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764:, one of the physicians who assisted the wounded, testified that wounded people running away were shot, and that many were again wounded by the clubs and bare fists of the police. No arms were found in the hands of the wounded civilians, nor on the dead ones. About 150 of the demonstrators were arrested immediately afterward and were later released on bail.
630:
729:, and about 235 were wounded. The dead included 17 men, one woman, and a seven-year-old girl. Some of the dead were demonstrators, while others were simply passers-by. Many were chased by the police and shot or clubbed at the entrance of their houses as they tried to escape. Others were taken from their hiding places and killed.
1074:
956:, which was triviliazed by the FBI as "The Arecibo Incident." He ordered Ismael Díaz Matos, a Nationalist leader, to attack the local police station. Díaz Matos did as commanded and killed four policemen before fleeing. Fellow Nationalist Hipólito Miranda Díaz was killed while covering his comrades' escape.
1019:
Both of these men - Mendoza and
Pacheco - provided the FBI with copious and detailed information about the membership, structure, funding, and activities of the Cadets of the Republic. In providing the FBI this information, both men betrayed the Nationalist movement. Pacheco, of course, betrayed his
792:
at the time, wrote a letter to
President Roosevelt, read as follows: "The point I am to make is that the Governor himself through his military approach to things has helped keep Puerto Rico in an unnecessary state of turmoil. He seems to think that the political problem of Puerto Rico limits itself
704:
The flag-bearer of the cadets was shot and killed during the massacre. A young girl named Carmen Fernández proceeded to take the flag, but was shot and gravely injured. A young cadet named Bolívar Márquez, despite being mortally wounded, dragged himself to a wall and wrote the following message with
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Instead, President Truman distanced himself entirely from the uprisings, and acted as if they had never occurred. In addition, the news of the U.S. military response, which killed dozens of Puerto Ricans and wounded hundreds more, was prevented from spreading outside of Puerto Rico. Instead, it was
772:
The year after the Ponce massacre, on July 25, 1938, Governor
Winship decided to celebrate the invasion of Puerto Rico by the United States with a military parade. For a venue, he specifically chose the city of Ponce, in order to demonstrate that his "Law and Order" policy had been a successful one
662:
Without notice to the organizers, or any opportunity to appeal, or any time to arrange an alternate venue, the permits were abruptly withdrawn, just before the protest was scheduled to begin
Colonel Orbeta, Chief of Police under governor Winship, went to Ponce concentrating police units from across
566:
Cadets swore to be faithful to the
Nationalist Party and to participate in public activities organized by the party. Contrary to what some believe, they did not swear to overthrow the Government of the United States. They did, however, vow to fight for Puerto Rico's independence from colonial rule,
808:
By the 1950s, López de
Victoria held the rank of "Colonel-Sub-Commander" of the cadets, second only in the organization to Díaz Pacheco. Membership in the cadets began to dwindle as a result of the persecution which the cadets were subject to by local and federal agencies of United States. In the
700:
and to continue with their march. As the
Nationalists began marching the police - empowered by the North American police chief and encouraged by the governor - opened fire on the cadets and bystanders alike. Firing with impunity for over 15 minutes from four different positions, they killed men,
780:
The dead included
Nationalist Angel Esteban Antongiorgi, and National Guard Colonel Luis Irizarry. Despite the Nationalist Party's disavowal of any participation in the attack, several Nationalists were arrested and nine were accused of "murder and conspiracy to incite violence." Among the nine
551:
Cadet candidates were taught the ideals of the party by the
Nationalist Municipal Board President. They were then required to take an oath of allegiance to the PRNP. During the verbal oath ceremony the cadets had to place a hand on the Nationalist flag, which was itself symbolic.
491:
776:
The parade was greeted with a hail of bullets fired towards the grandstand, in an attempt to assassinate
Governor Winship. It was the first time in Puerto Rican history that an attempt was made on a governor's life. Winship escaped unscathed, but 36 other people were wounded.
574:
Commandant Enamorado Cuesta was impressed with the skills of López de Victoria and eventually named him Captain of the cadets in Ponce. López de Victoria completely dedicated himself to the military organizational structure of his group and to the ideals of his party.
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Hundreds of cadets and Nationalists, which included López de Victoria, were arrested by mid-November 1950, and the party was never the same. The Cadets of the Republic ceased to function as an officially organized military organ of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party.
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948:
It was estimated by the FBI that 40 per cent of the cadet membership participated in the revolts. They participated in every incident of the revolts, however among the more notable incidents in which the cadets were involved were the following:
570:
As a cadet, López de Victoria received his military training from José Enamorado Cuesta, a cadet drill instructor. López de Victoria practiced military drills and was taught military tactics. He used a wooden rifle during his training.
520:
Lodge in Ponce founded by the members of the Puerto Rican Free Masons, who were also advocates of Puerto Rican independence. As member of the Nationalist Party, he was recruited into the Ponce branch of the Cadets of the Republic.
982:, and the Puerto Rican Insular Police - all of whom were aligned against the Nationalists. This force included the machine-gunning of Nationalists and cadets alike, and the aerial bombing of the towns of Jayuya and Utuado.
959:
Díaz Matos and his group were captured and arrested by the National Guard. Among the cadets arrested and charged with organizing the attack, were López de Victoria and Juan Jaca Hernández, cadet Captain of Arecibo.
793:
to a fight between himself and the Nationalists, that no holds are barred in that fight and that everybody else should keep out. As a matter of fact he has played the Nationalist game and they have played his.
1726:
689:
López de Victoria, was in charge of the cadets in the parade. Moments before the march began, the head of the insular police walked up to López de Victoria and ordered him to keep the cadets from marching.
1976:
412:
2641:
888:
Various incidents between the government and the party led to call for an armed revolt by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party against United States Government rule over Puerto Rico.
513:, the party president. In 1932, López de Victoria swore allegiance to the Nationalist Party before Eufemio Rodríguez Pérez, the president of Ponce's Municipal Board of officers.
2636:
2526:
910:
455:
138:
1949:
1662:
1786:
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López de Victoria's political ideals were influenced by his sister and by the local Nationalist leader José Enamorado Cuesta, who introduced him to the teachings of Don
2255:
2626:
2551:
1723:
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reports on the leaders of the Puerto Rican independence movement. However, little is known of what became of Tomás López de Victoria, the Sub-Commander of the
1643:"Latino Americans and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook". By Sharon Ann Navarro and Armando Xavier Mejia. 2004. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc.
1457:
405:
2546:
1029:
158:
674:(Commander) of the Cadets of the Republic, the members of the Ponce branch of the cadets, and the women's branch of the Nationalist Party known as the
563:
of Calatrava and later by the French revolutionaries. The black background symbolized the mourning of the Puerto Rican nation in colonial captivity.
454:
On October 30, 1950, a series of revolts occurred in scattered locations in Puerto Rico in opposition to U.S. colonial rule. These were known as the
1939:
1845:
1919:
608:
398:
1538:
1517:
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Winship jailed many Nationalists, who served 8 years in the State Penitentiary of Puerto Rico. Since this action was unjust, the next Governor
451:, when the police fired their weapons against the Nationalists and innocent bystanders, killing 18 Puerto Ricans and wounding over 200 others.
2646:
1746:
1685:
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1585:
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against the Nationalists. Since 19 Puerto Ricans had been slaughtered in Ponce just one year earlier, this decision proved to be disastrous.
1859:
1499:
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Nationalists accused was Lopez de Victoria and fellow cadets Elifaz Escobar, Santiago Gonzalez Castro, Juan Pietri and Prudencio Segarra.
682:
760:
Leopold Tormes, a member of the Puerto Rican legislature, told reporters how a policeman murdered a Nationalist with his bare hands. Dr.
163:
447:
branch of cadets, led his group in a peaceful march in the city of Ponce. The march turned into a bloody police slaughter known as the
2057:
1423:
1124:
1092:
596:
478:. Shortly after his birth, his mother Rita Laboy and sister Pura moved to his grandmother's house in the barrio Quarto of the City of
591:, Erasmo Velázquez, Julio H. Velázquez, Rafael Ortiz Pacheco, Juan Gallardo Santiago, and Pablo Rosado Ortiz. They were charged with
2150:
1701:
1617:
528:, was a quasi-military youth organization of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. Also known as the "Liberation Army of Puerto Rico"
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2145:
2087:
1273:
379:
2160:
2012:
1934:
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1929:
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The Nationalist Party and the cadets wanted to celebrate a peaceful parade in Ponce on March 21, 1937, in commemoration of the
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913:, began on October 30, 1950, upon the orders of Nationalist leader Albizu Campos, with uprisings in various towns, among them
2270:
1337:
499:
86:
46:
436:. These cadets were the official youth organization within the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. They were also known as the
2486:
2175:
1944:
2240:
2235:
2077:
1924:
1838:
1454:
1134:
685:"Viva la Republica, Abajo los Asesinos" message which cadet Bolivar Marquez Telechea wrote with his blood before he died
2536:
942:
148:
2415:
2052:
2042:
2032:
1151:
1119:
659:(who had been appointed by US president Franklin Delano Roosevelt) demanded the immediate withdrawal of the permits.
369:
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2125:
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1992:
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35:
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96:
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Aguedo Ramos Mendoza (who once served as Commander of Instruction for the cadets) and Faustino Díaz Pacheco (the
503:
309:
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667:
231:
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1223:
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324:
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of Cadet Commander Ramon Díaz Pacheco) both "cooperated" with the FBI, and provided them vital and ongoing
2445:
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1965:
1310:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1203:
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922:
588:
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334:
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124:
68:
1741:"El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza"; by Pedro Aponte Vázquez; Page 2; Publisher: Publicaciones RENÉ;
990:
2516:
2395:
2320:
1238:
1188:
1087:
789:
251:
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129:
2400:
2285:
2205:
2170:
2082:
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761:
506:. López de Victoria's sister Pura, was a member of the Ponce Municipal Board of officers of the party.
359:
186:
2621:
2501:
2410:
1970:
1914:
1514:
1415:
648:
364:
1696:"Strategy as Politics"; by: Jorge Rodriguez Beruff; Publisher: Universidad de Puerto Rico; pg. 178;
989:
take direct charge in all matters concerning Puerto Rico. In addition, the Governor of Puerto Rico,
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2280:
2215:
2195:
2067:
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1455:"¡Atención, firmes, de frente, marchen!"- Tomás López de Victoria - Por José Manuel Dávila Marichal
1325:
1168:
1129:
975:
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The revolt of October 1950 failed because of the overwhelming force used by the U.S. military, the
797:
510:
291:
181:
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479:
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276:
256:
191:
2390:
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2007:
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1815:
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1183:
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López de Victoria responded by ordering the cadet band to play the Puerto Rican national anthem
354:
314:
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2140:
2135:
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1742:
1712:
1697:
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1613:
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1419:
1320:
647:, the military instructor of the Cadets of the Republic, received permission from Ponce Mayor
261:
1802:
2582:
2375:
2092:
2017:
1997:
1823:
1680:; by: Jorge Rodriguez Beruff; Publisher: La Editorial; Universidad de Puerto Rico; page 27;
1300:
1156:
1079:
695:
490:
236:
1048:- except that, in 1954, he was still incarcerated in a United States Federal penitentiary.
2541:
2531:
2315:
2305:
2225:
2002:
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1730:
1666:
1521:
1503:
1285:
1114:
938:
934:
656:
583:
On April 3, 1936, a Federal Grand Jury submitted accusations against Pedro Albizu Campos,
502:, founded on September 17, 1922, is a political party whose main objective is to work for
458:. On that day of October 30, López de Victoria led the Nationalist revolt in the town of
226:
153:
143:
651:
to proceed with the parade. However, upon learning of the planned protest, the colonial
2511:
2491:
2310:
2180:
1357:
1342:
1290:
726:
623:
448:
196:
119:
543:
2615:
2425:
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2330:
2102:
1816:"Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico"; FBI Files; (NPPR); SJ 100-3; Vol. 26; Pages 44-63
1461:
1305:
1233:
1198:
785:
612:
344:
246:
211:
1414:"War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America's Colony"; Author:
895:) designation of Puerto Rico - a designation widely recognized as a colonial farce.
2562:
Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
2420:
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2335:
2220:
1382:
1295:
1228:
1218:
1041:
1013:
986:
635:
556:
339:
329:
216:
559:
on the middle of a black background. The Cross of Calatrava was first used by the
2260:
2245:
2165:
1713:
THE IMPRISONMENT OF MEN AND WOMEN FIGHTING COLONIALISM, 1898 - 1958, 1930 - 1940
926:
918:
681:
1497:"FBI Files"; "Puerto Rico Nationalist Party"; SJ 100-3; Vol. 23; pages 104-134.
993:
was required to consult directly with the White House. But this did not occur.
898:
1898:
1763:; Helfeld, D. M.; Revista del Colegio de Abogados de Puerto Rico; volumen = 25
1055:
809:
1950s the official hierarchy of the Cadets of the Republic was the following:
746:
604:
16:
Commander of the Cadets of the Republic of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
629:
560:
517:
891:
The revolts specifically repudiated the so-called "Free Associated State" (
663:
the island, among which he included all the machine gunners in the island.
626:
and to protest the jailing of its leaders, including Pedro Albizu Campos.
2599:
592:
639:
was covering the march and took this photograph when the shooting began.
1893:
1883:
1386:
953:
914:
459:
1888:
1141:
19th Century female leaders of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement
784:
Winship proceeded to declare war against the Nationalists, to which
1104:
19th Century male leaders of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement
897:
680:
628:
542:
534:
666:
Amongst the participants present for the peaceful activity were
1827:
1772:
1006:
FBI Files - Puerto Rico Nationalist Party; (SJ 100-3; Vol. 23),
532:, they were organized in the 1930s by Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos.
1037:
1033:
979:
633:
Carlos Torres Morales, a photo journalist for the newspaper
555:
The flag showed a white Calatrava Cross, also known as the
1332:
Articles related to the Puerto Rican Independence Movement
482:. There he received his primary and secondary education.
443:
On March 21, 1937, López de Victoria, as Captain of the
1761:
Discrimination for Political Beliefs and Associations
1577:
Luis Muñoz Marín: Puerto Rico's democratic revolution
643:
Several days before the scheduled Palm Sunday march,
1660:
The Ponce Massacre, why is it important to remember?
1280:
Female members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
717:("Long live the Republic, Down with the Murderers!")
2591:
2570:
2479:
2269:
2111:
1985:
1958:
1907:
1866:
911:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
800:was constrained to pardon these same Nationalists.
734:
139:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
60:
52:
42:
28:
21:
1950:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
1163:Male members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1016:about the cadets, for a period of several years.
952:López de Victoria led the revolt in the town of
524:The Cadets of the Republic, known in Spanish as
1395: and the second or maternal family name is
985:United States law mandated that U.S. President
708:
705:his own blood, before succumbing to his wounds:
67:López de Victoria was the Sub-Commander of the
2642:Imprisoned Puerto Rican independence activists
1839:
406:
8:
1609:Latino Americans and political participation
997:called an "incident between Puerto Ricans."
1418:; Publisher: Nation Books (April 7, 2015);
2637:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party politicians
1846:
1832:
1824:
413:
399:
159:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
101:Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
77:
18:
1639:
1637:
1635:
933:. The most notable uprisings occurred in
712:"¡Viva la República, Abajo los asesinos!"
1940:Hostosian National Independence Movement
811:
489:
1920:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
1436:
1373:
609:federal government of the United States
85:
2583:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
2527:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
1977:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
1756:
1754:
804:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
731:
516:López de Victoria was a member of the
456:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts
440:(The Liberation Army of Puerto Rico).
2552:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
1570:
1568:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
748:newsreel scenes of the Ponce massacre
7:
1860:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
1580:. Editorial UPR. 2006. p. 152.
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
530:(Ejército Libertador de Puerto Rico)
2627:People from Juana Díaz, Puerto Rico
725:Nineteen people were killed in the
539:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Flag
494:Cadets of the Republic in formation
164:1954 United States Capitol shooting
1553:(in Spanish). Proyecto Salón Hogar
1093:List of revolutions and rebellions
597:Title 18 of the United States Code
438:Ejército Libertador de Puerto Rico
14:
1032:, it is currently known that the
1854:
1724:Law Library Microform Consortium
1072:
1058:
905:The National Guard occupy Jayuya
768:Attempt against Governor Winship
740:
95:
1930:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1353:Puerto Rican Independence Party
470:López de Victoria (birth name:
2466:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
2098:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
1935:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1338:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1274:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
500:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
380:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
47:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1:
2487:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
2401:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
2161:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
2013:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
1472:Ribes Tovar et al., p.106-109
1147:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
567:by whatever means necessary.
472:Tomás López de Victoria Laboy
432:and the Sub-Commander of the
360:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
2647:Puerto Rican revolutionaries
2547:Truman assassination attempt
1925:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
1385:, the first or paternal
1028:Through the mandates of the
2537:San Juan Nationalist revolt
2146:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
1040:filed millions of pages of
149:San Juan Nationalist revolt
2663:
1915:Union Party of Puerto Rico
1515:FBI Files on Puerto Ricans
1380:
1030:Freedom of Information Act
967:
909:The revolts, known as the
474:) was born in the town of
2241:María de Lourdes Santiago
2236:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
2078:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
1135:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
739:
504:Puerto Rican independence
65:
56:Puerto Rican independence
2073:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
2043:Francisco Ramírez Medina
2033:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
1539:The Ponce Massacre(1937)
1120:Francisco Ramírez Medina
847:José Antonio Vélez Lugo
834:Colonel - Sub-Commander
831:Tomás López de Victoria
678:(Daughters of Freedom).
595:and other violations of
428:(1911–????) was a
2557:Cerro Maravilla murders
2502:Levantamiento de Ciales
2461:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
2381:Tomás López de Victoria
2366:Andres Figueroa Cordero
2356:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
2176:José M. Dávila Monsanto
2038:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
2028:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
2023:Eugenio María de Hostos
1993:Ramón Emeterio Betances
1908:Political organizations
1269:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
1224:Andres Figueroa Cordero
1209:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
1110:Ramón Emeterio Betances
866:Captain of Rio Piedras
657:General Blanton Winship
653:governor of Puerto Rico
526:Cadetes de la República
476:Juana Díaz, Puerto Rico
426:Tomás López de Victoria
325:Andres Figueroa Cordero
320:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
287:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
242:Tomás López de Victoria
81:Part of a series on the
36:Juana Díaz, Puerto Rico
23:Tomás López de Victoria
2632:Politicians from Ponce
2456:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
2351:Isabel Freire de Matos
2341:Juan Antonio Corretjer
2291:Margot Arce de Vázquez
2121:Antonio Rafael Barceló
2048:José Gualberto Padilla
1986:19th century activists
1966:Cadets of the Republic
1959:Militant organizations
1311:Isabel Freire de Matos
1264:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
1204:Juan Antonio Corretjer
1098:Cadets of the Republic
1046:Cadets of the Republic
970:Cadets of the Republic
906:
879:Heriberto Castro Ríos
823:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
722:
686:
640:
585:Juan Antonio Corretjer
548:
540:
495:
486:Cadets of the Republic
434:Cadets of the Republic
335:Isabel Freire de Matos
310:Margot Arce de Vázquez
282:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
222:Juan Antonio Corretjer
125:Cadets of the Republic
69:Cadets of the Republic
2416:Helen Rodríguez Trías
2396:Francisco Matos Paoli
2361:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
2321:Rafael Cancel Miranda
2256:Carlos Alberto Torres
2156:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
2112:20th and 21st century
2053:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
1867:Indigenous resistance
1551:"La Masacre de Ponce"
1239:Francisco Matos Paoli
1214:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
1189:Rafael Cancel Miranda
1152:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
1088:List of Puerto Ricans
901:
893:Estado Libre Asociado
855:Ramón Pedroza Rivera
790:University of Chicago
684:
668:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
632:
587:, Luis F. Velázquez,
546:
538:
493:
370:Helen Rodríguez Trías
252:Francisco Matos Paoli
232:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
202:Rafael Cancel Miranda
2507:Río Piedras massacre
2211:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
2191:Víctor Manuel Gerena
2126:Félix Benítez Rexach
1971:Boricua Popular Army
1678:Strategy as Politics
1416:Nelson Antonio Denis
1348:Río Piedras massacre
874:Captain of Santurce
850:Captain of Mayagüez
839:Juan Jaca Hernández
701:women and children.
676:Hijas de la Libertad
624:abolition of slavery
603:is the criminal and
385:Félix Benítez Rexach
304:Notable nationalists
115:Río Piedras massacre
2578:Grito de Lares flag
2471:Olga Viscal Garriga
2446:Clemente Soto Vélez
2436:Vidal Santiago Díaz
2346:José Ferrer Canales
2281:Pedro Albizu Campos
2231:Ángel Rivero Méndez
2216:Antonio S. Pedreira
2201:Luis Lloréns Torres
2196:Edwin Irizarry Mora
2068:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
1326:Olga Viscal Garriga
1254:Clemente Soto Vélez
1244:Vidal Santiago Díaz
1169:Pedro Albizu Campos
1130:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
976:U.S. National Guard
871:Antonio Colón Save
842:Captain of Arecibo
826:Commander-in-Chief
798:Rexford Guy Tugwell
788:, a student at the
589:Clemente Soto Vélez
511:Pedro Albizu Campos
350:José Ferrer Canales
292:Olga Viscal Garriga
272:Clemente Soto Vélez
267:Vidal Santiago Díaz
182:Pedro Albizu Campos
176:Nationalist leaders
2497:Intentona de Yauco
2451:Griselio Torresola
2406:Ruth Mary Reynolds
2301:Casimiro Berenguer
2251:Alejandrina Torres
2206:Oscar López Rivera
2171:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
2088:Fernando Fernandez
2083:Manuel Zeno Gandía
1789:2009-08-26 at the
1729:2010-12-14 at the
1665:2013-06-14 at the
1612:. ABC-CLIO. 2004.
1520:2015-09-24 at the
1502:2013-11-01 at the
1363:Intentona de Yauco
1316:Ruth Mary Reynolds
1259:Griselio Torresola
1179:Casimiro Berenguer
1066:Puerto Rico portal
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882:Captain of Utuado
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617:criminal procedure
601:United States Code
599:. Title 18 of the
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430:political activist
277:Griselio Torresola
257:Ruth Mary Reynolds
192:Casimiro Berenguer
109:Events and revolts
2609:
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2521:Ley de la Mordaza
2411:Germán Rieckehoff
2326:José Coll y Cuchí
2273:Nationalist Party
2186:Leopoldo Figueroa
2136:Americo Boschetti
1784:NY Latino Journal
1747:978-1-931702-01-0
1686:978-0-8477-0160-5
1649:978-1-85109-523-0
1587:978-0-8477-0158-2
1392:López de Victoria
1194:José Coll y Cuchí
1004:According to the
886:
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858:Captain of Ponce
818:Rank and Company
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207:José Coll y Cuchí
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1557:January 10,
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1431:References
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2571:Symbols
2517:Gag Law
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1387:surname
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