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61:
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2739:. In real terms, the economy doubled in size between 1978 and 1986, doubled again by 1994, and again by 2003. On a real per capita basis, doubling from the 1978 base took place in 1987, 1996 and 2006. By 2008, the economy was 16.7 times the size it was in 1978, and 12.1 times its previous per capita levels. International trade progressed even more rapidly, doubling on average every 4.5 years. Total two-way trade in January 1998 exceeded that for all of 1978; in the first quarter of 2009, trade exceeded the full-year 1998 level. In 2008, China's two-way trade totaled US$ 2.56 trillion.
2171:
1889:
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1953:
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46:
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1028:
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38:
2724:, the new measures progressively relaxed restrictions on farming, agricultural distribution and, several years later, urban enterprises and labor. The more market-oriented approach reduced inefficiencies and stimulated private investment, particularly by farmers, which led to increased productivity and output. One feature was the establishment of four (later five)
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1607:. Along the coast of the Mediterranean, researchers have found a positive relationship between how well-connected a coastal location was and the local prevalence of archaeological sites from the Iron Age. This suggests that a location's trade potential was an important determinant of human settlements.
2440:
Free trade is a policy by which a government does not discriminate against imports or exports by applying tariffs or subsidies. This policy is also known as laissez-faire policy. This kind of policy does not necessarily imply because a country will then abandon all control and taxation of imports and
1658:
was the god of merchants, whose festival was celebrated by traders on the 25th day of the fifth month. The concept of free trade was an antithesis to the will and economic direction of the sovereigns of the ancient Greek states. Free trade between states was stifled by the need for strict internal
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1796:
also participated in the massive trading network. The maritime road is one of the most extensive sea-based trade networks of a single geological material in the prehistoric world. It was in existence for at least 3,000 years, where its peak production was from 2000 BCE to 500 CE, older than the
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was introduced as standardised money to facilitate a wider exchange of goods and services. This first stage of currency, where metals were used to represent stored value, and symbols to represent commodities, formed the basis of trade in the
Fertile Crescent for over 1500 years.
1471:
Obsidian provided the material to make cutting utensils or tools, although since other more easily obtainable materials were available, use was exclusive to the higher status of the tribe using "the rich man's flint". Interestingly, Obsidian has held its value relative to flint.
4947:
An emporium (in Latin; "emporion" in Greek) was a settlement reserved as a trading post, usually for the
Ancient Greeks, on the territory of another ancient nation, in this case, the Ancient Thracian Odrysian Kingdom (5th century BC – 1st century AD), the most powerful Thracian
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and the
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (later divided into the World Bank $ Bank for International Settlements). These organizations became operational in 1946 after enough countries ratified the agreement. In 1947, 23 countries agreed to the
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4011:
Even before domestication of plants and animals occurred, long-distance trading networks were prominent among some hunter-gathering societies, such as the
Natufians and other sedentary populations who inhabited the Eastern Mediterranean around 12,000–10,000
1478:
Trade in the
Mediterranean during the Neolithic of Europe was greatest in this material. Networks were in existence at around 12,000 BCE Anatolia was the source primarily for trade with the Levant, Iran and Egypt according to Zarins study of 1990.
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the Danube played an extremely important role in connecting East and West before the
Mediterranean became the main link between these regions. This period runs for about 25,000 years, from 35,000/30,000 to around 10,000/8,000 before the
5752:, p. ?. "I want nine out of ten people from my Ummah (nation) as traders" and "Trader, who did trading in truth, and sold the right quantity and quality of goods, he will stand along with Prophets and Martyrs, on Judgment day".
5612:
Bengal was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade
1676:
and a near-collapse of the trade network in the western world. Trade, however, continued to flourish among the kingdoms of Africa, the Middle East, India, China, and
Southeast Asia. Some trade did occur in the west. For instance,
4741:
5253:
Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the
Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan
2492:
EC was transformed into the
European Union, which accomplished the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) in 2002, through introducing the Euro, and creating this way a real single market between 13 member states as of January 1,
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2597:
and includes any commonly available commodity that has intrinsic value; historical examples include pigs, rare seashells, whale's teeth, and (often) cattle. In medieval Iraq, bread was used as an early form of money. In the
2069:
at the southern tip of the
African continent. Prior to this, the flow of spice into Europe from India was controlled by Islamic powers, especially Egypt. The spice trade was of major economic importance and helped spur the
3451:, and India, which historically had a more closed policy. South Korea has done much better by economic criteria than India over the past fifty years, though its success also has to do with effective state institutions.
2286:
The ascendancy of free trade was primarily based on national advantage in the mid 19th century. That is, the calculation made was whether it was in any particular country's self-interest to open its borders to imports.
5492:
2135:
due to different philosophies of trade. Whereas Portuguese traders concentrated on the accumulation of capital, in Kongo spiritual meaning was attached to many objects of trade. According to economic historian
1222:
substantially increased in some areas from 1815 until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Trade openness increased again during the 1920s but collapsed (in particular in Europe and North America) during the
1141:(perceived or real) in the production of some trade-able goods – including the production of scarce or limited natural resources elsewhere. For example, different regions' sizes may encourage
1136:
in which individuals and groups concentrate on a small aspect of production, but use their output in trade for other products and needs. Trade exists between regions because different regions may have a
3478:
put a temporary embargo on Turkish products and bans any imports from Turkey on December 31, 2020. The situation is prompted by food security concerns given Turkey's hostile attitude towards Armenia.
2190:
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1934:. Banking systems developed where money on account was transferred across national boundaries. Hand to hand markets became a feature of town life and were regulated by town authorities.
1805:. The Maritime Jade Road began to wane during its final centuries from 500 CE until 1000 CE. The entire period of the network was a golden age for the diverse societies of the region.
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in trade policy. Ricardo and others had suggested this earlier. This was taken as evidence against the universal doctrine of free trade, as it was believed that more of the
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was restricted by the size of the market, he said that countries having access to larger markets would be able to divide labour more efficiently and thereby become more
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3545:
also play a role in promoting fair trade standards by serving as independent monitors of compliance with labeling requirements. As such, it is a form of Protectionism.
3719:
Five types of nonstore retailing will be discussed: street peddling, direct selling, mail-order, automatic-merchandising machine operators, and electronic shopping.
5283:
2531:
Protectionism is the policy of restraining and discouraging trade between states and contrasts with the policy of free trade. This policy often takes the form of
1911:
The emergence of exchange networks in the Pre-Columbian societies of and near to Mexico are known to have occurred within recent years before and after 1500 BCE.
1461:
investigated trade in the Stone Age by excavations in 1901. The first clear archaeological evidence of trade in manufactured goods is found in south west Asia.
1525:
what they had for goods and services from each other. Anthropologists have found no evidence of barter systems that did not exist alongside systems of credit.
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later continued this vein of thought, showing that in a few circumstances tariffs might be beneficial to the host country; but never for the world at large.
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65:
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2014:
were major trade centers. They dominated trade in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, having the monopoly between Europe and the Near East for centuries.
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2345:
was a major economic recession that ran from 1929 to the late 1930s. During this period, there was a great drop in trade and other economic indicators.
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Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). "Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction". Semantic Scholar.
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5237:
Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158,
5217:
1752:
was an extensive trading network connecting multiple areas in Southeast and East Asia. Its primary products were made of jade mined from Taiwan by
1093:
before written history began. Consequently, any story of how money first developed is mostly based on conjecture and logical inference. Letters of
6535:
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3466:, a severe form of externally imposed isolation, is a blockade of all trade by one country on another. For example, the United States has had an
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60:
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2325:
young industries, although only for a time necessary for them to develop full capacity. This became the policy in many countries attempting to
1542:
used for accounting – found in Upper Euphrates valley in Syria dated to the 10th millennium BCE – is one of the earliest versions of writing.
1149:
between locations can benefit both locations. Different types of traders may specialize in trading different kinds of goods; for example, the
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When an inefficient producer sends the merchandise it produces best to a country able to produce it more efficiently, both countries benefit.
1637:
of the Roman empire produced a stable and secure transportation network that enabled the shipment of trade goods without fear of significant
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in Europe. Spices brought to Europe from the Eastern world were some of the most valuable commodities for their weight, sometimes rivaling
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teachings do not prohibit trade. They do prohibit fraud and dishonest measures. Historically they forbade charging interest on loans.
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involves the transfer of goods and services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money. Economists refer to a
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The lack of free trade was considered by many as a principal cause of the depression causing stagnation and inflation. Only during
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controls (via taxation) to maintain security within the treasury of the sovereign, which nevertheless enabled the maintenance of a
5929:
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5316:
Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).
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are the most significant issue upon which agreement has been the hardest to negotiate. By contrast, there was much agreement on
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Archaeological evidence of obsidian use provides data on how this material was increasingly the preferred choice rather than
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are two examples of such cargo ships. Many ports would develop their own extensive trade networks. The English port city of
1548:
was a prominent trading center during the third millennia BCE, with a network reaching into Anatolia and north Mesopotamia.
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became the world's largest exporter of manufactured goods and services, the biggest export market for around 80 countries.
2170:
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traded with peoples from what is modern day Iceland, all along the western coast of France, and down to what is now Spain.
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by the first half of the first millennium AD. It continued up to historic times, later becoming the Maritime Silk Road.
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from the late Mesolithic to Neolithic, requiring exchange as deposits of obsidian are rare in the Mediterranean region.
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is the exchange of goods and services across national borders. In most countries, it represents a significant part of
2356:, intended to prevent national trade barriers, to avoid depressions. It set up rules and institutions to regulate the
1085:
Traders generally negotiate through a medium of credit or exchange, such as money. Though some economists characterize
5135:
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1930:, commerce developed in Europe by trading luxury goods at trade fairs. Wealth became converted into movable wealth or
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1918:. There is evidence of established maritime trade with the cultures of northwestern South America and the Caribbean.
4579:
4166:
3521:
Importing firms voluntarily adhere to fair trade standards or governments may enforce them through a combination of
1227:
of the 1930s. Trade openness increased substantially again from the 1950s onward (albeit with a slowdown during the
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5367:
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Western Europe established a complex and expansive trade network with cargo ships being the main carrier of goods;
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have examples of coins from the earliest large-scale societies, although these were initially unmarked lumps of
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Archaeology And History In Sardinia From The Stone Age To The Middle Ages: Shepherds, Sailors, & Conquerors
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has helped to develop the world economy but, in combination with bilateral or multilateral agreements to lower
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were traded with Egypt since 3000 BCE. Long-range trade routes first appeared in the 3rd millennium BCE, when
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Williams-Thorpe, O. (1995). "Obsidian in the Mediterranean and the Near East: A Provenancing Success Story".
4027:
Great Adventures and Explorations: From the Earliest Times to the Present As Told by the Explorers Themselves
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4927:"Bulgarian Archaeologists To Start Excavations of Ancient Greek Emporium in Thracians' the Odrysian Kingdom"
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showed that free trade would benefit the industrially weak as well as the strong, in the famous theory of
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network. Beginning in the 16th century, European merchants would purchase gold, spices, cloth, timber and
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Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.
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3420:), its economic, social, and political importance have increased in recent centuries, mainly because of
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sources produced among the most widespread trading in the Mediterranean region as known to archaeology.
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against a specific country are sometimes imposed, in order to punish that country for some action. An
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4904:. ABC-CLIO's understanding ancient civilizations. Santa Barbara (Calif.): ABC-CLIO. pp. 190–191.
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2140:, in Kongo "giving more than receiving was a symbol of spiritual and political power and privilege."
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traded as they sailed from and to Scandinavia. Vikings sailed to Western Europe, while Varangians to
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let average villagers throughout the Empire conduct day-to-day affairs without fear of armed attack.
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controls "dupery", which hurt the trading nation as a whole for the benefit of specific industries.
2006:, played a key role in trade along the Mediterranean. From the 11th to the late 15th centuries, the
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In the Mediterranean region, the earliest contact between cultures involved members of the species
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5765:: "O believers! Do not devour one another’s wealth illegally, but rather trade by mutual consent."
3529:. Proposed and practiced fair trade policies vary widely, ranging from the common prohibition of
3443:
Empirical evidence for the success of trade can be seen in the contrast between countries such as
2352:
did the recession end in the United States. Also during the war, in 1944, 44 countries signed the
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The Early Mediterranean Village: Agency, Material Culture, and Social Change in Neolithic Italy
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in the world and often referred to by Europeans as the wealthiest country with which to trade.
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Early traders traded Obsidian at distances of 900 kilometres within the Mediterranean region.
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have both historically been important in the development of a global, international economy.
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The reforms proved spectacularly successful in terms of increased output, variety, quality,
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2317:, rather than completely free, trade policies. This was followed within a few years by the
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Davenport, Eileen; Low, Will (1 January 2012). "The labour behind the (Fair Trade) label".
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Of Mice and Merchants: Connectedness and the Location of Economic Activity in the Iron Age.
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A Fistful of Shells: West Africa from the Rise of the Slave Trade to the Age of Revolution
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Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
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3514:. Such ideas have also sparked a debate on whether trade itself should be codified as a
3416:. While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road,
1446:
The earliest use of obsidian in the Near East dates to the Lower and Middle paleolithic.
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were a medieval guild or group (the precise meaning of the word is lost to history) of
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Revista de Historia Economica – Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History
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group, a trade-promotion forum. In 2001, it also joined the World Trade Organization.
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Bown, C. P.; Crowley, M. A. (2016-01-01), Bagwell, Kyle; Staiger, Robert W. (eds.),
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scenario developed by Mill promoting the theory that the government had the duty to
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Jan David Bakker, Stephan Maurer, Jörn-Steffen Pischke and Ferdinand Rauch. 2021. "
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In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Portuguese gained an economic advantage in the
2089:. This came initially through the movement of gold and other resources sent out by
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in the Indian Ocean. This trade network expanded to reach as far as Africa and the
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contend that current levels of trade openness are the highest they have ever been.
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5200:"Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships"
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1253:("path, course of conduct"), introduced into English by Hanseatic merchants, from
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2695:
2616:
2539:. Protectionist policies were particularly prevalent in the 1930s, between the
2423:
2391:
2152:
2058:
1957:
1927:
1900:
1857:
1853:
1745:
1718:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1510:
1332:
1275:
1176:
1154:
1150:
1098:
1000:
539:
180:
165:
160:
2593:
The first instances of money were objects with intrinsic value. This is called
2167:
developed regular trade links across both the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans.
1967:
During the Middle Ages, Central Asia was the economic center of the world. The
1756:
and processed mostly in the Philippines by indigenous Filipinos, especially in
1614:, dated 1750 BCE, documents the tribulations of a copper merchant at the time.
6515:
6460:
6360:
6112:
5580:
5242:
4976:
3778:
3761:
3487:
3417:
3155:
3001:
2826:
2647:
2637:
2482:
2435:
2419:
2257:
2207:
2185:
2137:
2022:
1938:
1896:
1877:
1869:
1833:
1686:
1634:
1491:
1439:
1396:
1395:" terracota vessels unearthed in the 1860s at Bolshaya Bliznitsa tumulus near
1380:(the Roman patron-god of merchants), continues in use as a symbol of commerce.
1219:
93:
6120:
3850:, Handbook of Commercial Policy, vol. 1, North-Holland, pp. 3–108,
3797:
1633:
allowed its empire to flourish and endure. The latter Roman Republic and the
1335:
times. Prehistoric peoples exchanged goods and services with each other in a
17:
6525:
6485:
6465:
6415:
6246:
5171:
4070:
published by National Maritime Historical Society 1979. Retrieved 2012-06-26
3564:
3502:
standards for the production of goods, particularly those exported from the
3490:" movement, also known as the "trade justice" movement, promotes the use of
3474:
for over 40 years. Embargoes are usually on a temporary basis. For example,
3188:
3130:
2273:
2272:
Ricardo advanced the doctrine still considered the most counterintuitive in
1972:
1861:
1841:
1817:
1813:
1798:
1789:
1781:
1678:
1556:
1435:
1392:
1204:
474:
376:
369:
4431:
modern observers have sometimes referred to obsidian as 'rich man's flint.'
2675:
1652:
was the god of trade (commerce) and weights and measures. In ancient Rome,
37:
6286:
1661:
1089:(i.e. trading things without the use of money) as an early form of trade,
1027:
6470:
4096:
Studies in volcanic petrology: I. Talasea, New Guinea. II. Southwest Utah
3685:
3559:
3554:
2609:
2587:
2556:
2240:
2226:
2199:
2034:
1968:
1849:
1825:
1793:
1785:
1773:
1499:
1494:
mine in the mountains of Afghanistan was the largest source for trade of
1427:
1373:
1285:
1212:
1208:
1184:
1114:
310:
265:
6020:
5768:
4123:. Oxford Quick Reference (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1361:, principally using the Danube river, at a time beginning 35,000–30,000
5762:
4148:
3915:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 766.
3788:
3475:
3463:
2936:
2642:
The Doha round of World Trade Organization negotiations aimed to lower
2406:(which consists both of individuals and other companies) at the lowest
2202:
specialization could benefit nations just as much as firms. Since the
2090:
1946:
1829:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1564:
1551:
145:
5430:
4742:"Relations between Babylonia and the Levant during the Kassite period"
3605:
2444:
Free trade advanced further in the late 20th century and early 2000s:
4854:
Cities of The Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia
2896:
2806:
2801:
2736:
2679:
2532:
2511:
was signed; It includes the United States and the Dominican Republic.
2415:
2302:
2215:
2174:
2082:
2018:
1837:
1777:
1741:
1732:
The first true maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean was by the
1690:
1649:
1638:
1603:. For this purpose they established trade colonies the Greeks called
1600:
1522:
1484:
1192:
1168:
1086:
1075:
6053:
5320:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179.
4081:
Dictionary of Symbolism Cultural Icons and the Meanings behind Them
2502:
Intérêts des nations de l'Europe, dévélopés relativement au commerce
1816:
as early as 1500 BC, ushering an exchange of material culture (like
1538:
The earliest evidence of writing in is deeply bound up in trade, as
1368:
5828:
Gold was an especially common form of early money, as described in
3984:
Nature and Wealth: Overcoming Environmental Scarcity and Inequality
3597:
1844:); as well as connecting the material cultures of India and China.
1625:
in the 5th century, a financially lucrative trade brought valuable
6250:
5975:
Storper, Michael (2000). "Globalization, localization and trade".
2732:
2683:
2578:
2552:
2496:
2231:
2169:
2106:
1983:
ranking among their main centers in the north. They were the main
1980:
1976:
1951:
1887:
1761:
1710:
1626:
1568:
1550:
1480:
1465:
1431:
1383:
1367:
1290:
1215:
users, or to other wholesalers and related subordinated services.
1188:
1172:
1159:
110:
59:
44:
36:
30:
This article is about the economic mechanism. For other uses, see
3691:
6068:"FAIRTRADE Certification Mark. Guidelines Issue 1 – Autumn 2011"
3471:
2717:
2671:
2110:
2075:
1665:
of civility within the structures of functional community life.
1545:
1211:, industrial, commercial, institutional, or other professional
1196:
6322:
6318:
6185:
Ideas: A History of Money from Ancient Times to the Present Day
3904:
1808:
Sea-faring Southeast Asians also established trade routes with
1505:
Adam Smith traces the origins of commerce to the very start of
1128:
In one modern view, trade exists due to specialization and the
5726:"Free-trade zone | international trade | Britannica"
5650:
5452:
Boats of the World : From the Stone Age to Medieval Times
5204:
Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World
2871:
2659:
2191:
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
1682:
1596:
1207:
trade is the traffic in goods that are sold as merchandise to
554:
6303:
6073:. Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International e.V. 2011.
6297:
6262:
Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention from Fire to Freud
6232:(Covers sea-trading over the whole world from ancient times)
6021:"On temporary ban on imports of goods having Turkish origin"
5318:
Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts
4024:
Stefansson, Vilhjalmur; Wilcox, Olive Rathbun, eds. (2013).
2781:
6309:
provides summary trade statistics and custom query features
5771:: "But Allah has permitted trading and forbidden interest."
3584:
Samuelson, P (1939). "The Gains from International Trade".
2390:
Today, trade is merely a subset within a complex system of
2151:, and advocating the free movement of goods. Trade in the
5145:
Biblo & Tannen Publishers, 1933 Retrieved 2012-07-04
3981:
Barbier, Edward (2015). "The Origins of Economic Wealth".
2033:
was an alliance of trading cities that maintained a trade
6242:
6228:
The Sea and Civilisation: a Maritime History of the World
5431:
American Antiquity Vol. 43, No. 1 (Jan., 1978), pp. 35–45
4383:
University of Pennsylvania – Museum of Archaeology, 2007
3811:
Federico, Giovanni; Tena-Junguito, Antonio (2018-07-28).
1641:, as Rome had become the sole effective sea power in the
5176:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
2210:. Smith said that he considered all rationalizations of
1975:
after the 4th century CE up to the 8th century CE, with
1629:
to Europe from the far east, including India and China.
1121:, while trade involving more than two traders is called
3586:
The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science
2654:. Talks have been hung over a divide between the rich
1438:. Trade in obsidian is believed to have taken place in
4687:
Early Dynastic Egypt: Strategies, Society and Security
4531:
Early Dynastic Egypt: Strategies, Society and Security
5368:"Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo-Pacific region"
4644:
4642:
5174:. "The Rādhānite Merchants and the Land of Rādhān".
2229:, partly due to the rise of competitive free trade.
5372:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
4802:Oxford University Press, 2005 Retrieved 2012-07-03
4178:
Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1993 Retrieved 2012-06-16
3760:Federico, Giovanni; Tena-Junguito, Antonio (2019).
2155:was dominated by Portugal in the 16th century, the
4407:. Themes in World History. Routledge. p. 19.
3696:(3 ed.). Thomson/South-Western. p. 407.
1498:. The material was most largely traded during the
66:The Liberty to Trade as Buttressed by National Law
2551:Islamic teachings encourage trading (and condemn
2297:on the international market could manipulate the
1971:dominated the east–west trade route known as the
2394:which try to maximize their profits by offering
1876:, resulting in the Austronesian colonization of
1668:The fall of the Roman empire and the succeeding
6165:A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World
6101:Critical Perspectives on International Business
3541:schemes such as those for coffee in the 1980s.
2670:and capacity building. The Doha round began in
2225:, formerly the world's largest company, became
1848:, in particular were trading in spices (mainly
1444:
5193:
5191:
5189:
4708:. University of California Press. p. 33.
1645:with the conquest of Egypt and the near east.
1339:before the innovation of modern-day currency.
1105:have greatly simplified and promoted trade as
6334:
5493:"Italian Trade Cities | Western Civilization"
3390:
2708:Beginning around 1978, the government of the
2674:, Qatar, and negotiations were continued in:
2313:of trade would accrue to a country following
2049:The Age of Sail and the Industrial Revolution
1587:were noted sea traders, traveling across the
1052:
8:
4303:
4301:
2270:Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
6300:Resource material on trade by ACP countries
6050:"Should trade be considered a human right?"
4689:Routledge, 8 Aug 2001 Retrieved 2012-07-03
4652:The Archaeology Of Mediterranean Prehistory
4649:Emma Blake; A. Bernard Knapp (2008-04-15),
4344:P Goldberg, V T Holliday, C Reid Ferring –
2147:were the center of free trade, imposing no
6341:
6327:
6319:
5895:Division, US Census Bureau Foreign Trade.
5600:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10.
4902:The ancient Indus valley: new perspectives
4825:, The Rosen Publishing Group, p. 44,
4099:. University of California. Archived from
3397:
3383:
2759:
1059:
1045:
75:
5977:The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography
5867:"Documents & Reports– The World Bank"
5018:Hermes the Thief: The Evolution of a Myth
4079:Hans Biedermann, James Hulbert (trans.),
3787:
3777:
3762:"World Trade, 1800-1938: A New Synthesis"
3639:
2646:around the world, with a focus on making
2305:, and that the response to this might be
1740:. Initiated by the indigenous peoples of
1199:, in small or individual lots for direct
1164:A busy market in Mile 12. Lagos - Nigeria
6052:. COPLA. 9 December 2008. Archived from
5565:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
4120:Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology
3938:D Abulafia; O Rackham; M Suano (2011) ,
2606:cocoa beans became legitimate currency.
2101:from West African states as part of the
1907:seeds, which were also used as currency.
5378:(The Taipei Papers (Volume 2)): 31–50.
5046:A Dictionary of the Ancient Greek World
4793:Handbook To Life In Ancient Mesopotamia
3844:The Empirical Landscape of Trade Policy
3693:Marketing principles and best practices
3576:
2773:
2489:trading status between all signatories.
2045:, between the 13th and 17th centuries.
78:
6264:. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
5206:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76.
4655:, John Wiley & Sons, 21 Feb 2005,
4612:The natural history of Pliny, Volume 6
4217:Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe
4056:National Maritime Historical Society.
2704:China and the World Trade Organization
2662:, and the major developing countries.
2367:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
2017:From the 8th to the 11th century, the
1179:from a very fixed location (such as a
1117:. Trade between two traders is called
6315:Preferential Trade Agreement Database
6207:Nomani, Farhad; Rahnema, Ali (1994).
5804:"Is There Slavery In Your Chocolate?"
5556:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5288:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
4990:Cross-Cultural Trade in World History
3813:"The World Trade Historical Database"
2509:Central American Free Trade Agreement
2452:lifted barriers to internal trade in
2117:which were used locally as currency.
1426:There is evidence of the exchange of
7:
5136:Trade and Politics in Ancient Greece
4775:Routledge 2007 Retrieved 2012-07-03
4496:World History Encyclopedia, Volume 2
4137:from the original on 5 February 2021
4001:from the original on 5 February 2021
2728:located along the South-east coast.
2293:proved that a country with monopoly
1145:. In such circumstances, trading at
6366:Austronesian maritime trade network
5926:"Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"
5522:"History of Genoa, Rival to Venice"
5411:from the original on 6 October 2018
5405:National Museum of American History
5114:Sword of the Lord Publishers, 2000
4188:Vernon Horace Rendall, ed. (1904).
4151:was traded from at least 17 000 BC.
2465:North American Free Trade Agreement
2329:and out-compete English exporters.
2177:in the 17th century, a port of the
2087:significant members of global trade
2081:From 1070 onward, kingdoms in West
1559:trade route between Europe and Asia
41:Two traders in 16th century Germany
6249:, 2017, retrieved: March 8, 2021 (
6080:from the original on 23 March 2020
5454:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5345:. Texas A&M University Press.
5343:Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins
4965:Review of Economics and Statistics
4457:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1995.tb00740.x
4286:Neolithic cultures of western Asia
4163:HIH Prince Mikasa no Miya Takahito
1824:, sewn-plank boats, and paan) and
1801:in mainland Eurasia and the later
1452:HIH Prince Mikasa no Miya Takahito
1078:or network that allows trade as a
25:
5706:from the original on 5 March 2016
5479:
4999:Cambridge University Press, 1984
4819:Etheredge, Laura S., ed. (2011),
3690:Hoffman, K. Douglas, ed. (2005).
3449:export-oriented industrialization
3050:International Chamber of Commerce
2744:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
2105:. This was often in exchange for
1868:and sailing with the help of the
1685:merchants who traded between the
1502:of Babylonia beginning 1595 BCE.
1345:history of long-distance commerce
1274:("track, way"), and cognate with
1033:Business and economics portal
6285:
5651:British Broadcasting Corporation
4421:from the original on 22 May 2020
4404:Premodern Trade in World History
4251:Premodern Trade in World History
3688:and other types of retail trade:
3650:10.1111/j.0013-0133.2004.00186.x
1914:Trade networks reached north to
1903:. It had a fixed worth of 8,000
1376:, traditionally associated with
1026:
6307:World Integrated Trade Solution
6145:. Princeton: University Press.
6031:from the original on 2021-05-01
5957:from the original on 2017-02-24
5932:from the original on 2018-09-28
5907:from the original on 2019-02-12
5877:from the original on 2020-05-26
5829:
5749:
5732:from the original on 2023-02-16
5532:from the original on 2021-11-02
5503:from the original on 2021-11-02
5382:from the original on 2021-03-08
5298:from the original on 2019-06-08
5220:from the original on 2020-07-26
4871:from the original on 2021-02-05
4669:from the original on 2021-02-05
4629:from the original on 2021-02-05
4513:from the original on 2021-02-05
4328:from the original on 2021-02-05
4268:from the original on 2021-02-05
4198:from the original on 2020-01-11
4168:Essays on Anatolian Archaeology
3958:from the original on 2021-05-11
3925:
3883:from the original on 2021-02-25
3823:from the original on 2019-10-07
3710:from the original on 2022-10-22
2543:and the onset of World War II.
2474:specified formation of the WTO.
2358:international political economy
1318:Timeline of international trade
5055:Oxford University Press, 1997
4851:M Dumper; B E Stanley (2007),
4346:Earth Sciences and Archaeology
4314:, Cambridge University Press,
3543:Non-governmental organizations
2716:. In contrast to the previous
1768:. Some were also processed in
1725:maritime trade network in the
1513:times. Apart from traditional
27:Exchange of goods and services
1:
6247:Institute of European History
6243:EGO – European History Online
5198:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016).
5161:Cambridge dictionaries online
3856:10.1016/bs.hescop.2016.04.015
2712:(PRC) began an experiment in
2159:in the 17th century, and the
1517:, trading became a principal
1348:
1314:Economic history of the world
688:management information system
339:Chief human resources officer
5995:Council on Foreign Relations
5700:"EU position in world trade"
4925:Ivan Dikov (July 12, 2015).
4093:Lowder, Gary George (1970).
3941:The Mediterranean in History
3738:. 2000-02-09. Archived from
3736:Foreign Agricultural Service
3621:"Trade, Growth, and Poverty"
3619:Dollar, D; Kraay, A (2004).
3447:, which adopted a policy of
3126:Intellectual property rights
1754:Taiwanese indigenous peoples
1617:From the beginning of Greek
1612:complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir
1563:Materials used for creating
1521:for prehistoric people, who
682:Enterprise resource planning
510:Financial statement analysis
5750:Nomani & Rahnema (1994)
5465:Poole, Austin Lane (1958).
5202:. In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.).
4890:et al. – History World .net
3108:Economic and monetary union
3030:International Monetary Fund
2967:Voluntary export restraints
2362:International Monetary Fund
1987:merchants of Central Asia.
1534:Mediterranean and Near East
6583:
5629:. Transaction Publishers.
5469:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
4900:McIntosh, Jane R. (2008).
4822:Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan
4752:. Routledge. p. 520.
4401:Smith, Richard L. (2008).
4295:Seminar Press, 20 Aug 1974
3434:multinational corporations
3103:Customs and monetary union
3045:World Customs Organization
3035:International Trade Centre
2753:
2710:People's Republic of China
2693:
2635:
2572:
2524:
2481:was created to facilitate
2433:
2383:
1990:From the Middle Ages, the
1700:
1311:
1218:Historically, openness to
29:
6356:
6211:. New Jersey: Zed Books.
6190:University of Wales Press
6167:. New York: Grove Press.
6113:10.1108/17422041211274200
5625:Friedman, Milton (1970).
5497:courses.lumenlearning.com
5282:Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974).
5243:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751
5086:Wildside Press LLC, 2008
4372:S L Dyson, R J Rowland –
3779:10.1017/S0212610918000216
3068:Preferential trading area
2742:In 1991 China joined the
2722:centrally planned economy
2686:, France, and Hong Kong.
2163:in the 18th century. The
2143:In the 16th century, the
2065:after sailing around the
1203:or use by the purchaser.
344:Chief information officer
176:Limited liability company
6536:Varangians to the Greeks
6209:Islamic Economic Systems
5597:Bengal: the unique state
5341:Doran, Edwin B. (1981).
4254:, Taylor & Francis,
3349:Balassa–Samuelson effect
3344:Ricardian trade theories
3231:Largest consumer markets
3040:World Trade Organization
2479:World Trade Organization
2223:Dutch East India Company
2061:in 1498 when he reached
1260:("track, course"), from
1132:, a predominant form of
357:Chief technology officer
291:Mergers and acquisitions
261:Constitutional documents
86:Management of a business
71:George Howard Earle, Jr.
6376:Dvaravati–Kamboja route
6226:Paine, Lincoln (2013).
6139:Beckwith, Christopher I
6019:LLC, Helix Consulting.
5871:documents.worldbank.org
5702:. European Commission.
4931:Archaeology in Bulgaria
4740:Vermaak, P. S. (2009).
4685:Toby A. H. Wilkinson –
3912:Encyclopædia Britannica
3732:"Distribution Services"
3364:Lerner symmetry theorem
2700:Chinese economic reform
2422:, has sometimes harmed
2369:to promote free trade.
2354:Bretton Woods Agreement
2057:pioneered the European
1956:A map showing the main
1772:, while the peoples of
1672:brought instability to
1540:a system of clay tokens
1267:("spoor, track"), from
1229:oil crisis of the 1970s
417:Environmental economics
397:International economics
348:Chief marketing officer
334:Chief financial officer
329:Chief operating officer
325:Chief executive officer
286:International trade law
80:Business administration
51:San Juan de Dios Market
6182:Davies, Glyn (2002) .
5843:"WTO | The Doha Round"
5672:(secondary) M Smith –
5450:McGrail, Sean (2001).
5366:Blench, Roger (2004).
5105:Filled With the Spirit
4215:Donald A. Mackenzie –
4030:. Literary Licensing.
3944:, Getty Publications,
3339:Gravity model of trade
3236:Leading trade partners
3141:Government procurement
2942:Exchange rate controls
2786:
2726:Special Economic Zones
2664:Agricultural subsidies
2590:
2505:
2485:, by mandating mutual
2244:
2181:
1964:
1908:
1729:
1621:until the fall of the
1591:, and as far north as
1560:
1456:
1423:
1403:(formerly part of the
1381:
1327:Trade originated from
1171:trade consists of the
1165:
1109:can be separated from
986:International business
971:Business judgment rule
316:Chief business officer
216:Annual general meeting
196:State-owned enterprise
186:Privately held company
73:
57:
42:
32:Trade (disambiguation)
6541:Way of the Patriarchs
6451:Polynesian navigation
6371:Canadian canoe routes
5991:"U.S.–Cuba Relations"
5897:"Foreign Trade: Data"
4493:A. J. Andrea (2011),
3319:Heckscher–Ohlin model
3314:Competitive advantage
3309:Comparative advantage
3196:Trade and development
2957:Countervailing duties
2785:
2658:, represented by the
2582:
2500:
2266:comparative advantage
2235:
2173:
2120:Founded in 1352, the
2095:Trans-Saharan trading
1955:
1891:
1738:Island Southeast Asia
1714:
1577:Harappan civilization
1554:
1459:Robert Carr Bosanquet
1415:); on exhibit at the
1387:
1371:
1163:
1139:comparative advantage
662:Customer relationship
598:Business intelligence
560:Financial institution
535:International finance
485:Cash conversion cycle
392:Development economics
353:Chief product officer
101:Management accounting
63:
48:
40:
6476:Sepik Coast exchange
6294:at Wikimedia Commons
5810:on November 28, 2005
5594:Nanda, J. N (2005).
5561:Green, Toby (2019).
5440:Retrieved 2012-06-28
5122:Retrieved 2012-06-25
5094:Retrieved 2012-06-25
5063:Retrieved 2012-06-26
5044:D Sacks, O Murray –
5035:Retrieved 2012-06-25
5007:Retrieved 2012-06-25
4750:The Babylonian world
4483:Retrieved 2012-06-09
4391:Retrieved 2012-06-28
4363:Retrieved 2012-06-28
4238:Retrieved 2012-06-09
4117:(2008). "obsidian".
3628:The Economic Journal
3334:Intra-industry trade
3062:Economic integration
3012:Economic integration
3007:Economic nationalism
2652:developing countries
2602:, under the rule of
2569:Development of money
2467:(NAFTA) took effect.
2463:January 1, 1994 the
2426:for local products.
2301:through maintaining
2188:published the paper
2053:Portuguese explorer
1962:late medieval Europe
1899:used as currency in
1734:Austronesian peoples
1289:is derived from the
603:Business development
447:Economic development
209:Corporate governance
106:Financial accounting
55:Guadalajara, Jalisco
6511:Trans-Saharan trade
6401:Incense trade route
5951:"China and the WTO"
5077:Manual of Mythology
5073:Alexander S. Murray
5027:SteinerBooks, 1990
3410:International trade
2962:Anti-dumping duties
2902:Non-tariff barriers
2847:Import substitution
2756:International trade
2750:International trade
2682:, Switzerland; and
2656:developed countries
2487:most favored nation
2472:Marrakech Agreement
2424:third-world markets
2412:international trade
2145:Seventeen Provinces
1329:human communication
1233:economic historians
1013:Business statistics
996:International trade
981:Business operations
677:Electronic business
582:Types of management
470:Financial statement
452:Economic statistics
320:Chief brand officer
276:Corporate liability
191:Sole proprietorship
171:Joint-stock company
6431:Maritime Silk Road
6426:Maritime republics
6406:Indian Ocean trade
6235:Rössner, Philipp,
6161:Bernstein, William
5679:2015-09-05 at the
5660:2019-12-24 at the
5436:2016-10-05 at the
5141:2015-09-05 at the
5132:Johannes Hasebroek
5110:2015-09-05 at the
5082:2015-09-05 at the
5051:2015-09-05 at the
5023:2015-09-05 at the
4995:2015-09-05 at the
4798:2015-09-05 at the
4705:Near Eastern Seals
4584:2015-09-05 at the
4574:2015-09-05 at the
4564:2015-09-05 at the
4554:2022-05-23 at the
4536:2022-04-08 at the
4529:T A H Wilkinson –
4479:2017-07-02 at the
4379:2015-09-05 at the
4351:2021-02-05 at the
4291:2015-09-05 at the
4248:R L Smith (2008),
4226:2021-04-11 at the
4174:2015-09-05 at the
4066:2018-09-15 at the
3329:Economic geography
3136:Competition policy
2932:Technical barriers
2912:Tariff-rate quotas
2857:Trade facilitation
2842:Export orientation
2787:
2668:trade facilitation
2591:
2506:
2245:
2204:division of labour
2198:, and argued that
2182:
1992:maritime republics
1965:
1909:
1803:Maritime Silk Road
1750:Maritime Jade Road
1730:
1707:Maritime Silk Road
1703:Maritime Jade Road
1693:of the Near East.
1689:in Europe and the
1648:In ancient Greece
1561:
1424:
1409:Cimmerian Bosporus
1382:
1231:). Economists and
1166:
1123:multilateral trade
1103:non-physical money
1091:money was invented
976:Consumer behaviour
778:Product life-cycle
565:Capital management
530:Managerial finance
221:Board of directors
74:
58:
43:
6549:
6548:
6531:Volga trade route
6456:Rome-India routes
6290:Media related to
6271:978-0-06-621064-3
6218:978-1-85649-058-0
6199:978-0-7083-1773-0
6174:978-0-8021-4416-4
6152:978-0-691-15034-5
6056:on 29 April 2011.
5674:V. Gollancz, 1996
5607:978-81-8069-149-2
5526:Odyssey Traveller
5401:"Aztec Hoe Money"
4967:103 (4): 652–665.
4911:978-1-57607-907-2
4864:978-1-57607-919-5
4832:978-1-61530-329-8
4700:Collon, Dominique
4662:978-0-631-23268-1
4622:978-1-85109-930-6
4615:, H G Bohn 1857,
4506:978-1-85109-930-6
4321:978-0-521-84241-9
4261:978-0-415-42476-9
3951:978-1-60606-057-5
3703:978-0-324-22519-8
3422:Industrialization
3407:
3406:
3354:Linder hypothesis
3166:Emissions trading
2644:barriers to trade
2149:exchange controls
2067:Cape of Good Hope
2012:Republic of Genoa
2008:Venetian Republic
1960:for goods within
1874:Arabian Peninsula
1589:Mediterranean Sea
1442:from 17,000 BCE.
1304:, "merchandise."
1255:Middle Low German
1134:economic activity
1130:division of labor
1069:
1068:
956:Business analysis
525:Corporate finance
495:Capital budgeting
432:Knowledge economy
226:Supervisory board
16:(Redirected from
6574:
6521:Triangular trade
6396:Hiri trade cycle
6391:Hanseatic League
6381:Grand Trunk Road
6343:
6336:
6329:
6320:
6289:
6275:
6231:
6222:
6203:
6178:
6156:
6125:
6124:
6096:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6079:
6072:
6064:
6058:
6057:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6016:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
5997:. Archived from
5987:
5981:
5980:
5972:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5839:
5833:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5806:. Archived from
5800:
5794:
5789:
5783:
5778:
5772:
5759:
5753:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5696:
5690:
5670:
5664:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5558:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5467:Medieval England
5462:
5456:
5455:
5447:
5441:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5284:"Outrigger Ages"
5279:
5273:
5270:
5264:
5261:
5255:
5251:
5245:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5195:
5184:
5183:
5168:
5162:
5159:
5153:
5129:
5123:
5101:
5095:
5070:
5064:
5042:
5036:
5014:
5008:
4986:
4980:
4974:
4968:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4944:
4942:
4933:. Archived from
4922:
4916:
4915:
4897:
4891:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4816:
4810:
4789:
4783:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4762:. Archived from
4746:Leick, Gwendolyn
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4718:. Archived from
4696:
4690:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4646:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4594:
4588:
4546:
4540:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4490:
4484:
4474:etymology online
4467:
4461:
4460:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4398:
4392:
4370:
4364:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4305:
4296:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4245:
4239:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4185:
4179:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4144:
4142:
4115:Darvill, Timothy
4111:
4105:
4104:
4090:
4084:
4077:
4071:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4008:
4006:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3908:
3906:"Commerce"
3897:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3882:
3849:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3791:
3781:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3715:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3660:. Archived from
3643:
3634:(493): F22–F49.
3625:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3581:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3359:Leontief paradox
3324:New trade theory
2927:Export subsidies
2812:Balance of trade
2760:
2575:History of money
2563:Judeao-Christian
2541:Great Depression
2535:and restrictive
2477:January 1, 1995
2343:Great Depression
2311:economic surplus
2291:John Stuart Mill
2194:. It criticized
2179:Hanseatic League
2133:Kingdom of Kongo
2122:Bengal Sultanate
2103:triangular trade
2072:Age of Discovery
2031:Hanseatic League
1994:, in particular
1575:traded with the
1515:self-sufficiency
1454:
1421:Saint Petersburg
1417:Hermitage Museum
1405:Bosporan Kingdom
1389:Ancient Etruscan
1353:
1350:
1225:Great Depression
1181:department store
1061:
1054:
1047:
1031:
1030:
1008:Business process
550:Financial market
387:Labour economics
382:Public economics
141:Corporation sole
76:
21:
6582:
6581:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6545:
6441:Penarikan Route
6352:
6347:
6282:
6272:
6256:
6238:Economy / Trade
6225:
6219:
6206:
6200:
6181:
6175:
6159:
6153:
6137:
6134:
6129:
6128:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6070:
6066:
6065:
6061:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6034:
6032:
6018:
6017:
6013:
6004:
6002:
5989:
5988:
5984:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5960:
5958:
5949:
5948:
5944:
5935:
5933:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5910:
5908:
5894:
5893:
5889:
5880:
5878:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5851:
5849:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5827:
5823:
5813:
5811:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5792:Leviticus 19:35
5790:
5786:
5781:Leviticus 19:13
5779:
5775:
5766:
5760:
5756:
5748:
5744:
5735:
5733:
5724:
5723:
5719:
5709:
5707:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5681:Wayback Machine
5671:
5667:
5662:Wayback Machine
5648:
5644:
5637:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5608:
5593:
5592:
5588:
5573:
5560:
5559:
5544:
5535:
5533:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5506:
5504:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5482:, p. xxiv.
5480:Beckwith (2011)
5478:
5474:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5438:Wayback Machine
5428:
5424:
5414:
5412:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5385:
5383:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5353:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5328:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5301:
5299:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5271:
5267:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5248:
5236:
5232:
5223:
5221:
5214:
5197:
5196:
5187:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5160:
5156:
5143:Wayback Machine
5130:
5126:
5112:Wayback Machine
5103:John R. Rice –
5102:
5098:
5084:Wayback Machine
5071:
5067:
5053:Wayback Machine
5043:
5039:
5025:Wayback Machine
5015:
5011:
4997:Wayback Machine
4987:
4983:
4975:
4971:
4958:
4954:
4940:
4938:
4937:on 12 July 2015
4924:
4923:
4919:
4912:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4886:
4882:
4874:
4872:
4865:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4800:Wayback Machine
4790:
4786:
4769:
4767:
4760:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4725:
4723:
4716:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4684:
4680:
4672:
4670:
4663:
4648:
4647:
4640:
4632:
4630:
4623:
4601:(translated by
4599:Pliny the Elder
4597:(was secondary)
4596:
4595:
4591:
4586:Wayback Machine
4576:Wayback Machine
4566:Wayback Machine
4556:Wayback Machine
4547:
4543:
4538:Wayback Machine
4528:
4524:
4516:
4514:
4507:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4481:Wayback Machine
4468:
4464:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4424:
4422:
4415:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4381:Wayback Machine
4371:
4367:
4355:Springer, 2001
4353:Wayback Machine
4343:
4339:
4331:
4329:
4322:
4308:J Robb (2007),
4307:
4306:
4299:
4293:Wayback Machine
4283:
4279:
4271:
4269:
4262:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4228:Wayback Machine
4214:
4210:
4201:
4199:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4176:Wayback Machine
4161:
4157:
4140:
4138:
4131:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4078:
4074:
4068:Wayback Machine
4055:
4051:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4004:
4002:
3995:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3961:
3959:
3952:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3928:, Introduction.
3924:
3920:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3866:
3847:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3826:
3824:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3745:
3743:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3713:
3711:
3704:
3689:
3683:
3679:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3641:10.1.1.509.1584
3623:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3551:
3484:
3460:Trade sanctions
3457:
3455:Trade sanctions
3403:
3374:
3373:
3304:
3296:
3295:
3251:
3241:
3240:
3211:
3201:
3200:
3171:Trade sanctions
3121:
3113:
3112:
3073:Free-trade area
3063:
3055:
3054:
3025:
3017:
3016:
2982:
2972:
2971:
2917:Import licenses
2887:
2877:
2876:
2837:Trade diversion
2797:
2758:
2752:
2714:economic reform
2706:
2694:Main articles:
2692:
2648:trade more fair
2640:
2634:
2629:
2595:commodity money
2577:
2571:
2549:
2529:
2523:
2518:
2438:
2432:
2408:production cost
2388:
2382:
2339:
2331:Milton Friedman
2319:infant industry
2250:
2093:traders on the
2051:
2039:Northern Europe
1924:
1886:
1866:outrigger boats
1822:outrigger boats
1709:
1701:Main articles:
1699:
1599:to manufacture
1595:for sources of
1536:
1531:
1529:Ancient History
1455:
1450:
1413:Taman Peninsula
1351:
1325:
1320:
1310:
1300:"together" and
1241:
1143:mass production
1119:bilateral trade
1065:
1025:
1018:
1017:
961:Business ethics
951:
941:
940:
881:
873:
872:
583:
575:
574:
570:Venture capital
500:Commercial bank
490:Insider dealing
465:
457:
456:
407:Planned economy
372:
362:
361:
306:
304:Corporate title
296:
295:
271:Corporate crime
251:
241:
240:
236:Audit committee
211:
201:
200:
156:Holding company
136:Corporate group
131:
124:Business entity
116:
115:
96:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6580:
6578:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6554:
6553:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6506:Tea Horse Road
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6481:Siberian Route
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6446:Manila galleon
6443:
6438:
6436:Old Salt Route
6433:
6428:
6423:
6421:Lapita culture
6418:
6413:
6411:King's Highway
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6338:
6331:
6323:
6317:
6316:
6310:
6301:
6295:
6281:
6280:External links
6278:
6277:
6276:
6270:
6254:
6233:
6223:
6217:
6204:
6198:
6179:
6173:
6157:
6151:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6107:(4): 329–348.
6091:
6059:
6041:
6011:
5982:
5967:
5942:
5917:
5887:
5858:
5834:
5821:
5795:
5784:
5773:
5754:
5742:
5717:
5691:
5665:
5642:
5635:
5617:
5606:
5586:
5572:978-0226644578
5571:
5542:
5513:
5484:
5472:
5457:
5442:
5422:
5392:
5358:
5352:978-0890961070
5351:
5333:
5326:
5308:
5294:(2): 130–140.
5274:
5265:
5256:
5246:
5230:
5212:
5185:
5163:
5154:
5124:
5096:
5065:
5037:
5016:N. O. Brown –
5009:
4981:
4969:
4952:
4917:
4910:
4892:
4880:
4863:
4843:
4831:
4811:
4784:
4759:978-1134261284
4758:
4732:
4714:
4691:
4678:
4661:
4638:
4621:
4589:
4541:
4522:
4505:
4485:
4462:
4435:
4414:978-1134095803
4413:
4393:
4365:
4337:
4320:
4297:
4277:
4260:
4240:
4221:published 1917
4208:
4194:. J. Francis.
4180:
4155:
4147:obsidian from
4130:978-0191579042
4129:
4106:
4103:on 2021-02-05.
4085:
4072:
4061:, Issues 13–25
4049:
4037:978-1258868482
4036:
4016:
3994:978-1137403391
3993:
3972:
3950:
3930:
3918:
3903:, ed. (1911).
3901:Chisholm, Hugh
3892:
3865:978-0444632807
3864:
3833:
3803:
3752:
3723:
3702:
3677:
3611:
3598:10.2307/137133
3592:(2): 195–205.
3575:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3550:
3547:
3527:commercial law
3483:
3480:
3456:
3453:
3426:transportation
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:Terms of trade
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3261:Trading nation
3258:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3093:Economic union
3090:
3085:
3080:
3078:Currency union
3075:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2922:Customs duties
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2892:Trade barriers
2888:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2867:Domestic trade
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2832:Trade creation
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2754:Main article:
2751:
2748:
2691:
2688:
2636:Main article:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2621:precious metal
2573:Main article:
2570:
2567:
2548:
2545:
2525:Main article:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2494:
2490:
2475:
2470:1994 The GATT
2468:
2461:
2450:European Union
2434:Main article:
2431:
2428:
2418:or to achieve
2410:. A system of
2381:
2378:
2374:European Union
2338:
2335:
2299:terms of trade
2284:
2283:
2262:Robert Torrens
2249:
2246:
2165:Spanish Empire
2157:Dutch Republic
2126:trading nation
2050:
2047:
1923:
1920:
1885:
1882:
1810:Southern India
1719:proto-historic
1698:
1695:
1674:Western Europe
1631:Roman commerce
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1500:Kassite period
1448:
1411:, present-day
1352: 150,000
1324:
1321:
1309:
1306:
1281:("to tread").
1269:Proto-Germanic
1248:Middle English
1240:
1237:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1003:
993:
991:Business model
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
952:
947:
946:
943:
942:
939:
938:
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903:
898:
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871:
870:
865:
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848:
843:
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833:
828:
823:
822:
821:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
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760:
759:
758:
747:
742:
741:
740:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
709:
708:
700:Human resource
697:
692:
691:
690:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
642:Communications
639:
638:
637:
627:
626:
625:
615:
610:
605:
600:
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590:
584:
581:
580:
577:
576:
573:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
520:Public finance
517:
515:Financial risk
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
466:
463:
462:
459:
458:
455:
454:
449:
444:
442:Macroeconomics
439:
437:Microeconomics
434:
429:
427:Market economy
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
373:
368:
367:
364:
363:
360:
359:
350:
341:
336:
331:
322:
313:
307:
302:
301:
298:
297:
294:
293:
288:
283:
281:Insolvency law
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
256:Commercial law
252:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
238:
233:
231:Advisory board
228:
223:
218:
212:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:
193:
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183:
178:
173:
168:
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158:
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148:
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138:
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122:
121:
118:
117:
114:
113:
108:
103:
97:
92:
91:
88:
87:
83:
82:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6579:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6501:Brouwer Route
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
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6459:
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6419:
6417:
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6412:
6409:
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6399:
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6389:
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6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6355:
6351:
6344:
6339:
6337:
6332:
6330:
6325:
6324:
6321:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6296:
6293:
6288:
6284:
6283:
6279:
6273:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6258:Watson, Peter
6255:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6220:
6214:
6210:
6205:
6201:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6186:
6180:
6176:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6135:
6131:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6095:
6092:
6076:
6069:
6063:
6060:
6055:
6051:
6045:
6042:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6015:
6012:
6001:on 2015-05-11
6000:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5978:
5971:
5968:
5956:
5952:
5946:
5943:
5931:
5927:
5921:
5918:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5891:
5888:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5862:
5859:
5848:
5844:
5838:
5835:
5831:
5830:Davies (2002)
5825:
5822:
5809:
5805:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5788:
5785:
5782:
5777:
5774:
5770:
5764:
5758:
5755:
5751:
5746:
5743:
5731:
5727:
5721:
5718:
5705:
5701:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5688:0-575-06150-2
5685:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5652:
5646:
5643:
5638:
5636:9780202309699
5632:
5628:
5621:
5618:
5614:
5609:
5603:
5599:
5598:
5590:
5587:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5543:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5517:
5514:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5476:
5473:
5468:
5461:
5458:
5453:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5432:
5426:
5423:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5393:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5362:
5359:
5354:
5348:
5344:
5337:
5334:
5329:
5323:
5319:
5312:
5309:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5278:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5260:
5257:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5231:
5219:
5215:
5213:9783319338224
5209:
5205:
5201:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5167:
5164:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5151:0-8196-0150-0
5148:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5120:0-87398-255-X
5117:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5092:1-4344-7028-8
5089:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5061:0-19-511206-7
5058:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5033:0-940262-26-6
5030:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5005:0-521-26931-8
5002:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4988:P D Curtin –
4985:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4921:
4918:
4913:
4907:
4903:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4884:
4881:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4847:
4844:
4834:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4808:0-19-518364-9
4805:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4781:1-134-26128-4
4778:
4766:on 2015-09-05
4765:
4761:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4733:
4722:on 2022-08-07
4721:
4717:
4715:0-520-07308-8
4711:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4679:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4489:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4466:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4451:(2): 217–48.
4450:
4446:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4389:1-934536-02-4
4386:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4361:0-306-46279-6
4358:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4236:1-60506-375-4
4233:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4191:The Athenaeum
4184:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4053:
4050:
4039:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3926:Watson (2005)
3922:
3919:
3914:
3913:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3893:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3845:
3837:
3834:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3753:
3742:on 2006-05-15
3741:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3667:on 2004-03-07
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3577:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3539:price support
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3508:Second Worlds
3505:
3501:
3497:
3496:environmental
3493:
3489:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3430:globalization
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3400:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3266:United States
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:Trade mission
3254:
3253:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:Trade justice
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:Globalization
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:Single market
3086:
3084:
3083:Customs union
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3024:Organizations
3021:
3020:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:Laissez-faire
2995:
2993:
2992:Protectionism
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2907:Import quotas
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:Trade finance
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2527:Protectionism
2521:Protectionism
2520:
2515:
2510:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2386:Globalization
2379:
2377:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2327:industrialize
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:pricing power
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2254:David Ricardo
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2221:In 1799, the
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2115:cowrie shells
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:Vasco da Gama
2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2037:over most of
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1643:Mediterranean
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1555:A map of the
1553:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
966:Business plan
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
950:
945:
944:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
896:Communication
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
877:
876:
869:
866:
864:
861:
857:
856:administrator
854:
853:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
820:
817:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
757:
754:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
739:
738:administrator
736:
735:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
707:
704:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
689:
686:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
647:Configuration
645:
643:
640:
636:
633:
632:
631:
628:
624:
621:
620:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
579:
578:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
461:
460:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
402:Mixed economy
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
371:
366:
365:
358:
354:
351:
349:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
326:
323:
321:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
305:
300:
299:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
250:
249:Corporate law
245:
244:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
210:
205:
204:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
129:
125:
120:
119:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
95:
90:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
56:
52:
47:
39:
33:
19:
18:Trade network
6491:Spanish Road
6350:Trade routes
6313:World Bank's
6304:World Bank's
6261:
6237:
6227:
6208:
6184:
6164:
6142:
6132:Bibliography
6104:
6100:
6094:
6082:. Retrieved
6062:
6054:the original
6044:
6033:. Retrieved
6024:
6014:
6003:. Retrieved
5999:the original
5994:
5985:
5976:
5970:
5959:. Retrieved
5945:
5934:. Retrieved
5920:
5909:. Retrieved
5900:
5890:
5879:. Retrieved
5870:
5861:
5850:. Retrieved
5846:
5837:
5824:
5814:November 24,
5812:. Retrieved
5808:the original
5798:
5787:
5776:
5757:
5745:
5734:. Retrieved
5720:
5708:. Retrieved
5694:
5668:
5649:(secondary)
5645:
5627:Price Theory
5626:
5620:
5611:
5596:
5589:
5562:
5534:. Retrieved
5525:
5516:
5505:. Retrieved
5496:
5487:
5475:
5466:
5460:
5451:
5445:
5429:K G Hirth –
5425:
5413:. Retrieved
5404:
5395:
5384:. Retrieved
5375:
5371:
5361:
5342:
5336:
5317:
5311:
5300:. Retrieved
5291:
5287:
5277:
5268:
5259:
5249:
5233:
5222:. Retrieved
5203:
5179:
5175:
5166:
5157:
5127:
5099:
5068:
5040:
5012:
4984:
4972:
4964:
4955:
4946:
4939:. Retrieved
4935:the original
4930:
4920:
4901:
4895:
4883:
4873:, retrieved
4857:, ABC-CLIO,
4853:
4846:
4836:, retrieved
4821:
4814:
4791:S Bertman –
4787:
4768:. Retrieved
4764:the original
4749:
4735:
4724:. Retrieved
4720:the original
4704:
4694:
4681:
4671:, retrieved
4651:
4631:, retrieved
4611:
4592:
4548:secondary –
4544:
4525:
4515:, retrieved
4499:, ABC-CLIO,
4495:
4488:
4465:
4448:
4445:Archaeometry
4444:
4438:
4430:
4423:. Retrieved
4403:
4396:
4368:
4340:
4330:, retrieved
4310:
4280:
4270:, retrieved
4250:
4243:
4211:
4200:. Retrieved
4190:
4183:
4167:
4158:
4146:
4139:. Retrieved
4119:
4109:
4101:the original
4095:
4088:
4080:
4075:
4058:
4052:
4041:. Retrieved
4026:
4019:
4010:
4003:. Retrieved
3987:. Springer.
3983:
3975:
3966:
3960:, retrieved
3940:
3933:
3921:
3910:
3895:
3885:, retrieved
3843:
3836:
3825:. Retrieved
3816:
3806:
3769:
3765:
3755:
3744:. Retrieved
3740:the original
3726:
3718:
3712:. Retrieved
3692:
3680:
3669:. Retrieved
3662:the original
3631:
3627:
3614:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3535:slave labour
3520:
3485:
3458:
3442:
3408:
3179:Currency war
3098:Fiscal union
2987:Mercantilism
2885:Restrictions
2763:
2741:
2730:
2707:
2641:
2617:Numismatists
2615:
2608:
2600:Aztec Empire
2592:
2561:
2550:
2530:
2516:Perspectives
2501:
2443:
2439:
2389:
2380:21st century
2371:
2350:World War II
2347:
2340:
2337:20th century
2314:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2251:
2248:19th century
2220:
2196:Mercantilism
2189:
2183:
2142:
2130:
2124:was a major
2119:
2080:
2052:
2016:
1989:
1966:
1958:trade routes
1936:
1925:
1916:Oasisamerica
1913:
1910:
1892:
1807:
1731:
1727:Indian Ocean
1716:Austronesian
1697:Indo-Pacific
1667:
1660:
1653:
1647:
1623:Roman Empire
1619:civilization
1616:
1609:
1581:Indus Valley
1562:
1544:
1537:
1507:transactions
1504:
1496:lapis lazuli
1489:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1457:
1445:
1425:
1401:South Russia
1359:Homo sapiens
1358:
1356:
1341:Peter Watson
1337:gift economy
1326:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1242:
1217:
1175:of goods or
1167:
1147:market price
1127:
1110:
1106:
1084:
1071:
1070:
948:
886:Architecture
880:Organization
846:Supply chain
672:Earned value
545:Stock market
422:Open economy
412:Econometrics
151:Conglomerate
64:
6496:Spice Route
6230:. Atlantic.
6188:. Cardiff:
5847:www.wto.org
4888:B.Gascoigne
4425:7 September
4141:7 September
4059:Sea History
4005:7 September
3789:10016/36110
3772:(1): 9–41.
3537:to minimum
3533:made using
3516:human right
3512:First World
3445:South Korea
3438:outsourcing
3424:, advanced
3184:Trade costs
3146:Outsourcing
2862:Trade route
2775:World trade
2696:China shock
2632:Doha rounds
2307:reciprocity
2239:trade with
2153:East Indies
2059:spice trade
2027:Kyivan Rus'
1928:Middle Ages
1926:During the
1922:Middle Ages
1901:Mesoamerica
1884:Mesoamerica
1858:East Africa
1846:Indonesians
1746:Philippines
1585:Phoenicians
1573:Mesopotamia
1511:prehistoric
1492:Sari-i-Sang
1434:during the
1354:years ago.
1333:prehistoric
1276:Old English
1201:consumption
1177:merchandise
1155:grain trade
1151:spice trade
1099:paper money
1001:Trade route
916:Engineering
911:Development
763:Performance
706:development
667:Distributed
540:Liquidation
181:Partnership
166:Corporation
161:Cooperative
6556:Categories
6516:Trepanging
6461:Royal Road
6361:Amber Road
6035:2021-05-01
6025:www.gov.am
6005:2017-05-07
5979:: 146–165.
5961:2018-01-22
5936:2018-01-22
5911:2017-05-07
5901:Census.gov
5881:2020-05-26
5852:2024-07-19
5736:2022-12-01
5581:1051687994
5536:2021-11-02
5507:2021-11-02
5386:2019-07-14
5327:0415100542
5302:2019-07-14
5224:2020-10-29
5172:Gil, Moshe
4977:Pax Romana
4941:28 October
4875:2012-06-28
4838:2012-06-15
4770:2015-06-27
4726:2012-07-03
4673:2012-06-22
4633:2012-06-11
4609:) (1857),
4517:2012-06-11
4332:2012-06-11
4284:P Singh –
4272:2012-06-15
4202:2016-10-26
4043:2020-01-23
3962:2019-09-07
3887:2019-10-07
3827:2019-10-07
3746:2006-04-04
3714:2018-05-03
3671:2017-10-26
3523:employment
3488:fair trade
3482:Fair trade
3418:Amber Road
3249:By country
3156:Fair trade
3002:Free trade
2952:Safeguards
2827:Trade bloc
2822:Trade pact
2678:, Mexico;
2638:Doha round
2507:2005, the
2483:free trade
2436:Free trade
2430:Free trade
2420:free trade
2384:See also:
2315:reciprocal
2258:James Mill
2208:productive
2186:Adam Smith
2138:Toby Green
2023:Varangians
1878:Madagascar
1870:Westerlies
1834:sandalwood
1818:catamarans
1687:Christians
1679:Radhanites
1635:Pax Romana
1440:New Guinea
1397:Phanagoria
1343:dates the
1323:Prehistory
1312:See also:
1294:commercium
1220:free trade
868:Technology
750:Operations
630:Commercial
623:innovation
613:Capability
505:Derivative
94:Accounting
69:(1909) by
6526:Via Maris
6486:Silk Road
6466:Salt road
6416:Kula ring
6298:Agritrade
6245:, Mainz:
6141:(2011) .
6121:1742-2043
5415:6 October
5182:(3): 299.
4607:H T Riley
4603:J Bostock
3979:Compare:
3874:204484666
3817:VoxEU.org
3798:0212-6109
3636:CiteSeerX
3565:Economics
3271:Argentina
3189:Trade war
3131:Smuggling
2817:Trade law
2604:Montezuma
2441:exports.
2392:companies
2274:economics
2252:In 1817,
2184:In 1776,
1973:Silk Road
1897:axe money
1862:catamaran
1842:sugarcane
1826:cultigens
1814:Sri Lanka
1799:Silk Road
1790:Indonesia
1782:Singapore
1670:Dark Ages
1655:Mercurius
1569:Sumerians
1557:Silk Road
1436:Stone Age
1393:aryballoi
1262:Old Saxon
1239:Etymology
1209:retailers
1205:Wholesale
936:Structure
921:Hierarchy
841:Strategic
728:Materials
718:Knowledge
695:Financial
635:Marketing
480:Factoring
475:Insurance
377:Commodity
370:Economics
6471:Sea lane
6386:Hærvejen
6260:(2005).
6163:(2008).
6084:23 March
6075:Archived
6029:Archived
5955:Archived
5930:Archived
5905:Archived
5875:Archived
5730:Archived
5704:Archived
5677:Archived
5658:Archived
5530:Archived
5501:Archived
5434:Archived
5409:Archived
5380:Archived
5296:Archived
5218:Archived
5139:Archived
5108:Archived
5080:Archived
5049:Archived
5021:Archived
4993:Archived
4869:archived
4796:Archived
4702:(1990).
4667:archived
4627:archived
4582:Archived
4572:Archived
4562:Archived
4552:Archived
4534:Archived
4511:archived
4477:Archived
4470:D Harper
4419:Archived
4377:Archived
4349:Archived
4326:archived
4289:Archived
4266:archived
4224:Archived
4196:Archived
4172:Archived
4135:Archived
4083:, p. 54.
4064:Archived
3999:Archived
3968:present.
3956:archived
3878:archived
3821:Archived
3708:Archived
3686:peddling
3684:Compare
3658:62781399
3560:Business
3555:Commerce
3549:See also
3470:against
3276:Pakistan
2766:a series
2764:Part of
2610:Currency
2588:denarius
2557:interest
2547:Religion
2400:services
2396:products
2241:Timbuktu
2227:bankrupt
2200:economic
2041:and the
2035:monopoly
2010:and the
1969:Sogdians
1893:Tajadero
1850:cinnamon
1830:coconuts
1794:Cambodia
1786:Thailand
1774:Malaysia
1744:and the
1723:historic
1523:bartered
1449:—
1428:obsidian
1374:caduceus
1286:Commerce
1246:is from
1213:business
1185:boutique
926:Patterns
906:Conflict
891:Behavior
831:Security
808:Resource
793:Property
756:services
713:Incident
652:Conflict
608:Capacity
311:Chairman
266:Contract
6567:Society
6292:Trading
5710:7 March
5655:history
4748:(ed.).
4149:Talasea
3510:to the
3476:Armenia
3468:embargo
3464:embargo
3286:Vietnam
3281:Romania
3226:Tariffs
3221:Exports
3216:Imports
2980:History
2947:Embargo
2937:Bribery
2897:Tariffs
2720:-style
2533:tariffs
2416:tariffs
2402:to the
2323:protect
2303:tariffs
2161:British
2085:became
2063:Calicut
2029:. The
2019:Vikings
1985:caravan
1947:Bristol
1932:capital
1856:) with
1838:bananas
1770:Vietnam
1766:Palawan
1758:Batanes
1691:Muslims
1662:modicum
1605:emporia
1593:Britain
1579:of the
1565:jewelry
1519:faculty
1378:Mercury
1308:History
1296:, from
1115:earning
1111:selling
901:Culture
851:Systems
836:Service
815:
803:Records
798:Quality
788:Project
783:Product
773:Process
752:
733:Network
702:
684:
657:Content
464:Finance
146:Company
6268:
6215:
6196:
6171:
6149:
6119:
5767:Quran
5761:Quran
5686:
5633:
5604:
5579:
5569:
5349:
5324:
5254:Times.
5210:
5149:
5118:
5090:
5059:
5031:
5003:
4948:state.
4908:
4861:
4829:
4806:
4779:
4756:
4712:
4659:
4619:
4558:+ ] +
4503:
4411:
4387:
4359:
4318:
4258:
4234:
4127:
4034:
3991:
3948:
3872:
3862:
3796:
3700:
3656:
3638:
3606:137133
3604:
3500:social
3492:labour
3436:, and
3303:Theory
3120:Issues
2807:Export
2802:Import
2795:Policy
2737:demand
2718:Soviet
2702:, and
2680:Geneva
2676:Cancún
2627:Trends
2537:quotas
2504:(1766)
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