widespread usage across UC campuses and was branching out to other schools. Each new version of BSD, released on cassette tape, included handy programs written by Joy and other hackers. One program was curses, written by Ken
225:
The original ADM-3 terminal displayed only capital letters. In 1976, an option was added to allow it to display both lower and upper case. The standard version of the terminal displayed only twelve (rather than twenty-four) rows of eighty characters. In those days RAM was expensive, and halving the
1000:
Working from an editor named em that they had obtained from
Professor George Coulouris at Queen Mary's College in London, they worked to produce the line-at-a-time editor ex....With the arrival of some ADM-3a terminals offering screen-addressable cursors, Joy was finally able to write vi, bringing
546:
were designed with the QWERTY layout and the ADM-3A's original Ctrl key placement in mind. Many of those key combinations are still in use today, even on non-Unix operating systems. Seasoned computer users familiar with the original layout often claim that the different position of the Ctrl key on
246:
In 1976, the ADM-3A was introduced. The ADM-3A added support for control codes to move the cursor around on the screen, and directly position the cursor at any point in the display. It did not, however, support “clear to end of line” or “clear to end of screen”, or other more advanced codes that
179:
In 1973, LSI hired a new head of engineering, Jim Placak. He and his team created the ADM-1 later that year. It set a new pricing low in the industry at $ 1,500. Its lower cost was primarily due to a unique single printed circuit board design. In early 1973 the LSI division in
Anaheim, California
202:
Within weeks of the launch of the ADM-3, Cagan started to book very large orders. Its 'Dumb
Terminal' nickname came from some of the original trade publication ads, and quickly caught on industry wide. Due to two emerging trends, the device immediately became the best selling in the industry.
180:
that manufactured these and other products hired a management team for this product line – a VP, national sales manager, and one regional sales manager – for the western region. The ADM-1 was followed by the ADM-2 in early '74. It had expanded functionality and a detached keyboard.
1096:
In 1969, UC Berkeley electrical engineering graduate
Kenneth Thompson and his Bell Laboratories colleague Dennis Ritchie wanted to play a computer game called "Space Travel" on a dusty old mainframe computer. To do it, the two were forced to write a new operating system for the
547:
modern PC keyboard layouts makes the use of Ctrl key combinations more cumbersome. Solutions exist for many operating systems to switch around the Caps Lock and Ctrl keys in software, thus making the PC keyboard layout more closely resemble the ADM-3A's keyboard layout.
1132:
Arnold. Arnold had written curses according to the UNIX creed: a simple tool fashioned for a specific purpose. Wielding curses like a paintbrush, users could place text such as letters, numbers, and symbols at any location on the screen.
207:
systems were hitting the market from dozens of manufacturers. These required inexpensive operator consoles that could match the speeds. With no fast low cost printers available, the ADM-3 (painted in a variety of custom colors for the
262:
under the nameplate at the front of the machine, beside the keyboard, including setting speed from 75 to 19,200 baud. The advanced configuration options allowed split speed connection, sending at one rate, and receiving at another.
216:
electromechanical printing terminal, which could only print ten characters per second, sold for $ 895 or $ 32/month, while the ADM-3, which could display up to 1,920 characters per second, went for $ 995 or $ 36/month.
98:" nickname came from some of the original trade publication advertisements. It quickly became commercially successful because of the rapid increase of computer communications speeds, and because of new
226:
display size halved the RAM requirement (and likewise all uppercase required only six bits per character to be stored rather than seven). Further optional add-ons included a
1025:
1358:
970:
McKusick, Marshall Kirk (January 1999). "Twenty Years of
Berkeley Unix: From AT&T-Owned to Freely Redistributable". In DiBona, Chris; Ockman, Sam (eds.).
1175:
987:
865:
554:
follows it almost exactly. Local Mac keyboard layouts even retain the ADM-3A's position of the
Control key, transposing it with the Caps Lock key.
452:
that were required to move the cursor left, down, up, right, and to the top/left corner (or "Home" position) of the terminal, respectively. The
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1118:
1053:
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was mounted in the top half of the case, which was hinged in the back and opened like a clamshell. The CRT was typically made by
94:
and had a 12-inch screen displaying 12 or 24 lines of 80 characters. It set a new industry low single unit price of $ 995. Its "
1257:
1278:
141:
1014:
923:
840:
203:
Computer communications speeds were rapidly increasing, and a wave of general purpose and dedicated single application
199:
single board design, which included the keyboard and all connectors, was packaged in an original clam shell enclosure.
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1313:
130:
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1151:
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1168:
137:
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87:
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The initials "ADM" were referred to as meaning "American Dream
Machine" in some advertising.
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tabbed the cursor to the next tabstop, with tabstops fixed at each 8th character position.
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1332:
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character is also commonly used to represent the beginning of line or "home" position in
783:
1169:"Tenth Anniversary ADM 3A Dumb Terminal Video Display Terminal User's Reference Manual"
310:
306:
231:
196:
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in
Anaheim, Calif., May 19–22, 1975, in booth 2348 at a price of $ 995. Its innovative
1347:
633:
539:
291:
103:
95:
341:
editor's creation; the cursor-movement arrows were printed on those four keys. The
234:
and an extension port which would allow daisy chaining several ADM-3As on a single
1249:
604:
also had the Ctrl key located above the Shift key, just like the ADM-3A's keyboard.
204:
99:
91:
1282:
301:, the ADM-3A did not use a microprocessor in its implementation, but instead used
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119:
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systems released to the market which required inexpensive operator consoles.
927:
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476:
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322:
859:"User's Manual RG-512 Retro-Graphics Card for the ADM-3A Computer Terminal"
342:
280:
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The 5×7 dot matrix characters were displayed in amber, green, or white
191:
The ADM-3 followed and the first manufactured units were introduced at
144: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
26:
550:
The legacy of the ADM-3A's keyboard also lives on in Japan, where the
283:
on black (the cursor was 7×9). The keyboard had 59 keys. The 12-inch
212:) became the de facto standard. By December 20, 1976, the widely used
1323:
1144:
235:
1224:
942:"Old tech: ADM-3A serial terminal, FreeBSD, and some fun. – Quelab"
469:
362:
358:
346:
298:
270:
252:
248:
1050:"Procedural Dungeons of Doom: The Making of Rogue – Chapter 1"
209:
113:
1207:
629:"Lear Siegler Updates ADM-1, Gives ADM-3 Full Cursor Ability"
1303:
1080:
Lab Notes: Research from the
Berkeley College of Engineering
757:. Vol. 10, no. 51. December 20, 1976. p. 15.
511:
produced an audible beep unless disabled via DIP switch and
503:
were new to the ADM-3A. Also common with other terminals,
538:—in the same place where most modern PC keyboards put the
353:
key may have additionally led to the establishment of the
1333:"Old tech: ADM-3A serial terminal, FreeBSD, and some fun"
821:. Vol. 10, no. 13. March 29, 1976. p. 27.
679:. Vol. 9, no. 31. July 30, 1975. p. S/3.
637:. Vol. 10, no. 27. July 5, 1976. p. 17.
412:
keys were a visual reference to the control characters
329:
editor and its descendants originated from the ADM-3A,
731:. Vol. 9, no. 20. May 14, 1975. p. 57.
1076:"Berkeley UNIX and the Birth of Open-Source Software"
623:
621:
973:
Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution
69:
54:
44:
36:
305:. It did, however, use RAM chips, rather than the
976:. Sebastopol (CA): O'Reilly and Associates, Inc.
1320:"Digital Engineering, Inc. Retrographics RG-512"
258:The ADM-3A's overall setup was controlled by 20
172:Lear Siegler, Inc. (LSI) manufactured its first
1174:. Lear Siegler, Inc. April 1986. pp. 1–5.
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
1082:. UC Regents. 11 November 2001. Archived from
357:character ("~") as the representation of the
90:, introduced in 1976. It was manufactured by
8:
19:
778:
776:
774:
772:
25:
18:
1219:
1217:
479:respectively, but the interpretations of
247:appeared in later terminals, such as the
160:Learn how and when to remove this message
1013:McKusick, Marshall Kirk (January 1985).
887:
885:
815:"Lower Case Feature Available for ADM-3"
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1314:Lear Siegler, Inc. (LSI) Terminal ADM3A
617:
575:
309:used by earlier terminals, such as the
1359:Computer-related introductions in 1976
1200:"History of the War against Caps Lock"
1157:from the original on 20 December 2022.
990:from the original on 28 September 2021
673:"Introducing The $ 995 Dumb Terminal"
7:
1279:"Swapping Capslock and Control Keys"
1121:from the original on 29 October 2020
1056:from the original on 29 October 2020
297:Unlike later terminals, such as the
142:adding citations to reliable sources
76: (equivalent to $ 5,300 in 2023)
1109:Craddock, David L. (3 June 2016).
864:. Digital Engineering, Inc. 1980.
841:"ADM-3A Lower Case Option "Clone""
534:was located above, not below, the
331:University of California, Berkeley
14:
1111:"The Making of Rogue – Chapter 1"
1001:screen-based editing to Berkeley.
193:1975 National Computer Conference
118:
1260:from the original on 2019-09-17
1231:from the original on 2019-08-22
1181:from the original on 2019-01-26
1031:from the original on 2021-07-04
952:from the original on 2019-01-08
905:from the original on 2019-01-26
871:from the original on 2022-04-20
796:from the original on 2018-03-03
337:replacement, just prior to the
129:needs additional citations for
527:was used to clear the screen.
1:
325:for moving the cursor in the
699:"Lear Siegler advertisement"
468:functions were the standard
16:Early video display terminal
1369:Character-oriented terminal
1115:Procedural Dungeons of Doom
893:"ADM-3A Maintenance Manual"
1385:
784:"ADM-3 Maintenance Manual"
1145:"ADM-3A Operators Manual"
361:in many Unix shells. The
230:enabling it to emulate a
86:was an influential early
24:
924:"ADM-3A CRT Replacement"
725:"Compact ADM-3 Parading"
1364:Computer output devices
751:"ComData advertisement"
392:labels printed on the
276:
275:ADM-3A keyboard layout
174:video display terminal
88:video display terminal
542:. Many standard Unix
349:label printed on the
274:
214:Teletype Model 33 KSR
176:in 1972 – the 7700A.
1015:"A Berkeley Odyssey"
930:on October 20, 2016.
847:on October 19, 2016.
591:About $ 10,000 today
138:improve this article
31:Terminal with keypad
1309:Lear Siegler ADM 3A
1300:Lear Siegler ADM-3A
582:About $ 5,000 today
21:
1331:Gangwere, Morgan.
1250:"MovingTheCtrlKey"
367:regular expression
307:Circulating Memory
277:
70:Introductory price
1225:"Remap Caps Lock"
1210:on July 30, 2016.
564:Teletype Model 33
335:Teletype Model 33
170:
169:
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80:
79:
49:Computer terminal
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1322:. Archived from
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1281:. Archived from
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1268:
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1150:. pp. 3–6.
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544:key combinations
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1052:. 3 June 2016.
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1304:terminals wiki
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1294:External links
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705:. May 21, 1984
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359:home directory
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311:Datapoint 3300
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232:Tektronix 4010
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819:Computerworld
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677:Computerworld
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648:September 10,
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634:Computerworld
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541:
540:Caps Lock key
537:
533:
530:Finally, the
528:
478:
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370:
368:
364:
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348:
344:
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292:Ball Brothers
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228:graphics card
221:ADM-3 options
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197:wave soldered
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127:This section
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104:microcomputer
101:
97:
96:dumb terminal
93:
89:
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72:
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57:
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47:
43:
39:
35:
28:
23:
1354:Lear Siegler
1336:
1324:the original
1283:the original
1273:
1262:. Retrieved
1253:
1244:
1233:. Retrieved
1208:the original
1203:
1194:
1183:. Retrieved
1163:
1139:
1130:
1125:23 September
1123:. Retrieved
1114:
1104:
1095:
1090:23 September
1088:. Retrieved
1084:the original
1079:
1070:
1060:23 September
1058:. Retrieved
1044:
1033:. Retrieved
1021:
1008:
999:
994:23 September
992:. Retrieved
972:
965:
954:. Retrieved
945:
936:
928:the original
918:
907:. Retrieved
873:. Retrieved
853:
845:the original
835:
818:
809:
798:. Retrieved
754:
745:
728:
719:
707:. Retrieved
702:
693:
676:
646:. Retrieved
632:
602:PC keyboards
596:
587:
578:
552:local layout
549:
529:
371:
354:
320:
296:
278:
260:DIP switches
257:
245:
224:
205:minicomputer
201:
190:
182:
178:
171:
156:
147:
136:Please help
131:verification
128:
100:minicomputer
92:Lear Siegler
83:
81:
55:Release date
40:Lear Siegler
37:Manufacturer
1022:Unix Review
600:Very early
532:Control key
1348:Categories
1264:2019-09-10
1254:Emacs Wiki
1235:2019-09-10
1185:2017-06-24
1035:2020-09-23
956:2019-01-08
946:quelab.net
909:2017-06-24
875:2022-03-23
800:2017-06-23
612:References
369:dialects.
285:monochrome
1097:machines.
827:0010-4841
763:0010-4841
737:0010-4841
685:0010-4841
643:0010-4841
536:Shift key
477:line feed
473:backspace
323:HJKL keys
150:July 2016
1258:Archived
1229:Archived
1176:Archived
1152:Archived
1119:Archived
1054:Archived
1026:Archived
988:Archived
950:Archived
900:Archived
866:Archived
791:Archived
558:See also
343:Home key
281:phosphor
267:Hardware
1302:on the
1204:CAPSoff
709:June 4,
110:History
74:US$ 995
60: (
1337:Quelab
980:
825:
761:
735:
683:
641:
495:, and
444:, and
408:, and
317:Legacy
242:ADM-3A
238:line.
236:RS-232
84:ADM-3A
20:ADM-3A
1179:(PDF)
1172:(PDF)
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