1538:. The move resulted in a swift backlash from the modding community, and after an enormous influx of complaints of overpriced mods, content that had been published without its creator's consent, and concerns over mods that contained third-party copyrighted content (i.e., material that neither Valve nor the mod creator owned), Valve discontinued the 'paid mod' feature entirely and agreed to refund those that spent money to purchase a mod. Other concerns identified included that being able to mod the game was a reason why players bought the game on PC in the first place, a worry that
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community's support peaked from 2005 through the first PC edition of 2K in 2009, tailed off for a time, and then ramped up again once Take-Two abandoned the PC market in 2013 and canceled 2K entirely last year. A decade of EA development made MVP the best baseball game on the PC market in 2005, and a decade of amateur development has helped it keep that title in 2015.
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total amount of work required. Having an engine that is for example easy to import models to, is of little help when doing research, modeling, and making a photorealistic texture for a game item. As a result, other game characteristics such as its popularity and capabilities have a dominating effect on the number of mods created for the game by users.
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in-game content, due to the nature of a peculiar game engine. It may be the case, for example, that in a game which does not give a player the option to choose their character, modders wishing to add another player model will simply have to overwrite the old one. A famous example of this type of mod can be found for the
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Copyright law, as it relates to video games and mod packs, is an evolving and largely unsettled legal issue. The legal uncertainty revolves around which party is legally the 'copyright owner' of the mods within the pack—the company that produced the game, the end-user that created the compilation, or
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The game industry is currently facing the question of how much it should embrace the players' contribution in creating new material for the game or mod-communities as part of their structure within the game. Some software companies openly accept and even encourage such communities. Others though have
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As early as the 1980s, video game mods have also been used for the sole purpose of creating art, as opposed to an actual game. This can include recording in-game actions as a film, as well as attempting to reproduce real-life areas inside a game with no regard for game play value. This has led to the
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People can become fans of specific mods, in addition to fans of the game they are for, such as requesting features and alterations for these mods. In cases where mods are very popular, players might have to clarify that they are referring to the unmodified game when talking about playing a game. The
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Mod packs are groups of mods put into one package for download, often with an auto-installer. A mod pack's purpose is to make it easier for the player to install and manage multiple mods. Mod packs may be created with the purpose of making the original game more accessible to new players or to make
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ports of the game. In large part, this is due to the publisher's concern with prioritizing the porting of the primary game itself, when allocating resources for fixing the porting of mod-specific functions may not be cost-effective for the smaller market share of alternate platforms. For example,
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that adds programmable computers and robots to allow the player to automate tasks in-game. This can be accomplished without changing any of the original game's existing content. Many games are flexible and allow this, however that is not always the case. Some add-ons occasionally have to replace
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that are total conversions, complicated modeling and texturing software are required to make original content. Advanced mods can rival the complexity and work of making the original game content (short of the engine itself), rendering the differences in ease of modding small in comparison to the
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Another factor in MVP's favor: The game allows greater access to its innards than most titles. 2K's failure to match MVP's approval rating despite several years of running unopposed on the PC market, made MVP the go-to game for modders even as it lost its looks relative to 2K and The Show. The
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does not allow mods with such content to be uploaded on its website. Nexus allows for mods which allow nudity as long as nudity is not present in the preview image. One of the most popular mods of this type is
Caliente's Beautiful Bodies Edition, which allows for body modification in Bethesda's
1267:, they purposely separated the game engine and other aspects related to the game's operation from the game levels and graphics, placing these into a WAD file, "WAD" short for "Where's All the Data?" In this manner, modders only needed to change the WAD file to mod the game, launching numerous
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not fixed by an official patch or that unlocks content present in the released game's files but is inaccessible in official gameplay. Such patches are usually created by members of the game's fan base when the original developer is unwilling or unable to supply the functionality officially.
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is a typically small mod which adds to the original content of a specific game. In most cases, an add-on will add one particular element to a game, such as a new weapon in a shooting game, a new unit or map in a strategy game, a new vehicle or track in a racing game, items in a game like
1227:. Poor suggests becoming a professional is not a major motivation of modders, noting that they tend to have a strong sense of community, and that older modders, who may already have established careers, are less motivated by the possibility of becoming professional than younger modders.
1261:, was released in a form that did not intend for users to be able to mod the game, but users were able to find ways to manipulate the game's files after scouring them for data locations to create their own levels and graphics. Because of this, when id developed their next game,
1692:) based on a numerical seed, so that speedrunners would have to overcome these new changes. Their popularity grew as randomizer playthroughs were popular with streaming media. Some games have offered official randomizer modes in the game itself, such as
1090:, are often only built for the Windows platform, leading to a lack of cross-platform compatibility even when the underlying game is highly portable. In the same line of reasoning, mod development tools are often available only on the Windows platform.
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extensively. A few mods become very popular and convert themselves into distinct games, with the rights getting bought and turning into an official modification, or in some cases a stand-alone title that does not require the original game to play.
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Mods have arguably become an increasingly important factor in the commercial success of some games, as they add depth to the original work, and can be both fun for players playing the mods and as a means of self-expression for mod developers.
1288:(1998), which increased its sales figures over the first three years of its release. According to the director of marketing at Valve, a typical shelf-life for a game would be 12 to 18 months, even if it was a "mega-hit". In early 2012, the
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1448:", and develop norms about the reuse of this material, often settling on a system of shared ownership, where mods and code are freely shared with the common good in mind. It has been argued that total conversion mods may be covered in the
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mod significantly changes an entire game's graphics and gameplay, usually with the intent to improve on the original, but not going as far as being a completely different experience. This can also include adding revised dialog and music.
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Many mods are not publicly released to the gaming community by their creators. Some are very limited and just include some gameplay changes or even a different loading screen, while others are total conversions and can modify content and
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was released and caused a massive increase in sales for the three-year-old game, putting it in the top spot for online game sales for a number of months and selling over 300,000 units for the game. In some cases, modders who are against
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Mods can be both useful to players and a means of self-expression. Three motivations have been identified by Olli
Sotamaa for fans to create mods: to patch the game, to express themselves, and to get a foot in the door of the
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Randomizers are a type of user mod, typically atop games of the 8-bit and 16-bit generations, that keep the fundamental gameplay but randomize elements of the game to make it more of a challenge. Randomizers came out of the
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the creators of the individual mods. Video games are protected by copyright law as a "literary work". In the United States context, the mechanisms of how the modder gets into the code of the game to mod it may violate the
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Olson, Cheryl K.; Kutner, Lawrence A.; Warner, Dorothy E.; Almerigi, Jason B.; Baer, Lee; Nicholi, Armand M.; Beresin, Eugene V. (July 2007). "Factors
Correlated with Violent Video Game Use by Adolescent Boys and Girls".
1988:, the game's modding community has continued to support it by releasing updated roster lists and graphics every year, along with creating alternative baseball leagues (e.g. MVP Caribe, a total conversion) in the game.
1441:, discourage modding through aggressive litigation, strict EULAs and Terms and Conditions for their property. Mods themselves may introduce other copyrighted elements into video games which further complicate matters.
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There are also free content delivery tools available that make playing mods easier. They help manage downloads, updates, and mod installation in order to allow people who are less technically literate to play.
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account credentials. The modifications in question have since been taken out of circulation, with affected players being advised to change their social media account passwords and disinfect their computers.
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By the mid-1990s, modding tools were commonly offered with PC games, and by the early 2000s, a game that launched with no modding tools was considered more worthy of note in a review than one that did.
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Mod teams that lack either the resources or know-how to develop their mods for alternate platforms sometimes outsource their code and art assets to individuals or groups who are able to port the mod.
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is a mod of an existing game that replaces virtually all of the artistic assets in the original game, and sometimes core aspects of gameplay. Total conversions can result in a completely different
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Flew, Terry and
Humphreys, Sal (2005) "Games: Technology, Industry, Culture" in Terry Flew, New Media: an introduction (second edition), Oxford University Press, South Melbourne 101-114.
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Modding a game can also be understood as the act of seeking and installing mods to the player's game, but the act of tweaking pre-existing settings and preferences is not truly modding.
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Gaming in art: A case study of two examples of the artistic appropriation of computer games and the mapping of historical trajectories of "Art Games" versus mainstream computer games
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A recurring trend with video game mods is the creation of user-made skins and/or character models replacing the default ones that came with the game, the most popular of which are
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has an unofficial patch which adds and fixes many of its features. One effect of this type of mod is that hidden or partially deleted content can be revealed. An example is the
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chosen to enclose their games in heavily policed copyright or
Intellectual Property regimes (IPR) and close down sites that they see as infringing their ownership of a game.
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mod changes parts of how players interact with the game, and commonly, mods to the UI reveal information that the player or modder believes is helpful in playing the game.
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randomizer, the mod moved the location of the dungeons, the layout of these dungeons, and the location of enemies in a random but procedurally generated manner (similar to
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1665:, which not only improves the original game's textures, but also adds a new weather system, visual effects, and adjusts the wanted system, weapons, and vehicle handling.
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1429:(EULA). Most EULAs forbid modders from selling their mods. A particular concern of companies is the use of copyrighted material by another company in mods, such as a
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857:. The provision of tools is still seen as the most practical way that a company can signal to fans that its game is open for modding. Fans may also use and create
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974:(2007) set out to be the 'most customisable game ever' and as such included a mod manager which allowed for modular modding, having several mods on at once.
1918:. However, modified games that retain their playability and are subject to more extensive mods (i.e. closer to total conversions) may also be classified as
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does not have a working community mods menu for the Mac OS X version and, until the 3369 patch, had graphics incompatibilities with several mods such as
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For example, a number of fan-made maps, scenarios and mods, such as the "Best of the Net" collection and "Double Your
Pleasure", were included in the
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The potential for end-user change in game varies greatly, though it can have little correlation with the number and quality of mods made for a game.
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Postigo, H. (1 February 2008). "Video Game
Appropriation through Modifications: Attitudes Concerning Intellectual Property among Modders and Fans".
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Many popular total conversions are later turned into standalone games, replacing any remaining original assets to allow for commercial sale without
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to build new in-game objects. However, there are free versions of Maya and other advanced modeling software available. There are also free and even
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Games have varying support from their publishers for modifications, but often require expensive professional software to make. One such example is
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In general the most modification-friendly games will define gameplay variables in text or other non proprietary format files (for instance in the
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series can also be modded with individual add-ons which are stored in a .VPK format, so that a player may choose to activate a given mod or not.
1112:, has created GUI launchers and installers for many UT2004 mods, as well as solving cross-platform conversion issues for mods for other games.
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Coleman, Sarah; Dyer-Witheford, Nick (2007). "Playing on the digital commons: collectivities, capital and contestation in videogame culture".
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1126:(2004) modifications that changed item and game behavior were unexpectedly being transferred to other players through the official website's
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modding community splintered across the different total conversions available, often modding for a particular total conversion rather than
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is expected to make developing for hobby projects easier, particularly with assets such as textures and dialogue, though this also led to
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Poretski, Lev; Arazy, Ofer (25 February 2017). "Placing Value on
Community Co-creations: A Study of a Video Game 'Modding' Community".
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over its use especially with voice actors who expressed concern regarding their characters' voices being cloned without their consent.
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insisted that mods should only work with the retail version of the game (not the demo), which was respected by the modders and boosted
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patch of the late 1990s by altering Lara Croft's sexual orientation. The origins of the art mod can be traced to the classic 1983 mod
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791:(1991), which allowed users to create game designs in those series. Much more successful among early mod-making tools was the 1992
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by modding pre-existing mods, and that mod teams would become unworkable. The removal of the system itself was also criticized.
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821:(2000) before the game itself, resulting in a suite of fan-created mods being available at launch. The advertising campaign for
583:. Mods may range from small changes and tweaks to complete overhauls, and can extend the replay value and interest of the game.
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Burger-Helmchen, Thierry; Cohendet, Patrick (October 2011). "User
Communities and Social Software in the Video Game Industry".
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3621:"Brief overview of the differences and similarities between open source software development and co-creation in digital games"
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series one could alter the movement rate along roads and many other factors), and have graphics of a standard format such as
779:
Mod-making tools are a variety of construction sets for creating mods for a game. Early commercial mod-making tools were the
2175:
Poor, Nathaniel (24 September 2013). "Computer game modders' motivations and sense of community: A mixed-methods approach".
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1888:(AO). In the fourth quarter of 2005, Rockstar released a "clean" version of the game with the "Hot Coffee" scenes removed (
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Sotamaa, Olli (July 2010). "When the Game Is Not Enough: Motivations and
Practices Among Computer Game Modding Culture".
964:(1996) was much less moddable, but some people released their own modifications nevertheless. Some modifications such as
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1274:. id's approach of separating data file from execution files became essential for modding of video games in the future.
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For cross-platform games, mods written for the Windows version have not always been compatible with the Mac OS X and/or
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1996:, released in 2011, received mixed reviews due to bugs and other issues. Modders fixed the game over time and received
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series wherein modders may use downloadable tools to replace content (such as models) in the game's directory. The
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The National Crime Agency of the UK has indicated that modding can act as a pathway to cybercrime for some people.
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958:(2006), are examples of highly moddable games, with an official editor available for download from the developer.
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Technical and social skills are needed to create a mod. A group of mod developers may join to form a "mod team".
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Dey, Tapajit; Massengill, Jacob Logan; Mockus, Audris (16 October 2016). "Analysis of Popularity of Game Mods".
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have deliberately made the game more moddable by adding in scripting support or externalizing underlying code.
633:
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1817:). An example of a mod that adds functionality to augment or enhance a players experience is ComputerCraft; a
680:(1993) was the first game to have a large modding community. In exchange for the technical foundation to mod,
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Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Communities & Technologies - Transforming Communities
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Proceedings of the 2016 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play Companion Extended Abstracts
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community which had exhausted the challenge of racing through the game with one of the earliest being for
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1167:. Two of the modifications in question, namely "Angry Planes" and "No Clip", came with code for loading a
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902:. Publishers can also determine mod-friendliness in the way important source files are available, such as
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4310:"You can play controversial FPS 'Daikatana' on Linux now, thanks to a fan patch endorsed by John Romero"
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1137:, there were calls from the industry to better control modders. There is concern about mods that show
575:(short for "modification") is the process of alteration by players or fans of one or more aspects of a
4377:"The Fallacy Of Free Mods - Paying Creators, Developers, And Valve Is The Right Move (And May Return)"
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843:(2002) allowed a variety of custom scenarios or maps to be created for the game, such as a number of
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2491:"Armored Core 6 Modders Thought It Was a Great Idea to Add Thomas the Tank Engine after CJ from GTA"
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generated interest was how user-generated content (mods) was central to the experience, and how the
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fan site GTAForums reported instances of malware being circulated through modifications written for
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2835:"Online communities are changing video games to make them better, weirder, and much more wonderful"
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having its art assets separate from the main program, which allows them to be shared and modified.
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Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing
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4250:"'MVP Baseball … 2015'? How the Best Baseball Video Game Ever Has Refused to Retire for 10 Years"
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1203:. Video game modding was described as remixing of games and can be therefore seen as part of the
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391:
227:
1402:, said that "the strength of the modding community is ... the very reason the series survived".
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Scacchi, Walt (2011). "Modding as an Open Source Approach to Extending Computer Game Systems".
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had a Valve-run annual mod expo which began in 1999, showcasing the new games built using the
881:" service, for example, allows a user to easily download and install mods in supported games.
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2718:. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Vol. 365. pp. 62–74.
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1922:. Art mods are usually designed to subvert the original game experience. One example is the
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rights remained with the creator-player. This was developed by the publisher into a market.
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803:
801:, which allowed users to construct games based on the game world that was launched with the
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2067:, one of the earliest games for which user-created content was widely made and distributed.
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is a mod that is created for artistic effect. Art mods are most frequently associated with
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3745:
3460:"The Discourse of Digital Dispossession: Paid Modifications and Community Crisis on Steam"
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in which the players spray-paint anti-violence messages in multiplayer games as a form of
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874:
712:" and "Team Fortress" became standard features in later games in the shooter genre. While
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3502:"Video game modding in the U.S. intellectual property law: Controversial issues and gaps"
1809:, or additional contents in simulation games (such as new pilotable airplanes, e.g., the
1610:(2006), for which fans created thousands of game modes over its decade-long development.
1245:
which users could make and save levels to share with other players on the same computer.
4071:
4023:"Bloodstained Adds a New Character and Randomizer Mode, But Switch Players Have to Wait"
1507:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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2785:"Witcher 3 mod uses AI to create new voice lines without Geralt's original voice actor"
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are a popular form of modification, allowing fans to come up with their own humorous
4163:(Clarke, Andy and Grethe Mitchell, eds.). Bristol: Intellect Books. Pp.40-42. 2007.
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2644:"How Warcraft 3's modding community paved the way for League of Legends and Dota 2"
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Due to the increasing popularity and quality of modding, some developers, such as
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Vienna University of Technology - Design and Assessment of Technologies Institute
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1437:" mod, which was legally contested by 20th Century Fox. Some companies, such as
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Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies
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for Mac OS X, had file access issues specific to mods until the 1.61D patch.
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2757:"Generative AI Is Coming for Video Games. Here's How It Could Change Gaming"
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Voorhees, Gerald (2014). "Chapter 31: Shooting". In Perron, Bernard (ed.).
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Kretzschmar, Mark; Stanfill, Mel (17 July 2018). "Mods as Lightning Rods".
2810:"The Witcher Voice Actor Doug Cockle Calls AI 'Inevitable' but 'Dangerous'"
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4130:
4098:
3718:
3319:"Sid Meier's Civilization Mods by Rhye - Rhye's and Fall of Civilization"
3271:
3035:
3004:"Grand Theft Auto 5 Mods 'Angry Planes' and 'NoClip' Infected With Virus"
2980:
1919:
1805:
1453:
1444:
Some regard the fan use of copyrighted material in mods to be part of a "
1438:
1326:
1235:
One of the first games that supported user modifications as packaged was
1192:
1172:
1099:
817:
665:
423:
212:
195:
3343:
1329:
mods in official releases of expansion packs. A similar case is that of
4805:
4775:
4635:
4500:
4483:
4465:
3888:"A massive overhaul for the original Deus Ex is now available on Steam"
2433:
Modding scenes: Introduction to user-created content in computer gaming
2111:
2030:
1390:
were included with the expansion (the latter through a spin-off called
1340:
1322:
1312:
1200:
1084:
Also, mods compiled into platform-specific libraries, such as those of
580:
3110:"Malleable Games - A Literature Review on Communities of Game Modders"
1892:
1.01), allowing the rating of the game to be reverted to its original
579:, such as how it looks or behaves, and is a sub-discipline of general
5086:
3942:
3774:
2122:
1955:
1539:
1345:
1296:
1138:
1086:
899:
758:
3579:"SPARE THE MOD: IN SUPPORT OF TOTAL-CONVERSION MODIFIED VIDEO GAMES"
625:
Popular games can have tens of thousands of mods created for them.
4333:
4272:"Open Source Breathes New Life Into 'MVP Baseball 2005' Video Game"
4224:"Nine Years Later, Latin America's Leagues Keep MVP Baseball Alive"
4204:
1130:
feature, leading to changed game behavior without advance warning.
4677:
4561:
2026:
2022:
1958:). The very first art mod, however, is generally considered to be
1617:. Some of these mods are even approved for sale despite using the
1064:
1053:
812:
632:
2867:
Sihvonen, Tania (2011). "Cultural and Commercial Appropriation".
2386:"On modder labour, commodification of play, and mod competitions"
3913:"That Gorgeous GTA 5 Graphics Overhaul Mod Is Finally Available"
2761:
1873:
722:
4432:
3714:"Valve has removed paid mods functionality from Steam Workshop"
3646:
van der Graaf, Shenja (2018). "Designing for Mod Development".
2620:"Analysis: Defense of the Ancients - An Underground Revolution"
2521:"Thomas the Tank engine mod got Skyrim player in legal trouble"
2021:, leading the version 1.3 patch, which also ported the game to
4362:
Players Unleashed!: Modding The Sims and the Culture of Gaming
3863:"Valve gives Black Mesa permission to be a commercial product"
3008:
2869:
Players Unleashed!: Modding The Sims and the Culture of Gaming
1721:
1487:
985:
3239:"Pirates upset that popular graphics mod won't work for them"
1305:
have created mods that enforce the use of a legal game copy.
2000:
access, which led to an official re-release under the name
2439:. Hypermedia Laboratory Net Series. Vol. 9. Tampere:
4126:"FTC Hot Coffee ruling scalds, but doesn't burn Take-Two"
3966:"How "randomizers" are breathing new life into old games"
3770:"Some People Are Pissed That Skyrim's Paid Mods Are Gone"
3077:"Computer game mods, modders, modding, and the mod scene"
1584:
in general. Examples of famous total conversions include
1195:
provides an inexpensive medium to promote and distribute
606:", for example, refers to the original, unmodified game.
753:, though at least one modder received legal action from
4291:"Mods Saved A Game, So They're Now An Official Product"
3681:"Skyrim is first game to allow paid game mods on Steam"
2253:
Postigo, Hector (October 2007). "Of Mods and Modders".
2073:
which modifies a game with often unpredictable effects.
3217:"DayZ Helps Arma 2 Rack Up More Than 300,000 In Sales"
2463:"Artificial life finds a way: the legacy of Creatures"
1938:
patches which were designed to subvert the unofficial
1156:, and has been downloaded at least 8.2 million times.
702:, which allowed modding communities to form. Mods for
3938:"What Happens When You Randomize The Legend Of Zelda"
3394:"The IP Implications of Video Game Mods - JIPEL Blog"
3031:"GTA 5 mods Angry Planes and No Clip contain malware"
1223:. It has been noted that these motivations encompass
940:
A game that allows modding is said to be "moddable".
732:(1996) fostered younger modders, particularly girls.
4094:"San Andreas rated AO, Take-Two suspends production"
5058:
4997:
4962:
4895:
4843:
4721:
4685:
4676:
4649:
4560:
4464:
1896:rating. In May 2006, a similar event occurred with
3805:"8 of the Coolest Total Conversion Mods Ever Made"
3156:
3154:
3152:
2976:"A few 'GTA V' mods are installing malware on PCs"
2915:"Supernatural powers become contagious in PC game"
2862:
2860:
1872:, which unlocks a sexually explicit minigame. The
4054:"Axiom Verge just got a surprise Randomizer mode"
3108:Thiel, Sarah-Kristin; Lyle, Peter (3 June 2019).
1282:Mods can extend the shelf life of games, such as
600:is often used to make this distinction. "Vanilla
3741:"Removing Payment Feature From Skyrim Workshop"
2119:, for more information on the GTA modding scene
1532:; the first game to implement this feature was
1116:Unforeseen consequences or benefits of modding
4444:
3370:"Sid Meier and the Meaning of "Civilization""
3163:The Routledge Companion to Video Game Studies
2017:was released to a select group of modders by
2002:IL-2 Sturmovik: Cliffs of Dover BLITZ Edition
691:s sales. Another factor in the popularity of
553:
8:
3422:Kow, Yong Ming; Nardi, Bonnie (3 May 2010).
1848:can be a mod of an existing game that fixes
1650:, which was given permission from publisher
162:Specialized / alternative-paradigmatic types
4134:. CNET Networks. 2006-06-08. Archived from
3294:"Civilization III: Play the World Overview"
1756:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1020:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4849:
4682:
4566:
4451:
4437:
4429:
4370:Modding The Sims and the Culture of Gaming
4178:
4176:
3650:. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. pp. 1–2.
3594:(3): 789–810. January 2012. Archived from
3192:"Video game companies encourage 'modders'"
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
560:
546:
29:
4155:
4153:
3517:
3458:Joseph, Daniel James (27 February 2018).
3439:
3092:
2403:
1776:Learn how and when to remove this message
1120:In January 2005, it was reported that in
1040:Learn how and when to remove this message
3453:
3451:
3417:
3415:
3070:
3068:
2936:
2934:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2576:
2574:
2572:
4206:Game Mods: Design, Theory and Criticism
2716:Open Source Systems: Grounding Research
2248:
2246:
2160:
2054:the game harder for veterans to enjoy.
1966:(a modification of Sony's "System G").
1934:. Another example is Robert Nideffer's
1590:(1999), whose developers were hired by
1199:like mods, an aspect commonly known as
46:
4072:"JJ2+ (last updated October 30, 2013)"
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
1594:to turn it into a commercial product,
1528:implemented a "paid mod" feature onto
794:Forgotten Realms: Unlimited Adventures
4183:Stalker, Phillipa Jane (2006-11-15).
3831:
3829:
3799:
3797:
2845:from the original on 22 February 2019
1561:List of video games derived from mods
1398:, who had opposed supporting mods in
1215:that produced the first video games.
700:increasing popularity of the Internet
7:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
1954:which replaces the Nazi guards with
1754:adding citations to reliable sources
1018:adding citations to reliable sources
946:(2011) as well as its predecessors,
851:maps, the most notable of which was
4052:Prescott, Shaun (14 January 2021).
3267:"Half-Life Mod Expo mods announced"
2618:Walbridge, Michael (12 June 2008).
1604:to have sponsored tournaments, and
1225:intrinsic and extrinsic motivations
1211:, or as a successor to the playful
915:(2003), which requires the program
4754:List of American independent films
3768:Grayson, Nathan (April 28, 2015).
3712:Prescott, Shaun (April 27, 2015).
2519:Hernandez, Patricia (2019-05-15).
2384:Sotamaa, Olli (3 September 2007).
1643:Examples of overhaul mods include
1108:The mod specialist site for Macs,
761:for their unauthorised use of the
522:List of video game industry people
25:
4248:Lindbergh, Ben (April 14, 2015).
4159:Cannon, Rebecca. "Meltdown" from
3964:White, Scott (December 3, 2019).
3936:Harris, John (February 2, 2016).
1705:Bloodstained: Ritual of the Night
1658:alongside the original game, and
1484:Controversy surrounding paid mods
1470:In 2006, part of the reason that
1459:Modding can be compared with the
4334:"modpack - definition - English"
4203:Bogacs, Hannes (February 2008),
3619:Czarnota, Jedrzej (2013-08-07).
3519:10.38044/2686-9136-2022-3-4-8-31
2974:Seppala, Timothy (15 May 2015).
2461:Denton, Abby (12 January 2018).
2229:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.01.001
2135:, unofficial modding on consoles
1726:
1544:stand on the shoulders of giants
1492:
1419:Digital Millennium Copyright Act
990:
788:The Bard's Tale Construction Set
637:Custom character models such as
612:artistic video game modification
315:Intellectual property protection
33:
4664:Experimental musical instrument
3861:Matulef, Jeffrey (2013-11-20).
3500:Lee, C. A. (30 December 2022).
2913:Knight, Will (7 January 2005).
1993:IL-2 Sturmovik: Cliffs of Dover
1974:After EA lost its license with
1383:Rhye's and Fall of Civilization
1171:, and a keylogger for stealing
849:multiplayer online battle arena
827:(2002) focused on the included
815:released the modding tools for
4402:van der Graaf, Shenja (2018).
4021:Van Allen, Eric (4 May 2020).
3215:Usher, William (1 July 2012).
3057:National Crime Agency (2017).
2833:Letzter, Rafi (21 July 2015).
1621:of the original game, such as
885:Game support for modifications
716:are popular games to mod, the
1:
5108:Social peer-to-peer processes
3911:Pereira, Chris (2016-09-20).
3886:Robertson, Adi (2015-10-13).
3679:Kamen, Matt (24 April 2015).
3368:Jahromi, Neima (2021-09-22).
3237:Orland, Kyle (May 11, 2017).
3190:Hyman, Paul (April 9, 2004).
2808:Dinsdale, Ryan (2023-12-22).
2489:Mathur, Moulik (2023-09-08).
1890:Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
1869:Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
1542:modders would not be able to
1461:open-source-software movement
782:Boulder Dash Construction Kit
746:Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
517:List of video game publishers
505:List of video game developers
18:Total conversion modification
4406:. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
4375:Futter, Mike (May 4, 2015).
4289:Luke Plunkett (2018-02-28).
3838:"Best total conversion mods"
3836:Donnelly, Joe (2017-02-10).
3265:Walker, Trey (17 May 2006).
3075:Scacchi, Walt (3 May 2010).
2584:Media, Culture & Society
2216:Journal of Adolescent Health
1600:(2003), which was the first
1423:Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
1257:(1992), one of the earliest
927:) that can be used as well.
532:List of video game magazines
27:Modification of a video game
3059:"Pathways Into Cyber Crime"
3029:Chalk, Andy (14 May 2015).
2724:10.1007/978-3-642-24418-6_5
2117:Modding in Grand Theft Auto
2092:Fork (software development)
1970:Support continuation by mod
1535:The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim
1094:'s Doom 3 Radiant tool and
943:The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim
923:modeling programs (such as
799:Strategic Simulations, Inc.
768:The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim
765:intellectual property in a
527:List of video game websites
5160:
4366:Amsterdam University Press
3992:Miller, Des (2023-04-26).
2944:Social & Legal Studies
2873:Amsterdam University Press
2839:Business Insider Australia
2783:Stokes, Ian (2021-04-20).
2755:Lumb, David (4 May 2024).
2065:Adventure Construction Set
1948:(a humorous subversion of
1899:Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion
1558:
1427:end-user license agreement
1409:
1159:In 2015, members from the
930:For advanced mods such as
451:Advertising in video games
4852:
4744:American eccentric cinema
4569:
4552:Amateur press association
4412:10.1007/978-3-319-61500-4
4360:Sihvonen, Tania. (2011).
4308:Dawe, Liam (2016-07-20).
3656:10.1007/978-3-319-61500-4
3002:Rad, Chloi (2015-05-14).
2672:. ACM. pp. 480–491.
2563:10.1016/j.lrp.2011.09.003
2007:Following the closure of
1501:This section needs to be
1412:Copyright and video games
1241:(1983), which included a
1135:"Hot Coffee" mod incident
861:tools for modding games.
720:genre with games such as
320:Digital rights management
3557:10.1177/1354856507084419
3479:10.1177/1555412018756488
2953:10.1177/0964663918787221
2597:10.1177/0163443707081700
2313:10.1177/1555412009359765
2269:10.1177/1555412007307955
2191:10.1177/1461444813504266
4734:Cinema of Transgression
3125:10.1145/3328320.3328393
2678:10.1145/2998181.2998301
2430:Lukkanen, Tero (2005).
2344:10.1145/2968120.2987724
2178:New Media & Society
1597:Defense of the Ancients
1336:Defense of the Ancients
1278:Official status of mods
854:Defense of the Ancients
757:franchise rights owner
42:Part of a series on the
5139:Unofficial adaptations
5134:Video game development
5050:Independent TV station
4979:Independent soft drink
4945:Open-source video game
4459:Independent production
3398:blog.jipel.law.nyu.edu
3197:The Hollywood Reporter
1876:changed the rating of
1615:copyright infringement
1465:open-source video game
1187:Motivations of modders
1102:are examples of this.
1070:Unreal Tournament 2004
763:Thomas the Tank Engine
751:Thomas the Tank Engine
739:mods such as those of
660:
652:Guitar Hero World Tour
5030:Visionary environment
4729:Independent animation
3441:10.5210/fm.v15i5.2971
3094:10.5210/fm.v15i5.2965
2441:University of Tampere
2405:10.5210/fm.v12i9.2006
1976:Major League Baseball
1964:AIUEOUNN Six Features
1815:Boeing 787 Dreamliner
1478:intellectual property
1452:under the concept of
1380:, two existing mods,
1259:first-person shooters
714:first-person shooters
636:
5042:Independent circuit
4872:Open-source software
4771:Guerrilla filmmaking
4033:on 25 September 2021
3842:Rock, Paper, Shotgun
3424:"Who owns the mods?"
3348:kael.civfanatics.net
3323:rhye.civfanatics.net
3169:. pp. 251–258.
3167:Taylor & Francis
3119:. pp. 198–209.
2450:on 28 November 2018.
2338:. pp. 133–139.
1936:Tomb Raider I and II
1750:improve this section
1700:downloadable content
1684:around 2015. In the
1406:Legal status of mods
1197:user created content
1014:improve this section
859:open-source software
657:fictional crossovers
384:Downloadable content
5010:Amateur photography
4703:Amateur pornography
4651:Musical instruments
4631:Tracker (MOD) music
3506:Digital Law Journal
2947:: 096466391878722.
2551:Long Range Planning
2011:the source code to
1946:Castle Smurfenstein
1681:The Legend of Zelda
1573:from the original.
1435:Aliens vs. Predator
1425:or even simply the
1221:video game industry
966:Gunslingers Academy
367:Episodic video game
48:Video game industry
5129:Video game modding
4474:Alternative comics
4161:Videogames and Art
3587:Harvard Law Review
3344:"Fall from Heaven"
2875:. pp. 37–86.
2468:Rock Paper Shotgun
2037:User interface mod
1951:Castle Wolfenstein
1333:, when they hired
1169:remote access tool
1165:Grand Theft Auto V
982:Portability issues
824:Neverwinter Nights
661:
573:Video game modding
392:Games as a service
5116:
5115:
5066:Independent media
4958:
4957:
4877:Software cracking
4839:
4838:
4766:Exploitation film
4672:
4671:
4641:Underground music
4589:Open-source label
4574:Independent music
4479:Alternative manga
4421:978-3-319-61499-1
4368:. Retrieved from
4169:978-1-84150-142-0
3665:978-3-319-61499-1
3467:Games and Culture
3400:. 17 October 2016
3176:978-1-136-29050-3
3134:978-1-4503-7162-9
2882:978-90-8964-201-1
2733:978-3-642-24417-9
2687:978-1-4503-4335-0
2624:www.gamasutra.com
2353:978-1-4503-4458-6
2300:Games and Culture
2256:Games and Culture
2107:Minecraft modding
2077:Creative consumer
2071:Cartridge tilting
1985:MVP Baseball 2005
1856:Jazz Jackrabbit 2
1786:
1785:
1778:
1522:
1521:
1294:modification for
1050:
1049:
1042:
971:Supreme Commander
570:
569:
412:Microtransactions
181:Interactive movie
16:(Redirected from
5151:
5098:
5045:
4882:Unofficial patch
4850:
4799:
4739:Independent film
4683:
4613:Cassette culture
4567:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4430:
4425:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4385:. Archived from
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4274:. Archived from
4268:
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4200:
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4084:
4083:
4081:
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4068:
4062:
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4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4029:. Archived from
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4009:
4008:
3989:
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3980:
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3955:
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3873:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3833:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3811:. Archived from
3801:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3778:. Archived from
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3749:. April 28, 2015
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3689:. Archived from
3676:
3670:
3669:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
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3410:
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3407:
3405:
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3333:
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3329:
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3309:
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3290:
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3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3200:. Archived from
3187:
3181:
3180:
3158:
3147:
3146:
3114:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3072:
3063:
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2999:
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2640:
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2615:
2609:
2608:
2578:
2567:
2566:
2557:(5–6): 317–343.
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2527:. Archived from
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2497:. Archived from
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2443:. Archived from
2438:
2427:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2381:
2366:
2365:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2294:
2281:
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2250:
2241:
2240:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2185:(8): 1249–1267.
2172:
1845:unofficial patch
1838:Unofficial patch
1825:Grand Theft Auto
1781:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1761:
1730:
1722:
1567:total conversion
1555:Total conversion
1517:
1514:
1508:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1388:Fall from Heaven
1377:Beyond the Sword
1362:Civilization III
1358:Fantastic Worlds
1325:, have included
1207:as described by
1161:Grand Theft Auto
1060:Battlefield 1942
1045:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1025:
994:
986:
804:Pool of Radiance
710:Capture the Flag
708:(1996) such as "
690:
562:
555:
548:
417:In-game currency
37:
30:
21:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5096:
5054:
5043:
4993:
4972:
4954:
4891:
4835:
4816:Low-budget film
4797:
4791:'60s–'70s
4717:
4668:
4659:Circuit bending
4645:
4556:
4542:Self-publishing
4460:
4457:
4422:
4401:
4392:
4390:
4374:
4357:
4355:Further reading
4352:
4342:
4340:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4318:
4316:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4233:
4231:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4189:
4182:
4181:
4174:
4158:
4151:
4141:
4139:
4138:on July 8, 2006
4124:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4107:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4077:
4075:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4036:
4034:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4006:
4004:
3996:Cassette Beasts
3991:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3974:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3948:
3946:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3921:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3896:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3871:
3869:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3846:
3844:
3835:
3834:
3827:
3818:
3816:
3803:
3802:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3696:
3694:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3631:
3629:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3449:
3421:
3420:
3413:
3403:
3401:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3378:
3376:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3204:on May 6, 2008.
3189:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3160:
3159:
3150:
3135:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3014:
3012:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2923:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2883:
2866:
2865:
2858:
2848:
2846:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2818:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2793:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2734:
2713:
2712:
2703:
2688:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2653:
2651:
2650:. 26 March 2018
2642:
2641:
2637:
2628:
2626:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2580:
2579:
2570:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2534:
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2518:
2517:
2513:
2504:
2502:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2436:
2429:
2428:
2413:
2383:
2382:
2369:
2354:
2333:
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2328:
2296:
2295:
2284:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2174:
2173:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2060:
2051:
2039:
1972:
1960:Iimura Takahiko
1932:performance art
1908:
1840:
1782:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1747:
1731:
1720:
1698:in 2023, or in
1695:Cassette Beasts
1671:
1633:
1563:
1557:
1552:
1524:In April 2015,
1518:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1414:
1408:
1400:Civilization II
1372:Civilization IV
1354:Civilization II
1280:
1272:modding efforts
1233:
1209:Lawrence Lessig
1189:
1118:
1046:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1011:
995:
984:
887:
777:
688:
631:
566:
537:
536:
500:
492:
491:
487:Game journalism
477:
469:
468:
453:
447:
403:
388:
347:
333:
332:
331:
325:Copy protection
301:
281:
250:
240:
239:
219:
152:
144:
143:
122:Creation system
91:
71:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5157:
5155:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5121:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5090:
5083:
5076:Do it yourself
5073:
5068:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5039:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4901:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4853:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4831:Double feature
4828:
4826:No wave cinema
4823:
4821:No-budget film
4818:
4813:
4811:Midnight movie
4808:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4736:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4689:
4687:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4655:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4503:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4470:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4420:
4399:
4389:on May 5, 2015
4372:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4325:
4300:
4281:
4278:on 2016-01-31.
4263:
4240:
4215:
4195:
4172:
4149:
4117:
4085:
4063:
4044:
4013:
3984:
3956:
3928:
3903:
3878:
3853:
3825:
3793:
3760:
3732:
3704:
3671:
3664:
3638:
3611:
3570:
3533:
3492:
3473:(7): 690–707.
3447:
3411:
3385:
3374:The New Yorker
3360:
3335:
3310:
3285:
3257:
3229:
3219:. Cinema Blend
3207:
3182:
3175:
3148:
3133:
3100:
3064:
3049:
3021:
2994:
2966:
2930:
2905:
2896:
2881:
2856:
2825:
2800:
2775:
2747:
2732:
2701:
2686:
2660:
2635:
2610:
2591:(6): 934–953.
2568:
2541:
2511:
2481:
2453:
2411:
2367:
2352:
2326:
2307:(3): 239–255.
2282:
2263:(4): 300–313.
2242:
2204:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2149:Texture artist
2146:
2144:Steam Workshop
2141:
2139:Skyrim modding
2136:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2043:user interface
2038:
2035:
1971:
1968:
1928:Counter Strike
1916:video game art
1907:
1904:
1839:
1836:
1784:
1783:
1734:
1732:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1670:
1667:
1654:to release on
1632:
1629:
1587:Counter-Strike
1559:Main article:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1520:
1519:
1500:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1407:
1404:
1367:Play the World
1343:in developing
1339:lead designer
1279:
1276:
1254:Wolfenstein 3D
1232:
1229:
1213:hacker culture
1188:
1185:
1117:
1114:
1048:
1047:
998:
996:
989:
983:
980:
886:
883:
867:ethical issues
829:Aurora toolset
776:
773:
630:
627:
568:
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564:
557:
550:
542:
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538:
535:
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446:
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443:
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420:
419:
409:
402:
401:
400:
399:
387:
386:
381:
376:
371:
370:
369:
364:
362:Expansion pack
359:
348:
339:
338:
335:
334:
330:
329:
328:
327:
322:
312:
307:
300:
299:
298:
297:
295:Content rating
287:
280:
279:
278:
277:
272:
267:
262:
251:
246:
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
236:
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225:
223:Arcade cabinet
218:
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210:
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198:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
153:
150:
149:
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145:
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136:
131:
126:
125:
124:
119:
114:
104:
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102:
90:
89:
88:
87:
82:
77:
66:
60:
55:
54:
51:
50:
44:
43:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5156:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
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5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5095:
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5077:
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5064:
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5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4987:
4985:
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4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4951:
4948:
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4941:
4938:
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4934:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4867:Free software
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4857:Cowboy coding
4855:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
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4809:
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4794:
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4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
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4772:
4769:
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4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
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4720:
4714:
4711:
4709:
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4690:
4688:
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4675:
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4648:
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4616:
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4611:
4607:
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4499:
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4454:
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4423:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4400:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4382:Game Informer
4378:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4364:. Amsterdam:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4315:
4314:GamingOnLinux
4311:
4304:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4254:Grantland.com
4251:
4244:
4241:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4199:
4196:
4192:(MSc thesis).
4188:
4187:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4105:
4104:CNET Networks
4101:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4048:
4045:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4014:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3988:
3985:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3960:
3957:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3932:
3929:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3904:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3879:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3854:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3815:on 2020-01-21
3814:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3782:on 2018-10-29
3781:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3764:
3761:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3708:
3705:
3693:on 5 May 2015
3692:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3675:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3639:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3615:
3612:
3601:on 2016-12-02
3597:
3593:
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3550:
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3258:
3246:
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3230:
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3211:
3208:
3203:
3199:
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3193:
3186:
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3157:
3155:
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3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3101:
3095:
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3082:
3078:
3071:
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3053:
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3025:
3022:
3011:
3010:
3005:
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2995:
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2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2920:
2919:New Scientist
2916:
2909:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2892:
2891:j.ctt46mt37.5
2888:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2871:. Amsterdam:
2870:
2863:
2861:
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2811:
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2801:
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2748:
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2729:
2725:
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2717:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2693:
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2683:
2679:
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2671:
2664:
2661:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2611:
2606:
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2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2542:
2531:on 2024-07-12
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2501:on 2024-03-24
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2482:
2470:
2469:
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2110:
2108:
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2100:
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2036:
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2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1980:ended support
1977:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1924:Velvet-Strike
1921:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
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1865:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1820:
1819:Minecraft mod
1816:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1780:
1777:
1769:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1735:This section
1733:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1708:in 2020, and
1707:
1706:
1701:
1697:
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1691:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1668:
1666:
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1554:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1541:
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1527:
1516:
1504:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1467:development.
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1450:United States
1447:
1446:moral economy
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1370:, and in the
1369:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1328:
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1298:
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1255:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:remix culture
1202:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1155:
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1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1075:Red Orchestra
1072:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1044:
1041:
1033:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1004:
999:This section
997:
993:
988:
987:
981:
979:
975:
973:
972:
967:
963:
962:
957:
956:
951:
950:
945:
944:
938:
935:
934:
933:Desert Combat
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
913:
907:
905:
901:
897:
896:
890:
884:
882:
880:
876:
870:
868:
864:
863:Generative AI
860:
856:
855:
850:
846:
845:tower defense
842:
841:
836:
835:
830:
826:
825:
820:
819:
814:
808:
806:
805:
800:
796:
795:
790:
789:
784:
783:
774:
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769:
764:
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752:
748:
747:
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724:
719:
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687:
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673:
670:
667:
658:
654:
653:
648:
644:
640:
635:
628:
626:
623:
621:
617:
614:, as well as
613:
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587:
584:
582:
578:
574:
563:
558:
556:
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541:
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502:
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488:
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439:
438:
437:
434:
430:
427:
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425:
422:
418:
415:
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404:
398:
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385:
382:
380:
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372:
368:
365:
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137:
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78:
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62:
61:
58:
53:
52:
49:
45:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
5093:
5085:
5071:Indie design
5025:Outsider art
4989:Microbrewery
4939:
4932:
4722:Professional
4698:Amateur film
4618:
4606:Pirate radio
4579:Record label
4517:
4403:
4391:. Retrieved
4387:the original
4380:
4361:
4341:. Retrieved
4337:
4328:
4317:. Retrieved
4313:
4303:
4284:
4276:the original
4266:
4257:
4243:
4232:. Retrieved
4230:. 2013-12-22
4227:
4218:
4205:
4198:
4185:
4160:
4140:. Retrieved
4136:the original
4129:
4120:
4108:. Retrieved
4106:. 2005-12-14
4097:
4088:
4076:. Retrieved
4074:. 2013-11-01
4066:
4057:
4047:
4037:25 September
4035:. Retrieved
4031:the original
4026:
4016:
4005:. Retrieved
4001:
3995:
3987:
3975:. Retrieved
3971:Ars Technica
3969:
3959:
3947:. Retrieved
3941:
3931:
3920:. Retrieved
3916:
3906:
3895:. Retrieved
3891:
3881:
3870:. Retrieved
3866:
3856:
3845:. Retrieved
3841:
3817:. Retrieved
3813:the original
3809:The Escapist
3808:
3784:. Retrieved
3780:the original
3773:
3763:
3751:. Retrieved
3744:
3735:
3723:. Retrieved
3717:
3707:
3695:. Retrieved
3691:the original
3684:
3674:
3647:
3641:
3630:. Retrieved
3624:
3614:
3603:. Retrieved
3596:the original
3591:
3585:
3573:
3551:(1): 59–74.
3548:
3542:
3536:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3470:
3466:
3431:
3428:First Monday
3427:
3402:. Retrieved
3397:
3388:
3377:. Retrieved
3373:
3363:
3351:. Retrieved
3347:
3338:
3326:. Retrieved
3322:
3313:
3301:. Retrieved
3297:
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3270:
3260:
3250:November 27,
3248:. Retrieved
3244:Ars Technica
3242:
3232:
3221:. Retrieved
3210:
3202:the original
3195:
3185:
3162:
3116:
3103:
3084:
3081:First Monday
3080:
3052:
3040:. Retrieved
3034:
3024:
3013:. Retrieved
3007:
2997:
2985:. Retrieved
2979:
2969:
2942:
2922:. Retrieved
2918:
2908:
2899:
2868:
2847:. Retrieved
2838:
2828:
2817:. Retrieved
2813:
2803:
2792:. Retrieved
2788:
2778:
2766:. Retrieved
2760:
2750:
2715:
2669:
2663:
2652:. Retrieved
2647:
2638:
2627:. Retrieved
2623:
2613:
2588:
2582:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2533:. Retrieved
2529:the original
2524:
2514:
2503:. Retrieved
2499:the original
2494:
2484:
2472:. Retrieved
2466:
2456:
2445:the original
2432:
2395:
2391:First Monday
2389:
2335:
2329:
2304:
2298:
2260:
2254:
2223:(1): 77–83.
2220:
2214:
2207:
2182:
2176:
2102:Level editor
2082:Doom modding
2052:
2040:
2012:
2006:
2001:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1973:
1963:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1911:
1909:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1861:
1854:
1843:
1841:
1829:
1823:
1804:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1772:
1766:January 2011
1763:
1748:Please help
1736:
1709:
1703:
1702:, including
1693:
1685:
1679:
1676:speedrunning
1672:
1659:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1622:
1612:
1605:
1595:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1566:
1564:
1533:
1523:
1510:
1502:
1471:
1469:
1458:
1443:
1430:
1415:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1344:
1334:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1269:
1262:
1252:
1247:
1243:level editor
1236:
1234:
1217:
1190:
1182:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1151:
1147:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1107:
1104:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1063:, ported by
1058:
1051:
1036:
1030:January 2011
1027:
1012:Please help
1000:
976:
969:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
939:
931:
929:
910:
908:
903:
895:Civilization
893:
891:
888:
871:
852:
840:Warcraft III
838:
834:World Editor
833:
822:
816:
809:
802:
792:
786:
780:
778:
766:
762:
754:
744:
741:Carl Johnson
734:
727:
721:
703:
694:
685:
675:
674:
671:
662:
650:
643:Carl Johnson
624:
608:
601:
595:
592:
588:
585:
572:
571:
482:Game studies
407:Free-to-play
397:Cloud gaming
379:Crowdfunding
374:Early access
345:monetization
341:Distribution
285:Localization
161:
100:Level design
5103:Maker Faire
5044:(wrestling)
4984:Homebrewing
4910:development
4905:Indie games
4897:Video games
4887:Warez scene
4796:'80s–
4693:Home movies
4626:Lo-fi music
4547:Small press
4525:conventions
4393:27 November
3977:December 7,
3949:December 7,
3512:(4): 8–31.
3278:27 November
2849:22 February
2474:27 November
2133:ROM hacking
2019:John Romero
1998:source code
1941:Nude Raider
1886:Adults Only
1831:Left 4 Dead
1811:Airbus A330
1711:Axiom Verge
1652:Square Enix
1607:Garry's Mod
1473:Second Life
1249:id Software
1238:Lode Runner
1092:id Software
952:(2002) and
921:open-source
912:Homeworld 2
785:(1986) and
726:(1995) and
718:virtual pet
682:id Software
629:Development
441:Battle pass
436:Season pass
352:Buy-to-play
275:South Korea
107:Programming
57:Development
5123:Categories
5097:(magazine)
4915:developers
4781:Golden Age
4759:Mumblecore
4319:2023-02-09
4295:kotaku.com
4234:2024-04-04
4007:2023-04-30
3922:2017-07-19
3897:2017-07-19
3872:2017-07-19
3847:2017-07-19
3819:2017-07-19
3632:2023-03-11
3605:2018-07-25
3379:2021-09-23
3223:2012-07-03
3015:2023-11-17
2924:2024-04-04
2819:2024-06-05
2814:IGN Africa
2794:2024-06-05
2789:gamesradar
2654:2020-09-06
2629:2020-09-07
2535:2024-07-26
2505:2024-07-26
2156:References
2097:House rule
1862:Hot Coffee
1690:roguelikes
1669:Randomizer
1648:: Revision
1624:Black Mesa
1410:See also:
1392:Age of Ice
1374:expansion
1364:expansion
1356:expansion
1133:After the
1123:The Sims 2
1110:Macologist
1096:Epic Games
961:Daggerfall
647:Snow White
577:video game
290:Censorship
248:Publishing
186:Nonviolent
157:Video game
85:Programmer
5144:Fan labor
5080:DIY ethic
5037:Indie RPG
5020:Naïve art
5005:Indie art
4862:Demoscene
4749:Indiewood
4713:Machinima
4519:Doujinshi
4506:Minicomic
4404:ComMODify
4343:2 October
3892:The Verge
3867:Eurogamer
3686:Wired.com
3648:ComMODify
3626:Gamasutra
3565:154247452
3528:255586687
3487:149293423
3404:2 October
3353:2 October
3328:2 October
3303:2 October
3143:150367691
2961:149824659
2605:154832086
2495:IGN India
2277:143727901
2128:NexusMods
2087:Fan labor
2049:Mod packs
2014:Daikatana
2009:Ion Storm
1920:art games
1800:Minecraft
1737:does not
1714:in 2021.
1582:Half-Life
1578:Half-Life
1513:July 2024
1396:Sid Meier
1314:Half-Life
1309:Half-Life
1285:Half-Life
1153:Fallout 4
1001:does not
949:Morrowind
729:Creatures
620:demoscene
616:machinima
603:Minecraft
462:Advergame
233:Accessory
69:Developer
5015:Mail art
4950:ROM hack
4927:Fan game
4922:Homebrew
4845:Software
4708:Fan film
4584:Netlabel
4530:printers
4494:business
4489:Webcomic
4131:GameSpot
4099:GameSpot
4078:15 March
4058:PC Gamer
4027:US Gamer
3917:GameSpot
3719:PC Gamer
3272:GameSpot
3036:PC Gamer
2981:Engadget
2843:Archived
2696:18600910
2648:PCGamesN
2362:12003615
2321:59364177
2237:17577537
2199:39280896
2058:See also
1962:'s 1993
1926:mod for
1806:Terraria
1637:overhaul
1631:Overhaul
1454:fair use
1439:Nintendo
1360:and the
1327:fan-made
1193:Internet
1173:Facebook
1143:Bethesda
1128:exchange
1100:UnrealEd
1079:Metaball
955:Oblivion
879:Workshop
818:The Sims
698:was the
693:modding
666:gameplay
618:and the
610:rise of
424:Loot box
357:AAA game
213:Non-game
206:Exergame
196:Art game
151:Products
129:Graphics
75:Designer
64:Producer
5059:General
4806:Z movie
4798:present
4776:B movie
4686:Amateur
4636:Podsafe
4601:Station
4501:Webtoon
4484:Fanzine
4466:Reading
4142:July 1,
4110:July 1,
4002:RPG Fan
3998:Review"
2742:8934352
2525:Polygon
2112:Modding
2031:FreeBSD
1912:art mod
1906:Art mod
1884:(M) to
1758:removed
1743:sources
1646:Deus Ex
1503:updated
1421:or the
1341:IceFrog
1323:Firaxis
1231:History
1201:Web 2.0
1022:removed
1007:sources
925:Blender
900:bitmaps
875:Steam's
597:vanilla
581:modding
476:Related
457:in-game
255:Markets
228:Console
201:Edugame
191:Serious
139:Testing
5087:Doujin
4969:Drinks
4933:Doujin
4619:Doujin
4511:Co-ops
4418:
4338:Glosbe
4228:Kotaku
4167:
3943:Kotaku
3786:May 4,
3775:Kotaku
3753:May 4,
3725:May 4,
3697:May 4,
3662:
3563:
3526:
3485:
3173:
3141:
3131:
3042:16 May
2987:16 May
2959:
2889:
2879:
2768:31 May
2740:
2730:
2694:
2684:
2603:
2360:
2350:
2319:
2275:
2235:
2197:
2123:Mod DB
1956:Smurfs
1894:Mature
1882:Mature
1878:GTA:SA
1790:add-on
1718:Add-on
1540:newbie
1346:Dota 2
1316:engine
1303:piracy
1297:ARMA 2
1148:Skyrim
1141:, and
1139:nudity
1087:Doom 3
831:. The
807:game.
759:Mattel
755:Thomas
639:Kratos
305:Piracy
171:Erotic
166:Casual
112:Engine
95:Design
80:Artist
4998:Other
4678:Video
4621:music
4596:Radio
4562:Audio
4535:shops
4190:(PDF)
3746:Steam
3599:(PDF)
3582:(PDF)
3561:S2CID
3524:S2CID
3483:S2CID
3463:(PDF)
3434:(5).
3139:S2CID
3113:(PDF)
3087:(5).
2957:S2CID
2887:JSTOR
2738:S2CID
2692:S2CID
2601:S2CID
2448:(PDF)
2437:(PDF)
2398:(9).
2358:S2CID
2317:S2CID
2273:S2CID
2195:S2CID
2027:Linux
2023:MacOS
1880:from
1794:addon
1686:Zelda
1663:Redux
1661:GTA 5
1656:Steam
1592:Valve
1571:genre
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