865:, according to article 37, is legally a consequence of cantonal and municipal citizenship, reflecting the three-tiered setup of the Swiss state. Nonetheless, federal law regulates the general rules of acquisition and loss of citizenship, as set forth in article 38. The exact procedure of acquiring citizenship is governed by cantonal law. Some cantons have instituted administrative bodies to process petitions for citizenship, while in others, prospective citizens are vetted, and their petitions voted on, by a municipal citizens' assembly. These procedures are a subject of perennial political controversy between advocates of a more or less strict immigration policy.
576:
33:
1740:
228:
of federal statutes in article 190. Going beyond the classical notion of civil rights as purely defensive rights against the state, though, article 35 also mandates the authorities to give meaning to the fundamental rights in their legislative and executive acts, and to actively protect fundamental
714:
All persons deprived of their liberty have the right to be informed immediately, and in a language that they understand, of the reasons for their detention, and of their rights. They must have the opportunity to assert their rights. In particular, they have the right to have their close relatives
623:
are permitted (by way of art. 94), and differing cantonal regulations still impede the intercantonal exercise of some regulated professions, the wide extent to which economic freedom is guaranteed is a distinguishing feature of the Swiss constitution, both in theory and practice. Parliament's
168:, as well as a set of social goals which the state authorities are to pay heed to. A few rights, notably political ones, are explicitly reserved to Swiss citizens, while all others apply to all persons in Switzerland, including (insofar as possible) legal entities such as corporations.
462:". Personal liberty, according to case law, covers all important aspects of personal development and lifestyle, such as choices in diet, healthcare, personal relations and sexual activity. Article 11, a novel provision in the 1999 constitution, extends particular protection to
717:
Every person taken into preventive detention has the right to be brought before a judge without delay; the judge shall decide whether the person shall remain in detention or shall be released. Every person in preventive detention has the right to be judged within a reasonable
284:". This is a fundamental principle of the state that should inform all of its acts, a guideline to the interpretation of all law, and under certain circumstances a directly applicable fundamental right. As such, it prohibits inhuman treatment and guarantees the right of
930:
are mostly absent from the constitutional text, although they are more widely recognised in legal doctrine and practice. Even so, the inclusion of this provision in the constitution was strongly contested on grounds of economic policy and cantonal autonomy.
738:. This provision, which was adopted by popular vote in 2000 and entered into force in 2007, is intended to realise more fully the right guaranteed by article 6 of the ECHR to a hearing by an "independent and impartial tribunal established by law". In
248:
requires that a limitation of rights be suitable and required to achieve its goal, and that the degree of limitation is reasonable in view of that goal. Essential guarantees, such as the prohibition on
831:
as provided for by the federal and cantonal constitutions. This means that results of votes and elections must reflect the free, unaltered will of the people and that the government may not engage in
224:". This implies that the Constitution's fundamental rights are binding on all levels of state authorities and are directly enforceable in the courts, although the Constitution prohibits
868:
Article 37 prohibits privileges or prejudices associated with any particular cantonal or municipal citizenship. Still, the
Constitution makes allowance for the continued existence of
720:
All persons who are deprived of their liberty without a trial have the right to seize a court at any time. The court shall decide as soon as possible whether the detention is legal.
919:
51:
836:
143:
382:, guards individuals against rules or decisions of the state that have no serious, objective reasons, or that are meaning- and pointless. A decision is arbitrary only if its
493:
in the
Constitution, provides for a right to obtain the means indispensable for leading a simple, dignified life. The cantons and municipalities are responsible for running
479:
and incapable of looking after themselves have the right to be helped and assisted, and to receive the means that are indispensable for leading a life in human dignity.
1711:
199:
Any limitation of a fundamental right requires a legal basis. Grave limitations must be expressly foreseen by statute. Cases of clear and present danger are reserved.
883:
Article 39 stipulates that all Swiss citizens may exercise full municipal, cantonal and national political rights at their place of residence, and article 40 allows
695:). The right to be heard notably covers the right to be informed about and to participate in all proceedings concerning oneself, the right to offer and to examine
171:
While the 1874 constitution enumerated only a few civil rights, the 1999 constitution explicitly codifies the fundamental rights recognised in the case law of the
767:
Article 30 sets minimal standards for judicial procedures, guaranteeing access to independent and impartial courts established by law, as well as the right to an
835:
to influence a vote or election (although it may provide "objective information"). Switzerland has registered a reservation with respect to article 25 of the
743:
1760:
914:
These goals are of a programmatic nature, and are declared not to be directly enforceable. They are also counterbalanced by a reference to individual
136:
895:
Article 41 consists of a list of "social goals" which the confederation and the cantons "shall strive to ensure". They include the availability of
244:
cannot address in time. Any public interest justifying a limitation of rights must arise from the
Constitution or from constitutional statutes.
201:
Any limitation of a fundamental right must be justified by public interest, or serve for the protection of fundamental rights of other persons.
679:. Specifically, it guarantees the right to be treated equally and fairly within a reasonable time in legal or administrative proceedings, the
308:
676:
262:
180:
129:
764:. In any case, the provision's impact remains somewhat limited because article 190 excludes all federal statutes from judicial review.
584:
580:
233:", though, is supposed to be realised through legislation to the extent the rights are suited to application between private persons.
229:
rights even to some degree against non-state actors. In between private actors, the fundamental rights do not apply directly. Their "
1682:
927:
575:
32:
355:
prohibits differential treatment based on the listed criteria except for clear objective reasons and in a proportionate manner.
96:
87:
78:
69:
742:
in particular, access to a court was previously not possible in all cases. As a result of this constitutional provision, the
436:
240:" rights can be limited. Exceptions must be limited to actions against those persons causing a clear and present danger that
176:
111:
923:
237:
220:
Articles 35 and 36 contain the general rules governing the application of fundamental rights. According to article 35, "
398:
jurisprudence, which reviews questions of cantonal law that do not involve rules of federal or constitutional law not
395:
192:
172:
703:) and the right to a well-reasoned decision. Article 29 also prohibits the delay or denial of justice, or excessive
1730:
157:
24:
799:
563:
without consent (art. 25) are rights reserved to Swiss citizens. However, foreigners enjoy the guarantee of
494:
444:
348:
300:
752:
746:
replaced a number of administrative review panels in 2007. The provision still allows statutes to exclude
545:
521:
1723:
529:
873:
856:
817:
672:
533:
328:
245:
624:
extensive discussions about this provision reflect a fundamental systemic decision in favour of a free
509:
364:
Every person has the right to be treated by the state organs without arbitrariness and in good faith.
915:
772:
659:). The provision reflects a compromise solution found after long, acrimonious parliamentary debates.
652:
525:
408:
to independent claims of arbitrary treatment, which has caused wide scholarly criticism. The rule of
289:
537:
421:
386:
is obviously untenable or contrary to the facts, or if it blatantly violates the law or the idea of
1353:
827:
authorities without the fear of sanction. Article 34 guarantees the free exercise of the citizens'
541:
513:
476:
458:
293:
1673:
Bernhard
Ehrenzeller, Philipp Mastronardi, Rainer J. Schweizer, Klaus A. Vallender (eds.) (2002).
1744:
1692:
809:
795:
739:
640:
616:
517:
356:
352:
332:
1678:
757:
712:
No person may be deprived of liberty except in the cases and in the forms provided by statute.
680:
600:
549:
498:
344:
230:
497:
to that effect. The
Supreme Court has held that the right may not be limited, e.g. to coerce
404:, but only for arbitrary application of the law. However, the Court applies a narrow rule of
828:
804:
791:
644:
608:
588:
505:
454:
1704:
896:
813:
747:
704:
688:
596:
564:
324:
225:
847:
assembly system used by two cantons and many municipalities does not allow for secrecy.
884:
696:
656:
648:
625:
620:
604:
405:
400:
304:
165:
1754:
844:
840:
787:
636:
556:
440:
428:
279:
254:
750:
in "exceptional cases" that are considered not amenable to judicial review, such as
768:
632:
490:
391:
872:
and corporations. These are traditional civic associations carried over from the
900:
877:
869:
862:
782:
Article 31 encompasses the rights guaranteed in article 5 of the ECHR, what the
668:
560:
417:
379:
241:
675:
and to an effective remedy as provided for in articles six and thirteen of the
832:
783:
612:
579:
The beginning of the title 2, on the second page of the German edition of the
448:
413:
409:
390:. This rule, which is illimitable, permeates the entire legal system. Applied
340:
266:
258:
116:
236:
Article 36 outlines the circumstances under which the exercise of classical "
203:
Limitations of fundamental rights must be proportionate to the goals pursued.
908:
776:
375:
922:. This means that, contrary to many other Western constitutions, so-called
451:, both of which are legal in Switzerland. Also, Article 10 provides for a "
824:
761:
684:
320:
655:, are proportionate in scope and are organised by unions (i.e., are not
607:
made subject to full compensation, by article 26. Article 27 guarantees
904:
700:
692:
432:
387:
250:
343:. The principle of equality implies economic neutrality of the state,
734:, in addition, guarantees a right to have legal disputes judged by a
336:
316:
631:
Article 28 guarantees the right of both employers and employees to
222:
the fundamental rights shall be realized in the entire legal system
735:
574:
467:
463:
285:
790:, and also what is known in the U.S. as the duty to administer "
179:. It also incorporates the fundamental rights guaranteed in the
101:
Revision of the
Federal Constitution and Transitional Provisions
794:" to arrested persons. Article 32 outlines the fundamentals of
394:
where other rights are unavailable, it features prominently in
312:
31:
559:
anywhere in the country (art. 24) and protection against
548:(art. 23). Also, article 19 provides for a right to free
457:, particularly to corporal and mental integrity, and to
277:
The bill of rights begins in article 7 by stating that "
643:
are declared permissible, but only when they relate to
651:
or political strikes are not covered), do not violate
1728:
164:, contains a comprehensive and directly enforceable
1180:Rainer J. Schweizer/Margrith Bigler-Eggenberger in
1167:Rainer J. Schweizer/Margrith Bigler-Eggenberger in
1154:Rainer J. Schweizer/Margrith Bigler-Eggenberger in
1141:Rainer J. Schweizer/Margrith Bigler-Eggenberger in
1128:Rainer J. Schweizer/Margrith Bigler-Eggenberger in
1115:Rainer J. Schweizer/Margrith Bigler-Eggenberger in
587:publishes translations in German, French, Italian,
162:"Fundamental Rights, Civil Rights and Social Goals"
816:and the right to effective defence (including the
667:Articles 29 to 32 guarantee essential aspects of
504:The subsequent articles proceed to guarantee the
205:The essence of fundamental rights is inviolable.
880:families, but regulated by cantonal public law.
216:Application and limitation of fundamental rights
65:Fundamental Rights, Citizenship and Social Goals
710:
512:and to have a family (art. 14), as well as the
473:
362:
197:
1675:Die schweizerische Bundesverfassung, Kommentar
691:(generally realised through appointed private
412:requires the state to protect people's vested
1468:
1466:
887:to exercise political rights in Switzerland.
307:based e.g. on grounds of origin, (perceived)
137:
8:
424:by the state, such as through undue delays.
1613:
1611:
851:Chapter 2: Citizenship and Political Rights
1192:
1190:
786:calls the right to petition for a writ of
416:in state actions, such as in governmental
144:
130:
15:
1710:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1735:
1724:English translation of the constitution
939:
42:
23:
1700:
1690:
7:
595:Articles 26 to 28 cover fundamental
928:second- and third generation rights
823:Article 33 guarantees the right to
489:Article 12, one of few enforceable
181:European Convention on Human Rights
74:Confederation, Cantons and Communes
19:This article is part of the series:
839:, which guarantees the right to a
771:. It establishes the principle of
671:. Article 29 covers the rights to
585:Federal Chancellery of Switzerland
581:Swiss Federal Constitution of 1999
183:, which Switzerland has ratified.
14:
1761:Swiss Federal Constitution (1999)
802:(which includes the principle of
1738:
282:shall be respected and protected
273:Human rights and civil liberties
1656:Margrith Bigler-Eggenberger in
1643:Margrith Bigler-Eggenberger in
1339:Margrith Bigler-Eggenberger in
885:Swiss citizens domiciled abroad
876:, often consisting of formerly
378:treatment, an extension of the
699:(such as to call and question
437:inhuman or degrading treatment
177:European Court of Human Rights
1:
1630:Felix Hafner/Denise Buser in
1617:Felix Hafner/Denise Buser in
187:Chapter 1: Fundamental Rights
744:Federal Administrative Court
261:cannot be limited (see also
374:Article 9's prohibition of
193:Human rights in Switzerland
160:of 18 April 1999, entitled
36:Coat of arms of Switzerland
1777:
854:
516:and philosophy (art. 15),
501:into leaving the country.
443:, which does not prohibit
190:
158:Swiss Federal Constitution
83:The People and The Cantons
25:Swiss Federal Constitution
689:free legal representation
427:Article 10 prohibits the
1102:Bernhard Ehrenzeller in
1089:Bernhard Ehrenzeller in
808:and the right to refuse
800:presumption of innocence
567:provided by article 25.
439:. It also refers to the
43:Text of the Constitution
1326:Rainer J. Schweizer in
1313:Rainer J. Schweizer in
1300:Rainer J. Schweizer in
1076:Rainer J. Schweizer in
1063:Rainer J. Schweizer in
1050:Rainer J. Schweizer in
1037:Rainer J. Schweizer in
1024:Rainer J. Schweizer in
1011:Rainer J. Schweizer in
998:Rainer J. Schweizer in
985:Rainer J. Schweizer in
972:Rainer J. Schweizer in
959:Rainer J. Schweizer in
946:Rainer J. Schweizer in
891:Chapter 3: Social Goals
760:, or acts of pardon or
707:in its administration.
349:equality of opportunity
301:equality before the law
1579:, Art. 34 N 10 et seq.
1553:, Art. 32 N 13 et seq.
1476:, Art. 29 N 10 et seq.
1456:Klaus A. Vallender in
1443:Klaus A. Vallender in
1430:Klaus A. Vallender in
1417:Klaus A. Vallender in
1408:, Art. 27 N 66 et seq.
1404:Klaus A. Vallender in
1391:Klaus A. Vallender in
1378:Klaus A. Vallender in
1369:, Art. 27 N 47 et seq.
1365:Klaus A. Vallender in
1330:, Art. 10 N 24 et seq.
1054:, Art. 36 N 21 et seq.
976:, Art. 35 N 12 et seq.
722:
592:
481:
366:
303:for all and prohibits
299:Article 8 establishes
207:
37:
1291:, Art. 9 N 57 et seq.
1278:, Art. 9 N 51 et seq.
1265:, Art. 9 N 25 et seq.
1252:, Art. 9 N 33 et seq.
1093:, Art. 7 N 23 et seq.
963:, Art. 35 N 6 et seq.
874:Old Swiss Confederacy
857:Swiss nationality law
818:assistance of counsel
753:actes de gouvernement
663:Procedural guarantees
653:collective agreements
578:
35:
1601:Gerold Steinmann in
1588:Gerold Steinmann in
1575:Gerold Steinmann in
1287:Christoph Rohner in
1274:Christoph Rohner in
1261:Christoph Rohner in
1248:Christoph Rohner in
1235:Christoph Rohner in
1222:Christoph Rohner in
1209:Christoph Rohner in
1196:Christoph Rohner in
935:Notes and references
773:separation of powers
756:e.g. in the area of
420:, and prohibits the
52:Preamble and Title 1
798:. They include the
775:as relating to the
683:, and the right of
603:is guaranteed, and
514:freedom of religion
459:freedom of movement
351:. The principle of
288:to be treated as a
92:Federal Authorities
1703:has generic name (
810:self-incrimination
796:criminal procedure
740:administrative law
736:judicial authority
617:private enterprise
593:
499:illegal immigrants
495:welfare programmes
357:Affirmative action
353:non-discrimination
345:political equality
333:sexual orientation
56:General Provisions
38:
1536:Reinhold Hotz in
1472:Reinhold Hotz in
1356:of 18 March 2005.
758:national security
681:right to be heard
611:, free choice of
601:right to property
550:primary education
510:right to marriage
231:horizontal effect
154:
153:
1768:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1715:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1688:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1628:
1622:
1615:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1573:
1567:
1560:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1534:
1528:
1519:Andreas Kley in
1517:
1511:
1502:Andreas Kley in
1500:
1494:
1485:Andreas Kley in
1483:
1477:
1470:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1441:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1415:
1409:
1402:
1396:
1389:
1383:
1376:
1370:
1363:
1357:
1350:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1324:
1318:
1311:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1285:
1279:
1272:
1266:
1259:
1253:
1246:
1240:
1233:
1227:
1220:
1214:
1207:
1201:
1194:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1152:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1120:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1087:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1035:
1029:
1022:
1016:
1009:
1003:
996:
990:
983:
977:
970:
964:
957:
951:
944:
829:political rights
805:in dubio pro reo
792:Miranda warnings
726:
645:labour relations
621:state monopolies
619:. Although some
609:economic freedom
506:right to privacy
485:
455:personal liberty
370:
211:
146:
139:
132:
16:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1729:
1709:
1699:
1689:
1685:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1655:
1651:
1647:, Art. 41 N 95.
1642:
1638:
1629:
1625:
1616:
1609:
1605:, Art. 34 N 17.
1600:
1596:
1592:, Art. 34 N 14.
1587:
1583:
1574:
1570:
1566:, Art. 32 N 19.
1561:
1557:
1548:
1544:
1535:
1531:
1518:
1514:
1501:
1497:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1464:
1460:, Art. 28 N 21.
1455:
1451:
1447:, Art. 28 N 27.
1442:
1438:
1434:, Art. 28 N 26.
1429:
1425:
1421:, Art. 28 N 25.
1416:
1412:
1403:
1399:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1321:
1317:, Art. 10 N 14.
1312:
1308:
1304:, Art. 10 N 12.
1299:
1295:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1269:
1260:
1256:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1230:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1188:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1110:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1084:
1080:, Art. 36 N 27.
1075:
1071:
1067:, Art. 36 N 24.
1062:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1041:, Art. 36 N 19.
1036:
1032:
1028:, Art. 36 N 16.
1023:
1019:
1010:
1006:
1002:, Art. 35 N 21.
997:
993:
989:, Art. 35 N 20.
984:
980:
971:
967:
958:
954:
945:
941:
937:
897:social security
893:
859:
853:
814:right to appeal
748:judicial review
728:
724:
719:
716:
713:
665:
657:wildcat strikes
597:economic rights
573:
571:Economic rights
565:non-refoulement
524:(art. 16), the
508:(art. 13), the
487:
483:
422:abuse of rights
372:
368:
325:social position
275:
246:Proportionality
226:judicial review
218:
213:
209:
204:
202:
200:
195:
189:
156:Title 2 of the
150:
121:
117:Law portal
112:Other countries
100:
91:
82:
73:
64:
55:
12:
11:
5:
1774:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1683:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1660:, Art. 41 N 8.
1649:
1636:
1634:, Art. 37 N 7.
1623:
1621:, Art. 37 N 3.
1607:
1594:
1581:
1568:
1555:
1542:
1540:, Art. 30 N 7.
1529:
1512:
1495:
1478:
1462:
1449:
1436:
1423:
1410:
1397:
1395:, Art. 27 N 7.
1384:
1382:, Art. 27 N 4.
1371:
1358:
1345:
1343:, Art. 12 N 9.
1332:
1319:
1306:
1293:
1280:
1267:
1254:
1241:
1239:, Art. 9 N 15.
1228:
1226:, Art. 9 N 13.
1215:
1213:, Art. 9 N 14.
1202:
1186:
1184:, Art. 8 N 58.
1173:
1171:, Art. 8 N 54.
1160:
1158:, Art. 8 N 32.
1147:
1145:, Art. 8 N 28.
1134:
1132:, Art. 8 N 23.
1121:
1119:, Art. 8 N 75.
1108:
1106:, Art. 7 N 44.
1095:
1082:
1069:
1056:
1043:
1030:
1017:
1015:, Art. 36 N 7.
1004:
991:
978:
965:
952:
950:, Art. 35 N 6.
938:
936:
933:
916:responsibility
892:
889:
855:Main article:
852:
849:
843:, because the
709:
664:
661:
626:market economy
605:expropriations
572:
569:
544:(art. 22) and
472:
361:
359:is permitted.
305:discrimination
274:
271:
217:
214:
196:
188:
185:
166:bill of rights
152:
151:
149:
148:
141:
134:
126:
123:
122:
120:
119:
114:
108:
105:
104:
103:
102:
93:
84:
75:
66:
57:
45:
44:
40:
39:
28:
27:
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1773:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1746:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1706:
1694:
1686:
1684:3-905455-70-6
1680:
1677:(in German).
1676:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:Hans Vest in
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549:Hans Vest in
1546:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1354:BGE 131 I 166
1349:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1200:, Art. 9 N 4.
1199:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1001:
995:
992:
988:
982:
979:
975:
969:
966:
962:
956:
953:
949:
943:
940:
934:
932:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
890:
888:
886:
881:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
858:
850:
848:
846:
845:Landsgemeinde
842:
841:secret ballot
838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:habeas corpus
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
727:
721:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
662:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
627:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
590:
586:
582:
577:
570:
568:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
491:social rights
486:
480:
478:
471:
469:
465:
461:
460:
456:
450:
446:
442:
441:right to live
438:
434:
430:
429:death penalty
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:
397:
396:Supreme Court
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
371:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
281:
280:human dignity
272:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:death penalty
252:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
227:
223:
215:
212:
206:
194:
186:
184:
182:
178:
174:
173:Supreme Court
169:
167:
163:
159:
147:
142:
140:
135:
133:
128:
127:
125:
124:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
107:
106:
99:
98:
94:
90:
89:
85:
81:
80:
76:
72:
71:
67:
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
49:
48:
47:
46:
41:
34:
30:
29:
26:
22:
18:
17:
1717:
1674:
1667:Bibliography
1657:
1652:
1644:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1618:
1602:
1597:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1550:
1545:
1537:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1510:N 10 et seq.
1507:
1503:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1473:
1457:
1452:
1444:
1439:
1431:
1426:
1418:
1413:
1405:
1400:
1392:
1387:
1379:
1374:
1366:
1361:
1348:
1340:
1335:
1327:
1322:
1314:
1309:
1301:
1296:
1288:
1283:
1275:
1270:
1262:
1257:
1249:
1244:
1236:
1231:
1223:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1181:
1176:
1168:
1163:
1155:
1150:
1142:
1137:
1129:
1124:
1116:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1090:
1085:
1077:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1051:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1025:
1020:
1012:
1007:
999:
994:
986:
981:
973:
968:
960:
955:
947:
942:
913:
894:
882:
878:aristocratic
870:bourgeoisies
867:
860:
822:
803:
781:
766:
751:
731:
729:
725:— Article 31
723:
711:
666:
630:
594:
591:and English.
554:
503:
488:
484:— Article 12
482:
474:
468:young people
452:
426:
418:informations
399:
392:subsidiarily
383:
373:
367:
363:
341:disabilities
335:), personal
298:
278:
276:
263:art. 15 ECHR
235:
221:
219:
210:— Article 36
208:
198:
170:
161:
155:
95:
86:
77:
68:
60:
59:
50:
1745:Switzerland
1718:Ehrenzeller
1716:. Cited as
1701:|last=
1658:Ehrenzeller
1645:Ehrenzeller
1632:Ehrenzeller
1619:Ehrenzeller
1603:Ehrenzeller
1590:Ehrenzeller
1577:Ehrenzeller
1564:Ehrenzeller
1551:Ehrenzeller
1538:Ehrenzeller
1521:Ehrenzeller
1504:Ehrenzeller
1487:Ehrenzeller
1474:Ehrenzeller
1458:Ehrenzeller
1445:Ehrenzeller
1432:Ehrenzeller
1419:Ehrenzeller
1406:Ehrenzeller
1393:Ehrenzeller
1380:Ehrenzeller
1367:Ehrenzeller
1341:Ehrenzeller
1328:Ehrenzeller
1315:Ehrenzeller
1302:Ehrenzeller
1289:Ehrenzeller
1276:Ehrenzeller
1263:Ehrenzeller
1250:Ehrenzeller
1237:Ehrenzeller
1224:Ehrenzeller
1211:Ehrenzeller
1198:Ehrenzeller
1182:Ehrenzeller
1169:Ehrenzeller
1156:Ehrenzeller
1143:Ehrenzeller
1130:Ehrenzeller
1117:Ehrenzeller
1104:Ehrenzeller
1091:Ehrenzeller
1078:Ehrenzeller
1065:Ehrenzeller
1052:Ehrenzeller
1039:Ehrenzeller
1026:Ehrenzeller
1013:Ehrenzeller
1000:Ehrenzeller
987:Ehrenzeller
974:Ehrenzeller
961:Ehrenzeller
948:Ehrenzeller
907:and public
901:health care
863:citizenship
669:due process
561:extradition
555:Freedom of
546:association
540:(art. 21),
536:(art. 20),
532:(art. 18),
528:(art. 17),
522:information
475:Persons in
447:or passive
435:and cruel,
380:rule of law
369:— Article 9
337:convictions
331:(including
242:legislation
833:propaganda
784:common law
769:open trial
730:Article 29
673:fair trial
613:profession
449:euthanasia
414:confidence
410:good faith
267:jus cogens
259:censorship
191:See also:
1693:cite book
1523:, Art. 29
1506:, Art. 29
1489:, Art. 29
1352:Decision
920:article 6
909:education
777:judiciary
715:informed.
705:formalism
701:witnesses
685:indigents
615:and free
453:right to
376:arbitrary
329:lifestyle
292:, not an
1755:Category
924:positive
825:petition
762:clemency
697:evidence
641:lockouts
633:unionise
557:domicile
542:assembly
530:language
477:distress
464:children
445:abortion
406:standing
321:language
238:negative
175:and the
905:housing
812:), the
693:counsel
649:general
647:(i.e.,
637:Strikes
589:Romansh
534:science
518:opinion
433:torture
401:de novo
388:justice
290:subject
251:torture
97:Title 6
88:Title 5
79:Title 4
70:Title 3
61:Title 2
1731:Portal
1681:
861:Swiss
599:. The
583:. The
384:result
294:object
286:people
253:, the
1527:N 21.
837:ICCPR
718:time.
526:media
1712:link
1705:help
1679:ISBN
1493:N 2.
677:ECHR
639:and
466:and
347:and
309:race
265:and
257:and
926:or
918:in
820:).
687:to
538:art
339:or
317:age
313:sex
269:).
1757::
1697::
1695:}}
1691:{{
1610:^
1465:^
1189:^
911:.
903:,
899:,
779:.
635:.
628:.
552:.
520:,
470:.
431:,
327:,
323:,
319:,
315:,
311:,
296:.
1733::
1720:.
1714:)
1707:)
1687:.
1525:a
1508:a
1491:a
732:a
145:e
138:t
131:v
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