Toga - Knowledge (XXG)

917:(circa 95 AD) offers advice on how best to plead cases at Rome's law-courts, before the watching multitude's informed and critical eye. Effective pleading was a calculated artistic performance, but must seem utterly natural. First impressions counted; the lawyer must present himself as a Roman should: "virile and splendid" in his toga, with statuesque posture and "natural good looks". He should be well groomed – but not too well; no primping of the hair, jewellery or any other "feminine" perversions of a Roman man's proper appearance. Quintilian gives precise instructions on the correct use of the toga – its cut, style, and the arrangements of its folds. Its fabric could be old-style rough wool, or new and smoother if preferred – but definitely not silk. The orator's movements should be dignified, and to the point; he should move only as he must, to address a particular person, a particular section of the audience. He should employ to good effect that subtle "language of the hands" for which Roman oratory was famed; no extravagant gestures, no wiggling of the shoulders, no moving "like a dancer". 1383: 1444: 727:

a magistrate, would have had lictors to clear his way, and even then, wearing a toga was a challenge. The toga's apparent natural simplicity and "elegant, flowing lines" were the result of diligent practice and cultivation; to avoid an embarrassing disarrangement of its folds, its wearer had to walk with measured, stately gait, yet with virile purpose and energy. If he moved too slowly, he might seem aimless, "sluggish of mind" - or, worst of all, "womanly". Vout (1996) suggests that the toga's most challenging qualities as garment fitted the Romans' view of themselves and their civilization. Like the empire itself, the peace that the toga came to represent had been earned through the extraordinary and unremitting collective efforts of its citizens, who could therefore claim "the time and dignity to dress in such a way".

1164: 1122: 1254: 1263: 1542: 941:), and Cato wore it without tunic or shoes; all this would have been recognised as an expression of his moral probity. Die-hard Roman traditionalists deplored an ever-increasing Roman appetite for ostentation, "un-Roman" comfort and luxuries, and sartorial offences such as Celtic trousers, brightly coloured Syrian robes and cloaks. The manly toga itself could signify corruption, if worn too loosely, or worn over a long-sleeved, "effeminate" tunic, or woven too fine and thin, near transparent. 921:

to form a right angle at the elbow, while the edge of the toga should fall in equal lengths on either side." If, on the other hand, the "toga falls down at the beginning of our speech, or when we have only proceeded but a little way, the failure to replace it is a sign of indifference, or sloth, or sheer ignorance of the way in which clothes should be worn". By the time he had presented his case, the orator was likely to be hot and sweaty; but even this could be employed to good effect.

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good client canvassed political support for his patron, or his patron's nominee; he advanced his patron's interests using his own business, family and personal connections. Freedmen with an aptitude for business could become extremely wealthy; but to negotiate citizenship for themselves, or more likely their sons, they had to find a patron prepared to commend them. Clients seeking patronage had to attend the patron's early-morning formal

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Romans, it was hard to put on, uncomfortable and challenging to wear correctly, and never truly popular. When circumstances allowed, those otherwise entitled or obliged to wear it opted for more comfortable, casual garments. It gradually fell out of use, firstly among citizens of the lower class, then those of the middle class. Eventually, it was worn only by the highest classes for ceremonial occasions.

5799: 1644: 739: 657:. He promptly heads for Rome. Donning the toga transforms Cincinnatus from rustic, sweaty ploughman – though a gentleman nevertheless, of impeccable stock and reputation – into Rome's leading politician, eager to serve his country; a top-quality Roman. Rome's abundant public and private statuary reinforced the notion that all Rome's great men wore togas, and must always have done so. 857: 2302:(circa 70 AD) describes togate statuary as the older, traditional form of public honour, and cuirassed statuary of famous generals as a relatively later development. An individual might hold different offices in succession, or simultaneously, each represented by a different statuary type, cuirassed as a general, and togate as a holder of state office or priest of a state cult. 153: 945:'s history of Rome finds its strife-torn Late Republic tottering at the edge of chaos; most seem to dress as they like, not as they ought: "For now the Roman people are much mixed with foreigners, there is equal citizenship for freedmen, and slaves dress like their masters. With the exception of the Senators, free citizens and slaves wear the same costume." The Augustan 801:, superior to all lesser mortals by virtue of rank and costume, might thus approach the shameful condition of dependent servitude. For a client whose patron was another's client, the potential for shame was still worse. Even as a satirical analogy, the equation of togate client and slave would have shocked those who cherished the toga as a symbol of personal dignity and 1630: 666: 1382: 1240:(the emperor's personal guard as "First Citizen", and a military force under his personal command), concealed their weapons under white, civilian-style togas when on duty in the city, offering the reassuring illusion that they represented a traditional Republican, civilian authority, rather than the military arm of an Imperial autocracy. 1141:" of the Late Republic, the lower ranks of Rome's military forces were "farmer-soldiers", a militia of citizen smallholders conscripted for the duration of hostilities, expected to provide their own arms and armour. Citizens of higher status served in senior military posts as a foundation for their progress to high civil office (see 4735: 1463:(literally, a bay or inlet) appears in the Imperial era as a loose over-fold, slung from beneath the left arm, downwards across the chest, then upwards to the right shoulder. Early examples were slender, but later forms were much fuller; the loop hangs at knee-length, suspended there by draping over the crook of the right arm. 817:). One in a dirty or patched toga would likely be subject to ridicule; or he might, if sufficiently dogged and persistent, secure a pittance of cash, or perhaps a dinner. When the patron left his house to conduct his business of the day at the law courts, forum or wherever else, escorted (if a magistrate) by his togate 1012:'s day (circa 70 AD) this was probably standard among the elite. Pliny also describes a glossy, smooth, lightweight but dense fabric woven from poppy-stem fibres and flax, in use from at least the time of the Punic Wars. Though probably appropriate for a "summer toga", it was criticised for its improper luxuriance. 420:. Norma Goldman believes that the earliest forms of all these garments would have been simple, rectangular lengths of cloth that served as both body-wrap and blanket for peasants, shepherds and itinerant herdsmen. Roman historians believed that Rome's legendary founder and first king, the erstwhile shepherd 1430:

Modern sources broadly agree that if made from a single piece of fabric, the toga of a high status Roman in the late Republic would have required a piece approximately 12 ft (3.7 m) in length; in the Imperial era, around 18 ft (5.5 m), a third more than its predecessor, and in the

1418:

Hand-woven cloth was slow and costly to produce, and compared to simpler forms of clothing, the toga used an extravagant amount of it. To minimise waste, the smaller, old-style forms of toga may have been woven as a single, seamless, selvedged piece; the later, larger versions may have been made from

765:

was a cornerstone of Roman politics, business and social relationships. A good patron offered advancement, security, honour, wealth, government contracts and other business opportunities to his client, who might be further down in the social or economic scale, or more rarely, his equal or superior. A

726:

Despite the overwhelming quantity of Roman togate portraits at every social level, and in every imaginable circumstance, at most times Rome's thoroughfares would have been crowded with citizens and non-citizens in a variety of colourful garments, with few togas in evidence. Only a higher-class Roman,

701:), but the poorest probably had to make do with a shabby, patched-up toga, if he bothered at all. Conversely, the costly, full-length toga seems to have been a rather awkward mark of distinction when worn by "the wrong sort". The poet Horace writes "of a rich ex-slave 'parading from end to end of the 143:

From its probable beginnings as a simple, practical work-garment, the toga became more voluminous, complex, and costly, increasingly unsuited to anything but formal and ceremonial use. It was and is considered ancient Rome's "national costume"; as such, it had great symbolic value; however even among

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Late republican practice and legal reform allowed the creation of standing armies, and opened a military career to any Roman citizen or freedman of good reputation. A soldier who showed the requisite "disciplined ferocity" in battle and was held in esteem by his peers and superiors could be promoted

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was sent 1,200 togas and 12,000 tunics for his operations in North Africa. As part of a peace settlement of 205 BC, two formerly rebellious Spanish tribes provided Roman troops with togas and heavy cloaks. In the Macedonian campaign of 169 BC, the army was sent 6,000 togas and 30,000 tunics. From at

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Traditionalists idealised Rome's urban and rustic citizenry as descendants of a hardy, virtuous, toga-clad peasantry, but the toga's bulk and complex drapery made it entirely impractical for manual work or physically active leisure. The toga was heavy, "unwieldy, excessively hot, easily stained, and

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show the highest functionaries of court, church and state in magnificently wrought, extravagantly exclusive court dress and priestly robes; some at least are thought to be versions of the Imperial toga. In the West, the kings and aristocrats of new European kingdoms styled their dress after that of

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of Roman literature dresses gaudily and provocatively. Edwards (1997) describes her as "antithetical to the Roman male citizen". An adulterous matron betrayed her family and reputation; and if found guilty, and divorced, the law forbade her remarriage to a Roman citizen. In the public gaze, she was

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was determined to bring back "the traditional style" (the toga). He ordered that any theatre-goer in dark (or coloured or dirty) clothing be sent to the back seats, traditionally reserved for those who had no toga; ordinary or common women, freedmen, low-class foreigners and slaves. He reserved the

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To a great extent, the toga itself determined the orator's style of delivery: "we should not cover the shoulder and the whole of the throat, otherwise our dress will be unduly narrowed and will lose the impressive effect produced by breadth at the chest. The left arm should only be raised so far as

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Some Romans believed that in earlier times, both genders and all classes had worn the toga. Radicke (2002) claims that this belief goes back to a Late Antique scholiast misreading of earlier Roman writings. Women could also be citizens, but by the mid-to-late Republican era, respectable women were

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of 220/217? BC, known only through its passing reference in Pliny's account of useful earths, including those employed in laundry. The best and most whitening compounds, which were also kind to coloured fabrics (such as those used in the praetextate stripe), probably cost more than ordinary Roman

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The toga was draped, rather than fastened, around the body, and was held in position by the weight and friction of its fabric. Supposedly, no pins or brooches were employed. The more voluminous and complex the style, the more assistance would have been required to achieve the desired effect. In

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claimed that "in a great part of Italy, no-one wears the toga, except in death"; in Martial's rural idyll there is "never a lawsuit, the toga is scarce, the mind at ease". Most citizens who owned a toga would have cherished it as a costly material object, and worn it when they must for special

519:(sometimes loosely translated as "knights") occupied a broadly mobile, mid-position between the lower senatorial and upper commoner class. Despite often extreme disparities of wealth and rank between the citizen classes, the toga identified them as a singular and exclusive civic body. 2195:

Respectable women, the sons of freeborn men, and provincials during the early empire could hold lesser forms of citizenship; they were protected by law but could not vote, or stand for public office. Citizenship could be inherited, granted, up or down-graded, and removed for specific

821:, his clients must form his retinue. Each togate client represented a potential vote: to impress his peers and inferiors, and stay ahead in the game, a patron should have as many high-quality clients as possible; or at least, he should seem to. Martial has one patron hire a herd ( 363:

refers to elaborate forms of consular dress. Some later Roman and post-Roman sources describe it as solid purple or red, either identifying or confusing it with the dress worn by the ancient Roman kings (also used to clothe images of the gods) or reflecting changes in the

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citizens could afford, so the togas of these status groups were laundered separately. The reasons for this law remain unclear: one scholar speculates that it was designed to protect "praetextate senators from the shame attached to the publicity of vastly unequal garb".

1586:(212 AD), probably further reduced whatever distinctive value the toga still held for commoners, and accelerated its abandonment among their class. Meanwhile, the office-holding aristocracy adopted ever more elaborate, complex, costly and impractical forms of toga. 2357:("patch workers") made a living by sewing clothing and other items from recycled fabric patches. The cost of a new, simple hooded cloak, using far less material than a toga, might represent three fifths of an individual's annual minimum subsistence cost: see 1109:) actually wore a toga in public has been challenged; Radicke believes that the only prostitutes who could be made to wear particular items of clothing were unfree, compelled by their owners or pimps to wear the relatively shorter, "skimpy", less costly 503:. Magistrates were elected by their peers and "the people"; in Roman constitutional theory, they ruled by consent. In practice, they were a mutually competitive oligarchy, reserving the greatest power, wealth and prestige for their class. The 2725:, 2, 65‒78. Juvenal's invective associates transparency with prostitute's clothing. The aristocratic divorce-and-adultery lawyer Creticus wears a "transparent" toga, which far from decently covering him, shows him for "what he really is", a 1474:(the diagonal section of the toga across the chest) in imperial-era forms of the toga. Its added weight and friction would have helped (though not very effectively) secure the toga's fabric onto the left shoulder. As the toga developed, the 2645:, p. 156, note 35, citing Wyke (1994): "The Roman male citizen was defined through his body: the dignity and authority of a senator being constituted by his gait, his manner of wearing his toga, his oratorical delivery, his gestures." 1321:("Greek rite") was used for deities believed Greek in origin or character; the officiant, even if a Roman citizen, wore Greek-style robes with wreathed or bare head, not the toga. It has been argued that the Roman expression of piety 792:

suffered the system as clients for years, and found the whole business demeaning. A client had to be at his patron's beck and call, to perform whatever "togate works" were required; and the patron might even expect to be addressed as

1236:); but it was interpreted as a request to step down. Cicero, having lost Pompey's ever-wavering support, was driven to exile. In reality, arms rarely yielded to civilian power. During the early Roman Imperial era, members of the 1481:

The most complex togas appear on high-quality portrait busts and imperial reliefs of the mid-to-late Empire, probably reserved for emperors and the highest civil officials. The so-called "banded" or "stacked" toga (Latinised as

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or shameful reputation; an individual's status should be discernable at a glance. A freedman or foreigner might pose as a togate citizen, or a common citizen as an equestrian; such pretenders were sometimes ferreted out in the

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Togas were relatively uniform in pattern and style but varied significantly in the quality and quantity of their fabric, and the marks of higher rank or office. The highest-status toga, the solidly purple, gold-embroidered

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and senators to wear the toga in public; the edict did not mention commoners. The extension of citizenship, from around 6 million citizens under Augustus to between 40 and 60 million under the "universal citizenship" of

992:; this was how it had always been, before the chaos of the civil wars; or rather, how it was supposed to have been. Infuriated by the sight of a darkly clad throng of men at a public meeting, he sarcastically quoted 690:

hard to launder". It was best suited to stately processions, public debate and oratory, sitting in the theatre or circus, and displaying oneself before one's peers and inferiors while "ostentatiously doing nothing".

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would have taken some time, and specialist assistance. When not in use, it required careful storage in some form of press or hanger to keep it in shape. Such inconvenient features of the later toga are confirmed by

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Patrons were few, and most had to compete with their peers to attract the best, most useful clients. Clients were many, and those of least interest to the patron had to scrabble for notice among the "togate horde"

1525:. High-status (consular or senatorial) images from the late 4th century show a further ornate variation, known as the "Broad Eastern Toga"; it hung to the mid-calf, was heavily embroidered, and was worn over two 2104:, p. 118: "The best model for understanding Roman sumptuary legislation is that of aristocratic self-preservation within a highly competitive society which valued overt display of prestige above all else." 2953:, 1.281 and Nonius, 14.867L; for the former wearing of togas by women other than prostitutes and adulteresses. Some modern scholars doubt the "togate adulteress" as more than literary and social invective: cf 1199:

were usually granted citizenship, land or stipend, the right to wear the toga, and an obligation to the patron who had granted these honours; usually their senior officer. A dishonourable discharge meant

1443: 567:. It was colour-fast, extremely expensive and the "most talked-about colour in Greco-Roman antiquity". Romans categorised it as a blood-red hue, which sanctified its wearer. The purple-bordered 359:

in some contemporary Roman literature. It may have been a shorter form of toga, or a cloak, wrap or sash worn over a toga. It was white with some form of decoration. In the later Imperial era,

1105:. When worn by a woman in this later era, the toga would have been a "blatant display" of her "exclusion from the respectable Roman hierarchy". However, the view that a convicted adulteress ( 1609:

in daily life, they must wear the toga when attending their official duties. Failure to do so would result in the senator being stripped of rank and authority, and of the right to enter the

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was subject to class distinction. Senatorial versions were expensively laundered to an exceptional, snowy white; those of lower ranking citizens were a duller shade, more cheaply laundered.

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claimed that the earliest Romans, famously tough, virile and dignified, had worn togas with no undergarment; not even a skimpy tunic. Towards the end of the Republic, the arch-conservative

2353:, pp. 204‒220; throughout the empire, there is evidence that old clothing was recycled, repaired and handed down the social scale, from one owner to the next, until it fell to rags. 1206:. Colonies of retired veterans were scattered throughout the Empire. In literary stereotype, civilians are routinely bullied by burly soldiers, inclined to throw their weight around. 1498:, or applied over the same. On statuary, one swathe of fabric rises from low between the legs, and is laid over the left shoulder; another more or less follows the upper edge of the 1419:

several pieces sewn together; size seems to have counted for a lot. More cloth signified greater wealth and usually, though not invariably, higher rank. The purple-red border of the

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were paramount, even in death, so almost invariably, a male citizen's memorial image showed him clad in his toga. He wore it at his funeral, and it probably served as his shroud.

1309:(with covered head). This was believed a distinctively Roman form, in contrast to Etruscan, Greek and other foreign practices. The Etruscans seem to have sacrificed bareheaded ( 3841: 203:. It represented adult male citizenship and its attendant rights, freedoms and responsibilities; traditionally given at a father's discretion to his son during the feast of 1405:(used by magistrates, priests and freeborn youths) was always woollen. Wool-working was thought a highly respectable occupation for Roman women. A traditional, high-status 1510:

itself is hung over the crook of the right arm. If its full-length representations are accurate, it would have severely constrained its wearer's movements. Dressing in a

97:, was a roughly semicircular cloth, between 12 and 20 feet (3.7 and 6.1 m) in length, draped over the shoulders and around the body. It was usually woven from white 3341:

Modern reconstructions have employed applied panels of fabric, pins, and hidden stitches to achieve the effect; the underlying structure of the original remains unknown.

160:

The toga was an approximately semi-circular woollen cloth, usually white, worn draped over the left shoulder and around the body: the word "toga" probably derives from

1415:. Augustus was particularly proud that his wife and daughter had set the best possible example to other Roman women by, allegedly, spinning and weaving his clothing. 3986:

Koortbojian, Michael (2008). "3 The Double Identity of Roman Portrait Statues: Costumes and Their Symbolism at Rome". In Edmondson, Johnathan; Keith, Alison (eds.).

1147:). The Romans believed that in Rome's earliest days, its military had gone to war in togas, hitching them up and back for action by using what became known as the " 1486:) appeared in the late 2nd century AD and was distinguished by its broad, smooth, slab-like panels or swathes of pleated material, more or less correspondent with 164:, to cover. It was considered formal wear and was generally reserved for citizens. The Romans considered it unique to themselves, thus their poetic description by 4669: 1221:("let arms yield to the toga"), meaning "may peace replace war", or "may military power yield to civilian power", in the context of his own uneasy alliance with 4624: 1865: 713:

occasions. Family, friendships and alliances, and the gainful pursuit of wealth through business and trade would have been their major preoccupations, not the

848:, who caused considerable offence when he received visiting senators while dressed in a tunic embroidered with flowers, topped off with a muslin neckerchief. 453:, "circular ") was perhaps similar in shape to the Roman toga, but never acquired the same significance as a distinctive mark of citizenship. The 2nd-century 226:

Freeborn boys, and some freeborn girls, before they came of age. It marked their protection by law from sexual predation and immoral or immodest influence. A

3698:

Edmondson, Jonathan (2008). "1 Public Dress and Social Control in Late Republican and Early Imperial Rome". In Edmondson, Johnathan; Keith, Alison (eds.).

3892:

Glinister, Fay (2009). "Chapter Twelve Veiled and Unveiled: Uncovering Roman Influence in Hellenistic Italy". In Gleba, Margarita; Becker, Hilary (eds.).

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Cleland, Liza (2013). "Clothing, Greece and Rome". In Bagnall, Roger S.; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B.; Erskine, Andrew; Huebner, Sabine R. (eds.).

631:; and so on, through the non-togate mass of freedmen, foreigners, and slaves. Imposters were sometimes detected and evicted from the equestrian seats. 2508:

Cash-strapped or debtor citizens with a respectable lineage might have to seek patronage from rich freedmen, who ranked as inferiors and non-citizens.

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Edwards, Catharine (1997). "Unspeakable Professions: Public Performance and Prostitution in Ancient Rome". In Hallett, P. J.; Skinner, B. M. (eds.).

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were explicitly forbidden to wear it. In this context, modern sources understand the toga – or perhaps merely the description of particular women as

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worn by freeborn youths acknowledged their vulnerability and sanctity in law. Once a boy came of age (usually at puberty) he adopted the plain white

1121: 4082:

Meyers, Gretchen E. (2016). "21 Tanaquil: The Conception and Construction of an Etruscan Matron". In Bell, Sinclair; Carpino, Alexandra A. (eds.).

1253: 1045:

may have paralleled the increasing identification of the toga with citizen men, but this seems to have been a far from straightforward process. An

782:). Citizen-clients were expected to wear the toga appropriate to their status, and to wear it correctly and smartly or risk affront to their host. 614:". In Roman territories, the toga was explicitly forbidden to non-citizens; to foreigners, freedmen, and slaves; to Roman exiles; and to men of 4147:

Palmer, Robert E. A. (1996). "The Deconstruction of Mommsen on Festus 462/464 L, or the Hazards of Interpretation". In Linderski, Jerzy (ed.).

1163: 213:: a white toga with a broad purple stripe on its border, worn over a tunic with two broad, vertical purple stripes. It was formal costume for: 1553:

In the long term, the toga saw both a gradual transformation and decline, punctuated by attempts to retain it as an essential feature of true

623:. Formal seating arrangements in public theatres and circuses reflected the dominance of Rome's togate elect. Senators sat at the very front, 4548: 4494: 4475: 4443: 4424: 4299: 4280: 4261: 4246: 4226: 4207: 4137: 3939: 3921:

Heskel, Julia (2001). "7 Cicero as Evidence for Attitudes to Dress in the Late Republic". In Sebesta, Judith Lynn; Bonfante, Larissa (eds.).

3784: 3725: 3606: 3587: 3517: 3498: 3470: 3461:

Aubert, Jean-Jacques (2014) . "8: The Republican Economy and Roman Law: Regulation, Promotion, or Reflection?". In Flower, Harriet I. (ed.).

3442: 2919: 2866: 2826: 1813: 1764: 1431:

late Imperial era around 8 ft (2.4 m) wide and up to 18–20 ft (5.5–6.1 m) in length for the most complex, pleated forms.

1329:'s prohibition against Christian men praying with covered heads: "Any man who prays or prophesies with his head covered dishonors his head." 3949:

Keith, Alison (2008). "9 Sartorial Elegance and Poetic Finesse in the Sulpician Corpus". In Edmondson, Johnathan; Keith, Alison (eds.).

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festival, when the toga was "very consciously put aside", in a ritualised, strictly limited inversion of the master-slave relationship.

538:, largely based on its colour and decorative detail; others suggest that the straight edges make it a Greek-style cloak, and not a toga. 1409:

demonstrated her industry and frugality by placing wool-baskets, spindles and looms in the household's semi-public reception area, the

1316: 403:

The toga's most distinguishing feature was its semi-circular shape, which sets it apart from other cloaks of antiquity like the Greek

3200:, "Ritual Dress," p. 185, and Fay Glinister, "Veiled and Unveiled: Uncovering Roman Influence in Hellenistic Italy," p. 197, both in 1004:

ban anyone not wearing the toga from the Forum and its environs – Rome's "civic heart". Augustus's reign saw the introduction of the

4617: 4567: 4405: 4386: 4367: 4158: 4110: 4064: 4014: 3968: 3822: 3757: 3688: 3648: 1618:

late military generals rather than the senatorial order, and the toga thus did not survive the end of centralized Roman governance.

4310: 3874: 1297:

was the normal garb for most Roman priesthoods, which tended to be the preserve of high status citizens. When offering sacrifice,

1008:, an ordinary toga whose rough fibres were teased from the woven nap, then shaved back to a smoother, more comfortable finish. By 4633: 4349:

Sebesta, Judith Lynn (2001). "2 Symbolism in the Costume of the Roman Woman". In Sebesta, Judith Lynn; Bonfante, Larissa (eds.).

1387: 1440:

classical statuary, draped togas consistently show certain features and folds, identified and named in contemporary literature.

1262: 2659: 4467: 4453:

Stone, Shelley (2001). "1 The Toga: From National to Ceremonial Costume". In Sebesta, Judith Lynn; Bonfante, Larissa (eds.).

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Bradley, Keith (2008). "12 Appearing for the Defence: Apuleius on Display". In Edmondson, Johnathan; Keith, Alison (eds.).

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arrive, and ask him to put on his toga. His wife fetches it and he puts it on. Then he is told that he has been appointed

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Goldman, Bernard (2001). "10 Graeco-Roman Dress in Syro-Mesopotamia". In Sebesta, Judith Lynn; Bonfante, Larissa (eds.).

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at the feast that ended mourning was irreligious, ignorant, or plain bad manners. Cicero makes a distinction between the

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Roller, Matthew (2012). "13 Politics and Invective in Persius and Juvenal". In Braund, Susanna; Osgood, Josiah (eds.).

1305:, the officiant priest covered his head with a fold of his toga, drawn up from the back: the ritual was thus performed 1156:

least the mid-Republic on, the military reserved their togas for formal leisure and religious festivals; the tunic and

495:

Roman society was strongly hierarchical, stratified and competitive. Landowning aristocrats occupied most seats in the

376:, a tunic with narrow, vertical purple stripes, at least one of which would have been visible when worn with a toga or 5822: 2544:, pp. 101, 103–106, slaves were considered as chattels, and owed their master absolute, unconditional submission. 1053:

on horseback, wearing a toga. The unmarried daughters of respectable, reasonably well-off citizens sometimes wore the

649:, retired from public life and clad (presumably) in tunic or loincloth, is ploughing his field when emissaries of the 4593: 3995:

La Follette, Laetitia (2001). "3 The Costume of the Roman Bride". In Sebesta, Judith Lynn; Bonfante, Larissa (eds.).

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who made up the vast majority of the Roman electorate had limited influence on politics, unless barracking or voting

176:('toga-wearing race'). There were many kinds of toga, each reserved by custom to a particular usage or social class. 4485:

van den Berg, Christopher S. (2012). "12 Imperial Satire and Rhetoric". In Braund, Susanna; Osgood, Josiah (eds.).

4415:

Shaw, Brent D. (2014) . "9: The Great Transformation: Slavery and the Free Republic". In Flower, Harriet I. (ed.).

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Goldman's description of Roman clothing, including the toga, as "simple and elegant, practical and comfortable" in

113:, Rome's founder; it was also thought to have originally been worn by both sexes, and by the citizen-military. As 5544: 4829: 2491: 2238:

Women probably sat or stood at the very back – apart from the sacred Vestals, who had their own box at the front.

762: 4091:

Olson, Kelly (2008). "6 The Appearance of the Young Roman Girl". In Edmondson, Johnathan; Keith, Alison (eds.).

329:("painted toga"): Dyed solid purple, decorated with imagery in gold thread, and worn over a similarly decorated 3912:

Goldman, Norma (2001a). "13 Reconstructing Roman Clothing". In Sebesta, Judith Lynn; Bonfante, Larissa (eds.).

3620:: Consular Robes and Propaganda in the Panegyrics of Claudian". In Edmondson, Johnathan; Keith, Alison (eds.). 3490: 1657: 1541: 643: 304: 83: 3557:

Ceccarelli, Letizia (2016). "3 The Romanization of Etruria". In Bell, Sinclair; Carpino, Alexandra A. (eds.).

1971:, p. 29; this lost work survives in fragmentary form through summary and citation by later Roman authors. 1697:, 1.281 and Nonius, 14.867L for the former wearing of togas by women other than prostitutes and adulteresses). 1589:

The toga nevertheless remained the formal costume of the Roman senatorial elite. A law issued by co-emperors

3480: 3136: 1583: 949:

brought peace, and declared its intent as the restoration of true Republican order, morality and tradition.

611: 522: 1096:-clad) woman should be demure, sexually passive, modest and obedient, morally impeccable. The archetypical 5554: 1179: 341:

and emperors. Over time, it became increasingly elaborate, and was combined with elements of the consular

323:

and an ordinary toga deliberately "dirtied" by its wearer as a legitimate mark of protest or supplication.

3738:(2008). "7 Covering the Head at Rome: Ritual and Gender". In Edmondson, Johnathan; Keith, Alison (eds.). 610:, "those who wear the toga", is not precisely equivalent to "Roman citizens", and may mean more broadly " 5662: 5359: 5102: 3803:

George, Michele (2008). "4 The 'Dark Side' of the Toga". In Edmondson, Johnathan; Keith, Alison (eds.).

3433:: A Dissident Voice from the Lower Tier of the Roman Elite". In Braund, Susanna; Osgood, Josiah (eds.). 2899: 2846: 2806: 1793: 1521: 1411: 975: 884: 772: 457: 114: 31: 5574: 4937: 4664: 3530: 3527:

Bonfante, Larissa (2009). "Chapter Eleven Ritual Dress". In Gleba, Margarita; Becker, Hilary (eds.).

3203: 1160:(heavy rectangular cloak held on the shoulder with a brooch) were used or preferred for active duty. 575:; this meant that he was free to set up his own household, marry, and vote. Young girls who wore the 512: 106: 4237: 952: 140:

restricted its use to citizens, who were required to wear it for public festivals and civic duties.

4874: 3629:

Dixon, Jessica (2014). "14. Dressing the Adulteress". In Harlow, Mary; Nosch, Marie-Louise (eds.).

1635: 1371: 913: 5584: 5509: 5479: 5254: 5144: 5027: 5000: 4766: 4527: 4337: 4116: 4070: 4020: 3974: 3866: 3828: 3763: 3654: 2044: 1882: 1602: 1339: 1126: 311:

was also acceptable as mourning wear, if turned inside out to conceal its stripe; so was a plain

4839: 472:

garment invented by and named after Temenus. Emilio Peruzzi claims that the toga was brought to

1000:" ("Romans, lords of the world and the toga-wearing people"), then ordered that in future, the 836:, chose to wear a plain white citizen's toga instead; an act of modesty for any patron, unlike 681:

with dark red borders. It dates from the early Imperial Era and probably shows an event during

39: 5755: 5707: 5647: 5464: 5404: 5364: 5187: 5032: 4972: 4932: 4912: 4814: 4751: 4659: 4563: 4544: 4490: 4471: 4439: 4436:

Late Etruscan Votive Heads from Tessennano: Production, Distribution, Socio-Historical Context

4420: 4401: 4382: 4363: 4295: 4276: 4257: 4242: 4222: 4203: 4154: 4133: 4106: 4060: 4010: 3964: 3935: 3818: 3780: 3753: 3721: 3684: 3644: 3602: 3583: 3513: 3494: 3485: 3466: 3438: 2915: 2862: 2822: 1809: 1760: 1363: 1080:

might have been expected or perhaps compelled, at least in public, to wear the "female toga" (

1046: 900: 743: 598: 436: 122: 2589:

were expected to wear a gold ring. Along with their toga, striped tunic and formal shoes (or

1754: 5827: 5745: 5692: 5579: 5564: 5539: 5329: 5324: 5229: 4980: 4962: 4889: 4674: 4517: 4329: 4177: 4098: 4052: 4002: 3956: 3858: 3849: 3810: 3745: 3636: 3197: 2907: 2854: 2814: 2165:, perhaps because their parents embraced the self-conscious revivalism typified in Augustan 1801: 1394: 1237: 1192: 1152: 934: 880: 751: 548: 527: 516: 500: 477: 469: 429: 414: 274: 207:, to mark the onset of puberty and legal "coming of age", at around 15 years of age or more. 58: 3895:

Votives, Places, and Rituals in Etruscan Religion: Studies in Honor of Jean MacIntosh Turfa

1029:-wearing), expected to embody and display an appropriate set of female virtues: Vout cites 5803: 5775: 5770: 5261: 5097: 5087: 5072: 4917: 4884: 4200:

Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate

3575: 2885: 2299: 2043:, p. 87, citing Artemidorus, 2.3. The usual form of Rome's Arcadian-origins myth has 1347: 1286: 1148: 1009: 877: 829: 481: 235: 4358:

Schilling, Robert (1992) . "Roman Sacrifice". In Bonnefoy, Yves; Doniger, Wendy (eds.).

4148: 3597:

Culham, Phyllis (2014) . "6: Women in the Roman Republic". In Flower, Harriet I. (ed.).

5730: 5652: 5632: 5469: 5354: 5266: 5082: 5057: 4995: 4947: 4743: 3735: 2119: 1649: 1594: 1424: 1406: 1196: 1168: 1143: 1138: 654: 564: 446: 428:

was supposedly used by Etruscan magistrates, and introduced to Rome by her third king,

254: 231: 89: 4381:. Translated by Lloyd, Janet. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 5816: 5672: 5642: 5499: 5494: 5222: 5015: 4834: 4771: 4120: 4092: 4074: 4046: 4024: 3996: 3978: 3950: 3870: 3832: 3804: 3767: 3739: 3510:

From Asculum to Actium: The Municipalization of Italy from the Social War to Augustus

2105: 1614: 1343: 1037: 930: 747: 552: 373: 334: 220: 4341: 3670:: Coming of Age in the Roman World". In Edmondson, Johnathan; Keith, Alison (eds.). 2108:

were intended to limit competitive displays of personal wealth in the public sphere.

5534: 5529: 5484: 5389: 5379: 5276: 5179: 5127: 4952: 4942: 4869: 4864: 2553:

A citizen's voting power was directly proportionate to his rank, status and wealth.

1598: 873: 650: 620: 496: 413:. To Rothe, the rounded form suggests an origin in the very similar, semi-circular 338: 196: 94: 4844: 3257:

In reality, she was the female equivalent of the romanticised citizen-farmer: see

1049:, described by Pliny the Elder as "ancient", showed the early Republican heroine 3842:"The Importance of Roman Portraiture for Head-Coverings in 1 Corinthians 11:2–16" 937:

favoured the shorter, ancient Republican type of toga; it was dark and "scanty" (

136:

The type of toga worn reflected a citizen's rank in the civil hierarchy. Various

5780: 5657: 5569: 5519: 5434: 5409: 5344: 5281: 5249: 5159: 5139: 5132: 5052: 4824: 2764: 1887: 1610: 1448: 1130: 665: 5349: 2499:

particularly the discussion of the Togatus Barberini ancestor busts on pp. 5‒7.

738: 697:

refers to a lesser citizen's "small toga" and a poor man's "little toga" (both

195:: A plain white toga, worn on formal occasions by adult male commoners, and by 5454: 5439: 5424: 5301: 5296: 5239: 5169: 5092: 4776: 4694: 4684: 4588: 2911: 2888:'s account of an equestrian statue to the legendary, early Republican heroine. 2858: 2818: 1805: 1667: 1625: 1546: 1516: 946: 929:

Roman moralists "placed an ideological premium on the simple and the frugal".

908: 861: 856: 806: 682: 454: 242: 4181: 602:("list of toga-wearers") listed the various military obligations that Rome's 5798: 5750: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5667: 5627: 5589: 5489: 5449: 5399: 5334: 5286: 5271: 5244: 5117: 5042: 4419:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 187‒212. 3934:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 149‒166. 3601:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 127‒148. 3465:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 167‒186. 2489:

The busts are presumed in some scholarship as marble representations of wax

1662: 1579: 1031: 825:) of fake clients in togas, then pawn his ring to pay for his evening meal. 719: 702: 391: 266: 204: 137: 17: 3658: 3630: 1225:. He intended it as metonym, linking his own "power to command" as consul ( 758:: marble, late 1st century BC; head (not belonging): middle 1st century BC. 394:

describes it as a toga made "duplex" (doubled by folding over upon itself).

4560:

After Paul Left Corinth: The Influence of Secular Ethics and Social Change

4522: 4505: 4333: 4102: 4056: 4045:

in Late Antique Clothing". In Edmondson, Johnathan; Keith, Alison (eds.).

4006: 3960: 3814: 3749: 596:

Citizenship carried specific privileges, rights and responsibilities. The

5697: 5682: 5604: 5414: 5394: 5369: 5316: 5291: 5212: 5207: 5197: 5047: 4985: 4957: 4819: 4809: 4796: 4786: 4724: 3183:) was worn by Roman officials as a sacred vestment on certain occasions." 1892: 1398: 1338:

who needed free use of both hands to perform ritual—as while plowing the

1326: 1298: 1227: 1188: 1113:, more revealing, easily opened and thus convenient to their profession. 1068: 984: 956: 888: 837: 832:, rather than wear the "dress to which his rank entitled him" at his own 717:(cultured leisure) claimed as a right by the elite. Rank, reputation and 580: 504: 441: 405: 300: 246: 216: 200: 126: 44: 5306: 4097:. Vol. 46. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 139‒157. 4051:. Vol. 46. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 271–294. 3955:. Vol. 46. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 192‒202. 3862: 3744:. Vol. 46. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 158‒171. 3640: 1470:(literally "knob") was a pouch of the toga's fabric pulled out over the 1362:) which tied the toga back. This style, later said to have been part of 5765: 5735: 5677: 5637: 5622: 5559: 5549: 5524: 5514: 5459: 5374: 5339: 5202: 5154: 5149: 5107: 5005: 4804: 4756: 4699: 3809:. Vol. 46. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 94‒112. 3529:

Votives, Places, and Rituals in Etruscan Religion: Studies in Honor of

3202:

Votives, Places, and Rituals in Etruscan Religion: Studies in Honor of

2718: 2019:, pp. 13, 222, 228, 47, note 5, citing Macrobius, 1.6.7‒13, 15‒16. 1606: 1590: 1570: 1558: 1202: 1085: 1050: 798: 789: 785: 709: 694: 674: 615: 421: 352: 278: 265:: "Bright toga"; a toga rubbed with chalk to a dazzling white, worn by 169: 152: 110: 4602: 4531: 5785: 5740: 5617: 5612: 5594: 5474: 5444: 5429: 5234: 5217: 5192: 5164: 5112: 5077: 5067: 5062: 5037: 5022: 4990: 4927: 4907: 4879: 4761: 4704: 4654: 2374: 1605:

14.10.1) states that while senators in the city of Rome may wear the

1302: 1222: 1092:– as an instrument of inversion and realignment; a respectable (thus 1001: 993: 963:("with covered head"). A knee-length loop of fabric (left) forms the 942: 818: 770:("greeting session"), held in the semi-public, grand reception room ( 670: 387: 165: 3893: 3681:

Making a New Man: Ciceronian Self-Fashioning in the Rhetorical Works

2217:

Exiles were deprived of citizenship and the protection of Roman law.

2161:, pp. 141‒146: A minority of young girls seem to have used the 1831:, p. 26. Not all modern scholarship agrees that girls wore the 1393:

The traditional toga was made of wool, which was thought to possess

705:

in a toga three yards long' to show off his new status and wealth."

390:

priesthoods, fastened at the shoulder with a brooch. A lost work by

4734: 3930:

Hin, Saskia (2014) . "7: Population". In Flower, Harriet I. (ed.).

3925:. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 133–145. 3916:. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 213–240. 3907:. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 163–181. 3718:

Liberating Paul: The Justice of God and the Politics of the Apostle

3293:, pp. 43, note 59, citing Martial, 10.74.3, 11.24.11 and 4.66. 2341:, pp. 43, note 59, citing Martial, 10.74.3, 11.24.11 and 4.66. 547:

could be worn only at particular ceremonies by the highest-ranking

5687: 5504: 5419: 5122: 5010: 4899: 4856: 4719: 4709: 4689: 4679: 4086:. Oxford and Malden: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 305–320. 4001:. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 54–64. 3632:

Greek and Roman Textiles and Dress: An Interdisciplinary Anthology

2125: 1540: 1442: 1381: 1367: 1162: 1157: 1120: 1084:). This use of the toga appears unique; all others categorised as 1063:, which they wore over a full-length, usually long-sleeved tunic. 1059: 1026: 951: 855: 778: 755: 737: 714: 693:

Every male Roman citizen was entitled to wear some kind of toga –

664: 603: 585: 531: 521: 473: 250: 151: 118: 102: 38: 4489:. Oxford and Malden: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 262‒282. 4457:. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 13–45. 4353:. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 46–53. 4275:. Oxford and Malden: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 283‒311. 4150:

Imperium Sine Fine: T. Robert S. Broughton and the Roman Republic

3456:. Translated by Hammond, Martin. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2605:, pp. 24, 36‒37, citing Dio Cassius, 71.35.4 and Suetonius, 1549:

image of a married couple with the husband wearing a banded toga.

1502:; yet another follows the lower edge of a more-or-less vestigial 1366:, was associated by the Romans with their early wars with nearby 424:, had worn a toga as his clothing of choice; the purple-bordered 5384: 4922: 4781: 4642:

Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings

4506:"The Myth of the Toga: Understanding the History of Roman Dress" 3561:. Oxford and Malden: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 28–40. 1562: 1529:-style undergarments, one of which had full length sleeves. Its 1290: 1275:

of a 1st-century AD official of the senatorial class, wearing a

845: 635: 98: 4606: 4219:

The Theodosian Code and Novels and the Sirmondian Constitutions

3570:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Limited. pp. 1589–1594. 3437:. Oxford and Malden: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 59‒78. 230:

was thought effective against malignant magic, as were a boy's

5760: 1209:

Though soldiers were citizens, Cicero typifies the former as "

4541:

The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000

899:) Republican type. The statue features an inscription in the 4362:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 77‒81. 3711:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 66–95. 2088:

This and other problems in identification are discussed in

1557:. It was never a popular garment; in the late 1st century, 563:, and elements of the priestly dress worn by the inviolate 73: 67: 4583: 3582:. The Hill, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing. 2807:"2 Varro (VPR 306) – the toga: a Primeval Unisex Garment?" 3624:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 217‒237. 3543:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 238‒256. 1427:"; such applied borders are a feature of Etruscan dress. 70: 1506:

then descends to the upper shin. As in other forms, the

1195:

status. Non-citizens and foreign-born auxiliaries given

988:

most honourable seats, front of house, for senators and

634:

Various anecdotes reflect the toga's symbolic value. In

526:

Book illustration of an Etruscan wall painting from the

3990:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 71‒93. 3702:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 21–46. 3674:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 47–70. 4202:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 4132:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 3796:

Ancestor Masks and Aristocratic Power in Roman Culture

133:

might have provided the main exceptions to this rule.

2705:

as a republican type, others interpret it as poetic.

844:

or any other garment he chose, according to whim; or

4034:

Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome

3798:. Oxford: Clarendon Press (Oxford University Press). 3313: 3311: 2670: 2668: 219:

in their official functions, and traditionally, the

64: 5706: 5603: 5315: 5178: 4971: 4898: 4855: 4795: 4742: 4647: 4400:(Fourth ed.). London and New York: Routledge. 61: 2689:, pp. 214‒215, citing Aulus Gellius, 6.123–4. 2059:, p. 254, commentary on Artemidorus's use of 1423:was woven onto the toga using a process known as " 1072:) and women divorced for adultery were denied the 883:depicting Aule Metele (Latin: Aulus Metellus), an 487:, referring to a heavy woollen garment or fabric. 3147:, pp. 121–123 citing as the standard source 1881:, pp. 26–27 (including footnote 24), citing 1847: 1845: 1057:until puberty or marriage, when they adopted the 606:were required to supply to Rome in times of war. 3635:. Havertown, PA: Oxbow Books. pp. 298‒304. 464:derived the toga's form and name from the Greek 2791:, p. 39, noted 9, citing Pliny the Elder, 109:, it is said to have been the favored dress of 2731:is a derogatory term for a passive homosexual. 2717:, pp. 303, "transparent" toga, following 2465: 2117:On coming of age, he also gave his protective 971:, which functions as a pocket. Circa c. 12 BC 4618: 4417:The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic 4153:. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. pp. 75–102. 3932:The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic 3599:The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic 3489:. Cambridge and London: The Belknap Press of 3463:The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic 1866:The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 797:" (lord, or master); a citizen-client of the 754:of ancestors, one of which is supported by a 121:, the toga was recognized as formal wear for 8: 4294:. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic. 4193:. Rome: Edizioni dell'Ateneo & Bizzarri. 4094:Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture 4048:Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture 3988:Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture 3952:Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture 3806:Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture 3741:Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture 3700:Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture 3672:Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture 3622:Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture 3541:Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture 2934: 2900:"5 praetexta – a dress of young Roman girls" 1794:"5 praetexta – a dress of young Roman girls" 1279:and with covered head, in priestly attitude. 4596:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 4398:A History of the Roman World: 753 to 146 BC 3401: 2701:, p. 16: Some modern sources consider 2437: 2435: 2310: 2308: 2295: 2056: 2047:, not Arcadia, as Temenus's ancestral home. 1936: 1863:Livy, XXVII.8,8 and XXXIII.42 (as cited by 1357: 1351: 1333: 1314: 299:: a "dark toga" was supposed to be worn by 47:showing a draped toga of the 1st century AD 4625: 4611: 4603: 4315:: Changing Styles and Changing Identities" 3779:. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter. 3361: 3359: 3088: 2847:"6 toga – an attire of unfree prostitutes" 2618: 967:; a smaller loop at waist level forms the 887:man of Roman senatorial rank, engaging in 708:In the early 2nd century AD, the satirist 4521: 3245: 3223:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 3124: 3112: 2949:, pp. 205‒208, 215, citing Servius, 2756: 2674: 2602: 2578: 2562: 2326: 2283: 2247: 2226: 1968: 1952: 1932: 1878: 1828: 1779: 1736: 1707: 1705: 1703: 998:Romanos, rerum dominos, gentemque togatam 4221:. Union, NJ: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. 4041:Métraux, Guy P. R. (2008). "Prudery and 3616:Dewar, Michael (2008). "11 Spinning the 3552:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3241: 3176: 3020: 3018: 3005: 3003: 2906:. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 355–364. 2853:. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 365–374. 2813:. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 578–581. 2142: 2004: 1800:. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 355–364. 1740: 907:In oratory, the toga came into its own. 3413: 3329: 3290: 3152: 3140: 2970: 2776: 2740: 2630: 2585:and during any other "business times", 2453: 2426: 2205: 2146: 2138: 2076: 2072: 2040: 2028: 2016: 1980: 1851: 1759:. Oxford University Press. p. 89. 1711: 1683: 289:is the etymological source of the word 4543:. London and New York: Penguin Books. 3365: 3302: 3277:, pp. 153–154, citing Suetonius, 3274: 3164: 3144: 3100: 2714: 2566: 2541: 2517: 2496: 2441: 2329:, p. 65, citing Thorstein Veblen. 2314: 2178: 2101: 1920: 1908: 1836: 4589:Toga (Nova Roma) – How to make a toga 4562:. Grand Rapids, WI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. 4252:Rankov, Boris; Hook, Richard (1994). 3389: 3377: 3350: 3317: 3072: 3060: 3048: 3036: 3024: 3009: 2994: 2982: 2966: 2954: 2881: 2840: 2838: 2788: 2698: 2642: 2402: 2370: 2338: 2158: 2089: 1992: 1956: 1940: 1041:as examples. Women's adoption of the 534:. Some scholars believe this shows a 511:, or through representation by their 88: 7: 4036:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3262: 3155:, p. 159, citing Richard Oster. 3148: 2946: 2686: 2529: 2477: 2418: 2390: 2358: 2350: 2271: 2259: 1690: 1293:were expected to wear the toga. The 627:behind them, common citizens behind 579:on formal occasions put it aside at 337:. During the Empire, it was worn by 4464:Death and Burial in the Roman World 4438:. Rome: "L'Erma" di Bretschneider. 4168:Peruzzi, Emilio (1975). "Τήβεννα". 3720:. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press. 3683:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3568:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History 3512:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3258: 2181:, pp. 175‒176, discussing the 1693:, p. 215 (Vout cites Servius, 1615:Byzantine Greek art and portraiture 1285:Citizens attending Rome's frequent 891:. He wears senatorial shoes, and a 677:, a rare depiction of Roman men in 4487:A Companion to Persius and Juvenal 4273:A Companion to Persius and Juvenal 3898:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 193‒215. 3550:Colour and Meaning in Ancient Rome 3534:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 183‒191. 3435:A Companion to Persius and Juvenal 3179:, p. 455: " the Gabine robe ( 3075:, pp. 61‒65, citing Cicero's 1342:undertaken at the founding of new 805:– a meaning underlined during the 435:In the wider context of classical 187:("toga of manhood") also known as 25: 4379:An Introduction to Roman Religion 2759:, pp. 33, citing Suetonius, 2633:, p. 249, citing Quintilian. 1066:Higher-class female prostitutes ( 5797: 4733: 4396:Scullard, Howard Hayes (1980) . 2092:, pp. 306−308 and endnotes. 1642: 1628: 1388:Archaeological Museum of Olympia 1301:and prayer, and when performing 1261: 1252: 555:was supposedly reserved for the 241:Some priesthoods, including the 57: 4128:O'Sullivan, Timothy M. (2011). 2884:, p. 151, note 18, citing 2593:), this signified their status. 1370:and was thus used during Roman 1173: 1125:Togate statue of an emperor in 4468:Johns Hopkins University Press 4360:Roman and European Mythologies 2409:, 3.171‒172, Martial, 10.47.5. 2405:, p. 17, citing Juvenal, 1533:was draped over the left arm. 386:, a long, heavy cloak worn by 351:, associated with citizens of 1: 4670:Court dress (Empire of Japan) 4322:American Journal of Philology 4256:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 4032:McGinn, Thomas A. J. (1998). 3404:, p. 58 and footnote 90. 1447:Portrait bust of the emperor 866: 583:or marriage, and adopted the 4309:Rothfus, Melissa A. (2010). 4084:A Companion to the Etruscans 3559:A Companion to the Etruscans 3454:The Interpretation of Dreams 3429:Armstrong, David (2012). "3 2743:, p. 1, citing Appian, 2183:Lex Metilia Fullonibus Dicta 2123:into the care of the family 1753:Swan, Peter Michael (2004). 1232:) with Pompey's as general ( 1213:wearing" and the latter as " 685:, a popular street festival. 647:Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus 589:. Even the whiteness of the 355:; thus their description as 333:; used by generals in their 93:), a distinctive garment of 4462:Toynbee, J. M. C. (1996) . 4292:The Toga and Roman Identity 3794:Flower, Harriet I. (1996). 3666:Dolansky, Fanny (2008). "2 1573:issued an edict compelling 1086:"infamous and disreputable" 5844: 4731: 4455:The World of Roman Costume 4434:Söderlind, Martin (2002). 4351:The World of Roman Costume 4198:Phang, Sara Elise (2008). 4191:Mycenaeans in Early Latium 3998:The World of Roman Costume 3923:The World of Roman Costume 3914:The World of Roman Costume 3905:The World of Roman Costume 3840:Gill, David W. J. (1990). 3777:Roman Portraits in Context 3580:Roman Clothing and Fashion 1727:, I.282; Martial, XIV.124. 1561:could disparage the urban 1395:powers to avert misfortune 1313:). In Rome, the so-called 468:(τήβεννος), supposedly an 107:Roman historical tradition 29: 27:Ancient Roman formal dress 5794: 4640: 4558:Winter, Bruce W. (2001). 3217:Anderson, W.C.F. (1890), 2912:10.1515/9783110711554-021 2859:10.1515/9783110711554-022 2819:10.1515/9783110711554-049 2141:, pp. 189, 194‒195; 1839:, p. 160, note 163). 1806:10.1515/9783110711554-021 1782:, p. 28 and note 32. 1569:("tunic-wearing crowd"). 1217:". He employs the phrase 499:and held the most senior 450: 4466:. Baltimore and London: 4189:Peruzzi, Emilio (1980). 4182:10.1484/J.EUPHR.5.127070 4130:Walking in Roman Culture 3508:Bispham, Edward (2007). 3491:Harvard University Press 3039:, pp. 12‒17, 49‒50. 1658:Clothing in ancient Rome 1348:"Gabine cinch" or "robe" 368:itself. More certainly, 125:. Women found guilty of 4539:Wickham, Chris (2009). 4504:Vout, Caroline (1996). 3716:Elliott, Neil (2006) . 3012:, p. 151, note 18. 1756:The Augustan Succession 1584:Constitutio Antoniniana 1364:Etruscan priestly dress 840:, who wore a triumphal 776:) of his family house ( 4290:Rothe, Ursula (2020). 4241:, Berlin: De Gruyter. 3548:Bradley, Mark (2011). 3089:Rankov & Hook 1994 1550: 1456: 1390: 1358: 1352: 1334: 1315: 1183: 1180:Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek 1134: 981: 904: 759: 686: 539: 285:, "chalked ambition". 157: 117:gradually adopted the 101:, and was worn over a 48: 43:Statue of the Emperor 5663:Manchu platform shoes 4377:Scheid, John (2003). 4334:10.1353/ajp.2010.0009 4235:Radicke, Jan (2022). 4217:Pharr, Clyde (2001). 4121:10.3138/9781442689039 4103:10.3138/9781442689039 4075:10.3138/9781442689039 4057:10.3138/9781442689039 4025:10.3138/9781442689039 4007:10.3138/9781442689039 3979:10.3138/9781442689039 3961:10.3138/9781442689039 3833:10.3138/9781442689039 3815:10.3138/9781442689039 3775:Fejfer, Jane (2008). 3768:10.3138/9781442689039 3750:10.3138/9781442689039 3353:, pp. 24–25, 38. 3225:, London: John Murray 2898:Radicke, Jan (2022). 2845:Radicke, Jan (2022). 2805:Radicke, Jan (2022). 2468:, pp. 19, 51‒58. 2167:legislation and mores 1792:Radicke, Jan (2022). 1544: 1446: 1386:Togate statue in the 1385: 1166: 1137:Until the so-called " 1124: 976:Via Labicana Augustus 955: 859: 741: 673:from a building near 668: 525: 458:Artemidorus Daldianus 155: 129:and women engaged in 42: 32:Toga (disambiguation) 5575:Stephane (headdress) 4254:The Praetorian Guard 3679:Dugan, John (2005). 3578:, Alexandra (2010). 3531:Jean MacIntosh Turfa 3452:Artemidorus (2020). 3204:Jean MacIntosh Turfa 3151:, pp. 245‒260; 2969:, pp. 197‒198; 2421:, pp. 205‒208: 1519:, who preferred the 1197:honourable discharge 559:, the border of the 480:, its name based on 380:, whatever its form. 273:, "pure white") for 30:For other uses, see 5804:Clothing portal 4634:Historical clothing 4523:10.1093/gr/43.2.204 4238:Roman Women's Dress 3863:10.53751/001c.30525 3668:Togam virile sumere 3641:10.2307/j.ctvh1dh8b 3368:, pp. 189–194. 3332:, pp. 282–286. 3265:, pp. 195‒197. 2957:, pp. 298‒304. 2904:Roman Women's Dress 2851:Roman Women's Dress 2811:Roman Women's Dress 2656:Institutio Oratoria 2569:, pp. 100–102. 2480:, pp. 205‒208. 2361:, pp. 211‒212. 2079:, pp. 137–143. 1983:, pp. 229–230. 1959:, pp. 219–234. 1943:, pp. 225–227. 1935:, pp. 26, 29; 1923:, pp. 141‒142. 1798:Roman Women's Dress 1636:Ancient Rome portal 1435:Features and styles 1372:declarations of war 1287:religious festivals 914:Institutio Oratoria 439:fashion, the Greek 399:As "national dress" 123:male Roman citizens 5823:Roman-era clothing 3261:, p. 153 and 3244:, p. 185 and 3137:1 Corinthians 11:4 2763:, 40.5, 44.2, and 2298:, pp. 77‒79. 2145:, pp. 53‒54; 2075:, pp. 89–90; 1955:, pp. 26–27; 1939:, pp. 80–83; 1883:Isidore of Seville 1603:Codex Theodosianus 1551: 1457: 1391: 1346:—could employ the 1340:sulcus primigenius 1187:to higher rank: a 1184: 1135: 982: 905: 760: 687: 540: 217:Curule magistrates 158: 49: 5810: 5809: 5648:Episcopal sandals 4913:Close-bodied gown 4815:Sompot Chong Kben 4550:978-0-670-02098-0 4510:Greece & Rome 4496:978-1-4051-9965-0 4477:978-0-801-85507-8 4445:978-8-882-65186-2 4426:978-1-107-03224-8 4301:978-1-4725-7154-0 4282:978-1-4051-9965-0 4263:978-1-855-32361-2 4247:978-3-11-071155-4 4228:978-1-58477-146-3 4209:978-0-521-88269-9 4139:978-1-107-00096-4 3941:978-1-107-03224-8 3786:978-3-11-018664-2 3727:978-0-8006-2379-1 3709:Roman Sexualities 3608:978-1-107-03224-8 3589:978-1-84868-977-0 3519:978-0-19-923184-3 3500:978-0-674-02613-1 3486:The Roman Triumph 3472:978-1-107-03224-8 3444:978-1-4051-9965-0 3320:, pp. 13–30. 3236:Servius, note to 3192:Servius, note to 3027:, pp. 77‒78. 2935:van den Berg 2012 2921:978-3-11-071155-4 2868:978-3-11-071155-4 2828:978-3-11-071155-4 2581:, p. 64: At 2456:, pp. 43–44. 2250:, pp. 31‒33. 1815:978-3-11-071155-4 1766:978-0-19-534714-2 1743:, pp. 55–60. 1714:, pp. 81‒82. 1234:imperator armatus 1219:cedant arma togae 1167:Togate statue of 1101:aligned with the 1047:equestrian statue 901:Etruscan alphabet 744:Togatus Barberini 616:"infamous" career 599:formula togatorum 247:Tresviri Epulones 201:curule magistracy 90:[ˈt̪ɔ.ɡa] 16:(Redirected from 5835: 5802: 5801: 5693:Tiger-head shoes 4963:Zaju chuishao fu 4848: 4737: 4627: 4620: 4613: 4604: 4594:William Smith's 4573: 4554: 4535: 4525: 4500: 4481: 4458: 4449: 4430: 4411: 4392: 4373: 4354: 4345: 4319: 4305: 4286: 4267: 4232: 4213: 4194: 4185: 4164: 4143: 4124: 4087: 4078: 4037: 4028: 3991: 3982: 3945: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3899: 3888: 3886: 3885: 3879: 3873:. Archived from 3850:Tyndale Bulletin 3846: 3836: 3799: 3790: 3771: 3731: 3712: 3703: 3694: 3675: 3662: 3625: 3612: 3593: 3571: 3562: 3553: 3544: 3535: 3523: 3504: 3476: 3457: 3448: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3402:La Follette 2001 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3279:Life of Augustus 3272: 3266: 3255: 3249: 3240:7.612; see also 3234: 3228: 3226: 3214: 3208: 3198:Larissa Bonfante 3190: 3184: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3013: 3007: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2964: 2958: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2895: 2889: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2842: 2833: 2832: 2802: 2796: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2754: 2748: 2738: 2732: 2712: 2706: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2663: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2600: 2594: 2576: 2570: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2500: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2430: 2416: 2410: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2373:, p. 53, citing 2368: 2362: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2303: 2296:Koortbojian 2008 2293: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2262:, p. 218ff. 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2176: 2170: 2156: 2150: 2136: 2130: 2115: 2109: 2099: 2093: 2086: 2080: 2070: 2064: 2057:Artemidorus 2020 2054: 2048: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1950: 1944: 1937:Koortbojian 2008 1930: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1891:, XIX.24, 6 and 1876: 1870: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1840: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1750: 1744: 1734: 1728: 1721: 1715: 1709: 1698: 1688: 1652: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1638: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1567:vulgus tunicatus 1512:toga contabulata 1484:toga contabulata 1455:("banded toga"). 1453:toga contabulata 1361: 1355: 1337: 1320: 1265: 1256: 1238:Praetorian Guard 1177: 1175: 1153:Scipio Africanus 935:Cato the Younger 925:In public morals 881:bronze sculpture 871: 868: 799:equestrian class 679:togae praetextae 661:Work and leisure 478:Mycenaean Greece 452: 430:Tullus Hostilius 185: 184: 156:A toga praetexta 138:laws and customs 92: 87: 80: 79: 76: 75: 72: 69: 66: 63: 21: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5796: 5790: 5771:Perfumed gloves 5702: 5599: 5311: 5174: 5073:Mackinaw jacket 4967: 4894: 4851: 4842: 4791: 4738: 4729: 4643: 4636: 4631: 4580: 4570: 4557: 4551: 4538: 4503: 4497: 4484: 4478: 4461: 4452: 4446: 4433: 4427: 4414: 4408: 4395: 4389: 4376: 4370: 4357: 4348: 4317: 4308: 4302: 4289: 4283: 4270: 4264: 4251: 4229: 4216: 4210: 4197: 4188: 4167: 4161: 4146: 4140: 4127: 4113: 4090: 4081: 4067: 4040: 4031: 4017: 3994: 3985: 3971: 3948: 3942: 3929: 3920: 3911: 3902: 3891: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3844: 3839: 3825: 3802: 3793: 3787: 3774: 3760: 3736:Fantham, Elaine 3734: 3728: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3691: 3678: 3665: 3651: 3628: 3615: 3609: 3596: 3590: 3574: 3565: 3556: 3547: 3538: 3526: 3520: 3507: 3501: 3479: 3473: 3460: 3451: 3445: 3431:Juvenalis Eques 3428: 3425: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3273: 3269: 3256: 3252: 3235: 3231: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3191: 3187: 3181:cinctus Gabinus 3175: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3143:, p. 210; 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3079:(Against Piso). 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3016: 3008: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2965: 2961: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2844: 2843: 2836: 2829: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2793:Natural History 2787: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2755: 2751: 2739: 2735: 2713: 2709: 2697: 2693: 2685: 2681: 2673: 2666: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2619:Ceccarelli 2016 2617: 2613: 2601: 2597: 2577: 2573: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2466:O'Sullivan 2011 2464: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2433: 2417: 2413: 2401: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2369: 2365: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2306: 2300:Pliny the Elder 2294: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2190: 2177: 2173: 2157: 2153: 2137: 2133: 2116: 2112: 2100: 2096: 2087: 2083: 2071: 2067: 2055: 2051: 2039: 2035: 2031:, p. 1589. 2027: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1979: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1951: 1947: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1877: 1873: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1843: 1827: 1823: 1816: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1778: 1774: 1767: 1752: 1751: 1747: 1735: 1731: 1722: 1718: 1710: 1701: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1539: 1437: 1380: 1353:cinctus Gabinus 1289:and associated 1283: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1271:Statuette of a 1268: 1267: 1266: 1258: 1257: 1246: 1172: 1119: 1018: 972: 959:wearing a toga 927: 869: 854: 830:Marcus Aurelius 788:and his friend 742:The so-called " 736: 663: 640:history of Rome 493: 482:Mycenaean Greek 401: 353:equestrian rank 283:cretata ambitio 182: 181: 150: 84:Classical Latin 82: 60: 56: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5841: 5839: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5815: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5731:Cravat (early) 5728: 5723: 5718: 5712: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5633:Chinese styles 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5609: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5465:Matron's badge 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5321: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5267:Liberty bodice 5264: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5184: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5130: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5083:Norfolk jacket 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5058:Inverness cape 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4996:Cardinal cloak 4993: 4988: 4983: 4977: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4948:Sack-back gown 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4904: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4861: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4837: 4832: 4830:Knickerbockers 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4801: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4748: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4622: 4615: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4591: 4586: 4579: 4578:External links 4576: 4575: 4574: 4568: 4555: 4549: 4536: 4516:(2): 204–220. 4501: 4495: 4482: 4476: 4459: 4450: 4444: 4431: 4425: 4412: 4406: 4393: 4387: 4374: 4368: 4355: 4346: 4328:(3): 425‒452. 4306: 4300: 4287: 4281: 4268: 4262: 4249: 4233: 4227: 4214: 4208: 4195: 4186: 4165: 4159: 4144: 4138: 4125: 4111: 4088: 4079: 4065: 4038: 4029: 4015: 3992: 3983: 3969: 3946: 3940: 3927: 3918: 3909: 3900: 3889: 3857:(2): 245–260. 3837: 3823: 3800: 3791: 3785: 3772: 3758: 3732: 3726: 3713: 3704: 3695: 3689: 3676: 3663: 3649: 3626: 3613: 3607: 3594: 3588: 3572: 3563: 3554: 3545: 3536: 3524: 3518: 3505: 3499: 3477: 3471: 3458: 3449: 3443: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3418: 3416:, p. 106. 3406: 3394: 3392:, p. 415. 3382: 3370: 3355: 3343: 3334: 3322: 3307: 3305:, p. 311. 3295: 3283: 3267: 3250: 3248:, p. 197. 3246:Glinister 2009 3229: 3209: 3207:(Brill, 2009). 3185: 3169: 3157: 3129: 3125:Schilling 1992 3117: 3115:, p. 370. 3113:Söderlind 2002 3105: 3093: 3081: 3065: 3063:, p. 266. 3053: 3051:, p. 112. 3041: 3029: 3014: 2999: 2987: 2975: 2959: 2939: 2937:, p. 267. 2927: 2920: 2890: 2874: 2867: 2834: 2827: 2797: 2781: 2769: 2757:Edmondson 2008 2749: 2733: 2707: 2691: 2679: 2675:Edmondson 2008 2664: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2603:Edmondson 2008 2595: 2579:Armstrong 2012 2571: 2565:, p. 24; 2563:Edmondson 2008 2555: 2546: 2534: 2532:, p. 216. 2522: 2520:, p. 101. 2510: 2501: 2482: 2470: 2458: 2446: 2431: 2429:, p. 217. 2411: 2395: 2393:, p. 209. 2383: 2363: 2343: 2331: 2327:Armstrong 2012 2319: 2304: 2288: 2284:Edmondson 2008 2276: 2274:, p. 214. 2264: 2252: 2248:Edmondson 2008 2240: 2231: 2227:Edmondson 2008 2219: 2210: 2198: 2188: 2171: 2151: 2131: 2110: 2106:Sumptuary laws 2094: 2081: 2065: 2049: 2033: 2021: 2009: 2007:, p. 217. 1997: 1985: 1973: 1969:Edmondson 2008 1961: 1953:Edmondson 2008 1945: 1933:Edmondson 2008 1925: 1913: 1911:, p. 102. 1901: 1879:Edmondson 2008 1871: 1856: 1841: 1833:toga praetexta 1829:Edmondson 2008 1821: 1814: 1784: 1780:Edmondson 2008 1772: 1765: 1745: 1739:, p. 26; 1737:Edmondson 2008 1729: 1716: 1699: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1650:Fashion portal 1639: 1623: 1620: 1595:Valentinian II 1538: 1535: 1478:grew in size. 1436: 1433: 1425:tablet weaving 1421:toga praetexta 1407:mater familias 1403:toga praetexta 1379: 1376: 1295:toga praetexta 1277:toga praetexta 1270: 1269: 1260: 1259: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1191:could achieve 1176: 138–161 1169:Antoninus Pius 1151:". In 206 BC, 1144:cursus honorum 1139:Marian reforms 1118: 1117:Roman military 1115: 1107:moecha damnata 1082:toga muliebris 1055:toga praetexta 1017: 1014: 926: 923: 893:toga praetexta 853: 850: 815:turbae togatae 752:portrait busts 746:" depicting a 735: 731:Patronage and 729: 662: 659: 644:patrician hero 604:Italian allies 565:Vestal Virgins 561:toga praetexta 492: 489: 426:toga praetexta 400: 397: 396: 395: 381: 346: 331:tunica palmata 324: 309:toga praetexta 294: 260: 259: 258: 255:Arval brothers 239: 224: 211:Toga praetexta 208: 149: 146: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5840: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5805: 5800: 5793: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5495:Motoring hood 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5223:Waist cincher 5221: 5220: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5016:Kinsale cloak 5014: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4835:Pedal pushers 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4772:Peascod belly 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4623: 4621: 4616: 4614: 4609: 4608: 4605: 4599: 4597: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4569:0-802-84898-2 4565: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4407:0-415-30504-7 4403: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4388:0-253-34377-1 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4369:0-226-06455-7 4365: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4314: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4160:9783515069489 4156: 4152: 4151: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4112:9781442689039 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4066:9781442689039 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4016:9781442689039 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3970:9781442689039 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3947: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3890: 3880:on 2021-12-07 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3851: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3824:9781442689039 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3759:9781442689039 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3690:0-19-926780-4 3686: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3650:9781782977155 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3242:Bonfante 2009 3239: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3199: 3195: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3177:Scullard 1980 3173: 3170: 3167:, p. 80. 3166: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3127:, p. 78. 3126: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3106: 3103:, p. 83. 3102: 3097: 3094: 3091:, p. 31. 3090: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2997:, p. 13. 2996: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2976: 2973:, p. 53. 2972: 2968: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2928: 2923: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2875: 2870: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2782: 2779:, p. 68. 2778: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2680: 2677:, p. 33. 2676: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2624: 2621:, p. 33. 2620: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2447: 2444:, p. 96. 2443: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2320: 2317:, p. 99. 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2289: 2286:, p. 38. 2285: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2241: 2235: 2232: 2229:, p. 25. 2228: 2223: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2208:, p. 61. 2207: 2202: 2199: 2192: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2152: 2149:, p. 47. 2148: 2144: 2143:Dolansky 2008 2140: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2127: 2122: 2121: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2005:Goldman 2001a 2001: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1860: 1857: 1854:, p. 47. 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1822: 1817: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1773: 1768: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1741:Dolansky 2008 1738: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1684: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1640: 1637: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1548: 1543: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1462: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1416: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1389: 1384: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1359:ritus Gabinus 1356:) or "rite" ( 1354: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1335:capite velato 1332:An officiant 1330: 1328: 1324: 1323:capite velato 1319: 1318: 1317:ritus graecus 1312: 1311:capite aperto 1308: 1307:capite velato 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1278: 1274: 1264: 1255: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1181: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1132: 1129:, now in the 1128: 1123: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1064: 1062: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1015: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 986: 979: 977: 970: 966: 962: 961:capite velato 958: 954: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 931:Aulus Gellius 924: 922: 918: 916: 915: 910: 902: 898: 895:of "skimpy" ( 894: 890: 886: 882: 879: 875: 870: 100 BC 864: 863: 858: 851: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 826: 824: 820: 816: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 791: 787: 783: 781: 780: 775: 774: 769: 764: 757: 753: 749: 748:Roman senator 745: 740: 734: 730: 728: 724: 722: 721: 716: 711: 706: 704: 700: 696: 691: 684: 680: 676: 672: 667: 660: 658: 656: 652: 648: 645: 641: 637: 632: 630: 626: 622: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 600: 594: 592: 588: 587: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 553:Tyrian purple 550: 546: 537: 533: 529: 528:François Tomb 524: 520: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 491:In civil life 490: 488: 486: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 462:Oneirocritica 459: 456: 448: 444: 443: 438: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 416: 412: 408: 407: 398: 393: 389: 385: 382: 379: 375: 374:angusticlavia 371: 367: 362: 358: 354: 350: 347: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 325: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 295: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 275:public office 272: 268: 264: 261: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 237: 234:and a girl's 233: 229: 225: 222: 221:Kings of Rome 218: 215: 214: 212: 209: 206: 202: 199:not having a 198: 194: 190: 186: 179: 178: 177: 175: 171: 167: 163: 154: 147: 145: 141: 139: 134: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 91: 85: 78: 54: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5325:Anthony Eden 5277:Open drawers 5128:Galway shawl 4943:Robe de cour 4714: 4595: 4559: 4540: 4513: 4509: 4486: 4463: 4454: 4435: 4416: 4397: 4378: 4359: 4350: 4325: 4321: 4312: 4291: 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Retrieved 3875:the original 3854: 3848: 3805: 3795: 3776: 3740: 3717: 3708: 3699: 3680: 3671: 3667: 3631: 3621: 3617: 3598: 3579: 3567: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3528: 3509: 3484: 3462: 3453: 3434: 3430: 3414:Wickham 2009 3409: 3397: 3385: 3373: 3346: 3337: 3330:Métraux 2008 3325: 3298: 3291:Sebesta 2001 3286: 3278: 3270: 3253: 3237: 3232: 3222: 3212: 3201: 3193: 3188: 3180: 3172: 3160: 3153:Fantham 2008 3141:Elliott 2006 3132: 3120: 3108: 3096: 3084: 3076: 3068: 3056: 3044: 3032: 2990: 2985:, p. 3. 2978: 2971:Sebesta 2001 2962: 2950: 2942: 2930: 2903: 2893: 2877: 2850: 2810: 2800: 2792: 2784: 2777:Sebesta 2001 2772: 2760: 2752: 2744: 2741:Rothfus 2010 2736: 2726: 2722: 2710: 2702: 2694: 2682: 2660:11.3.131‒149 2655: 2654:Quintilian. 2650: 2638: 2631:Bradley 2008 2626: 2614: 2606: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2583:salutationes 2582: 2574: 2558: 2549: 2537: 2525: 2513: 2504: 2490: 2485: 2473: 2461: 2454:Toynbee 1996 2449: 2427:Goldman 2001 2422: 2414: 2406: 2398: 2386: 2378: 2366: 2354: 2346: 2334: 2322: 2291: 2279: 2267: 2255: 2243: 2234: 2222: 2213: 2206:Bispham 2007 2201: 2191: 2182: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2154: 2147:Sebesta 2001 2139:Bradley 2011 2134: 2124: 2118: 2113: 2097: 2084: 2077:Peruzzi 1975 2073:Peruzzi 1980 2068: 2060: 2052: 2041:Peruzzi 1980 2036: 2029:Cleland 2013 2024: 2017:Sebesta 2001 2012: 2000: 1995:, Chapter 2. 1988: 1981:Goldman 2001 1976: 1964: 1948: 1928: 1916: 1904: 1896: 1886: 1874: 1864: 1859: 1852:Sebesta 2001 1832: 1824: 1797: 1787: 1775: 1755: 1748: 1732: 1724: 1719: 1712:Edwards 1997 1694: 1686: 1599:Theodosius I 1588: 1574: 1566: 1554: 1552: 1545:4th-century 1530: 1526: 1520: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1452: 1438: 1429: 1420: 1417: 1410: 1402: 1392: 1331: 1322: 1310: 1306: 1294: 1284: 1276: 1272: 1233: 1226: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1208: 1201: 1185: 1149:Gabine cinch 1142: 1136: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1067: 1065: 1058: 1054: 1042: 1036: 1030: 1022: 1019: 1005: 997: 989: 983: 973: 968: 964: 960: 938: 928: 919: 912: 906: 896: 892: 860: 841: 834:salutationes 833: 828:The emperor 827: 822: 814: 811: 802: 794: 784: 777: 771: 767: 761: 733:salutationes 732: 725: 718: 707: 698: 692: 688: 678: 633: 628: 624: 607: 597: 595: 591:toga virilis 590: 584: 576: 573:toga virilis 572: 568: 560: 556: 544: 541: 535: 508: 501:magistracies 494: 484: 465: 461: 440: 434: 425: 417: 410: 404: 402: 383: 377: 369: 365: 360: 356: 348: 342: 330: 326: 320: 316: 315:. Wearing a 312: 308: 296: 290: 287:Toga candida 286: 282: 281:speaks of a 270: 269:(from Latin 263:Toga candida 262: 227: 210: 192: 188: 183:Toga virilis 180: 173: 161: 159: 142: 135: 131:prostitution 95:Ancient Rome 52: 50: 36: 18:Toga virilis 5781:Shoe buckle 5708:Accessories 5658:Lotus shoes 5435:Jeongjagwan 5410:French hood 5360:Blessed hat 5282:Pantalettes 5250:Farthingale 5160:Ulster coat 5140:Smock-frock 5053:Houppelande 4843: [ 4648:Body-length 4598:on the toga 4584:Doctor Toga 4313:Gens Togata 4176:: 137–143. 3659:j.ctvh1dh8b 3481:Beard, Mary 3366:Fejfer 2008 3303:Meyers 2016 3275:Culham 2014 3165:Scheid 2003 3145:Winter 2001 3101:Palmer 1996 2795:, 8.74.195. 2765:Cassius Dio 2747:, 2.17.120. 2715:Roller 2012 2567:George 2008 2542:George 2008 2518:George 2008 2497:Flower 1996 2442:George 2008 2315:George 2008 2179:Aubert 2014 2102:Flower 1996 1921:Heskel 2001 1909:Flower 1996 1888:Etymologiae 1837:McGinn 1998 1611:Curia Julia 1601:in 382 AD ( 1449:Gordian III 1325:influenced 1244:In religion 1131:Curia Julia 1111:toga exigua 549:magistrates 437:Greco-Roman 174:gens togata 115:Roman women 5817:Categories 5751:Lavallière 5668:Pampooties 5425:Gable hood 5302:Union suit 5297:Pettipants 5240:Hoop skirt 5170:Witzchoura 4840:Saragüells 4777:Poet shirt 4695:Justacorps 4685:Frock coat 4170:Euphrosyne 3884:2020-12-11 3390:Pharr 2001 3378:Rothe 2020 3351:Stone 2001 3318:Stone 2001 3077:Ad Pisonem 3073:Dugan 2005 3061:Phang 2008 3049:Phang 2008 3037:Phang 2008 3025:Phang 2008 3010:Olson 2008 2995:Stone 2001 2983:Phang 2008 2967:Keith 2008 2955:Dixon 2014 2951:In Aenidem 2882:Olson 2008 2789:Stone 2001 2767:, 49.16.1. 2699:Stone 2001 2643:Dugan 2005 2403:Stone 2001 2371:Croom 2010 2355:Centonarii 2339:Stone 2001 2159:Olson 2008 2090:Beard 2007 1993:Rothe 2020 1957:Dewar 2008 1941:Dewar 2008 1695:In Aenidem 1674:References 1668:Toga party 1547:gold glass 1517:Tertullian 1451:wearing a 1193:equestrian 1078:Meretrices 1069:meretrices 996:at them, " 947:Principate 909:Quintilian 862:The Orator 842:toga picta 807:Saturnalia 803:auctoritas 703:Sacred Way 683:Compitalia 557:toga picta 545:toga picta 536:toga picta 327:Toga picta 321:toga pulla 317:toga pulla 297:Toga pulla 267:candidates 253:, and the 243:Pontifices 5726:Cointoise 5721:Belt hook 5716:Ascot tie 5698:Turnshoes 5683:Poulaines 5643:Duckbills 5628:Carbatina 5590:Welsh Wig 5540:Printer's 5500:Mounteere 5490:Mooskappe 5450:Kokoshnik 5335:Arakhchin 5287:Petticoat 5272:Loincloth 5245:Crinoline 5180:Underwear 5118:Shadbelly 5088:Overfrock 5043:Greatcoat 4973:Outerwear 4938:Polonaise 4918:Debutante 4875:Safeguard 4665:Brunswick 3871:163516649 3263:Shaw 2014 3149:Gill 1990 2947:Vout 1996 2687:Vout 1996 2530:Vout 1996 2478:Vout 1996 2419:Vout 1996 2391:Vout 1996 2359:Vout 1996 2351:Vout 1996 2272:Vout 1996 2260:Vout 1996 2196:offences. 2163:praetexta 2063:in 2.3.6. 1899:, X.4, 8. 1897:Historiae 1691:Vout 1996 1679:Citations 1663:Tricivara 1580:Caracalla 1555:Romanitas 1378:Materials 1228:imperator 1178:) in the 1032:pudicitia 1006:toga rasa 768:salutatio 763:Patronage 720:Romanitas 612:Romanized 577:praetexta 569:praetexta 505:commoners 392:Suetonius 313:toga pura 303:at elite 291:candidate 228:praetexta 205:Liberalia 193:toga pura 189:toga alba 148:Varieties 5678:Pigaches 5638:Chopines 5605:Footwear 5530:Phrygian 5510:Nightcap 5485:Monmouth 5415:Fontange 5395:Cornette 5390:Coonskin 5380:Cavalier 5370:Capotain 5317:Headwear 5292:Peignoir 5213:Corselet 5208:Codpiece 5198:Chausses 5048:Himation 4986:Car coat 4958:Tea gown 4820:Culottes 4810:Breeches 4797:Trousers 4787:Suea pat 4725:Xout lao 4342:55972174 3483:(2007). 3259:Hin 2014 2761:Augustus 2728:cinaedus 2492:imagines 2061:tēbennos 1893:Polybius 1723:Virgil. 1622:See also 1399:evil eye 1397:and the 1344:colonies 1299:libation 1189:plebeian 1127:porphyry 1103:meretrix 1098:meretrix 1023:stolatae 985:Augustus 957:Augustus 889:rhetoric 885:Etruscan 838:Caligula 655:dictator 581:menarche 513:tribunes 509:en masse 470:Arcadian 466:tebennos 451:ἔγκυκλον 442:enkyklon 415:Etruscan 406:himation 372:wore an 357:trabeati 335:triumphs 305:funerals 301:mourners 197:senators 127:adultery 45:Tiberius 5828:Dresses 5766:Partlet 5736:Hairpin 5673:Pattens 5653:Hessian 5623:Caligae 5613:Buskins 5585:Taranga 5570:Smoking 5560:Salakot 5550:Qeleshe 5545:Pudding 5525:Petasos 5520:Pahlavi 5515:Ochipok 5470:Miner's 5460:Malahai 5455:Llawt'u 5375:Caubeen 5355:Bergère 5345:Aviator 5340:Attifet 5255:Pannier 5203:Chemise 5155:Surtout 5150:Surcoat 5145:Spencer 5108:Pelisse 5103:Pallium 5093:Pañuelo 5028:Doublet 5006:Chlamys 5001:Chamail 4900:Dresses 4805:Braccae 4767:Doublet 4757:Bedgown 4700:Paenula 3423:Sources 3196:7.612; 2745:B. Civ. 2719:Juvenal 2587:equites 2407:Satires 1607:paenula 1591:Gratian 1575:equites 1571:Hadrian 1559:Tacitus 1537:Decline 1527:pallium 1522:pallium 1504:balteus 1496:balteus 1472:balteus 1230:togatus 1203:infamia 1051:Cloelia 1002:aediles 990:equites 874:Etrusco 852:Oratory 819:lictors 790:Juvenal 786:Martial 710:Juvenal 695:Martial 675:Pompeii 629:equites 625:equites 517:Equites 460:in his 455:diviner 422:Romulus 418:tebenna 411:pallium 370:equites 339:consuls 279:Persius 277:. Thus 271:candida 172:as the 170:Martial 111:Romulus 5786:Visard 5741:Hatpin 5618:Calcei 5595:Wimple 5580:Tainia 5535:Pileus 5480:Modius 5445:Kausia 5440:Jewish 5430:Hennin 5405:Fillet 5365:Bonnet 5350:Ba tầm 5235:Garter 5230:Dickey 5218:Corset 5193:Bustle 5188:Basque 5165:Visite 5113:Poncho 5078:Nadiri 5068:Kandys 5063:Jerkin 5038:Exomis 5033:Duster 5023:Dolman 4991:Caraco 4981:Capote 4953:Sailor 4933:Mantua 4928:Kirtle 4908:Bliaut 4880:Sompot 4870:Poodle 4865:Hobble 4857:Skirts 4762:Bodice 4752:Basque 4705:Peplos 4675:Chiton 4660:Banyan 4655:Abolla 4566: 4547: 4532:643096 4530: 4493: 4474: 4442: 4423: 4404: 4385: 4366: 4340: 4298: 4279: 4260: 4245: 4225: 4206: 4157: 4136: 4119: 4109: 4073: 4063: 4023: 4013: 3977: 3967: 3938: 3869: 3831: 3821: 3783: 3766: 3756: 3724: 3687: 3657: 3647: 3618:Trabea 3605: 3586: 3516: 3497: 3469: 3441: 3238:Aeneid 3219:"Toga" 3194:Aeneid 2918: 2865: 2825: 2723:Satire 2703:exigua 2591:calcei 2495:: see 2423:Contra 2381:, 4.8. 2379:Epodes 2375:Horace 1835:; see 1812: 1763: 1725:Aeneid 1412:atrium 1401:; the 1303:augury 1273:genius 1223:Pompey 1215:togati 1090:togata 994:Virgil 943:Appian 939:exigua 897:exigua 795:domine 773:atrium 699:togula 671:fresco 651:Senate 642:, the 621:census 608:Togati 515:. The 497:senate 388:Flamen 378:trabea 366:trabea 361:trabea 349:Trabea 343:trabea 251:augurs 249:, the 236:lunula 166:Virgil 162:tegere 5746:Jabot 5688:Socci 5565:Snood 5505:Nemes 5420:Futou 5400:Dunce 5133:Kullu 5123:Shawl 5098:Palla 5011:Cloak 4890:Train 4847:] 4825:Harem 4720:Tunic 4710:Stola 4690:Hanfu 4680:Frock 4528:JSTOR 4338:S2CID 4318:(PDF) 4311:"The 4117:JSTOR 4071:JSTOR 4021:JSTOR 3975:JSTOR 3878:(PDF) 3867:S2CID 3845:(PDF) 3829:JSTOR 3764:JSTOR 3655:JSTOR 3576:Croom 3281:, 73. 2886:Pliny 2607:Lives 2126:Lares 2120:bulla 2045:Argos 1565:as a 1563:plebs 1531:sinus 1508:sinus 1500:sinus 1492:sinus 1461:sinus 1368:Gabii 1291:games 1211:sagum 1158:sagum 1094:stola 1074:stola 1060:stola 1043:stola 1038:fides 1027:stola 1016:Women 1010:Pliny 965:sinus 878:Roman 872:, an 779:domus 756:herma 750:with 715:otium 586:stola 532:Vulci 485:te-pa 476:from 474:Italy 447:Greek 384:Laena 232:bulla 119:stola 105:. In 103:tunic 5776:Ruff 5756:Muff 5555:Qing 5385:Coif 5330:Apex 5262:Hose 4923:Gown 4885:Sinh 4782:Sbai 4744:Tops 4715:Toga 4564:ISBN 4545:ISBN 4491:ISBN 4472:ISBN 4440:ISBN 4421:ISBN 4402:ISBN 4383:ISBN 4364:ISBN 4296:ISBN 4277:ISBN 4258:ISBN 4243:ISBN 4223:ISBN 4204:ISBN 4155:ISBN 4134:ISBN 4107:ISBN 4061:ISBN 4043:Chic 4011:ISBN 3965:ISBN 3936:ISBN 3819:ISBN 3781:ISBN 3754:ISBN 3722:ISBN 3685:ISBN 3645:ISBN 3603:ISBN 3584:ISBN 3514:ISBN 3495:ISBN 3467:ISBN 3439:ISBN 2916:ISBN 2863:ISBN 2823:ISBN 1810:ISBN 1761:ISBN 1597:and 1494:and 1488:umbo 1476:umbo 1468:umbo 1466:The 1459:The 1327:Paul 1035:and 969:umbo 846:Nero 823:grex 636:Livy 307:. 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