556:, cause the windward side of the aircraft to generate more lift and drag, causing the aircraft to roll, yaw and pitch off its intended flight path, and as a result many light aircraft land with reduced flap settings in crosswinds. Furthermore, once the aircraft is on the ground, the flaps may decrease the effectiveness of the brakes since the wing is still generating lift and preventing the entire weight of the aircraft from resting on the tires, thus increasing stopping distance, particularly in wet or icy conditions. Usually, the pilot will raise the flaps as soon as possible to prevent this from occurring.
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speeds. Leading edge slats allow the wing to fly at a higher angle of attack which decrease takeoff and landing distances. Other types of flaps may be equipped with one or more slots to increase their effectiveness, a typical setup on many modern airliners. These are known as slotted flaps as described above. Frederick
Handley Page experimented with fore and aft slot designs in the 20s and 30s.
36:
135:
528:
871:. The leading edge of the flap is mounted on a track, while a point at mid chord on the flap is connected via an arm to a pivot just above the track. When the flap's leading edge moves aft along the track, the triangle formed by the track, the shaft and the surface of the flap (fixed at the pivot) gets narrower and deeper, forcing the flap down.
1005:(ARL) researchers at NASA's Langley Research Center developed an active-flap design for helicopter rotor blades. The Continuous Trailing-Edge Flap (CTEF) uses components to change blade camber during flight, eliminating mechanical hinges in order to improve system reliability. Prototypes were constructed for wind-tunnel testing.
744:
leaving its trailing edge is raised, from the typical non-flap 80% of freestream, to that of the higher-speed, lower-pressure air flowing around the leading edge of the slotted flap. Any flap that allows air to pass between the wing and the flap is considered a slotted flap. The slotted flap was a result of research at
512:. When used during takeoff, flaps trade runway distance for climb rate: using flaps reduces ground roll but also reduces the climb rate. The amount of flap used on takeoff is specific to each type of aircraft, and the manufacturer will suggest limits and may indicate the reduction in climb rate to be expected. The
1855:
Vehicle is designed to be able to land at the Earth, Moon or Mars. Depending on which ... the ratio of the energy dissipated aerodynamically vs. propulsively is quite different. In the case of the Moon, it's entirely propulsive. ... Earth: over 99.9% of the energy is removed aerodynamically ... Mars:
788:
A slotted plain flap fixed below the trailing edge of the wing, and rotating about its forward edge. When not in use, it has more drag than other types, but is more effective at creating additional lift than a plain or split flap, while retaining their mechanical simplicity. Invented by Otto Mader at
756:
A split flap that slides backwards, before hinging downward, thereby increasing first chord, then camber. The flap may form part of the upper surface of the wing, like a plain flap, or it may not, like a split flap, but it must slide rearward before lowering. As a defining feature – distinguishing it
726:
The rear portion of the lower surface of the airfoil hinges downwards from the leading edge of the flap, while the upper surface stays immobile. This can cause large changes in longitudinal trim, pitching the nose either down or up. At full deflection, a split flaps acts much like a spoiler, adding
220:
or the upper limit to the lift a wing can generate. This allows the aircraft to generate the required lift at a lower speed, reducing the minimum speed (known as stall speed) at which the aircraft will safely maintain flight. For most aircraft configurations, a useful side effect of flap deployment
1054:
are similar to flaps (and work the same way), but are intended to provide lateral control, rather than to change the lifting characteristics of both wings together, and so operate differentially – when an aileron on one wing increases the lift, the opposite aileron does not, and will often work to
885:
A hinged flap which folds out from under the wing's leading edge while not forming a part of the leading edge of the wing when retracted. This increases the camber and thickness of the wing, which in turn increases lift and drag. This is not the same as a leading edge droop flap, as that is formed
1008:
A team from ARL completed a live-fire test of a rotor blade with individual blade control technology in
January 2016. The live fire experiments explored the ballistic vulnerability of blade control technologies. Researchers fired three shots representative of typical ground fire on a 7-foot-span,
908:
to correct control problems without having to resort to a major redesign. It boosts the efficiency of even basic theoretical airfoils (made up of a triangle and a circle overlapped) to the equivalent of a conventional airfoil. The principle was discovered in the 1930s, but was rarely used and was
620:
Manufactured most often from PH steels and titanium, flap tracks control the flaps located on the trailing edge of an aircraft's wings. Extending flaps often run on guide tracks. Where these run outside the wing structure they may be faired in to streamline them and protect them from damage. Some
547:
to give the aircraft a lower stall speed so the approach to landing can be flown more slowly, which also allows the aircraft to land in a shorter distance. The higher lift and drag associated with fully extended flaps allows a steeper and slower approach to the landing site, but imposes handling
743:
A gap between the flap and the wing forces high pressure air from below the wing over the flap helping the airflow remain attached to the flap, increasing lift compared to a split flap. Additionally, lift across the entire chord of the primary airfoil is greatly increased as the velocity of air
1027:
are mounted on the top of the wings' leading edge and while they may be either fixed or retractable, when deployed they provide a slot or gap under the slat to force air against the top of the wing, which is absent on a
Krueger flap. They offer excellent lift and enhance controllability at low
936:
A type of
Boundary Layer Control System, blown flaps pass engine-generated air or exhaust over the flaps to increase lift beyond that attainable with mechanical flaps. Types include the original (internally blown flap) which blows compressed air from the engine over the top of the flap, the
1036:
are intended to create drag and reduce lift by "spoiling" the airflow over the wing. A spoiler is much larger than a Gurney flap, and can be retracted. Spoilers are usually installed mid chord on the upper surface of the wing, but may also be installed on the lower surface of the wing as
641:
Thrust gates, or gaps, in the trailing edge flaps may be required to minimise interference between the engine flow and deployed flaps. In the absence of an inboard aileron, which provides a gap in many flap installations, a modified flap section may be needed. The thrust gate on the
572:, flaps may be partially extended to reduce the stall speed so that the glider can be flown more slowly and thereby reduce the rate of sink, which lets the glider use the rising air of the thermal more efficiently, and to turn in a smaller circle to make best use of the core of the
192:
on the wing by causing the inboard half of the wing to supply an increased proportion of the lift, and the outboard half to supply a reduced proportion of the lift. Reducing the proportion of the lift supplied by the outboard half of the wing is accompanied by a reduction in the
599:
also use special flaps to improve maneuverability during air combat, allowing the fighter to create more lift at a given speed, allowing for much tighter turns. The flaps used for this must be designed specifically to handle the greater stresses and most flaps have a
584:, which in turn reduces the trim drag associated with keeping the glider in longitudinal trim. Negative flap may also be used during the initial stage of an aerotow launch and at the end of the landing run in order to maintain better control by the
1045:
are used to increase drag, allowing the aircraft to decelerate rapidly. When installed on the wings they differ from flaps and spoilers in that they are not intended to modify the lift and are built strongly enough to be deployed at much higher
937:
externally blown flap, which blows engine exhaust over the upper and lower surfaces of the flap, and upper surface blowing which blows engine exhaust over the top of the wing and flap. While testing was done in
Britain and Germany before the
662:
have no inboard aileron. No thrust gate is required in the continuous, single-slotted flap. Interference in the go-around case while the flaps are still fully deployed can cause increased drag which must not compromise the climb gradient.
224:
There are many different designs of flaps, with the specific choice depending on the size, speed and complexity of the aircraft on which they are to be used, as well as the era in which the aircraft was designed. Plain flaps,
921:
The entire leading edge of the wing rotates downward, effectively increasing camber and also slightly reducing chord. Most commonly found on fighters with very thin wings unsuited to other leading edge high lift devices.
818:
A type of split flap that slides backward along curved tracks that force the trailing edge downward, increasing chord and camber without affecting trim or requiring any additional mechanisms. It was invented by
967:. A modern interpretation of wing warping, internal mechanical actuators bend a lattice that changes the airfoil shape. It may have a flexible gap seal at the transition between fixed and flexible airfoils.
675:
Flaps and high lift devices. Gurney flap exaggerated for clarity. Blown flap skipped as it is modified from any other type. Pale lines indicate line of movement, and green indicates flap setting used during
709:
as they renamed it, the first aircraft to fly with flaps. These were full span plain flaps which incorporated ailerons, making it also the first instance of flaperons. Fairey were not alone however, as
329:
1106:
855:. When in the extended position, it could be angled up (to a negative angle of incidence) so that the aircraft could be dived vertically without needing excessive trim changes.
900:
A small fixed perpendicular tab of between 1 and 2% of the wing chord, mounted on the high pressure side of the trailing edge of an airfoil. It was named for racing car driver
1401:
612:
competition usually have a type of maneuvering flap system that moves them in an opposing direction to the elevators, to assist in tightening the radius of a maneuver.
496:
caused by the distorted spanwise lift distribution on the wing with flaps extended. Some flaps increase the wing area and, for any given speed, this also increases the
1165:
of space vehicles. Body flaps are being designed to bleed off as much kinetic and potential energy as possible during a near-vertical descent through the atmosphere.
910:
455:
417:
366:
1995:
690:
205:. The ideal lift distribution across a wing is elliptical, and extending partial-span flaps causes a significant departure from the elliptical. This increases
769:
221:
is a decrease in aircraft pitch angle which lowers the nose thereby improving the pilot's view of the runway over the nose of the aircraft during landing.
886:
from the entire leading edge. Invented by Werner Krüger in 1943 and evaluated in
Goettingen, Krueger flaps are found on many modern swept wing airliners.
2572:
748:, a variant of the slot that dates from the 1920s, but was not widely used until much later. Some flaps use multiple slots to further boost the effect.
718:
reconnaissance/bomber in 1917. Owing to the greater efficiency of other flap types, the plain flap is normally only used where simplicity is required.
1742:
1082:
1816:
1599:
1528:
1289:
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247:
Some flaps are fitted elsewhere. Leading-edge flaps form the wing leading edge and when deployed they rotate down to increase the wing camber. The
240:
The Fowler, Fairey-Youngman and Gouge types of flap increase the wing area in addition to changing the camber. The larger lifting surface reduces
1094:
1161:, a type of high-drag set of aerosurfaces designed for very high angle-of-attack descent of rocket-powered vehicles, particularly used during
457:) allow a similar amount of lift to be generated at a lower airspeed (V). Thus, flaps are extensively in use for short takeoffs and landings (
1953:
1939:
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1704:
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53:
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1988:
1961:
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American
Military Training Aircraft' E.R. Johnson and Lloyd S. Jones, McFarland & Co. Inc. Publishers, Jefferson, North Carolina
1210:
119:
1786:
1629:
1393:
1905:
777:
100:
1518:"The Wind and Beyond: A Documentary Journey into the History of Aerodynamics in America. Volume 1; The Ascent of the Airplane"
867:
Aristocrat in 1932 and on other types periodically thereafter, but it saw little use on production aircraft other than on the
835:
flying boats, which used the very thick Shorts A.D.5 airfoil. Short
Brothers may have been the only company to use this type.
2602:
2218:
2200:
1148:
72:
57:
1002:
426:, which is determined by the shape of the airfoil used and the angle at which the wing meets the air (or angle of attack).
1567:
2885:
2726:
1981:
184:
The flaps installed on most aircraft are partial-span flaps; spanwise from near the wing root to the inboard end of the
79:
273:
1314:
Reckzeh, Daniel (2004). "Aerodynamic Design of Airbus High-lift Wings in a
Multidisciplinary Environment". p. 7.
1122:
1070:
2946:
2607:
2562:
2253:
864:
568:
not only use flaps when landing, but also in flight to optimize the camber of the wing for the chosen speed. While
519:
recommends 10° of flaps on takeoff, when the ground is soft or it is a short runway, otherwise 0 degrees is used.
209:
which can be beneficial during approach and landing because it allows the aircraft to descend at a steeper angle.
86:
46:
2793:
2637:
2587:
868:
2577:
2130:
2060:
1168:
1059:, while those that spoil lift (typically placed on the upper surface before the trailing edge) they are called
671:
252:
248:
2622:
1738:
201:
of the outboard half, maintaining aileron effectiveness and reducing the likelihood of asymmetric stall, and
68:
2905:
2880:
2642:
2547:
2437:
2407:
2382:
2248:
2213:
1143:
982:
958:
698:
177:. Flaps are used to reduce the take-off distance and the landing distance. Flaps also cause an increase in
2920:
2721:
2617:
2442:
2402:
2258:
1315:
686:
198:
1808:
1564:"Full-scale wind-tunnel and flight tests of a Fairchild 22 airplane equipped with external-airfoil flaps"
731:
and James M. H. Jacobs in 1920, but only became common in the 1930s and was then quickly superseded. The
2900:
2818:
2808:
2313:
2025:
1607:
1517:
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1249:
1032:
581:
213:
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decrease lift. When ailerons are designed to lower in conjunction with flaps, they are usually called
685:
The rear portion of airfoil rotates downwards on a simple hinge mounted at the front of the flap. The
2865:
2668:
2462:
2273:
2228:
1875:
1041:
942:
1320:
646:
was provided by a single-slotted flap in between the inboard and outboard double-slotted flaps. The
2844:
2751:
2467:
2175:
2004:
1872:"We will do several short hops to smooth out launch process, then go high altitude with body flaps"
1839:
941:, and flight trials started, the first production aircraft with blown flaps was not until the 1957
535:
256:
202:
174:
1009:
10-inch-chord rotor blade section with a 4-foot-long CTEF at ARL's
Airbase Experimental Facility.
735:(progenitor to the DC-3 and C-47) was one of the first of many aircraft types to use split flaps.
697:
tested flaps in 1913 and 1914, but these were never installed in an actual aircraft. In 1916, the
2552:
2532:
2527:
2501:
2353:
2125:
1432:
1019:
727:
significantly to drag coefficient. It also adds a little to lift coefficient. It was invented by
706:
143:
1655:
863:
The Zap flap was invented by Edward F. Zaparka while he was with Berliner/Joyce and tested on a
251:
racer had flaps running beneath the fuselage and forward of the wing trailing edge. Many of the
464:
2860:
2597:
2542:
2522:
2452:
2447:
2432:
2120:
1957:
1949:
1948:
Gunston, Bill, The Cambridge Aerospace Dictionary Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2004,
1935:
1697:
1459:
1363:
1206:
1178:
1162:
1023:
206:
189:
93:
552:(i.e. having little weight and a large wing area). Winds across the line of flight, known as
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2798:
2472:
2367:
2090:
2065:
2008:
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1451:
1173:
938:
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832:
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469:
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217:
155:
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351:
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2592:
2387:
2035:
986:
844:
626:
577:
565:
194:
1779:"Army researchers explore future rotorcraft technologies | U.S. Army Research Laboratory"
1698:"An Analysis of Aerodynamic Data on Blowing Over Trailing Edge Flaps for Increasing Lift"
913:
used a bead on the trailing edge of the elevators, which functioned in a similar manner.
1778:
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2045:
2040:
1621:
848:
824:
728:
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497:
485:
178:
159:
1897:
843:
Drops down (becoming a Junkers Flap) before sliding aft and then rotating up or down.
800:, though the same basic design can also be found on many modern ultralights, like the
2940:
2839:
2778:
2582:
2517:
2155:
2135:
2050:
1516:
Hansen, James R.; Taylor, D. Bryan; Kinney, Jeremy; Lee, J. Lawrence (January 2003).
905:
904:
who rediscovered it in 1971, and has since been used on some helicopters such as the
801:
794:
790:
376:
170:
1871:
237:
are positioned on the leading edge of the wings and are used on many jet airliners.
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609:
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on the outboard half. This is beneficial because it increases the margin above the
17:
1973:
484:
of the aircraft. Therefore, for any given weight and airspeed, flaps increase the
2823:
2706:
2422:
2278:
895:
659:
655:
651:
647:
629:, which reduce drag caused by local sonic shock waves where the airflow becomes
514:
473:
230:
139:
35:
780:, and remains in widespread use on modern aircraft, often with multiple slots.
134:
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they were rebuilding, including their Patent Camber Changing Gear, making the
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2055:
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576:. At higher speeds a negative flap setting is used to reduce the nose-down
527:
472:
streamlining the flap track mechanisms. The flaps (two on each side, on the
1600:""The Aircraft Engineer - flight engineering section" Supplement to Flight"
804:. This type of flap is sometimes referred to as an external-airfoil flap.
531:
Flaps during ground roll after landing, with spoilers up, increasing drag.
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2756:
2731:
2497:
2477:
2338:
2268:
2185:
2110:
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2016:
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1056:
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601:
163:
430:
Here, it can be seen that increasing the area (S) and lift coefficient (
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2208:
2190:
2115:
1883:
1503:
Wind and Beyond: A Documentary Journey Into the History of Aerodynamics
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1050:
990:
585:
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509:
185:
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267:
The general airplane lift equation demonstrates these relationships:
1455:
508:
Depending on the aircraft type, flaps may be partially extended for
138:
Trailing edge flaps extended on the right on a typical airliner (an
847:
was one of the few exponents of this design, which was used on the
2686:
2288:
2140:
670:
534:
526:
463:
133:
1400:(Interview). Interviewed by Susan Bennet. University of Dayton.
458:
166:
1977:
1856:
over 99% of the energy is being removed aerodynamically at Mars
714:
soon incorporated automatic flaps into the lower wing of their
188:. When partial-span flaps are extended they alter the spanwise
29:
1809:"fig | slot opffh | pbar slot | 1921 | 0845 | Flight Archive"
789:
Junkers in the late 1920s, they were most often seen on the
1112:
Krueger flaps and triple-slotted trailing-edge flaps of a
757:
from the Gouge Flap – it always provides a slot effect.
169:
at a given weight. Flaps are usually mounted on the wing
1970:. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications, 1965.
1362:. Hertfordshire, Great Britain: Albatros Productions.
284:
776:
prototype in 1935, it entered production on the 1937
436:
398:
354:
276:
1283:"High-Lift Systems on Commercial Subsonic Airliners"
1250:"High-Lift Systems on Commercial Subsonic Airliners"
2853:
2832:
2765:
2661:
2496:
2362:
2199:
2015:
1898:"UPCOMING TEST: Starship high-altitude flight test"
1652:"Virginia Tech – Aerospace & Ocean Engineering"
539:
North American T-6 trainer, showing its split flaps
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1562:Reed, Warren D.; Clay, William C. (30 June 1937).
580:. This reduces the balancing load required on the
449:
411:
360:
323:
324:{\displaystyle L={\tfrac {1}{2}}\rho V^{2}SC_{L}}
1100:Double slotted Fowler flaps extended for landing
1882:from the original on 6 August 2020 – via
1765:Technical Committees Present the Year in Review
1501:National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
1197:
1195:
1193:
216:or curvature of the wing, raising the maximum
1989:
244:, hence further reducing the stalling speed.
8:
1622:"Chapter 10: Technology of the Jet Airplane"
1221:
1219:
1966:Windrow, Martin C. and René J. Francillon.
1203:Airplane performance, stability and control
1996:
1982:
1974:
27:Anti-stalling high-lift device on aircraft
1319:
1201:Perkins, Courtland; Hage, Robert (1949).
441:
435:
403:
397:
353:
315:
302:
283:
275:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1344:
1342:
1340:
1229:. Revision 3-12, 2006, pp. 4–19 to 4–47.
945:. Upper Surface Blowing was used on the
1281:Rudolph, Peter K. C. (September 1996).
1248:Rudolph, Peter K. C. (September 1996).
1189:
1066:
548:difficulties in aircraft with very low
480:Extending the flaps also increases the
212:Extending the wing flaps increases the
181:so they are retracted when not needed.
1767:. Aerospace America. 2014. p. 15.
1934:. London: Pitman Publishing Limited.
1908:from the original on 27 November 2020
1844:(video). Event occurs at 47:30-49:00
1841:SpaceX - Mars Society Convention 2019
1745:from the original on 29 November 2014
1392:Jacobs, James Wilbur (4 March 1967).
1360:Windsock Datafile Special, Breguet 14
1295:from the original on 21 December 2019
1262:from the original on 21 December 2019
7:
1632:from the original on 15 January 2017
1570:from the original on 21 October 2020
1394:"Interview with James Wilbur Jacobs"
985:that combines the functions of both
383:of the airplane, relative to the air
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1710:from the original on 1 October 2015
1088:Split flap on a World War II bomber
701:made a number of improvements to a
1739:"Shape-shifting flap takes flight"
1598:C.M. Poulsen, ed. (27 July 1933).
1404:from the original on 18 March 2020
1205:, Chapter 2, John Wiley and Sons.
909:then forgotten. Late marks of the
259:on the underside of the top wing.
25:
1789:from the original on 10 July 2018
1606:. pp. 754a–d. Archived from
1534:from the original on 17 July 2020
1838:Paul Wooster (20 October 2019).
1819:from the original on 15 May 2019
1121:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1069:
543:Flaps may be fully extended for
34:
1696:Williams, J. (September 1954).
604:at which they can be deployed.
255:biplanes have the flaps at mid-
146:are also extended, on the left.
45:needs additional citations for
2906:In-flight entertainment system
2603:Horizontal situation indicator
1149:Aircraft flight control system
1076:Plain flap at full deflection.
1:
1003:U.S. Army Research Laboratory
997:Continuous trailing-edge flap
865:General Airplanes Corporation
492:of an aircraft due to higher
2886:Environmental control system
691:National Physical Laboratory
1968:The Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa
1870:@ElonMusk (5 August 2020).
1128:Junkers flaps, doubling as
772:in 1932. First used on the
476:) lie directly above these.
2968:
2563:Course deviation indicator
2254:Electro-hydraulic actuator
1930:Clancy, L.J. (1975). "6".
974:
956:
929:
893:
878:
811:
488:force. Flaps increase the
468:The three orange pods are
2794:Conventional landing gear
1677:Clancy 1975, pp. 110–112.
1491:Gunston 2004, p. 249–250.
1288:. NASA. pp. 40, 54.
1227:Cessna Model 172S Nav III
1225:Cessna Aircraft Company.
869:Northrop P-61 Black Widow
760:The flap was invented by
608:model aircraft built for
500:component of total drag.
2952:Aircraft wing components
2578:Flight management system
1437:"High-Lift Aerodynamics"
1169:Circulation control wing
827:in 1936 and used on the
517:Pilot Operating Handbook
253:Waco Custom Cabin series
249:de Havilland DH.88 Comet
2881:Emergency oxygen system
2643:Turn and slip indicator
2438:Leading-edge droop flap
2408:Drag-reducing aerospike
2383:Adaptive compliant wing
2378:Active Aeroelastic Wing
1144:Air brake (aeronautics)
959:Adaptive compliant wing
764:in 1924, and tested by
699:Fairey Aviation Company
625:are designed to act as
389:is the area of the wing
379:of the airplane or the
263:Principles of operation
69:"Flap" aeronautics
2921:Passenger service unit
2722:Self-sealing fuel tank
2618:Multi-function display
778:Lockheed Super Electra
687:Royal Aircraft Factory
677:
540:
532:
477:
451:
413:
362:
325:
147:
2901:Ice protection system
2819:Tricycle landing gear
2809:Landing gear extender
2026:Aft pressure bulkhead
1852:– via YouTube.
1686:Gunston 2004, p. 191.
1668:Gunston 2004, p. 335.
1588:Gunston 2004, p. 270.
1552:Gunston 2004, p. 331.
1422:Gunston 2004, p. 569.
1382:Gunston 2004, p. 584.
1358:Toelle, Alan (2003).
1348:Taylor 1974, pp. 8–9.
1334:Gunston 2004, p. 452.
674:
582:horizontal stabilizer
538:
530:
467:
452:
450:{\displaystyle C_{L}}
414:
412:{\displaystyle C_{L}}
363:
361:{\displaystyle \rho }
326:
233:are the most common.
137:
2866:Auxiliary power unit
2274:Flight control modes
1813:www.flightglobal.com
1741:. 17 November 2014.
1255:. NASA. p. 39.
1116:extended for landing
943:Lockheed T2V SeaStar
911:Supermarine Spitfire
839:Fairey-Youngman flap
610:precision aerobatics
523:Flaps during landing
504:Flaps during takeoff
434:
396:
352:
274:
54:improve this article
2845:Escape crew capsule
2752:War emergency power
2623:Pitot–static system
2468:Variable-sweep wing
2176:Vertical stabilizer
1904:. 7 December 2020.
1703:. NACA. p. 1.
1444:Journal of Aircraft
1433:Smith, Apollo M. O.
1238:Windrow 1965, p. 4.
981:A type of aircraft
623:flap track fairings
591:Like gliders, some
369:is the air density,
175:fixed-wing aircraft
158:used to reduce the
18:Trailing edge flaps
2553:Attitude indicator
2533:Airspeed indicator
2528:Aircraft periscope
1020:Leading edge slats
963:Also known as the
707:Fairey Hamble Baby
678:
541:
533:
478:
447:
409:
358:
321:
293:
148:
144:Leading edge slats
2947:Aircraft controls
2934:
2933:
2861:Aircraft lavatory
2598:Heading indicator
2543:Annunciator panel
2523:Air data computer
2433:Leading-edge cuff
1954:978-0-521-84140-5
1941:978-0-273-01120-0
1369:978-1-902207-61-2
1179:Leading-edge slat
1163:atmospheric entry
917:Leading edge flap
627:anti-shock bodies
560:Maneuvering flaps
341:is the amount of
292:
207:lift-induced drag
190:lift distribution
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2959:
2916:Navigation light
2896:Hydraulic system
2871:Bleed air system
2799:Drogue parachute
2473:Vortex generator
2091:Interplane strut
1998:
1991:
1984:
1975:
1945:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1851:
1849:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1783:www.arl.army.mil
1775:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1702:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1658:on 7 March 2007.
1654:. Archived from
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1610:on 27 June 2013.
1595:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1533:
1522:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1472:
1466:. Archived from
1441:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1294:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1261:
1254:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1223:
1214:
1199:
1174:High-lift device
1125:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1073:
939:Second World War
853:Fairey Barracuda
762:Harlan D. Fowler
633:at high speeds.
490:drag coefficient
482:drag coefficient
456:
454:
453:
448:
446:
445:
423:lift coefficient
418:
416:
415:
410:
408:
407:
367:
365:
364:
359:
330:
328:
327:
322:
320:
319:
307:
306:
294:
285:
218:lift coefficient
156:high-lift device
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2926:Ram air turbine
2891:Flight recorder
2849:
2828:
2761:
2742:Thrust reversal
2666:
2657:
2628:Radar altimeter
2593:Head-up display
2503:
2492:
2388:Anti-shock body
2370:
2358:
2219:Artificial feel
2201:Flight controls
2195:
2061:Fabric covering
2011:
2007:components and
2002:
1942:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1847:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1626:www.hq.nasa.gov
1620:
1619:
1615:
1604:Flight Magazine
1597:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1456:10.2514/3.59830
1439:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1321:10.1.1.602.7484
1313:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1217:
1200:
1191:
1187:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1117:
1110:
1101:
1098:
1089:
1086:
1077:
1074:
1015:
1013:Related devices
999:
983:control surface
979:
973:
961:
955:
934:
928:
919:
898:
892:
883:
877:
861:
841:
816:
810:
786:
754:
741:
724:
683:
669:
639:
618:
578:pitching moment
562:
525:
506:
437:
432:
431:
399:
394:
393:
350:
349:
311:
298:
272:
271:
265:
195:angle of attack
140:Airbus A310-300
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2965:
2963:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2939:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2911:Landing lights
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2833:Escape systems
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2771:arresting gear
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2727:Splitter plate
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2046:Cruciform tail
2043:
2041:Crack arrestor
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2013:
2012:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1946:
1940:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1889:
1862:
1830:
1800:
1770:
1756:
1730:
1721:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1643:
1613:
1590:
1581:
1554:
1545:
1508:
1493:
1484:
1473:on 7 July 2011
1450:(6): 518–523.
1424:
1415:
1384:
1375:
1368:
1350:
1336:
1327:
1306:
1273:
1240:
1231:
1215:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1014:
1011:
998:
995:
975:Main article:
972:
969:
957:Main article:
954:
951:
930:Main article:
927:
924:
918:
915:
906:Sikorsky S-76B
894:Main article:
891:
888:
879:Main article:
876:
873:
860:
857:
849:Fairey Firefly
840:
837:
825:Short Brothers
812:Main article:
809:
806:
795:Junkers Ju 87
785:
782:
753:
750:
740:
737:
729:Orville Wright
723:
720:
695:United Kingdom
682:
679:
668:
665:
638:
635:
617:
614:
597:Nakajima Ki-43
561:
558:
524:
521:
505:
502:
498:parasitic drag
444:
440:
428:
427:
406:
402:
390:
384:
370:
357:
346:
332:
331:
318:
314:
310:
305:
301:
297:
291:
288:
282:
279:
264:
261:
171:trailing edges
160:stalling speed
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2964:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:Other systems
2852:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2840:Ejection seat
2838:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:Arrestor hook
2782:
2780:
2779:Aircraft tire
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2583:Glass cockpit
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:Air data boom
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:Rudder pedals
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:Trailing edge
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2136:Stressed skin
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1962:0-521-84140-2
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1831:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1530:
1526:
1525:ntrs.nasa.gov
1519:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:0-471-68046-X
1208:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1103:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1079:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1004:
996:
994:
992:
988:
984:
978:
970:
968:
966:
960:
953:Flexible flap
952:
950:
948:
944:
940:
933:
925:
923:
916:
914:
912:
907:
903:
897:
889:
887:
882:
874:
872:
870:
866:
858:
856:
854:
850:
846:
838:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
815:
807:
805:
803:
802:Denney Kitfox
799:
798:
792:
791:Junkers Ju 52
783:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
758:
751:
749:
747:
738:
736:
734:
730:
721:
719:
717:
713:
708:
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700:
696:
692:
688:
680:
673:
667:Types of flap
666:
664:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
636:
634:
632:
628:
624:
615:
613:
611:
607:
603:
602:maximum speed
598:
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587:
583:
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438:
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419:
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391:
388:
385:
382:
378:
377:true airspeed
374:
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355:
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316:
312:
308:
303:
299:
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280:
277:
270:
269:
268:
262:
260:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
238:
236:
235:Krueger flaps
232:
228:
227:slotted flaps
222:
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215:
210:
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204:
200:
196:
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113:
110:February 2013
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2876:Deicing boot
2804:Landing gear
2747:Townend ring
2737:Thrust lever
2712:NACA cowling
2677:Autothrottle
2669:fuel systems
2667:devices and
2458:Stall strips
2428:Krueger flap
2412:
2398:Channel wing
2344:Wing warping
2334:Stick shaker
2329:Stick pusher
2249:Dual control
2234:Centre stick
2101:Leading edge
2071:Flying wires
2031:Cabane strut
1967:
1932:Aerodynamics
1931:
1924:Bibliography
1910:. Retrieved
1901:
1892:
1865:
1854:
1853:
1846:. Retrieved
1840:
1833:
1821:. Retrieved
1812:
1803:
1791:. Retrieved
1782:
1773:
1764:
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1733:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1691:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1656:the original
1646:
1634:. Retrieved
1625:
1616:
1608:the original
1603:
1593:
1584:
1572:. Retrieved
1557:
1548:
1536:. Retrieved
1524:
1511:
1502:
1496:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1468:the original
1447:
1443:
1427:
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1397:
1387:
1378:
1359:
1353:
1330:
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1276:
1264:. Retrieved
1243:
1234:
1226:
1202:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1018:
1007:
1001:As of 2014,
1000:
980:
964:
962:
947:Boeing YC-14
935:
920:
899:
884:
881:Krueger flap
875:Krueger flap
862:
842:
829:Short Empire
821:Arthur Gouge
817:
796:
787:
784:Junkers flap
759:
755:
746:Handley-Page
742:
739:Slotted flap
733:Douglas DC-1
725:
703:Sopwith Baby
684:
640:
637:Thrust gates
619:
606:Control line
595:such as the
590:
563:
553:
550:wing loading
542:
513:
507:
494:induced drag
479:
429:
421:
392:
386:
380:
372:
348:
342:
338:
333:
266:
246:
242:wing loading
239:
231:Fowler flaps
223:
211:
183:
151:
149:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2824:Tundra tire
2707:Intake ramp
2638:Transponder
2423:Gurney flap
2364:Aerodynamic
2279:Fly-by-wire
2161:Triple tail
1749:19 November
1636:11 December
896:Gurney flap
890:Gurney flap
752:Fowler flap
616:Flap tracks
570:thermalling
515:Cessna 172S
474:Airbus A319
2941:Categories
2814:Oleo strut
2702:Inlet cone
2697:Gascolator
2663:Propulsion
2653:Yaw string
2648:Variometer
2504:instrument
2483:Wing fence
2418:Gouge flap
2393:Blown flap
2349:Yaw damper
2324:Stabilator
2309:Side-stick
2244:Dive brake
2131:Stabilizer
2106:Lift strut
2096:Jury strut
1912:8 December
1902:spacex.com
1848:25 October
1714:11 January
1185:References
1159:Body flaps
1114:Boeing 747
1061:spoilerons
1042:Air brakes
932:Blown flap
926:Blown flap
902:Dan Gurney
833:Sunderland
814:Gouge flap
808:Gouge flap
774:Martin 146
766:Fred Weick
722:Split flap
716:Breguet 14
681:Plain flap
644:Boeing 757
554:crosswinds
80:newspapers
2789:Autobrake
2717:NACA duct
2692:Fuel tank
2682:Drop tank
2665:controls,
2548:Astrodome
2538:Altimeter
2403:Dog-tooth
2368:high-lift
2319:Spoileron
2304:Servo tab
2284:Gust lock
2239:Deceleron
2224:Autopilot
2181:Wing root
2166:Twin tail
2151:Tailplane
2086:Hardpoint
2056:Empennage
2019:structure
1574:10 August
1464:0021-8669
1316:CiteSeerX
1057:flaperons
949:in 1976.
631:transonic
356:ρ
345:produced,
296:ρ
2757:Wet wing
2732:Throttle
2478:Vortilon
2339:Trim tab
2269:Flaperon
2259:Elevator
2214:Airbrake
2186:Wing tip
2111:Longeron
2081:Fuselage
2017:Airframe
2005:Aircraft
1906:Archived
1880:Archived
1823:18 April
1817:Archived
1787:Archived
1743:Archived
1705:Archived
1630:Archived
1568:Archived
1566:. NACA.
1529:Archived
1527:. NASA.
1435:(1975).
1402:Archived
1398:eCommons
1290:Archived
1257:Archived
1138:See also
1130:ailerons
1051:Ailerons
1033:Spoilers
991:ailerons
977:Flaperon
971:Flaperon
965:FlexFoil
859:Zap flap
793:and the
593:fighters
586:ailerons
470:fairings
381:Velocity
203:spinning
186:ailerons
164:aircraft
2767:Landing
2558:Compass
2506:systems
2498:Avionic
2488:Winglet
2371:devices
2314:Spoiler
2209:Aileron
2191:Wingbox
2116:Nacelle
2066:Fairing
2009:systems
1884:Twitter
1793:10 July
1538:17 July
1477:12 July
1408:20 July
1154:Aileron
1046:speeds.
712:Breguet
693:in the
574:thermal
566:gliders
545:landing
510:takeoff
420:is the
375:is the
334:where:
94:scholar
2502:flight
2463:Strake
2294:Rudder
2264:Elevon
2229:Canard
2171:V-tail
2146:T-tail
2076:Former
2036:Canopy
1960:
1952:
1938:
1462:
1366:
1318:
1299:7 July
1266:7 July
1209:
845:Fairey
229:, and
214:camber
162:of an
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2687:FADEC
2573:EICAS
2448:Slats
2289:HOTAS
2141:Strut
1876:Tweet
1708:(PDF)
1701:(PDF)
1532:(PDF)
1521:(PDF)
1471:(PDF)
1440:(PDF)
1293:(PDF)
1286:(PDF)
1260:(PDF)
1253:(PDF)
1037:well.
1024:slots
987:flaps
797:Stuka
676:dive.
564:Some
257:chord
199:stall
173:of a
154:is a
101:JSTOR
87:books
2769:and
2633:TCAS
2613:ISIS
2568:EFIS
2513:ACAS
2500:and
2453:Slot
2413:Flap
2366:and
2354:Yoke
2126:Spar
2051:Dope
1958:ISBN
1950:ISBN
1936:ISBN
1914:2020
1850:2019
1825:2019
1795:2018
1751:2014
1716:2016
1638:2006
1576:2020
1540:2020
1479:2011
1460:ISSN
1410:2020
1364:ISBN
1301:2017
1268:2017
1207:ISBN
1022:and
989:and
851:and
831:and
823:for
770:NACA
689:and
660:A380
658:and
656:A340
652:A330
648:A320
486:drag
459:STOL
343:Lift
179:drag
167:wing
152:flap
73:news
2608:INS
2588:GPS
2443:LEX
2121:Rib
1878:).
1452:doi
768:at
461:).
142:).
56:by
2943::
1900:.
1815:.
1811:.
1785:.
1781:.
1628:.
1624:.
1602:.
1523:.
1458:.
1448:12
1446:.
1442:.
1396:.
1339:^
1218:^
1192:^
993:.
654:,
650:,
588:.
150:A
1997:e
1990:t
1983:v
1956:/
1944:.
1916:.
1886:.
1874:(
1858:.
1827:.
1797:.
1753:.
1718:.
1640:.
1578:.
1542:.
1505:.
1481:.
1454::
1412:.
1372:.
1324:.
1303:.
1270:.
1213:.
1132:.
1063:.
443:L
439:C
405:L
401:C
387:S
373:V
339:L
317:L
313:C
309:S
304:2
300:V
290:2
287:1
281:=
278:L
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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