1291:. Most modern languages phonemically have only one of these, but show some allomorphic variation between the two, with one or the other being considered basic. However, Coatepec Totonac is reported to have both phonemes, and more recent reconstructions of the proto-Totonacan consonant inventory have proposed that both were present in that language. The glottal stop is a marginal phoneme in most of the languages and is posited primarily for morphological reasons. The phonological system is fairly typical of Mesoamerica.
4185:
722:
Lowland/Coastal varieties. Recent efforts at reconstruction and evidence from lexical similarity further suggest that
Southern/Sierra and Lowland group together against Northern, although this is still uncertain, pending more exhaustive investigation. The most recent proposal for the family is as follows:
1494:
with nominative/accusative alignment and a flexible constituent order governed by information structure. Syntactic relations between the verb and its arguments are marked by agreement with the subject and one or sometimes two objects. There is no morphological case on nouns and many languages in the
713:
Coyutla
Totonac is grouped with South Central Totonac by INALI while Tecpatlán Totonac is included in the North Central Totonac group. Other recent attempts at classification have suggested that some of these divisions, particularly North Central, Costal, and South Central, and are far too broad and
3645:
A prominent feature of
Totonacan languages is the presence of sound symbolism. The most common (but by no means only) sound-symbolic pattern in Totonacan involves fricative alterations, typically /s/ ~ /š/ ~ /ɬ/ and occasionally /ts/ ~ /č/ ~ /š/ correlated either with increasingly more energetic or
721:
is the most distinctive, and the remaining languages form a more closely related group. Divisions amongst the latter group, which might be referred to as "Central
Totonac," are unclear, though most researchers agree that there is at least a three-way division between Northern, Southern/Sierra, and
159:
Totonacan languages were spoken all along the gulf coast of Mexico. During the colonial period, Totonacan languages were occasionally written and at least one grammar was produced. In the 20th century the number of speakers of most varieties have dwindled as indigenous identity increasingly became
3101:
In several of the languages, kinship terms and words referring to parts of the body and objects are inherently possessed—that is, they are obligatorily marked for a possessor. When an inherently possessed noun is used in a generic expression, a special indefinite possessor prefix
3702:‘augmentative’). In general, the productivity of the sound-symbolic alternations is highly variable within and across languages of the family, and many languages preserve for a given stem only one of a set of two or three alternates that can be reconstructed for proto-Totonacan.
2712:
Another important role that bodypart prefixes play in
Totonacan languages is in the formulation of expressions of the spatial location of objects, which combine a part-prefix with one of four posture verbs (words for ’sit’, ‘stand’, ‘lie’, and ‘be high’):
2526:
whereby special prefixing combining forms of body-parts may be added to verbs. When these prefixes are added, they generally serve to delimit the verb's locus of affect; that is, they indicate which part of the subject or object is affected by the action.
285:
recognizes 12 languages in the
Totonacan family, three Tepehua languages and nine Totonac. This classification is the basis of the latest version of the ISO language codes for Totonacan, although some of these classifications are disputed.
203:
is generally considered to consist of three languages—Pisaflores, Huehuetla, and
Tlachichilco—while the Totonac branch is considerably more diverse. MacKay (1999) divides Totonac into four divisions, based on García Rojas (1978):
1507:
is marked on the possessed noun, the head of the NP. Otherwise, nouns are uninflected, number being an optional category and grammatical gender being absent from the languages. Numerals quantifying nouns bear
2147:
The third applicative prefix that is shared across the family is analyzed in most of the languages as an instrumental applicative and is used to add an object used as an instrument or a means to a clause:
4170:
1454:
Tepehua has lost the phonemic laryngealization of vowels and has ejective stops where
Totonac has creaky vowels preceded by stops. Some Totonac languages have five-vowel systems, having developed
717:
A further drawback of the
Ethnologue and INALI classifications is the lack of lower-level subgroups beyond the two-way division into Totonac and Tepehua. In the Totonac branch of the family,
2514:
as it is in
Totonac, and in Tlachichilco and Huehuetla it is analyzed as a directional ("DIR") rather than an instrumental. The prefix seems to be less frequent in Tepehua than in Totonac.
2709:
It is worthwhile to note that the prefixation does not decrease the valency of the verb, differentiating this process from true noun incorporation as the term is usually understood.
9390:
8416:
5175:. Paper read at the conference “Problemy izuchenija dal’nego rodstva jazykov (k 55 -leti C. A. Starostina),”. Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, March 25–28, 2008.
1028:
There is some variation in the sound systems of the different varieties of Totonac and Tepehua, but the following phoneme inventory can be considered a typical Totonacan inventory.
8407:
9400:
5579:
4911:
3714:
reconstructions and descendants is taken from MacKay and Trechsel (2018), using data from several other studies. The reconstructions and descendants are written in
7689:
1283:
This consonant inventory is essentially equivalent to that reconstructed for proto-Totonacan by Arana Osnaya (1953, with the exception of the two back fricatives,
9296:
1512:
prefixes, something that is unusual cross-linguistically as affixal classifiers tend heavily to be suffixes. Totonacan languages are also known for their use of
7824:
4423:
5791:
3690:
Comparative as well as language-internal evidence suggests that the pattern of consonantal alternations may have their origins in affixes indicating grade—
163:
The Totonacan languages have only recently been compared to other families on the basis of historical-comparative linguistics, though they share numerous
9395:
5225:
1802:
In some languages like Upper Necaxa, the suffix is analyzed as part of the causative morpheme, but in others it is treated as a separate transitivizer.
840:
Lexical comparison also suggests that, for Tepehua, Pisaflores and Huehuetla may be more closely related to each other than either is to Tlalchichilco.
615:
8400:
8420:
5090:
4947:
4467:
7314:
7204:
6785:
1215:
1179:
1270:
5230:"Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas"
9269:
5572:
1256:
6286:
5241:
9349:
7471:
3813:
826:
8393:
7817:
5382:
5030:
7447:
5521:
Smythe Kung, Susan (2006). "Simbolismo sonoro y lenguaje expresivo en el tepehua de Huehuetla ". In Morúa, María del Carmen (ed.).
1478:
From a typological perspective, the Totonac–Tepehua family presents a fairly consistent profile, and exhibits many features of the
9436:
9405:
6686:
1222:
1186:
8799:
9426:
8768:
6605:
6541:
5784:
3133:
prefix which changes based on the type, shape or measure of object being counted. This is illustrated for one of the languages
7218:
6969:
6460:
5254:
5565:
5159:
7331:
6466:
2778:
These constructions alternate with expressions using the independent (full) form of the part as a preposition-like element:
8139:
7684:
6291:
6077:
6071:
5995:
1903:
1486:, and extensive use of body part morphemes in metaphorical and locative constructions. The Totonacan languages are highly
775:
7378:
6666:
5392:
MacKay, Carolyn; Trechsel, Frank R. (2012a). "Tepehua de Pisaflores, Veracruz". In Paulette Levy & David Beck (ed.).
2967:
The person of the possessor is indicated by a prefix and the number of the possessor by a suffix, as shown by the follow
9431:
7810:
7694:
7679:
6679:
6437:
6398:
5401:
MacKay, Carolyn; Trechsel, Frank R. (2012b). "Totonaco de Misantla, Veracruz". In Paulette Levy & David Beck (ed.).
5186:
4326:
Población de 5 años y más hablante de alguna lengua indígena y número de localidades por variante lingüística según sexo
1479:
1208:
1172:
168:
9117:
7453:
6311:
8360:
7674:
7668:
6726:
6644:
6617:
6321:
5512:
Roman Lobato, Gabriela (2012). "Totonaco de San JUan Ozelonacaxtla, Puebla". In Paulette Levy & David Beck (ed.).
4432:
1378:
1373:
1238:
9354:
7240:
6698:
6356:
6316:
6306:
5270:
Lam, Yvonne (2009). "The straw that broke the language's back: Language shift in the Upper Necaxa Valley of Mexico".
5326:
Levy, Paulette (1999). "From "part" to "shape": Incorporation in Totonac and the issue of classification by verbs".
9446:
8735:
6901:
6496:
6326:
6012:
5777:
5758:
5317:
Levy, Paulette (1992). "Body Part Prefixes in Papantla Totonac". In de Lourdes, Léon; Levinson, Stephen C. (eds.).
1441:
1436:
1263:
1129:
1122:
863:
252:
156:
7459:
7435:
7410:
7383:
7366:
6274:
5845:
3646:
forceful action or with the size of an event participant, as in the following examples from Upper Necaxa Totonac:
8089:
7652:
6376:
6331:
6301:
5800:
4421:
MacKay, Carolyn J.; Trechsel, Frank R. (January 2018). "An alternative reconstruction of Proto-Totonac-Tepehua".
1229:
9215:
8443:
8041:
7131:
6963:
6018:
5834:
5636:
9364:
9197:
8860:
8350:
8274:
8178:
8064:
7699:
7506:
7143:
6025:
5727:
5649:
5504:
5234:
5194:
de Léon, Lourdes; Levinson, Stephen C. (1992). "Spatial Description in Mesoamerican Languages (Introduction)".
5180:
3130:
2914:
2869:
2868:
which is sometimes (as here) analyzed as a nominalizing suffix. Because words for body parts are inflected for
1509:
1504:
1406:
1401:
1147:
238:
8385:
5355:
Levy, Paulette (2012). "Totonaco de Papantla: El Cerro del Carbón". In Paulette Levy & David Beck (ed.).
993:
942:
8119:
8109:
6704:
6629:
6032:
5982:
4912:"CLAS postgrad researcher Lucia Brandi in publishing first for Mexican indigenous language, Kgoyom Totonaco"
1140:
929:
575:
5126:
Brown, Cecil H.; Beck, David; Kondrak, Grzegorz; Watters, James K.; Wichmann, Søren (2011). "Totozoquean".
9191:
9149:
8958:
8924:
8642:
7961:
7718:
7566:
7361:
7356:
7137:
7090:
6720:
6637:
6296:
6280:
6088:
5989:
5852:
5828:
5643:
5588:
5155:
2078:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1288:
1284:
875:
618:(INALI) recognizes 10 distinct languages or "linguistic variants" in the family, 3 Tepehua and 7 Totonac
485:
341:
248:
8149:
6054:
4325:
2917:
constructions in Totonacan languages are marked on the possessed noun rather than on the possessor noun:
9359:
9305:
9224:
9202:
8843:
8725:
8365:
8345:
8269:
7966:
7918:
7868:
7764:
7662:
7351:
7154:
6944:
6933:
6895:
6502:
6476:
6381:
6371:
5970:
5821:
5742:
5722:
5662:
3827:
3759:
1822:
1555:
1529:
1246:
1098:
1091:
792:
444:
60:
9257:
9250:
7938:
7465:
7190:
5700:
5694:
1299:
Most Totonacan languages have a three-vowel system with each quality making distinctions of length and
997:
1715:
In many of the languages, the causative prefix is regularly or obligatorily associated with a suffix:
9184:
9032:
8598:
8564:
8129:
7996:
7739:
7624:
7496:
7304:
7277:
7260:
7228:
7126:
6840:
6765:
6692:
6471:
6448:
6420:
6351:
6262:
6043:
5630:
5250:
3794:
3752:
3715:
3134:
2975:
2959:
2921:
2839:
2782:
2717:
2616:
2498:
2434:
2425:
2331:
2319:
2223:
2134:
2059:
1894:
1794:
1719:
1707:
1627:
765:
760:
739:
589:
553:
499:
352:
9369:
9166:
9106:
9085:
8879:
8815:
8758:
8706:
8691:
8664:
8632:
8448:
8355:
8264:
8219:
8204:
8164:
8079:
8011:
7956:
7903:
7833:
7516:
7420:
7320:
7309:
7271:
7250:
7107:
6882:
6864:
6858:
6833:
6826:
6819:
6732:
6715:
6454:
6120:
6107:
6001:
5951:
5808:
5737:
5613:
3745:
1200:
1164:
1010:
946:
883:
781:
770:
563:
510:
430:
4957:
Andersen, G. P. (2012). "Totonaco del Cerro Xinolatéṕetl". In Levy, Paulette; Beck, David (eds.).
964:
9280:
9236:
9160:
9060:
9046:
8976:
8866:
8682:
8626:
8619:
8530:
8514:
8159:
8104:
7883:
7430:
7425:
7415:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7372:
7341:
7336:
7289:
7283:
7234:
7179:
7102:
6986:
6950:
6911:
6853:
6660:
6655:
6366:
6125:
6094:
6060:
6048:
6007:
5882:
5732:
5684:
5607:
5487:
5458:
5343:
5287:
5143:
5061:
5009:
4444:
3780:
2523:
1636:
1046:
1006:
989:
921:
913:
729:
571:
327:
316:
8503:
8194:
7527:
7490:
5423:
McFarland, Teresa (2012). "Totonaco de Filomeno Mata". In Paulette Levy & David Beck (ed.).
1014:
976:
892:
972:
917:
900:
879:
599:
567:
9344:
9286:
9039:
9022:
8997:
8983:
8838:
8701:
8696:
8658:
8541:
8304:
8234:
8199:
8184:
8124:
8114:
8094:
8046:
8021:
7933:
7908:
7888:
7532:
7521:
7501:
7441:
7346:
7326:
7265:
7245:
6956:
6917:
6888:
6876:
6813:
6759:
6737:
6710:
6650:
6623:
6442:
6403:
6393:
6361:
6234:
6160:
6142:
6136:
6038:
5956:
5870:
5839:
5548:
Watters, James K. (2012). "Tepehua de Tlachichilco". In Paulette Levy & David Beck (ed.).
5378:
5258:
5086:
5026:
4943:
4178:
3787:
2531:
1989:
1974:
1500:
1116:
1078:
1073:
1066:
1051:
871:
734:
470:
306:
260:
220:
192:
128:
95:
90:
1973:
construction in which both an actor and a co-actor of a verb are specified. For instance, in
1810:
One of the most frequently used valency-increasing affixes in the Totonacan languages is the
9441:
9374:
9319:
9312:
9230:
9171:
9099:
9092:
9011:
8969:
8934:
8892:
8873:
8848:
8809:
8788:
8782:
8745:
8652:
8550:
8496:
8489:
8482:
8461:
8324:
8319:
8284:
8254:
8189:
8144:
8084:
7981:
7976:
7928:
7913:
7878:
7873:
7749:
7609:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7548:
7542:
7537:
7511:
7404:
7299:
7223:
7161:
7113:
7048:
7041:
7034:
7027:
7020:
7009:
6993:
6928:
6923:
6906:
6847:
6741:
6673:
6584:
6551:
6529:
6519:
6415:
6387:
6336:
6257:
6241:
6227:
6209:
6202:
6188:
6148:
6130:
6114:
6100:
5922:
5905:
5668:
5618:
5530:
Smythe Kung, Susan (2012). "Tepehua de Huehuetla". In Paulette Levy & David Beck (ed.).
5479:
5450:
5335:
5279:
5135:
5078:
5053:
5001:
4436:
3820:
3773:
3766:
3738:
2628:
2232:
2089:
2068:
1300:
1061:
1041:
867:
749:
718:
525:
419:
373:
256:
234:
200:
196:
148:
2327:
In some of the languages, the instrumental can also be used for the expression of motives:
2111:
2040:
9177:
9134:
9127:
9004:
8990:
8940:
8854:
8829:
8752:
8718:
8712:
8609:
8575:
8475:
8437:
8329:
8309:
8299:
8289:
8279:
8259:
8224:
8169:
8099:
8074:
8001:
7986:
7971:
7858:
7744:
7619:
7604:
7573:
7294:
7255:
7120:
7066:
6938:
6800:
6566:
6561:
6426:
6341:
6222:
6215:
6195:
6177:
6082:
6065:
5864:
5717:
5624:
5211:(Master’s Thesis) (in Spanish). México D. F.: Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
3711:
1513:
1085:
1056:
968:
812:
797:
398:
172:
78:
55:
180:
9243:
9075:
9053:
8906:
8885:
8777:
8671:
8591:
8584:
8523:
8468:
8314:
8214:
8154:
8031:
8016:
7923:
7893:
7754:
7614:
7583:
7554:
7185:
7071:
7054:
7004:
6999:
6870:
6807:
6577:
6571:
6491:
6486:
6432:
6409:
6154:
5976:
5933:
5916:
5910:
5888:
5876:
5689:
2582:
2410:
2392:
2370:
2273:
2164:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2024:
2014:
1858:
1761:
1757:
803:
136:
5543:(in Spanish). México, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. pp. 293–319.
5516:(in Spanish). México, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. pp. 321–344.
5427:(in Spanish). México, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. pp. 269–291.
5405:(in Spanish). México, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. pp. 119–179.
5396:(in Spanish). México, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. pp. 107–118.
5104:(in Spanish). México, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. pp. 195–267.
4961:(in Spanish). México, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. pp. 181–193.
4184:
2935:
2804:
2592:
2565:
2555:
2475:
2303:
2204:
2178:
1981:'stay, be in a place' is intransitive but can take a comitative prefix to form a verb
1878:
1771:
1661:
110:
9420:
8947:
8913:
8899:
8557:
8454:
8209:
8134:
8069:
8036:
8006:
7991:
7638:
7578:
7560:
7076:
7060:
7014:
6771:
6591:
6556:
6546:
6524:
6481:
6346:
5927:
5859:
5534:(in Spanish). México, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. pp. 65–106.
5491:
5359:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. pp. 345–466.
5347:
5291:
5147:
5100:
Beck, David (2012). "Totonaco de Río Necaxa". In Levy, Paulette; Beck, David (eds.).
5065:
5013:
4448:
1688:
1491:
1487:
1320:
925:
455:
164:
5552:(in Spanish). México, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. pp. 43–64.
5539:
Tino, Jorge (2012). "Totonaco de Olintla". In Paulette Levy & David Beck (ed.).
1573:
8174:
8026:
6535:
5557:
2082:
1483:
1429:
1424:
1394:
1389:
1366:
1361:
1155:
362:
5163:
2662:
1925:
1840:
8377:
Note: The list of official languages is ordered by decreasing size of population.
8229:
5592:
5410:
MacKay, C. J.; Trechsel, F. R. (2015). "Totonac-Tepehua genetic relationships".
5229:
1815:
1811:
1355:
1315:
896:
5523:
Memorias del VIII Encuentro Internacional de Lingüística en el Noroeste, tomo 3
5110:
6182:
1970:
1414:
1325:
985:
514:
337:
282:
5550:
Las lenguas totonacas y tepehuas: Textos y otros materiales para sus estudios
5541:
Las lenguas totonacas y tepehuas: Textos y otros materiales para sus estudios
5532:
Las lenguas totonacas y tepehuas: Textos y otros materiales para sus estudios
5514:
Las lenguas totonacas y tepehuas: Textos y otros materiales para sus estudios
5425:
Las lenguas totonacas y tepehuas: Textos y otros materiales para sus estudios
5403:
Las lenguas totonacas y tepehuas: Textos y otros materiales para sus estudios
5394:
Las lenguas totonacas y tepehuas: Textos y otros materiales para sus estudios
5366:
Las lenguas totonacas y tepehuas: Textos y otros materiales para sus estudios
5357:
Las lenguas totonacas y tepehuas: Textos y otros materiales para sus estudios
5102:
Las lenguas totonacas y tepehuas: Textos y otros materiales para sus estudios
4959:
Las lenguas totonacas y tepehuas: Textos y otros materiales para sus estudios
5769:
5262:
1541:
1525:
1496:
481:
230:
104:
3371:
The following table compares the numeral bases of six Totonacan languages.
5483:
5283:
5082:
5042:"Ideophones, adverbs, and predicate qualification in Upper Necaxa Totonac"
2902:, the object on whose crown the book is located (see the section below on
2624:
The prefixes can also be used to specify the shape of an affected object:
843:
MacKay and Trechsel (2018) provide the following internal classification:
594:
558:
530:
504:
475:
449:
424:
403:
378:
357:
332:
311:
160:
stigmatized encouraging speakers to adopt Spanish as their main language.
4905:
4174:
2968:
2396:
2374:
1544:
938:
904:
543:
539:
535:
489:
459:
434:
388:
384:
274:
270:
212:
140:
17:
5196:
Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung
1741:
1470:, respectively, conditioned by proximity to uvular stops or fricatives.
7863:
5470:
Nichols, Johanna (1986). "Head-marking and dependent-marking grammar".
714:
include varieties that might also be classified as separate languages.
408:
216:
176:
132:
7802:
5462:
4296:
Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2023).
2808:
2731:
2032:
1917:
1676:
1604:
1588:
8294:
7759:
7657:
4979:
Arana Osnaya, Evangelina (1953). "Reconstruccion del protototonaco".
4252:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
603:
579:
152:
144:
48:
5368:(in Spanish). México, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
5303:(in Spanish). México, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
5041:
1600:
5454:
5339:
5139:
5057:
5005:
4440:
2743:
2643:
2483:
2285:
2281:
2208:
2200:
2182:
2044:
1929:
1651:
5434:
Gramatica de la lengua totonaca (Coatepec, Sierra Norte de Puebla)
4183:
3106:
in most of the languages that have it) is used—e.g. Upper Necaxa
3034:
1495:
family lack prepositions, making use instead of a rich system of
183:
language family, although this has yet to be firmly established.
5441:
Mithun, Marianne (1984). "The Evolution of Noun Incorporation".
2419:
and so if be.hungry-IMPF:2SG.SUB INST-vocalize-IMPF:2SG.SUB INTJ
2388:
2277:
2174:
1569:
8389:
7806:
7778:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
5773:
5561:
3129:
Numerals in Totonacan languages are bound roots that require a
3054:
2762:
2739:
2479:
2028:
1947:
3368:
In total, Upper Necaxa has around 30 classificatory prefixes.
2316:‘ “I just got rich with (i.e. selling) those ashes”, he says.’
2103:
1836:
1303:. The following is the "typical" Totonacan vocalic inventory.
5525:(in Spanish). Hermosillo: Editorial UniSon. pp. 331–354.
4297:
2887:
has a third-person singular possessive prefix, linking it to
2036:
2003:
1672:
131:
of closely related languages spoken by approximately 290,000
2666:
2456:
2255:
1844:
1692:
1584:
1462:
phonemes, whereas in others and are clearly allomorphs of
5220:(in Spanish). México, D.F.: Instituto Nacional Indigenísta.
4389:
4387:
4385:
4383:
1753:
1749:
1684:
1596:
3107:
3082:
3066:
3044:
3024:
3006:
2990:
2873:
2863:
2848:
1868:
2735:
2670:
2400:
2378:
1985:
meaning 'stay with someone', someone being the co-actor:
1921:
1848:
1745:
1680:
1621:
REL:H=ahora PAST-3PL.SUB-CAUS-head-gathered-PROG-3PL head
1592:
5436:. México, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
5025:. Languages of the World/Materials 429. Munich: Lincom.
4328:[Linguistic Variants of Mexico by Gender, 2000]
2522:
The Totonacan languages exhibit a phenomenon similar to
4889:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4256:
2545:
2422:‘ “And if you're hungry, that's why you cry out, then.’
2313:
I just=CL that 1SUB-INST-INCH-rich-PFV this-ash EVI-say
5501:
Diccionario de Totonaco de Xicotepec de Juarez, Puebla
4940:
Classifiers: A typology of noun categorization devices
2072:
179:. Recent work suggests a possible genetic link to the
4767:
4765:
2705:‘He went to, what do you call it?, cut a birch tree,’
1701:
arrive.there-PFV EVI-see COMP-3PL.SUB-CAUS-burn-PF=CL
5111:"Consonant play in lexical sets in Northern Totonac"
4267:
4265:
2310:
kit čaa=ču ut ik-lii-ta-riku-la(ɬ) wḭn-ɬkak̰ maa-wan
1503:, and prefixes for body parts and parts of objects.
9383:
9337:
9295:
9268:
9148:
9116:
9074:
9021:
8957:
8923:
8828:
8798:
8767:
8734:
8681:
8641:
8608:
8574:
8540:
8513:
8427:
8338:
8247:
8055:
7947:
7849:
7840:
7732:
7709:
7637:
7481:
7203:
7171:
7089:
6978:
6784:
6751:
6604:
6512:
6256:
6170:
5947:
5898:
5807:
5751:
5710:
5677:
5599:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
223:, and other towns along the Gulf Coast of Veracruz.
103:
84:
74:
54:
42:
32:
5272:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
4416:
4414:
4302:(26th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
5312:(in Spanish). México, D.F.: El Colegio de México.
5115:Summer Institute of Linguistics Mexico Workpapers
4169:Totonacan-language programming is carried by the
3684:‘person or animal shaking or having convulsions’
2239:kít čáaču ʔút̰ ʔí k̰ líiteríkuɬ wí ɬ̰ kák̰ máawán
1704:‘He got there and saw that they had made a fire.’
3679:‘person or animal shivering or shaking slightly’
2217:INTJ INST-DST-break-PFV stone INCH-DST-split-PFV
1698:čaʔan-ɬi maa-lakȼ’in lii-ta-maa-ɬkuula-taa(ɬ)=ča
696:Cerro del Xinolatépetl (also known as Ozumatlán)
4624:
4528:
2862:is formed by combining this prefix with a base
1482:, such as a preference for verb-initial order,
1330:
2847:In the last sentence, the independent form of
1524:Totonacan languages have a wide assortment of
8401:
7818:
5785:
5573:
5328:International Journal of American Linguistics
5319:Spatial Description in Mesoamerican Languages
5128:International Journal of American Linguistics
5046:International Journal of American Linguistics
4994:International Journal of American Linguistics
4424:International Journal of American Linguistics
2903:
2888:
2220:‘So he broke the rock with it, it was split.’
2053:INT poder-IMPF 1SUB-PL-3PL.OBJ-COM-quedar:PFV
1960:‘They threw water for her on the hot stones.’
1888:FUT-take-BEN-INDEF.SUB JNCT PTCL 3PO-tortilla
1788:just 1SG.SUB-CAUS-know-CAUS-IMPF-2OBJ QTV say
656:Southeastern Totonac (also known as Misantla)
632:Western Tepehua (also known as Tlachichiloco)
8:
7788:Families with more than 30 languages are in
5377:. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
4992:Aschmann, H.P. (1946). "Totonaco phonemes".
4564:
4393:
4283:
2506:As seen in the last example, this prefix is
2495:‘Because they cured him for a lot of money.’
4981:Revista Mexicana de estudios Antropologicos
4836:
4708:
4672:
4588:
3116:an elder brother/elders brothers in general
2416:ʔeː čuːnúː paɬ tsḭnʔs-ya̰ liː-ta̰sá-ya̰ pus
2214:INTJ liː-láq-paqɬ-ɬi tʃíwiʃ ta-laq-pítsi-ɬi
640:Northern Tepehua (also known as Pisaflores)
9292:
9113:
9018:
8731:
8510:
8408:
8394:
8386:
7846:
7825:
7811:
7803:
7645:
7211:
7095:
6792:
6610:
6267:
5962:
5813:
5792:
5778:
5770:
5580:
5566:
5558:
5364:Levy, Paulette; Beck, David, eds. (2012).
4504:
4492:
4466:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAschman1946 (
4205:
1540:All Totonacan languages have at least one
688:High Central (also known as Filomeno Mata)
648:Southern Tepehua (also known as Huehuetla)
273:and other communities outside the city of
8417:Indigenous language families and isolates
5218:La religión de los totonacos de la sierra
5209:Dialectología de la zona totonaco-tepehua
5173:Classification of the Totonacan languages
4840:
4516:
4217:
2538:waː naː maː laʔapuːtanuːy šlaʔapuːtanuːti
2338:ʔeː čuːnúː paɬ tsḭ́n ʔsa̰ liːta̰sáya̰ pus
191:The family is divided into two branches,
139:(approx. 10,000) people in the states of
5507:: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano (ILV).
4966:Anonymous (1990), Norman McQuown (ed.),
4576:
4374:
4188:Manuscript about the language dated 1891
3720:
3373:
3139:
2973:
2492:because CLF-much money DIR-cure-PASS-PFV
1791:‘ “I'm just letting you know”, he says.’
1305:
1035:
620:
319:, northeast Hidalgo; Mecapalapa, Puebla
288:
4881:
4824:
4660:
4648:
4480:
4461:
4198:
1969:All the languages of the family have a
672:North Central (also known as Xicotepec)
616:Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas
5178:
4832:
4820:
4732:
4271:
2771:3PL.SUB-crown-sit-PL-PFV stone bird-PL
1957:3PL.SUB-throw-BEN-PFV water LOC=piedra
1785:tsa̰x ḭk-maː-ka̰tsíː-niː-yaː-n mat wan
1618:tiː=nuː š-ta-maː-aq-stuq-maː-na aqšáːq
680:South Central (also known as Highland)
29:
4405:
4312:
2768:ta-a̰kpuː-wila-nan-ɬ čiwíš spuːn-niːn
2695:an-li tuku wan-ni-kan ča̰ː-ka̰ː tasun
2085:when it takes the comitative prefix:
83:
7:
5499:Reid, A.A.; Bishop, Ruth G. (1974).
4885:
4868:
4856:
4844:
4828:
4807:
4783:
4771:
4756:
4744:
4720:
4696:
4684:
4636:
4612:
4600:
4552:
4540:
4349:
2489:porke laq-ɬuw tumin ɬiː-k’uč’u-kan-ɬ
1643:čáʔa̰ɬ máalákȼḭ́n líitamáaɬkúulátača
4942:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4229:
2774:‘the birds are sitting on the rock’
517:and San Agustín in northern Puebla
5301:Fonologia del Totonaco de Papantla
4299:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
3674:‘small person or animal trembling’
2958:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
2838:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
2615:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
2497:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
2424:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
2318:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
2222:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
2133:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
2058:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
2050:haː laː-y k-ʔa-lak-t’aː-tamakahuːn
1893:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1793:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1706:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1626:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
25:
4938:Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2003).
2510:in Tepehua languages rather than
1624:‘those who were gathering heads’
1562:tiːnoː štamaːʔaqstoqmáːna ʔaqšáːq
1440:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1377:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1237:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1154:
1146:
1139:
1128:
1121:
1097:
1090:
806:(also known as Highland Totonac)
27:Language family of eastern Mexico
4795:
3665:‘blow striking with great force’
3299:‘three small bunches of bananas’
1726:tsa̰x kmaːka̰tsiːniːyáːn mat wan
1071:
800:(many varieties, incl. Papantla)
664:Coastal (also known as Papantla)
5242:Diario Oficial de la Federación
5075:Upper Necaxa Totonac Dictionary
3355:‘four small bunches of bananas’
3292:‘three full bunches of bananas’
2441:porke laqɬuw tumin ɬiːk’uč’ukaɬ
1954:ta-maqá̰n-ni-lḭ čúčut nak=šušúm
462:, adjacent to Highland Totonac
5310:Totonaco de Papantla, Veracruz
3348:‘four full bunches of bananas’
3243:‘two small bunches of bananas’
2724:taa̰kpuːwilanáɬ čiwíš spuːníːn
2698:go-PFV what say-BEN-INDEF.SUB
2635:aɬ túku wanikán čaː̰káː̰ tasun
2613:‘He put the mask on his face.’
2128:FUT-1SUB-COM-meterlo-IMPF-2OBJ
1891:‘They will take him his food.’
1806:Dative/benefactive applicative
1:
5375:A Grammar of Misantla Totonac
5251:Imprenta del Gobierno Federal
5207:García Rojas, Blanca (1978).
5077:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
3236:‘two full bunches of bananas’
4970:, México, D.F.: México, D.F.
4906:Upper Necaxa Totonac Project
3187:‘one small bunch of bananas’
2157:pues liːˈlɑqpɑqɬe ˈntʃiwiʃ]
1996:haː laːy k’alakt’aːtamakahuː
1910:tɐmɑqɑ̰n ḭɬ čúčutʰ nɐkʰšušúm
1885:na-lḭːn-ni-ka̰n i tʃu ʃ-tʃuh
1412:
1353:
233:in Veracruz and Mecapalapa,
169:Mesoamerican Linguistic Area
167:with other languages of the
8361:Plains Indian Sign Language
5171:Davletshin, Albert (2008).
4625:MacKay & Trechsel 2012b
4529:MacKay & Trechsel 2012a
3710:The following selection of
3180:‘one full bunch of bananas’
2833:book 3PO-crown-NM table sit
2830:líbɾu ḭš-a̰kpúː-n mesa wiːɬ
2056:‘Can I stay with you guys?’
1669:lii-ta-maa-ɬkuula-taa(ɬ)=ča
1520:Causatives and applicatives
9463:
5759:Mesoamerican language area
3660:‘blow striking with force’
2836:‘the book is on the table’
2131:‘I will bury her with you’
1904:Cerro Xinolatépetl Totonac
776:Cerro Xinolatépetl Totonac
8374:
7773:
7648:
7214:
7098:
6795:
6613:
6270:
5965:
5816:
5801:Primary language families
5432:McQuown, Norman (1990) .
4433:The University of Chicago
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3733:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3381:
3378:
3376:
2603:-tanuː-y š-laʔapuːtanuːti
1829:na.lḭːn.ˈka̰ ni.tʃu ʃtʃuh
1324:
1319:
1314:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1013:, Linda Vista (Mirasol),
784:(also known as Xicotepec)
778:(also known as Ozumatlán)
627:population (2005 census)
251:, including the towns of
229:: spoken roughly between
125:Totonac–Tepehua languages
56:Linguistic classification
37:
8351:Albarradas Sign Language
6618:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
5373:MacKay, Carolyn (1999).
5185:: CS1 maint: location (
5109:Bishop, Ruth G. (1984).
2910:Possessive constructions
2904:Possessive constructions
2789:líbɾu ša̰kpúːn mesa wiːɬ
2143:Instrumental applicative
2021:k-ʔa-lak-t’aː-tamakahuːn
1738:ḭk-maː-ka̰tsíː-niː-yaː-n
211:: spoken in El Escolín,
9437:Agglutinative languages
7785:have no living members.
5308:Levy, Paulette (1990).
5299:Levy, Paulette (1987).
3108:
3083:
3067:
3045:
3025:
3007:
2991:
2942:
2931:
2874:
2864:
2849:
2822:
2814:
2800:
2792:
2757:
2749:
2727:
2687:
2676:
2657:
2649:
2638:
2588:
2571:
2561:
2551:
2541:
2406:
2384:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2299:
2291:
2269:
2261:
2250:
2242:
2196:
2188:
2170:
2160:
2073:
2020:
2009:
1999:
1943:
1935:
1913:
1874:
1864:
1854:
1832:
1777:
1767:
1737:
1729:
1668:
1657:
1646:
1610:
1581:š-ta-maː-aq-stuq-maː-na
1580:
1565:
1480:Mesoamerican areal type
994:San Pedro Tziltzacuapan
943:San Marcos Atexquilapan
247:: spoken mostly in the
187:Internal classification
9427:Mesoamerican languages
9401:Unclassified languages
7765:Unclassified languages
7719:list of sign languages
6687:Northeastern Tasmanian
5711:Proposed macrofamilies
4206:Reid & Bishop 1974
4189:
3353:kilhmaktṵtun sḛ́ːʔna̰
3297:kilhmaktṵtun sḛ́ːʔna̰
2889:
1965:Comitative applicative
930:San Pedro Tlaolantongo
576:San Pedro Tlaloantongo
486:Sierra Norte de Puebla
480:In 30 villages around
249:Sierra Norte de Puebla
135:(approx. 280,000) and
8366:Chatino Sign Language
8346:Mexican Sign Language
7740:Constructed languages
5600:Demonstrated families
5484:10.1353/lan.1986.0014
5284:10.1515/ijsl.2009.012
5216:Ichon, Alain (1969).
5083:10.1515/9783110238235
4187:
3283:puːlaktṵtun sḛ́ːʔna̰
2610:-put.in-IMPF 3PO-mask
2518:Body-part prefixation
2125:na-k-ta̰ː-muxuː-yaː-n
2100:na-k-ta̰ː-muxuː-yaː-n
1823:Ozelonacaxtla Totonac
1556:Filomeno Mata Totonac
445:Filomeno Mata Totonac
245:South-Central Totonac
227:North-Central Totonac
155:. At the time of the
6287:Binanderean–Goilalan
5160:"Totonacan Numerals"
5073:Beck, David (2011).
5040:Beck, David (2008).
5023:Upper Necaxa Totonac
5021:Beck, David (2004).
4375:Levy & Beck 2012
4177:, broadcasting from
3716:Americanist notation
3706:Totonacan vocabulary
3655:‘hand striking hard’
3285:‘three banana trees’
3185:kilhmaktin sḛ́ːʔna̰
3137:in the table below:
3135:Upper Necaxa Totonac
2976:Upper Necaxa Totonac
2922:Upper Necaxa Totonac
2783:Upper Necaxa Totonac
2728:ta-a̰kpuː-wila-nan-ɬ
2718:Upper Necaxa Totonac
2435:Tlachichilco Tepehua
2332:Upper Necaxa Totonac
2270:ik-lii-ta-riku-la(ɬ)
2077:‘bury something’ is
1720:Upper Necaxa Totonac
961:Tlachichileo Tepehua
876:Chilocoyo del Carmen
827:Zapotitlán de Méndez
554:Upper Necaxa Totonac
520:1,800 (1990 census)
353:Tlachichilco Tepehua
347:4,000 (1990 census)
253:Zapotitlán de Méndez
9432:Totonacan languages
9350:Algonquian–Wakashan
8356:Mayan Sign Language
7834:Languages of Mexico
7569:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
7472:Tequiraca–Canichana
7315:Harákmbut–Katukinan
6078:Northwest Caucasian
6072:Northeast Caucasian
5996:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
5321:. pp. 530–542.
5249:(9). México, D.F.:
5228:(14 January 2008).
3341:‘four banana trees’
3318:pḛʔta̰ːtḭ pa̰ʔɬma̰
3241:kilhmaktṵ sḛ́ːʔna̰
3227:puːlaktuː sḛ́ːʔna̰
3171:puːlaktin sḛ́ːʔna̰
2978:
2971:from Upper Necaxa:
1528:for increasing the
1308:
782:Apapantilla Totonac
771:Zihuateutla Totonac
584:3,400 (2000 INEGI)
482:Xicotepec de Juárez
439:120,000 (1982 SIL)
342:Ixhuatlán de Madero
301:Number of speakers
239:Xicotepec de Juárez
121:Totonacan languages
9338:Proposed groupings
8428:Language families
7967:Chontal de Tabasco
7191:Tarascan/Purépecha
6680:Northern Tasmanian
6438:South Bougainville
6399:North Bougainville
4190:
3668:
3360:heːtṵtun sḛ́ːʔna̰
3346:mustṵtun sḛ́ːʔna'
3339:puːtṵtun sḛ́ːʔna̰
3304:heːtṵtun sḛ́ːʔna̰
3290:mustṵtun sḛ́ːʔna'
3262:pḛʔtṵtun pa̰ʔɬma̰
3229:‘two banana trees’
2974:
2524:noun incorporation
1637:Pisaflores Tepehua
1306:
982:Pisaflores Tepehua
465:15,000 (2000 WCD)
414:48,000 (2000 WCD)
393:80,000 (1982 SIL)
387:, central lowland
328:Pisaflores Tepehua
9447:Language families
9414:
9413:
9396:Extinct languages
9333:
9332:
9329:
9328:
9144:
9143:
9070:
9069:
8824:
8823:
8800:Takelma–Kalapuyan
8383:
8382:
8243:
8242:
8065:Chontal of Oaxaca
7800:
7799:
7750:Language isolates
7728:
7727:
7633:
7632:
7199:
7198:
7085:
7084:
6780:
6779:
6727:Western Tasmanian
6645:Eastern Tasmanian
6600:
6599:
6322:East Geelvink Bay
6252:
6251:
5943:
5942:
5767:
5766:
5589:Language families
5237:online facsimile)
5092:978-3-11-023822-8
4949:978-0-19-926466-7
4890:Brown et al. 2011
4565:Roman Lobato 2012
4394:Arana Osnaya 1953
4284:García Rojas 1978
4257:Brown et al. 2011
4179:Cuetzalan, Puebla
4173:'s radio station
4162:
4161:
3688:
3687:
3638:
3637:
3366:
3365:
3332:paːta̰ːtḭ ɬa̰mam
3257:‘three tortillas’
3173:‘one banana tree’
3099:
3098:
2532:Huehuetla Tepehua
1990:Huehuetla Tepehua
1975:Huehuetla Tepehua
1452:
1451:
1307:Totonacan vowels
1281:
1280:
1003:Huehuetla Tepehua
998:San José el Salto
817:Huehuetla Totonac
766:Tecpatlán Totonac
757:Northern Totonac
711:
710:
612:
611:
608:540 (2000 INEGI)
590:Tecpatlán Totonac
500:Ozumatlán Totonac
494:3,000 (2000 SIL)
471:Xicotepec Totonac
368:3,000 (1990 SIL)
322:3,000 (1982 SIL)
307:Huehuetla Tepehua
117:
116:
16:(Redirected from
9454:
9406:Linguistic areas
9293:
9114:
9019:
8732:
8511:
8410:
8403:
8396:
8387:
8090:Chichimeca Jonaz
7847:
7827:
7820:
7813:
7804:
7646:
7600:Huaorani/Waorani
7484:(extant in 2000)
7448:Esmeralda–Yaruro
7219:Andoque–Urequena
7212:
7096:
6902:Plateau Penutian
6793:
6768:(Northern Daly?)
6611:
6497:Northwest Papuan
6461:Trans–New Guinea
6327:East New Britain
6302:Central Solomons
6268:
6013:Great Andamanese
5963:
5814:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5771:
5752:Linguistic areas
5582:
5575:
5568:
5559:
5553:
5544:
5535:
5526:
5517:
5508:
5495:
5466:
5437:
5428:
5419:
5406:
5397:
5388:
5369:
5360:
5351:
5322:
5313:
5304:
5295:
5278:(195): 219–233.
5266:
5238:
5221:
5212:
5203:
5190:
5184:
5176:
5167:
5162:. Archived from
5151:
5122:
5105:
5096:
5069:
5036:
5017:
4988:
4975:
4971:
4962:
4953:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4893:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4837:Smythe Kung 2006
4817:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4769:
4760:
4754:
4748:
4742:
4736:
4730:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4709:Smythe Kung 2012
4706:
4700:
4694:
4688:
4682:
4676:
4673:Smythe Kung 2012
4670:
4664:
4658:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4592:
4589:Smythe Kung 2012
4586:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4556:
4550:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4484:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4418:
4409:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4378:
4372:
4353:
4347:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4260:
4254:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4125:'is lying down'
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:Proto-Totonacan
3721:
3649:
3648:
3374:
3313:‘four tortillas’
3276:paːtṵtun ɬa̰mam
3192:heːtin sḛ́ːʔna̰
3178:mustin sḛ́ːʔna'
3150:pḛʔtin pa̰ʔɬma̰
3140:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3031:
3028:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2979:
2963:
2937:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2843:
2810:
2806:
2764:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2645:
2629:Papantla Totonac
2620:
2594:
2589:š-laʔapuːtanuːti
2584:
2567:
2557:
2547:
2502:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:ɬiː-k’uč’u-kan-ɬ
2458:
2429:
2412:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2323:
2305:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2257:
2233:Misantla Totonac
2227:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2138:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2096:nakta̰ːmuxuːyáːn
2090:Papantla Totonac
2076:
2069:Papantla Totonac
2063:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2005:
1949:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1898:
1880:
1870:
1860:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1798:
1773:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1711:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1663:
1653:
1631:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1575:
1571:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1309:
1301:laryngealization
1290:
1286:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1241:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1158:
1150:
1143:
1132:
1125:
1101:
1094:
1036:
935:Misantla Totonac
910:Northern Totonac
889:Papantla Totonac
754:Central Totonac
621:
578:in northeastern
526:Misantla Totonac
431:Zacatlán, Puebla
420:Highland Totonac
374:Papantla Totonac
289:
267:Misantla Totonac
209:Papantla Totonac
157:Spanish conquest
113:
30:
21:
9462:
9461:
9457:
9456:
9455:
9453:
9452:
9451:
9417:
9416:
9415:
9410:
9379:
9325:
9291:
9273:linguistic area
9272:
9264:
9153:linguistic area
9152:
9140:
9112:
9066:
9017:
8962:linguistic area
8961:
8953:
8927:linguistic area
8926:
8919:
8820:
8794:
8763:
8730:
8677:
8637:
8604:
8570:
8536:
8509:
8429:
8423:
8414:
8384:
8379:
8370:
8334:
8239:
8179:whistled speech
8057:
8051:
7987:Sierra Popoluca
7949:
7943:
7851:
7842:
7836:
7831:
7801:
7796:
7795:
7769:
7755:Mixed languages
7724:
7705:
7640:
7629:
7483:
7477:
7332:Katembri–Taruma
7206:
7195:
7167:
7081:
6974:
6787:
6776:
6747:
6596:
6508:
6467:Turama–Kikorian
6377:Lower Mamberamo
6332:East Strickland
6260:
6248:
6166:
5954:
5949:
5939:
5894:
5803:
5798:
5768:
5763:
5747:
5706:
5673:
5595:
5586:
5556:
5547:
5538:
5529:
5520:
5511:
5498:
5469:
5440:
5431:
5422:
5409:
5400:
5391:
5385:
5372:
5363:
5354:
5325:
5316:
5307:
5298:
5269:
5232:
5224:
5215:
5206:
5193:
5181:cite conference
5177:
5170:
5154:
5125:
5108:
5099:
5093:
5072:
5039:
5033:
5020:
4991:
4978:
4973:
4965:
4956:
4950:
4937:
4933:
4921:
4919:
4910:
4902:
4897:
4896:
4879:
4875:
4867:
4863:
4855:
4851:
4818:
4814:
4806:
4802:
4794:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4770:
4763:
4755:
4751:
4743:
4739:
4731:
4727:
4719:
4715:
4707:
4703:
4695:
4691:
4683:
4679:
4671:
4667:
4659:
4655:
4647:
4643:
4635:
4631:
4623:
4619:
4611:
4607:
4599:
4595:
4587:
4583:
4575:
4571:
4563:
4559:
4551:
4547:
4539:
4535:
4527:
4523:
4515:
4511:
4505:Aikhenvald 2003
4503:
4499:
4493:Davletshin 2008
4491:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4465:
4460:
4456:
4420:
4419:
4412:
4404:
4400:
4392:
4381:
4373:
4356:
4348:
4337:
4329:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4311:
4307:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4282:
4278:
4270:
4263:
4255:
4236:
4228:
4224:
4216:
4212:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4167:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3712:Proto-Totonacan
3708:
3680:
3675:
3661:
3656:
3643:
3641:Sound symbolism
3397:
3362:‘four bananas’
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3325:ʔenta̰ːtḭ kḭwḭ
3319:
3312:
3306:‘four bananas’
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3248:heːtṵ sḛ́ːʔna̰
3242:
3235:
3234:mustṵ sḛ́ːʔna'
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3206:pḛʔtṵ pa̰ʔɬma̰
3201:‘two tortillas’
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3127:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3059:
3052:
3049:
3039:
3032:
3029:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2965:
2957:
2948:
2940:
2929:
2912:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2798:
2790:
2776:
2766:
2755:
2747:
2725:
2707:
2693:
2685:
2674:
2655:
2647:
2636:
2622:
2614:
2597:
2586:
2569:
2559:
2549:
2539:
2520:
2504:
2496:
2487:
2469:
2461:
2450:
2442:
2431:
2423:
2414:
2404:
2382:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2325:
2317:
2308:
2297:
2289:
2267:
2259:
2248:
2240:
2229:
2221:
2212:
2197:ta-laq-pítsi-ɬi
2194:
2186:
2171:liː-láq-paqɬ-ɬi
2168:
2158:
2152:Olintla Totonac
2145:
2140:
2132:
2123:
2097:
2067:Similarly, the
2065:
2057:
2048:
2018:
2007:
1997:
1977:a verb such as
1967:
1962:
1952:
1941:
1933:
1914:ta-maqá̰n-ni-lḭ
1911:
1900:
1892:
1883:
1872:
1862:
1852:
1833:na-lḭːn-ni-ka̰n
1830:
1808:
1800:
1792:
1783:
1775:
1765:
1735:
1727:
1713:
1705:
1696:
1666:
1655:
1644:
1633:
1625:
1616:
1608:
1599:-head-gathered-
1578:
1563:
1538:
1522:
1514:sound symbolism
1476:
1297:
1034:
1026:
969:Tierra Colorada
847:Totonac-Tepehua
798:Lowland Totonac
789:Lowland–Sierra
602:, northeastern
548:500 (1994 SIL)
399:Coyutla Totonac
189:
173:Mayan languages
123:(also known as
109:
79:Proto-Totonacan
44:
38:Totonac–Tepehua
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9460:
9458:
9450:
9449:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9419:
9418:
9412:
9411:
9409:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9391:Classification
9387:
9385:
9381:
9380:
9378:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9365:Macro-Chibchan
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9341:
9339:
9335:
9334:
9331:
9330:
9327:
9326:
9324:
9323:
9316:
9309:
9301:
9299:
9290:
9289:
9284:
9276:
9274:
9266:
9265:
9263:
9262:
9254:
9247:
9240:
9233:
9228:
9221:
9220:
9219:
9212:
9200:
9198:Tequistlatecan
9195:
9188:
9181:
9174:
9169:
9164:
9156:
9154:
9146:
9145:
9142:
9141:
9139:
9138:
9131:
9123:
9121:
9111:
9110:
9103:
9096:
9089:
9081:
9079:
9072:
9071:
9068:
9067:
9065:
9064:
9057:
9050:
9043:
9036:
9028:
9026:
9016:
9015:
9008:
9001:
8994:
8987:
8980:
8973:
8965:
8963:
8955:
8954:
8952:
8951:
8944:
8937:
8931:
8929:
8921:
8920:
8918:
8917:
8910:
8903:
8896:
8889:
8882:
8877:
8870:
8863:
8861:Tequistlatecan
8858:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8835:
8833:
8826:
8825:
8822:
8821:
8819:
8818:
8813:
8805:
8803:
8796:
8795:
8793:
8792:
8785:
8780:
8774:
8772:
8765:
8764:
8762:
8761:
8756:
8749:
8741:
8739:
8729:
8728:
8723:
8722:
8721:
8716:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8688:
8686:
8679:
8678:
8676:
8675:
8668:
8661:
8656:
8648:
8646:
8639:
8638:
8636:
8635:
8630:
8623:
8615:
8613:
8606:
8605:
8603:
8602:
8595:
8588:
8580:
8578:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8568:
8561:
8554:
8546:
8544:
8538:
8537:
8535:
8534:
8527:
8519:
8517:
8508:
8507:
8500:
8493:
8486:
8479:
8472:
8465:
8458:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8433:
8431:
8425:
8424:
8415:
8413:
8412:
8405:
8398:
8390:
8381:
8380:
8375:
8372:
8371:
8369:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8342:
8340:
8336:
8335:
8333:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8251:
8249:
8245:
8244:
8241:
8240:
8238:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8120:Western Apache
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8061:
8059:
8053:
8052:
8050:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7953:
7951:
7948:10,000-100,000
7945:
7944:
7942:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7855:
7853:
7844:
7838:
7837:
7832:
7830:
7829:
7822:
7815:
7807:
7798:
7797:
7794:
7793:
7786:
7779:
7775:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7736:
7734:
7730:
7729:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7722:
7713:
7711:
7707:
7706:
7704:
7703:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7680:Indo-Pakistani
7677:
7672:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7649:
7643:
7635:
7634:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7563:
7558:
7551:
7546:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7487:
7485:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7469:
7463:
7457:
7451:
7445:
7439:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7379:Piaroa–Saliban
7376:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7280:
7275:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7215:
7209:
7201:
7200:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7175:
7173:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7165:
7158:
7151:
7146:
7144:Tequistlatecan
7141:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7117:
7110:
7105:
7099:
7093:
7087:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7057:
7052:
7045:
7038:
7031:
7024:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6990:
6982:
6980:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6967:
6960:
6953:
6948:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6880:
6873:
6868:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6844:
6837:
6830:
6823:
6816:
6811:
6804:
6796:
6790:
6782:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6775:
6774:
6769:
6763:
6755:
6753:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6745:
6735:
6730:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6702:
6695:
6690:
6683:
6676:
6671:
6667:Marrku–Wurrugu
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6641:
6634:
6626:
6621:
6614:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6589:
6581:
6575:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6533:
6527:
6522:
6516:
6514:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6506:
6500:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6457:
6452:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6277:
6271:
6265:
6254:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6238:
6231:
6225:
6220:
6212:
6207:
6199:
6192:
6185:
6180:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6158:
6152:
6146:
6140:
6134:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6111:
6104:
6097:
6092:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6029:
6026:Hurro-Urartian
6022:
6015:
6010:
6005:
5998:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5974:
5966:
5960:
5945:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5931:
5925:
5920:
5913:
5908:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5886:
5880:
5874:
5868:
5862:
5857:
5849:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5825:
5817:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5774:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5728:Macro-Chibchan
5725:
5720:
5714:
5712:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5650:Tequistlatecan
5647:
5640:
5633:
5628:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5577:
5570:
5562:
5555:
5554:
5545:
5536:
5527:
5518:
5509:
5503:(in Spanish).
5496:
5467:
5455:10.2307/413800
5438:
5429:
5420:
5407:
5398:
5389:
5383:
5370:
5361:
5352:
5340:10.1086/466380
5334:(2): 127–175.
5323:
5314:
5305:
5296:
5267:
5245:(in Spanish).
5222:
5213:
5204:
5191:
5168:
5166:on 2011-05-11.
5152:
5140:10.1086/660972
5134:(3): 323–372.
5123:
5106:
5097:
5091:
5070:
5058:10.1086/529462
5037:
5031:
5018:
5006:10.1086/463885
4989:
4983:(in Spanish).
4976:
4963:
4954:
4948:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4908:
4901:
4900:External links
4898:
4895:
4894:
4873:
4861:
4849:
4841:McFarland 2012
4812:
4800:
4788:
4776:
4761:
4749:
4737:
4725:
4723:, p. 353.
4713:
4701:
4689:
4677:
4665:
4653:
4641:
4639:, p. 236.
4629:
4627:, p. 135.
4617:
4615:, p. 297.
4605:
4603:, p. 375.
4593:
4581:
4579:, p. 186.
4569:
4567:, p. 338.
4557:
4545:
4543:, p. 202.
4533:
4531:, p. 112.
4521:
4519:, p. 278.
4517:McFarland 2012
4509:
4497:
4485:
4473:
4454:
4441:10.1086/694609
4410:
4398:
4379:
4354:
4335:
4317:
4305:
4288:
4276:
4261:
4234:
4222:
4218:Anonymous 1990
4210:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3879:'wins; earns'
3877:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3805:
3803:reconstruction
3799:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3707:
3704:
3694:‘diminutive‘,
3686:
3685:
3669:
3666:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3351:
3349:
3344:
3342:
3337:
3335:
3330:
3328:
3323:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3311:makta̰ːtḭ čoʍ
3308:
3307:
3302:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3281:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3271:‘three sticks’
3269:ʔentṵtun kḭwḭ
3267:
3265:
3264:‘three leaves’
3260:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3250:‘two bananas’
3246:
3244:
3239:
3237:
3232:
3230:
3225:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3209:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3164:paːtin ɬa̰mam
3162:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3145:‘one tortilla’
3131:classificatory
3126:
3123:
3097:
3096:
3080:
3063:
3062:
3046:min–kṵ́šḭ–ka̰n
3042:
3021:
3020:
3008:kin–kṵ́šḭ–ka̰n
3004:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2941:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2911:
2908:
2821:
2813:
2799:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2756:
2748:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2686:
2675:
2656:
2648:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2587:
2570:
2560:
2550:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2519:
2516:
2470:
2462:
2451:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2405:
2383:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2298:
2290:
2268:
2260:
2249:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2195:
2187:
2169:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2144:
2141:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2019:
2008:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1983:ta̰ːtamakahuːn
1966:
1963:
1942:
1934:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1807:
1804:
1776:
1766:
1736:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1667:
1656:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1609:
1579:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1537:
1534:
1521:
1518:
1510:classificatory
1475:
1472:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1398:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1296:
1293:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1000:
979:
951:
950:
949:
932:
907:
886:
860:Sierra Totonac
849:
848:
838:
837:
836:
835:
834:
833:
832:
831:
830:
829:
824:
821:
818:
815:
810:
804:Sierra Totonac
801:
795:
787:
786:
785:
779:
773:
768:
763:
752:
744:
743:
742:
737:
732:
709:
708:
705:
701:
700:
697:
693:
692:
689:
685:
684:
681:
677:
676:
673:
669:
668:
665:
661:
660:
657:
653:
652:
649:
645:
644:
641:
637:
636:
633:
629:
628:
625:
610:
609:
606:
597:
592:
586:
585:
582:
561:
556:
550:
549:
546:
533:
528:
522:
521:
518:
507:
502:
496:
495:
492:
478:
473:
467:
466:
463:
452:
447:
441:
440:
437:
427:
422:
416:
415:
412:
406:
401:
395:
394:
391:
381:
376:
370:
369:
366:
360:
355:
349:
348:
345:
335:
330:
324:
323:
320:
314:
309:
303:
302:
299:
296:
293:
279:
278:
264:
242:
224:
199:. Of the two,
188:
185:
171:, such as the
165:areal features
115:
114:
107:
101:
100:
99:
98:
93:
86:
82:
81:
76:
75:Proto-language
72:
71:
70:
69:
58:
52:
51:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9459:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9424:
9422:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9388:
9386:
9382:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9342:
9340:
9336:
9322:
9321:
9317:
9315:
9314:
9310:
9308:
9307:
9303:
9302:
9300:
9298:
9294:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9282:
9278:
9277:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9260:
9259:
9255:
9253:
9252:
9248:
9246:
9245:
9241:
9239:
9238:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9226:
9222:
9218:
9217:
9213:
9211:
9210:
9206:
9205:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9193:
9189:
9187:
9186:
9182:
9180:
9179:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9162:
9158:
9157:
9155:
9151:
9147:
9137:
9136:
9132:
9130:
9129:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9118:Calusa–Tunica
9115:
9109:
9108:
9104:
9102:
9101:
9097:
9095:
9094:
9090:
9088:
9087:
9083:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9073:
9063:
9062:
9058:
9056:
9055:
9051:
9049:
9048:
9044:
9042:
9041:
9037:
9035:
9034:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9020:
9014:
9013:
9009:
9007:
9006:
9002:
9000:
8999:
8995:
8993:
8992:
8988:
8986:
8985:
8981:
8979:
8978:
8974:
8972:
8971:
8967:
8966:
8964:
8960:
8956:
8950:
8949:
8945:
8943:
8942:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8932:
8930:
8928:
8922:
8916:
8915:
8911:
8909:
8908:
8904:
8902:
8901:
8897:
8895:
8894:
8890:
8888:
8887:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8875:
8871:
8869:
8868:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8856:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8827:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8811:
8807:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8797:
8791:
8790:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8766:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8754:
8750:
8748:
8747:
8743:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8733:
8727:
8724:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8714:
8710:
8709:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8680:
8674:
8673:
8669:
8667:
8666:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8654:
8650:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8640:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8628:
8624:
8622:
8621:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8607:
8601:
8600:
8596:
8594:
8593:
8589:
8587:
8586:
8582:
8581:
8579:
8577:
8573:
8567:
8566:
8562:
8560:
8559:
8555:
8553:
8552:
8548:
8547:
8545:
8543:
8539:
8533:
8532:
8528:
8526:
8525:
8521:
8520:
8518:
8516:
8512:
8506:
8505:
8501:
8499:
8498:
8494:
8492:
8491:
8487:
8485:
8484:
8480:
8478:
8477:
8473:
8471:
8470:
8466:
8464:
8463:
8459:
8457:
8456:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8439:
8435:
8434:
8432:
8426:
8422:
8421:North America
8418:
8411:
8406:
8404:
8399:
8397:
8392:
8391:
8388:
8378:
8373:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8337:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8252:
8250:
8246:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8180:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8062:
8060:
8054:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7946:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7848:
7845:
7839:
7835:
7828:
7823:
7821:
7816:
7814:
7809:
7808:
7805:
7791:
7787:
7784:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7772:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7737:
7735:
7731:
7721:
7720:
7715:
7714:
7712:
7708:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7690:Original Thai
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7670:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7650:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7636:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7568:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7556:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7480:
7473:
7470:
7467:
7464:
7461:
7458:
7455:
7454:Hibito–Cholón
7452:
7449:
7446:
7443:
7440:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7374:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7322:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7285:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7273:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7236:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7202:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7181:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7170:
7164:
7163:
7159:
7157:
7156:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7122:
7118:
7116:
7115:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7088:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7062:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7046:
7044:
7043:
7039:
7037:
7036:
7032:
7030:
7029:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6995:
6991:
6989:
6988:
6984:
6983:
6981:
6977:
6971:
6970:Yuman–Cochimí
6968:
6966:
6965:
6961:
6959:
6958:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6946:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6897:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6866:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6845:
6843:
6842:
6838:
6836:
6835:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6809:
6805:
6803:
6802:
6798:
6797:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6783:
6773:
6770:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6761:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6750:
6743:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6728:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6706:
6705:Southern Daly
6703:
6701:
6700:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6688:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6630:Darwin Region
6627:
6625:
6622:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6603:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6579:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6537:
6534:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6511:
6504:
6501:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6411:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6312:Demta–Sentani
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6259:
6255:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6232:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6138:
6135:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6033:Indo-European
6030:
6028:
6027:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5983:Austroasiatic
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5968:
5967:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5953:
5946:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5818:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5795:
5790:
5788:
5783:
5781:
5776:
5775:
5772:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5702:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5583:
5578:
5576:
5571:
5569:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5551:
5546:
5542:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5524:
5519:
5515:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5478:(2): 56–119.
5477:
5473:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5449:(4): 847–94.
5448:
5444:
5439:
5435:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5418:(2): 121–158.
5417:
5413:
5408:
5404:
5399:
5395:
5390:
5386:
5384:0-87480-455-8
5380:
5376:
5371:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5324:
5320:
5315:
5311:
5306:
5302:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5236:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5214:
5210:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5174:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5107:
5103:
5098:
5094:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5038:
5034:
5032:3-89586-821-3
5028:
5024:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4990:
4987:(2, 3): 1–10.
4986:
4982:
4977:
4972:(Facsimile).
4969:
4968:Arte Totonaca
4964:
4960:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4941:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4789:
4786:, p. 19.
4785:
4780:
4777:
4774:, p. 47.
4773:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4759:, p. 12.
4758:
4753:
4750:
4747:, p. 94.
4746:
4741:
4738:
4734:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4717:
4714:
4711:, p. 81.
4710:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4657:
4654:
4651:, p. 56.
4650:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4594:
4591:, p. 78.
4590:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4577:Andersen 2012
4573:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4489:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4474:
4469:
4463:
4458:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4306:
4301:
4300:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4199:
4192:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4164:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3828:Ozelonacaxtla
3825:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3760:Filomeno Mata
3754:
3747:
3740:
3732:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3393:Tlachichilco
3392:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3359:
3357:
3352:
3350:
3345:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3327:‘four sticks’
3324:
3322:
3320:‘four leaves’
3317:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3296:
3294:
3289:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3261:
3259:
3255:maktṵtun čoʍ
3254:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3240:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3226:
3224:
3220:paːtṵ ɬa̰mam
3219:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3194:‘one banana’
3191:
3189:
3184:
3182:
3177:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3149:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3124:
3122:
3110:
3105:
3085:
3084:ḭš–kṵ́šḭ–ka̰n
3081:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3047:
3043:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3009:
3005:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2956:‘Juan’s corn’
2954:
2953:3PO-corn Juan
2951:
2950:ḭš-kṵ́šḭ Juan
2947:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2891:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2851:
2844:
2841:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2729:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2659:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2611:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2386:
2385:liː-ta̰sá-ya̰
2381:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2343:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2101:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1915:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1834:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1654:
1650:arrive.there-
1648:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1582:
1577:
1567:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1492:polysynthetic
1489:
1488:agglutinative
1485:
1481:
1473:
1471:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1294:
1292:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1011:Barrio Atzlán
1008:
1004:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
959:
958:
957:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
933:
931:
927:
926:Filomeno Mata
923:
919:
915:
911:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
887:
885:
884:Ozelonacaxtla
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
858:
857:
856:
855:
851:
850:
846:
845:
844:
841:
828:
825:
822:
820:Ozelonacaxtla
819:
816:
814:
811:
808:
807:
805:
802:
799:
796:
794:
793:Filomeno Mata
791:
790:
788:
783:
780:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
756:
755:
753:
751:
748:
747:
745:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
727:
725:
724:
723:
720:
715:
706:
703:
702:
698:
695:
694:
690:
687:
686:
682:
679:
678:
674:
671:
670:
666:
663:
662:
658:
655:
654:
650:
647:
646:
642:
639:
638:
634:
631:
630:
626:
623:
622:
619:
617:
607:
605:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
547:
545:
541:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
519:
516:
512:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
468:
464:
461:
457:
456:Filomeno Mata
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
438:
436:
432:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
413:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
392:
390:
386:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
367:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
346:
343:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
321:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
300:
297:
294:
291:
290:
287:
284:
276:
272:
268:
265:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
206:
205:
202:
198:
194:
186:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
112:
108:
106:
102:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
87:
80:
77:
73:
68:
65:
64:
62:
59:
57:
53:
50:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
9355:Aztec–Tanoan
9318:
9311:
9306:Guanahatabey
9304:
9297:Pre-Arawakan
9279:
9256:
9249:
9242:
9235:
9223:
9214:
9208:
9207:
9192:Oto-Manguean
9190:
9183:
9176:
9159:
9150:Mesoamerican
9133:
9126:
9105:
9098:
9091:
9084:
9059:
9052:
9045:
9038:
9031:
9010:
9003:
8996:
8989:
8982:
8975:
8968:
8959:Coahuiltecan
8946:
8939:
8912:
8905:
8898:
8891:
8884:
8872:
8865:
8853:
8808:
8787:
8769:Coast Oregon
8751:
8744:
8711:
8670:
8663:
8651:
8643:Macro-Siouan
8625:
8618:
8597:
8590:
8583:
8563:
8556:
8549:
8529:
8522:
8502:
8495:
8488:
8481:
8474:
8467:
8460:
8453:
8436:
8430:and isolates
8376:
8270:Plautdietsch
8248:Non-official
8056:Under 10,000
7898:
7879:Tzotzil Maya
7874:Tzeltal Maya
7869:Yucatec Maya
7789:
7782:
7781:Families in
7716:
7667:
7565:
7553:
7403:
7371:
7362:Pano-Tacanan
7319:
7282:
7270:
7241:Arutani–Sape
7233:
7178:
7160:
7153:
7148:
7138:Oto-Manguean
7136:
7119:
7112:
7059:
7047:
7040:
7033:
7026:
7019:
6992:
6985:
6962:
6955:
6943:
6916:
6894:
6887:
6875:
6863:
6846:
6839:
6832:
6825:
6818:
6806:
6799:
6758:
6725:
6721:Western Daly
6699:Pama–Nyungan
6697:
6685:
6678:
6665:
6643:
6638:Eastern Daly
6636:
6628:
6583:
6459:
6447:
6425:
6408:
6386:
6357:Kaure–Kosare
6317:Doso–Turumsa
6307:Chimbu–Wahgi
6297:Bulaka River
6281:Austronesian
6279:
6240:
6233:
6214:
6201:
6194:
6187:
6113:
6106:
6099:
6089:Sino-Tibetan
6087:
6070:
6053:
6031:
6024:
6017:
6000:
5990:Austronesian
5988:
5981:
5969:
5915:
5853:Nilo-Saharan
5851:
5844:
5829:Austronesian
5827:
5820:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5644:Oto-Manguean
5642:
5635:
5623:
5606:
5549:
5540:
5531:
5522:
5513:
5500:
5475:
5471:
5446:
5442:
5433:
5424:
5415:
5411:
5402:
5393:
5374:
5365:
5356:
5331:
5327:
5318:
5309:
5300:
5275:
5271:
5246:
5240:
5217:
5208:
5202:(6): 527–29.
5199:
5195:
5172:
5164:the original
5156:Chan, Eugene
5131:
5127:
5118:
5114:
5101:
5074:
5049:
5045:
5022:
5000:(1): 34–43.
4997:
4993:
4984:
4980:
4974:(in Spanish)
4967:
4958:
4939:
4931:Bibliography
4920:. Retrieved
4918:. 2012-07-25
4915:
4882:McQuown 1990
4876:
4864:
4859:, p. 8.
4852:
4825:McQuown 1990
4815:
4803:
4791:
4779:
4752:
4740:
4728:
4716:
4704:
4692:
4680:
4668:
4661:Watters 2012
4656:
4649:Watters 2012
4644:
4632:
4620:
4608:
4596:
4584:
4572:
4560:
4548:
4536:
4524:
4512:
4500:
4488:
4481:McQuown 1990
4476:
4462:Aschman 1946
4457:
4428:
4422:
4401:
4320:
4308:
4298:
4291:
4279:
4225:
4213:
4201:
4168:
3795:Tlachichilco
3753:Upper Necaxa
3709:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3644:
3370:
3367:
3278:‘three pots’
3215:‘two sticks’
3208:‘two leaves’
3157:ʔentin kḭwḭ
3128:
3103:
3100:
3075:his/her corn
2966:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2934:
2928:ḭškṵ́šḭ Juan
2913:
2846:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2803:
2795:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2760:
2752:
2730:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2679:
2660:
2652:
2641:
2623:
2612:
2607:
2606:FOC ENF RPT
2605:
2600:
2599:waː naː maː
2598:
2591:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2564:
2554:
2544:
2521:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2387:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2326:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2302:
2294:
2272:
2264:
2253:
2245:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2199:
2191:
2173:
2163:
2146:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2102:
2099:
2083:ditransitive
2081:but becomes
2066:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2023:
2012:
2002:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1946:
1938:
1916:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1877:
1867:
1857:
1835:
1809:
1801:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1740:
1732:
1714:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1671:
1660:
1649:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1583:
1568:
1548:
1539:
1523:
1501:applicatives
1484:head-marking
1477:
1453:
1298:
1282:
1027:
1002:
981:
965:Tlachichileo
960:
954:
953:
934:
909:
888:
859:
853:
852:
842:
839:
761:Upper Necaxa
740:Tlachichilco
716:
712:
704:Upper Necaxa
614:The Mexican
613:
542:in southern
454:The town of
363:Tlachichilco
281:As of 2023,
280:
269:: spoken in
266:
244:
226:
208:
190:
162:
124:
120:
118:
85:Subdivisions
66:
45:distribution
9360:Macro-Mayan
9225:Uto-Aztecan
9203:Totozoquean
9033:Coahuilteco
8844:Palaihnihan
8726:Tsimshianic
8130:Matlatzinca
7962:Tojol-abʼal
7675:Germanosign
7579:Mura-Pirahã
7460:Lule–Vilela
7436:Bora-Witoto
7411:Uru–Chipaya
7384:Ticuna–Yuri
7367:Peba–Yaguan
7352:Nambikwaran
7155:Uto-Aztecan
7091:Mesoamerica
6945:Uto-Aztecan
6934:Tsimshianic
6896:Palaihnihan
6766:Malak-Malak
6503:Papuan Gulf
6477:West Papuan
6382:Lower Sepik
6372:Lakes Plain
6275:Arai–Samaia
6263:the Pacific
5971:Afroasiatic
5846:Niger–Congo
5822:Afroasiatic
5743:Totozoquean
5723:Macro-Mayan
5663:Uto-Aztecan
5593:Mesoamerica
5505:Mexico D.F.
5052:(1): 1–46.
4916:SOCLAS Blog
4833:Bishop 1984
4821:MacKay 1999
4733:Mithun 1984
4272:MacKay 1999
3746:Apapantilla
3334:‘four pots’
3213:ʔentṵ kḭwḭ
3199:maktṵ́ čoʍ
3159:‘one stick’
3143:maktin čoʍ
2801:ḭš-a̰kpúː-n
2738:-crown-sit-
1816:benefactive
1658:maa-lakȼ’in
1547:, a prefix
1532:of a verb.
1247:Approximant
1009:(Hidalgo),
990:El Tepetate
922:Cacahuatlán
914:Apapantilla
572:Cacahuatlán
511:Tepetzintla
509:Ozumatlán,
458:, highland
411:, Veracruz
365:, Veracruz
344:, Veracruz
340:, Hidalgo;
61:Totozoquean
9421:Categories
9216:Mixe–Zoque
9185:Misumalpan
9107:Chitimacha
8599:Algonquian
8565:Athabaskan
8444:Yuki–Wappo
8265:Portuguese
8165:Texistepec
8100:Chocholtec
8080:Chiricahua
8042:Qʼanjobʼal
7957:Tarahumara
7843:Indigenous
7669:Francosign
7517:Chiquitano
7497:Alacalufan
7305:Guaicuruan
7278:Chapacuran
7261:Cahuapanan
7229:Araucanian
7132:Mixe–Zoque
7127:Misumalpan
6841:Comecrudan
6693:Nyulnyulan
6472:Upper Yuat
6449:Torricelli
6421:Senu River
6352:Foja Range
6258:New Guinea
6183:Burushaski
6044:Kartvelian
6019:Hmong–Mien
5835:Khoe–Kwadi
5637:Mixe–Zoque
5631:Misumalpan
4922:2012-08-07
4406:Ichon 1969
4313:INALI 2008
4193:References
3958:*¢’uq’-ya
3838:'ash(es)'
3814:Zapotitlán
3781:Pisaflores
3698:‘medium’,
3682:ɬpipiɬpipi
3677:špipišpipi
3672:spipispipi
3611:-naháːtsa
3602:-naháːtsi
3390:Pisaflores
3222:‘two pots’
3152:‘one leaf’
3091:their corn
2915:Possessive
2870:possession
2758:spuːn-niːn
2702:-cut birch
2658:wan-ni-kan
2391:-vocalize-
2369:be.hungry-
2366:tsḭnʔs-ya̰
2079:transitive
1979:tamakahuːn
1971:comitative
1536:Causatives
1505:Possession
1497:causatives
1032:Consonants
1015:Mecapalapa
986:Pisaflores
977:Tecomajapa
893:El Escolín
864:Zapotitlán
730:Pisaflores
515:Tlapehuala
338:Pisaflores
298:Locations
283:Ethnologue
263:in Puebla.
241:in Puebla.
181:Mixe–Zoque
43:Geographic
9370:Tolatecan
9270:Caribbean
9258:Alagüilac
9251:Purépecha
9237:Cuitlatec
9209:Totonacan
9167:Jicaquean
9086:Muskogean
9061:Mamulique
9047:Comecrudo
8977:Karankawa
8880:Jicaquean
8867:Chimariko
8816:Kalapuyan
8759:Sahaptian
8707:Yok-Utian
8692:Chinookan
8665:Iroquoian
8633:Chimakuan
8449:Chumashan
8160:Kaqchikel
8140:Mezcalero
8105:Pima Bajo
8012:Popolocan
7939:Purépecha
7919:Chinantec
7841:Official/
7700:Tanzanian
7641:languages
7538:Hodï/Joti
7482:Isolates
7421:Yanomaman
7357:Otomákoan
7321:Jirajaran
7310:Guajiboan
7272:Catacaoan
7251:Barbacoan
7180:Cuitlatec
7149:Totonacan
7108:Jicaquean
6987:Chimariko
6883:Muskogean
6865:Kalapuyan
6859:Iroquoian
6834:Chumashan
6827:Chinookan
6820:Chimakuan
6738:Yangmanic
6733:Worrorran
6716:Wagaydyic
6606:Australia
6455:Trans-Fly
6121:Yeniseian
6108:Tyrsenian
6002:Dravidian
5738:Tolatecan
5701:Alagüilac
5695:Purépecha
5685:Cuitlatec
5656:Totonacan
5614:Jicaquean
5492:144574879
5412:Amerindia
5348:144277772
5292:144076249
5148:224807468
5066:143943030
5014:224808130
4886:Beck 2008
4869:Beck 2008
4857:Beck 2008
4845:Beck 2008
4829:Levy 1987
4808:Levy 1990
4784:Beck 2004
4772:Beck 2011
4757:Beck 2004
4745:Beck 2011
4721:Levy 2012
4697:Levy 1992
4685:Levy 1999
4637:Beck 2012
4613:Tino 2012
4601:Levy 2012
4553:Beck 2012
4541:Beck 2012
4449:148972240
4435:: 51–92.
4350:Beck 2011
4332:(Report).
4029:ɓá̰šn̥i̥
4014:pá̰šn̥i̥
3961:'writes'
3876:*ƛaha-ya
3844:ɬka̰ka̰n
3835:*ɬk’ak’a
3788:Huehuetla
3608:-naxáːtsa
3605:-naxáːtsa
3599:-naháːtsi
3487:-t’áːt’i
3404:Misantla
3387:Huehuetla
3166:‘one pot’
3026:min–kṵ́šḭ
2992:kin–kṵ́šḭ
2677:ča̰ː-ka̰ː
2292:wḭn-ɬkak̰
2114:-meterlo-
1944:nak=šušúm
1881:-tortilla
1542:causative
1526:morphemes
1201:Fricative
1165:Affricate
1024:Phonology
1007:Huehuetla
973:Chintipán
947:Jilotepec
918:Chicontla
916:, Patla,
901:El Carbón
880:Caxhuácan
872:Huehuetla
735:Huehuetla
600:Tecpatlán
568:Chicontla
317:Huehuetla
295:ISO code
292:Language
261:Huehuetla
231:Poza Rica
219:, Tajín,
105:Glottolog
67:Totonacan
33:Totonacan
18:Totonacan
9281:Arawakan
9161:Chibchan
9040:Cotoname
8998:Quinigua
8984:Maratino
8683:Penutian
8627:Wakashan
8620:Salishan
8531:Eskimoan
8515:Eskaleut
8305:Japanese
8275:Venetian
8235:Awakatek
8230:Ayapanec
8125:Jakaltek
8115:Lacandón
8095:Huarijío
8058:speakers
8022:Cuicatec
7997:Tepehuán
7950:speakers
7934:Tlapanec
7852:speakers
7850:100,000+
7733:See also
7710:Isolates
7685:Japanese
7625:Yuracaré
7507:Candoshi
7466:Macro-Jê
7431:Zaparoan
7426:Zamucoan
7416:Witotoan
7399:Tucanoan
7394:Tiniguan
7389:Timotean
7373:Quechuan
7342:Matacoan
7337:Mascoian
7327:Jivaroan
7290:Chibchan
7284:Charruan
7235:Arawakan
7172:Isolates
7103:Chibchan
6979:Isolates
6951:Wakashan
6912:Salishan
6854:Eskaleut
6760:Giimbiyu
6752:Isolates
6661:Jarrakan
6656:Iwaidjan
6513:Isolates
6367:Kutubuan
6235:Sumerian
6171:Isolates
6126:Yukaghir
6095:Tungusic
6061:Mongolic
6049:Koreanic
6008:Eskaleut
5899:Isolates
5883:Ubangian
5733:Penutian
5678:Isolates
5608:Chibchan
5472:Language
5443:Language
5263:46461036
5121:: 24–31.
4230:Lam 2009
4175:XECTZ-AM
4122:*maa-ɬi
4111:číʔṵši̥
4084:'stone'
4070:kíɬn̥i̥
4055:kíɬni̥̰
4043:'mouth'
3999:*p’ašni
3982:¢ɔ̰qnán
3947:ʔá̰a̰ši
3944:qá̰a̰šḭ
3941:qá̰a̰šḭ
3935:qa̰a̰šḭ
3932:qá̰a̰ši
3920:'gourd'
3917:*q’aaši
3871:ɬk’ák’a
3868:ɬk’ak’a
3865:ɬk’ák’a
3862:ɬká̰ka̰
3859:ɬká̰ka̰
3853:ɬka̰ka̰
3850:ɬká̰ka̰
3847:ɬka̰kán
3821:Coatepec
3774:Papantla
3767:Highland
3739:Misantla
3729:Tepehua
3726:Totonac
3588:-tsiyán
3579:-tsahín
3573:-ts’ahin
3542:-čaːšán
3519:-kítsis
3484:-t’aːt’i
3401:Papantla
3382:Totonac
3379:Tepehua
3125:Numerals
3068:ḭš–kṵ́šḭ
3015:our corn
2982:singular
2969:paradigm
2932:ḭš-kṵ́šḭ
2581:-put.in-
2575:-tanuː-y
2295:this-ash
2043:-quedar:
1818:suffix:
1647:čaʔan-ɬi
1545:morpheme
1047:Alveolar
1017:(Puebla)
939:Yecuatla
905:Papantla
897:El Tajín
868:Coatepec
809:Coatepec
750:Misantla
746:Totonac
726:Tepehua
719:Misantla
683:114,900
624:Language
544:Veracruz
540:Misantla
536:Yecuatla
490:Veracruz
460:Veracruz
435:Veracruz
389:Veracruz
385:Papantla
275:Misantla
271:Yecuatla
257:Coatepec
235:Pantepec
213:Papantla
141:Veracruz
127:) are a
111:toto1251
9442:Totonac
9345:Amerind
9320:Ciguayo
9313:Macorix
9287:Cariban
9261: ?
9120: ?
9100:Atakapa
9093:Natchez
9078: ?
9025: ?
9023:Pakawan
9012:Tonkawa
8970:Aranama
8925:Pueblo
8893:Salinan
8874:Esselen
8839:Shastan
8832: ?
8810:Takelma
8802: ?
8789:Siuslaw
8771: ?
8746:Klamath
8738: ?
8736:Plateau
8702:Maiduan
8697:Wintuan
8685: ?
8659:Caddoan
8645: ?
8612: ?
8551:Tlingit
8542:Na-Dene
8497:Waikuri
8490:Timucua
8483:Kutenai
8462:Beothuk
8325:Chinese
8320:Italian
8285:Catalan
8255:English
8220:Cochimí
8150:Kʼicheʼ
8145:Ixcatec
8110:Qʼeqchí
8085:Tacuate
8047:Tepehua
7982:Chatino
7977:Huichol
7929:Mazahua
7914:Huastec
7904:Mazatec
7899:Totonac
7889:Zapotec
7864:Nahuatl
7859:Spanish
7783:italics
7760:Pidgins
7745:Creoles
7695:Swedish
7663:Chinese
7610:Urarina
7595:Puinave
7549:Itonama
7543:Irantxe
7512:Chimane
7442:Chimuan
7347:Nadahup
7266:Cariban
7246:Aymaran
7207:America
7049:Waikuri
7042:Tonkawa
7035:Timucua
7028:Takelma
7021:Siuslaw
7010:Kutenai
6994:Esselen
6957:Wintuan
6918:Shastan
6889:Na-Dene
6877:Maiduan
6814:Caddoan
6788:America
6742:Wagiman
6740:(incl.
6711:Tangkic
6651:Garawan
6624:Bunuban
6585:Tambora
6552:Maybrat
6520:Abinomn
6443:Teberan
6404:Pauwasi
6394:Mairasi
6362:Kiwaian
6242:Tambora
6228:Shompen
6210:Kusunda
6203:Kenaboi
6189:Elamite
6161:Siangic
6143:Kho-Bwa
6137:Hrusish
6055:Kra–Dai
6039:Japonic
5948:Eurasia
5923:Sandawe
5906:Bangime
5871:Songhay
4128:má̰a̰ɬ
4102:čɪ́wiš
4087:čɪ́wɪš
4081:*čiwiš
4061:kiɬniʔ
4040:*kiɬni
4035:p’ašni
4026:pa̰šni
4023:pá̰šnḭ
4020:pašniʔ
4017:pa̰šnḭ
4011:pá̰šnḭ
4008:pa̰šnḭ
4005:pá̰šnḭ
3988:¢’ɔ́ʔa
3938:qa:šíʔ
3929:ʔa̰a̰š
3926:qa̰a̰š
3923:qá̰a̰š
3912:ɬaháay
3906:ɬaháay
3856:ɬkakáʔ
3634:-kaːwi
3596:-nahats
3585:-tsayán
3582:-tsayán
3576:-tsahín
3565:-tuhún
3556:-tuhún
3533:-čášan
3516:-kitsís
3513:-kitsís
3496:-ta̰ːt
3481:-t’at’ɪ
3470:-tṵ́:tu
3464:-t’útu
3109:šapúškṵ
2999:my corn
2985:plural
2875:a̰kpuːn
2850:a̰kpuː-
2807:-crown-
2601:laʔapuː
2573:laʔapuː
2453:laq-ɬuw
2448:because
2300:maa-wan
2207:-split-
2181:-break-
1950:=piedra
1924:-throw-
1566:tiː=nuː
1530:valency
1474:Grammar
1321:Central
1312:
1117:Plosive
1079:lateral
1074:central
1067:Glottal
1052:Palatal
955:Tepehua
854:Totonac
823:Olintla
813:Coyutla
675:15,100
667:58,200
484:in the
429:Around
409:Coyutla
383:Around
221:Espinal
217:Cazones
201:Tepehua
197:Tepehua
193:Totonac
177:Nahuatl
149:Hidalgo
137:Tepehua
133:Totonac
96:Totonac
91:Tepehua
63: ?
9375:Waroid
9231:Xincan
9172:Lencan
9135:Calusa
9128:Tunica
9005:Solano
8991:Naolan
8935:Tanoan
8849:Pomoan
8783:Coosan
8778:Alsean
8753:Molala
8713:Yokuts
8653:Siouan
8504:Pericú
8476:Cayuse
8330:German
8310:Korean
8300:Romani
8295:Arabic
8290:Hebrew
8280:Basque
8260:French
8225:Kiliwa
8215:Olutec
8205:Pápago
8200:Kumiai
8195:Qatoʼk
8190:Cucapá
8175:Kikapú
8170:Paipai
8075:Akatek
8002:Triqui
7972:Amuzgo
7884:Mixtec
7658:BANZSL
7620:Yamana
7605:Trumai
7574:Movima
7528:Fulniô
7491:Aikanã
7405:Tupian
7300:Chonan
7224:Arauan
7162:Xincan
7114:Lencan
7067:Yokuts
6964:Yukian
6929:Tanoan
6924:Siouan
6907:Pomoan
6848:Coosan
6674:Mirndi
6567:Porome
6562:Pawaia
6416:Senagi
6388:Madang
6337:Eleman
6292:Border
6223:Nihali
6216:Minoan
6196:Hattic
6178:Basque
6149:Mijiic
6131:Digaro
6115:Uralic
6101:Turkic
5952:Europe
5809:Africa
5669:Xincan
5619:Lencan
5490:
5463:413800
5461:
5381:
5346:
5290:
5261:
5146:
5089:
5064:
5029:
5012:
4946:
4888:, and
4843:, and
4447:
4137:máa̰h
4131:ma̰a̰
4117:číyuš
4114:čiiuš
4108:číwiš
4105:číwiš
4099:číwiš
4096:číwiš
4093:čiwíš
4090:čiwiš
4076:kiɬna
4067:kiɬni
4064:kíɬnḭ
4058:kiɬnḭ
4052:kíɬnḭ
4049:kiɬnḭ
4046:kíɬnḭ
4002:'pig'
3994:¢’oʔa
3991:¢’oqa
3985:¢ó̰qa
3976:¢o̰qa
3973:¢ɔ́qḁ
3970:¢ó̰ʔa
3967:¢o̰qa
3964:¢ɔ̰́χ
3909:ɬaháy
3900:ƛaháy
3897:ƛaha-
3894:ƛahay
3882:ɬáahá
3841:ɬká̰k
3562:-tuxún
3559:-toxón
3553:-tuhún
3550:-tuhun
3539:-čašán
3536:-čašán
3530:-čášan
3527:-čašan
3510:-kiːs
3493:-táːtḭ
3490:-táːtḭ
3473:-atún
3467:-tṵtún
3461:-t’utu
3458:-t’utu
3441:-t’ui
3418:-tawm
3398:Necaxa
2478:-cure-
2350:čuːnúː
2284:-rich-
2251:čaa=ču
2189:tʃíwiʃ
2013:poder-
1875:ʃ-tʃuh
1839:-take-
1812:dative
1752:-know-
1687:-burn-
1611:aqšáːq
1576:=ahora
1350:plain
1347:creaky
1341:creaky
1335:creaky
1332:
1295:Vowels
1062:Uvular
1042:Labial
707:3,300
699:1,000
691:8,700
651:1,800
643:2,800
635:9,200
604:Puebla
580:Puebla
433:, and
259:, and
237:, and
153:Mexico
147:, and
145:Puebla
129:family
49:Mexico
9384:Lists
9244:Huave
9178:Mayan
9054:Garza
8941:Keres
8907:Washo
8886:Karuk
8855:Yuman
8830:Hokan
8719:Utian
8672:Yuchi
8610:Mosan
8592:Yurok
8585:Wiyot
8576:Algic
8524:Aleut
8469:Bidai
8438:Haida
8315:Greek
8155:Lipan
8032:Yaqui
8017:Huave
7909:Chʼol
7894:Otomí
7615:Warao
7584:Nukak
7555:Kunza
7533:Guató
7522:Cofán
7502:Camsá
7295:Choco
7256:Boran
7205:South
7186:Huave
7121:Mayan
7072:Yuchi
7055:Washo
7005:Karuk
7000:Haida
6939:Utian
6871:Keres
6808:Alsea
6801:Algic
6786:North
6578:Taiap
6572:Sulka
6427:Sepik
6342:Engan
6083:Ongan
6066:Nivkh
5934:Shabo
5917:Jalaa
5911:Hadza
5865:Mande
5718:Hokan
5690:Huave
5625:Mayan
5488:S2CID
5459:JSTOR
5344:S2CID
5288:S2CID
5255:SEGOB
5226:INALI
5144:S2CID
5062:S2CID
5010:S2CID
4880:(see
4819:(See
4445:S2CID
4330:(PDF)
4165:Media
4155:maaɬ
4152:máaɬ
4140:ma̰h
4134:maaɬ
4032:p’aš
3979:¢uqa
3950:ʔaaš
3903:ƛahá
3891:ƛahá
3888:ɬaxá
3885:ƛahá
3808:gloss
3628:-kaux
3625:-kaw
3507:-kiːs
3450:-tṵʔ
3438:-t’ui
3435:-t’ui
3427:-tun
3396:Upper
3053:your.
3033:your.
2938:-corn
2897:table
2882:crown
2857:crown
2818:table
2793:líbɾu
2761:bird-
2753:stone
2750:čiwíš
2691:birch
2688:tasun
2667:INDEF
2639:an-li
2595:-mask
2467:money
2464:tumin
2459:-much
2445:porke
2254:just=
2192:stone
2074:muxuː
2071:verb
2010:laː-y
1939:water
1936:čúčut
1845:INDEF
1730:tsa̰x
1356:Close
1344:plain
1338:plain
1316:Front
1086:Nasal
1057:Velar
564:Patla
9076:Gulf
8948:Zuni
8914:Yana
8900:Seri
8558:Eyak
8455:Adai
8339:Sign
8210:Ixil
8185:Teko
8135:Seri
8070:Chuj
8037:Pame
8007:Cora
7992:Mayo
7924:Mixe
7790:bold
7717:See
7653:Arab
7639:Sign
7590:Páez
7567:Maku
7561:Leco
7077:Zuni
7061:Yana
7015:Seri
6772:Tiwi
6592:Wiru
6557:Mpur
6547:Kuot
6530:Anêm
6525:Abun
6492:Yuat
6487:Yawa
6433:Skou
6410:Ramu
6261:and
6155:Miju
5977:Ainu
5957:Asia
5955:and
5928:Laal
5889:Kadu
5877:Ijaw
5840:Kx'a
5379:ISBN
5276:2009
5259:OCLC
5187:link
5087:ISBN
5027:ISBN
4944:ISBN
4796:Chan
4468:help
4158:maa
4146:máh
4073:kiɬ
3953:ʔaš
3663:laŋɬ
3658:laŋš
3653:laŋs
3631:-kaw
3622:-kaw
3619:-kau
3504:-kis
3447:-tṵy
3424:-tum
3421:-tin
3415:-tam
3412:-tam
3057:corn
3037:corn
2960:help
2946:Juan
2943:Juan
2890:mesa
2840:help
2823:wiːɬ
2815:mesa
2796:book
2700:shin
2683:-cut
2681:shin
2661:say-
2653:what
2650:tuku
2617:help
2608:face
2583:IMPF
2579:face
2512:liː-
2499:help
2480:PASS
2426:help
2411:INTJ
2393:IMPF
2389:INST
2371:IMPF
2320:help
2306:-say
2282:INCH
2278:INST
2274:1SUB
2265:that
2224:help
2201:INCH
2175:INST
2165:INTJ
2161:INTJ
2135:help
2120:2OBJ
2116:IMPF
2108:1SUB
2060:help
2025:1SUB
2015:IMPF
1895:help
1869:PTCL
1859:JNCT
1795:help
1762:2OBJ
1758:IMPF
1754:CAUS
1750:CAUS
1733:just
1708:help
1685:CAUS
1673:COMP
1664:-see
1628:help
1614:head
1601:PROG
1597:CAUS
1585:PAST
1549:ma:-
1490:and
1466:and
1458:and
1415:Open
1326:Back
1287:and
659:490
574:and
538:and
488:and
195:and
175:and
119:The
8419:of
8027:Mam
6542:Kol
6536:Ata
6482:Yam
6347:Fas
5860:Tuu
5591:of
5480:doi
5451:doi
5336:doi
5280:doi
5247:652
5235:PDF
5136:doi
5079:doi
5054:doi
5002:doi
4437:doi
4171:CDI
4149:má
4143:má
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