Trolleybus - Knowledge (XXG)

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distances, often in excess of 15 km. Such trolleybuses are called, among others, trolleybuses with In-Motion Charging, hybrid trolleybuses, battery trolleybuses and electric buses with dynamic charging. The main advantages of this technology over conventional battery electric buses are reduced cost and weight of the battery due to its smaller size, no delays for charging at end stops as the vehicle charges while in motion and reduced need for dedicated charging stations that take up public space. This new development allows the extension of trolleybus routes or the electrification of bus routes without the need to build overhead wires along the whole length of the route. Cities that utilize such trolleybuses include

4996: 704: 1108: 221: 659: 409: 1314: 764: 734: 40: 1259:, trolleybuses have greater difficulties with temporary or permanent re-routings, wiring for which is not usually readily available outside of downtown areas where the buses may be re-routed via adjacent business area streets where other trolleybus routes operate. This problem was highlighted in Vancouver in July 2008, when an explosion closed several roads in the city's downtown core. Because of the closure, trolleys were forced to detour several miles off their route in order to stay on the wires, leaving major portions of their routes not in service and off-schedule. 1581:

will not activate. Some trolleybuses, such as those in Philadelphia and Vancouver, have a manual "power-coast" toggle switch that turns the power on or off. This allows a switch to be triggered in situations that would otherwise be impossible, such as activating a switch while braking or accelerating through a switch without activating it. One variation of the toggle switch will simulate accelerating by causing a larger power draw (through a resistance grid), but will not simulate coasting and prevent activation of the switch by cutting the power.

674: 719: 1860: 1924: 1359:. A simple auxiliary power unit can allow a trolleybus to get around a route blockage or can reduce the amount (or complexity) of overhead wiring needed at operating garages (depots). This capability has become increasingly common in newer trolleybuses, particularly in China, North America and Europe, where the vast majority of new trolleybuses delivered since the 1990s are fitted with at least limited off-wire capability. These have gradually replaced older trolleybuses which lacked such capability. In 749: 284: 905: 689: 4825: 920: 565: 841: 55: 261:, and is credited with developing the under-running trolley current collection system, with two horizontally parallel overhead wires and rigid trolleypoles spring-loaded to hold them up to the wires. Although this system operated only until 1904, Schiemann had developed what is now the standard trolleybus current collection system. In the early days there were many other methods of current collection. The 1124: 401: 1537: 1150: 788: 168: 315:, under the direction of Charles Owen Silvers, became world-famous for its trolleybus designs. There were 50 trolleybus systems in the UK, London's being the largest. By the time trolleybuses arrived in Britain in 1911, the Schiemann system was well established and was the most common, although the Cédès-Stoll (Mercédès-Électrique-Stoll) system was tried in West Ham (in 1912) and in 1132: 1545: 5455: 5246: 1608: 1041:. For regenerative braking to function, there must be another bus on the same circuit needing power, an electric storage system on the vehicle or the wire system, or a method to send the excess power back to the commercial electric power system. Otherwise the braking energy must be dissipated in resistance grids on the bus; this is called " 343:

viewed trolleybus routes as extensions to tram (streetcar) routes where the cost of constructing or restoring track could not be justified at the time, though this attitude changed markedly (to viewing them as outright replacements for tram routes) in the years after 1918. Trackless trolleys were the dominant form of new post-World War I

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replace them with low-floor trolleybuses. Responses varied, with some systems keeping their high-floor fleets, and others retiring them early but, in many instances, selling them second-hand for continued use in countries where there was a demand for low-cost second-hand trolleybuses, in particular in Romania and Bulgaria. The

1069:, where several bus lines terminate, is in a tunnel once used by streetcars. Although diesel buses do use the tunnel, there are limitations due to exhaust fumes, which running the trolleybuses through aids in ventilation. Also, the trackless trolleys continue to have popular support. The only trolleybus systems in Japan, the 1706:. Škoda is Western and Central Europe's largest and the second largest in the world, having produced over 14,000 trolleybuses since 1936, mostly for export, and it also supplies trolleybus electrical equipment for other bus builders such as Solaris, SOR and Breda. In Mexico, trolleybus production ended when 1843:

However, because the lifespan of a trolleybus is typically longer than that of a motorbus, the budget allocation and purchase typically factored in the longevity; the introduction of low-floor vehicles applied pressures on operators to retire high-floor trolleybuses that were only a few years old and

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Trolleybuses have been preserved in most of the countries where they have operated. The United Kingdom has the largest number of preserved trolleybuses with more than 110, while the United States has around 70. Most preserved vehicles are on static display only, but a few museums are equipped with a

1879:, took delivery of its first low-floor trolleybus in March 2003, and by the end of 2009 had renewed its entire fleet with such vehicles. Unlike Europe, where low floor means "100%" low floor from front to back, most "low floor" buses on other continents are actually only low-entry or part-low floor. 1553:

after a few seconds or after the pole shoe passes through and strikes a release lever (in Boston, the resting or "default" position is the "leftmost" position). Triggering is typically accomplished by a pair of contacts, one on each wire close to and before the switch assembly, which power a pair of

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Trolleybus wire switches (called "frogs" in the UK) are used where a trolleybus line branches into two or where two lines join. A switch may be either in a "straight through" or "turnout" position; it normally remains in the "straight through" position unless it has been triggered, and reverts to it

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For a Fahslabend switch, the trolleybus' turn indicator control (or a separate driver-controlled switch) causes a coded radio signal to be sent from a transmitter, often attached to a trolley pole. The receiver is attached to the switch and causes it to trigger if the correct code is received. This

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A Selectric switch has a similar design, but the contacts on the wires are skewed, often at a 45-degree angle, rather than being lined up. This skew means that a trolleybus going straight through will not trigger the switch, but a trolleybus making a turn will have its poles match the contacts in a

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Multiple branches may be handled by installing more than one switch assembly. For example, to provide straight-through, left-turn or right-turn branches at an intersection, one switch is installed some distance from the intersection to choose the wires over the left-turn lane, and another switch is

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Trolleybuses are quieter than internal combustion engine vehicles. Mainly a benefit, it also provides much less warning of a trolleybus's approach. A speaker attached to the front of the vehicle can raise the noise to a desired "safe" level. This noise can be directed to pedestrians in front of the

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is a common feature of air suspension on the front axle in lieu of springs. In comparison to battery-powered buses, the lack of a specially designed battery or fuel cell (typically with expensive patents) decreases the price and weight, and in locations with a sufficient power delivery network, the

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became the first cities to put trolleybuses into service in Great Britain, on 20 June 1911. Supposedly, though it was opened on 20 June, the public was not admitted to the Bradford route until the 24th. Bradford was also the last city to operate trolleybuses in the UK; the system closed on 26 March

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have converted entirely to low-floor vehicles, and in 2013 the Seattle and Dayton systems both placed orders for their first low-floor trolleybuses. Outside São Paulo, almost all trolleybuses currently in service in Latin America are high-floor models built before 2000. However, in 2013, the first

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A power-on/power-off switch is triggered if the trolleybus is drawing considerable power from the overhead wires, usually by accelerating, at the moment the poles pass over the contacts (the contacts are lined up on the wires in this case). If the trolleybus "coasts" through the switch, the switch

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Since the end of 1997, no double-decker trolleybuses have been in service anywhere in the world, but, in the past, several manufacturers made such vehicles. Most builders of double-deck trolleybuses were in the United Kingdom, but there were a few, usually solitary, instances of such trolleybuses

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still maintain an "all-four" fleet. Some trolleybus lines in the United States (and in Britain, as noted above) came into existence when a trolley or tram route did not have sufficient ridership to warrant track maintenance or reconstruction. In a similar manner, a proposed tram scheme in Leeds,

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subway and/or elevated lines (metros), as appropriate, for routes ranging from the lightly used to the heaviest trunk line. Buses and trolleybuses in particular were seen as entry systems that could later be upgraded to rail as appropriate. In a similar fashion, many cities in Britain originally

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With regard to non-passenger aspects of vehicle design, the transition from high-floor to low-floor has meant that some equipment previously placed under the floor has been moved to the roof. Some transit operators have needed to modify their maintenance facilities to accommodate this change, a

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The wires are attached to poles next to the street and carefully stretched and mounted so that they are the same width apart and same height over the road (usually about 18 to 20 feet (~5.7m)). The pair of wires is insulated from the poles and provides about 500 to 600 volts to the bus below.

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suburb. This experiment continued until 13 June 1882, after which there were few developments in Europe, although separate experiments were conducted in the United States. In 1899, another vehicle which could run either on or off rails was demonstrated in Berlin. The next development was when

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With the development of battery technology in recent years, trolleybuses with extended off-wire capability through on-board batteries are becoming popular. The on-board battery is charged while the vehicle is in motion under the overhead wires and then allows off-wire travel for significant

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sometimes come off the wire. Dewirements are relatively rare in modern systems with well-maintained overhead wires, hangers, fittings and contact shoes. Trolleybuses are equipped with special insulated pole ropes which drivers use to reconnect the trolley poles with the overhead wires. When

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Easier traffic avoidance – Unlike trams (where side tracks are often unavailable), an out-of-service vehicle can be moved to the side of the road and its trolley poles lowered. The ability to drive a substantial distance from the power wires allows trackless vehicles to avoid

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Unable to overtake other trolleybuses – Trolleybuses cannot overtake one another in regular service unless two separate sets of wires with a switch are provided or the vehicles are equipped with off-wire capability, with the latter an increasingly common feature of new

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Less efficient use of right-of-way – Lanes must be wider for unguided buses than for streetcars, since unguided buses can drift side-to-side. The use of guidance rail allows trams running in parallel lanes to pass closer together than drivers could safely

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obstacles, although it also means a possibility that the vehicle may steer or skid far enough that the trolley pole can no longer reach the wire, stranding the vehicle. Trackless trolleys also are able to avoid collisions by manoeuvring around obstacles, similar to

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is right-handed; in left-handed traffic countries such as the United Kingdom and New Zealand, the first switch (before the intersection) would be used to access the right-turn lanes, and the second switch (usually in the intersection) would be for the left-turn).

1619:, Greece, on the large Athens-area trolleybus system. The Russian-built ZiU-9 (also known as the ZiU-682), introduced in 1972, is the most numerous trolleybus model in history, with more than 45,000 built. In the 2000s it was effectively rendered obsolete by 1592:

Trailing switches (where two sets of wires merge) do not require action by the operator. The frog runners are pushed into the desired position by the trolley shoe, or the frog is shaped so the shoe is guided onto the exit wire without any moving parts.

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is much higher, due to rail, signals, and other infrastructure. Trolleybuses can pull over to the kerb like other buses, eliminating the need for special boarding stations or boarding islands in the middle of the street, thus stations can be moved as

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Trolleybuses in other countries also began to introduce better access for the disabled in the 1990s, when the first two low-floor trolleybus models were introduced in Europe, both built in 1991, a "Swisstrolley" demonstrator built by Switzerland's

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buses, introduced in 1990, and most were retired in 2005. A limited number of the Breda dual-mode buses had their diesel engines removed, and operated exclusively as trolleybuses until 2016. Since 2004, the MBTA has used dual-mode buses on its

2000: 70: 1702:, among others. In Russia ZiU/Trolza has historically been the world's largest trolleybus manufacturer, producing over 65,000 since 1951, mostly for Russia/CIS countries, but after its bankruptcy, its facilities were partially loaned out to 546:

have been expanding their respective systems, with Beijing expanding to a 31-line system operated with a fleet of over 1,250 trolleybuses. Trolleybuses have been long encouraged in North Korea with the newest city to have a network being

1519:) with tramways. This can result in cost savings when trolleybuses are added to a transport system that already has trams, though this refers only to potential savings over the cost of installing and operating trolleybuses alone. 1093:. As the basic construction of buses has not changed much in the last 50 plus years, they can be upgraded such as when air conditioning was retrofitted to many trolleybuses. Such upgrades are often disproportionately expensive. 2642: 551:

in December 2019. Since the year 2022, the city of Prague is constructing a new trolleybus system. Meanwhile, in 2023, plans for a trolleybus line in Berlin were scrapped in favour of a solution with battery-powered vehicles.

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Minimal noise pollution – Unlike trams or gasoline and diesel buses, trolleybuses are almost silent, lacking the noise of a combustion engine or wheels on rails. Most noise comes from auxiliary systems such as

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trolleybus, and it was tested on a 300-metre track in Wong Chuk Hang in that year. Hong Kong decided not to build a trolleybus system, and the testing of this prototype did not lead to any further production of vehicles.

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Longevity and maintenance – Electric motors typically last longer than internal combustion motors, and cause less secondary damage from vibration, so electric buses tend to be very long-lived compared to

375: 1493:, Germany announced plans to build a new trolleybus system with 15 routes and 190 battery trolleybuses. However, in early 2023 it was announced that the planned lines would use battery powered electric buses instead. 393:. Generally trolleybuses occupy a position in usage between street railways (trams) and motorbuses. Worldwide, around 300 cities or metropolitan areas on 5 continents are served by trolleybuses (further detail under 1057:

were sometimes referred to as the "Silent Service". This however can also be seen as a disadvantage, with some pedestrians falling victim to what was known as "Silent Death" (in Britain) or "Whispering Death" (in

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Overhead wires create obstruction – Trolleybus systems employ overhead wires above the roads, often shared with other vehicles. The wires can restrict tall motor vehicles such as delivery trucks

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Of the systems existing as of 2012, the majority are located in Europe and Asia, including 85 in Russia and 43 in Ukraine. However, there are eight systems existing in North America and nine in South America.

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Currently, around 300 trolleybus systems are in operation, in cities and towns in 43 countries. Altogether, more than 800 trolleybus systems have existed, but not more than about 400 concurrently.

1336:, developed "All Service Vehicles"; trackless trolleys capable of operating as gas-electric buses when off wire, and used them successfully between 1935 and 1948. Since the 1980s, systems such as 2017:

There are currently 300 cities or metropolitan areas where trolleybuses are operated, and more than 500 additional trolleybus systems have existed in the past. For an overview, by country, see

2193: 76: 74: 71: 2555: 75: 1948:(for Porto, Portugal); in Russia, by the Yaroslavl motor plant (for Moscow) and in Spain, by Maquitrans (for Barcelona). British manufacturers of double-deck trolleybuses included 1304:. The wires also may impede positioning of overhead signage and create a hazard to activities such as road repairs using tall excavators or piling rigs, use of scaffolding, etc. 1355:

Trolleybuses can optionally be equipped either with limited off-wire capability—a small diesel engine or battery pack—for auxiliary or emergency use only, or full

1300:") and double decker buses from using or crossing roads fitted with overhead wires, as such vehicles would hit the wires or pass dangerously close to them, risking damage and 1589:

has the advantage that the driver does not need to be accelerating the bus (as with a power-on/power-off switch) or trying to make a sharp turn (as with a Selectric switch).

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Higher capital cost of equipment – Trolleybuses are often long-lived equipment, with limited market demand. This generally leads to higher prices relative to

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approaching switches, trolleybuses usually must decelerate in order to avoid dewiring, and this deceleration can potentially add slightly to traffic congestion. In 1998, a

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mounted closer to or in the intersection to choose between straight through and a right turn (this would be the arrangement in countries such as the United States, where

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Easier training – The control of trolleybuses is relatively similar to motorbuses; the potential operator pool for all buses is much larger than for trams.

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More training required – Drivers must learn how to prevent dewiring, slowing down at turns and through switches in the overhead wire system, for example.

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emissions in cities, trolleybuses can be an attractive alternative, either as the primary transit mode or as a supplement to rapid transit and commuter rail networks.

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after four years of trials, with a circular route around Lake Daumesnil that carried passengers. Routes followed in six places including Eberswalde and Fontainebleau.

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Trademark of Ohio Brass Co., maker of trolley wire fittings and equipment and trolley poles. The typewriter from IBM bearing that name had not been invented yet.

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Trolleybuses are uncommon today in North America, but their use is widespread in Europe and Russia. They remain common in many countries which were part of the

1786: 2731: 2668: 955:, both hilly American cities, use trolleybuses partly for this reason. Given their acceleration and braking performance, trolleybuses can outperform diesel 733: 492:

has, due to its history in the former Soviet Union, the largest trolleybus system in the world in terms of route length while another formerly Soviet city,

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built its first low-floor trolleybus (model AKSM-333) in 1999, and other manufacturers in the former Soviet countries joined the trend in the early 2000s.

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Transit authorities in some cities have reduced or discontinued the use of trolleybuses in recent years, while others, wanting to add or expand use of

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As of the 2010s, at least 30 trolleybus manufacturers exist. They include companies that have been building trolleybuses for several decades, such as

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Smaller trackless trolley systems were built in the US early as well. The first non-experimental system was a seasonal municipal line installed near

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may be seen as unsightly. Intersections often have a "webbed ceiling" appearance, due to multiple crossing and converging sets of trolley wires.

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in 1996–1999, and to Seattle in 2001–2002, but the first low-floor trolleybus was built in 2003, with the first of 28 Neoplan vehicles for the

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matching skew (with one pole shoe ahead of the other), which will trigger the switch regardless of power draw (accelerating versus coasting).

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at street level. Trolleybuses are especially favoured where electricity is abundant, cheap, and renewable, such as hydroelectric. Systems in

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vehicle, as opposed to motor noise which typically comes from the rear of a bus and is more noticeable to bystanders than to pedestrians.

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TrolleyMotion – an international action group to promote modern trolleybus systems, and database of systems in the world

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trolleybus line, allowing trolleybuses to operate for visitors. Museums with operational trolleybus routes include three in the UK –

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Three common types of switches exist: power-on/power-off (the picture of a switch above is of this type), Selectric, and Fahslabend.

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in 2008. This is instead of the trolleys using a conventional diesel drive train or battery-only system for their off-wire movement.

1348:, among others, have bought trolleybuses equipped with batteries to allow them to operate fairly long distances away from the wires. 5363: 3368: 2673:

Other reports stated that the (electrical) explosion did not affect power supply to the trolleybuses (only implied by this article).

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More control required – Trolleybuses must be driven like motorbuses, requiring directional control by the driver.

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on 10 July 1901 opened the world's fourth passenger-carrying trolleybus system, which operated at Bielatal (Biela Valley, near

1923: 5499: 3487: 1899: 1690:, among others, along with several younger companies. Current trolleybus manufacturers in western and central Europe include 1675:(formerly Uritsky, or ZiU) since 1951, until they declared their bankruptcy in 2017, building over 65000 trolleybuses. Also, 1627:

Well over 200 different trolleybus makers have existed – mostly commercial manufacturers, but in some cases (particularly in

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designs, and by 2012, every existing trolleybus system in Western Europe had purchased low-floor trolleybuses, with the

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Di̇Kmen, İsmail Can; Eki̇Ci̇, Yunus Emre; Karadağ, Teoman; Abbasov, Teymuraz; Hamamci, Serdar Ethem (30 January 2021).

265:(Mercédès-Électrique-Stoll) system was first operated near Dresden between 1902 and 1904, and 18 systems followed. The 5219: 4750: 3842: 3740: 2929: 2042: 2021:, and for complete lists of trolleybus systems by location, with dates of opening and (where applicable) closure, see 2018: 2012: 1973: 1656: 1466: 1167: 1061:

Usable in enclosed space – The absence of exhaust gases allows trolleybuses to operate underground. In

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required that all new transit vehicles placed into service after 1 July 1993 be accessible to such passengers.

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onto a desired wire or across one wire. Occasionally, "frog" has been used to refer to the entire switch assembly).

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on poorly maintained infrastructure killed 5 people and ultimately led to the destruction of the trolleybus network.

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in 2001. In North America, wheelchair lifts were again chosen for disabled access in new trolleybuses delivered to

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Environmentally friendly – Trolleybuses are usually more environmentally friendly in the city than

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engines, electric motors draw power from a central plant and can be overloaded for short periods without damage.

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in an urban environment, have opened new systems or are planning new systems. For example, new systems opened in

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being the last one to do so, and several systems in other parts of the world have purchased low-floor vehicles.

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trolleybuses delivered to Geneva in 1992, which were among the first production-series low-floor trolleybuses

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in 1904; the first year-round commercial line was built to open a hilly property to development just outside

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1972. The last rear-entrance trolleybus in service in Britain was also in Bradford and is now owned by the

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or streetcar, which normally uses the track as the return path, needing only one wire and one pole (or

30:"Trackless trolley" redirects here. For the non-electric buses that resemble historic streetcars, see 5149: 4985: 4765: 4730: 4458: 4428: 4383: 4194: 4073: 3787: 3750: 3571: 2151: 2067: 1703: 1446: 1038: 489: 437: 137: 283: 5189: 5093: 5061: 4918: 4854: 4805: 4785: 4600: 4295: 4174: 3967: 3962: 3658: 3608: 3556: 3065: 2122: 1980: 1632: 1516: 1442: 1328:

With the re-introduction of hybrid designs, trolleybuses are no longer tied to overhead wires. The

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Difficulties with platform loading – Implementation of level platform loading with

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pumps and air conditioning. Early trolleybuses without these systems were even quieter and in the

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Better hill climbing – Trolleybuses are better than motorbuses on hilly routes, as

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technology, the disadvantages listed may be applicable only with a specific technology or design.

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than trams' steel wheels on steel rails, giving them better hill-climbing capability and braking.

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trolleybus is cheaper and easier to maintain in comparison to those requiring charging stations.

1045:". The use of trolley buses also eliminates pollution during idling, thus improving air quality. 496:, has the largest system in terms of number of routes (which also date back to the Soviet era). 1911:

domestically manufactured low-floor trolleybuses were introduced in both Argentina and Mexico.

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A significant change to trolleybus designs starting in the early 1990s was the introduction of

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diesel-electric power units for operating short distances off-wire were placed in service by

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Throughout this period, trackless freight systems and electric canal boats were also built.

1797:. The first production-series low-floor trolleybuses were built in 1992: 13 by NAW for the 5323: 5123: 5041: 4970: 4913: 4903: 4893: 4824: 4544: 4378: 4214: 4035: 3919: 3889: 3832: 3720: 3705: 1957: 1777: 1746: 1636: 1628: 1318: 1116: 1042: 840: 632: 54: 31: 3340:

Moving the masses: urban public transit in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, 1880-1912

1836:"Trollino" made its debut in early 2001. In the former Soviet Union countries, Belarus' 1741:

In the United States, some transit agencies had already begun to accommodate persons in

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Bramley, Rod (November–December 2012). "New Zealand: A 'Roller Coaster' Ride, Part 4".

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on flat stretches as well, which makes them better for routes that have frequent stops.

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Diagram of a 1947-built Pullman Standard model 800 trolleybus, a type still running in

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is the oldest operating system in the world. With a length of 86 km, route #52 of

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Braddock, Andrew (March–April 1995). "Low-floor Trolleybuses – Making Access Easier".

5473: 5179: 5172: 5139: 5066: 4940: 4879: 4810: 4755: 4350: 4335: 4315: 4310: 4053: 3939: 3822: 3782: 3770: 3663: 3529: 2117: 2077: 1984: 1837: 1726:

models, which began only a few years after the first such models were introduced for

1620: 1554: 1429: 1425: 1395: 1379: 1356: 1263: 1223:

Higher rolling resistance – Rubber-tired vehicles generally have more

1085:, and were converted from normal diesel buses specifically for their lack of exhaust. 1023: 1011: 948: 579: 535: 339: 312: 125: 117: 2970: 5459: 5418: 5377: 5309: 5250: 5144: 5113: 5056: 5051: 4960: 4795: 4780: 4580: 4564: 4554: 4523: 4503: 4487: 4448: 4408: 4403: 4388: 4345: 4068: 3847: 3755: 3668: 3583: 3546: 2905:"Yutong: the Chinese leader on worldwide expansion (as electric buses gain ground)" 2829: 2127: 2082: 1515:

Trolleybuses can share overhead wires and other electrical infrastructure (such as

1360: 1324:, the operator uses ropes to guide the trolley poles to contact the overhead wires. 1301: 1270: 1235: 1123: 628: 623: 400: 390: 250: 121: 113: 1536: 3462: 5103: 5098: 5046: 4980: 4908: 4800: 4438: 4300: 4270: 4260: 4048: 4015: 3995: 3852: 3613: 2092: 1501:

With increasing diesel fuel costs and problems caused by particulate matter and

1454: 1321: 1149: 995: 983: 975: 967: 963: 787: 539: 413: 327: 233: 167: 416:

also operate separate trolleybus systems to serve workers. Wuyang Coal Mine in

5413: 5333: 5081: 5076: 5020: 4975: 4935: 4740: 4610: 4330: 4325: 4245: 4147: 4025: 4005: 3957: 3924: 3894: 3859: 3802: 3730: 3725: 3688: 3603: 3578: 3561: 3524: 3380: 2599: 2097: 1961: 1875:

in mid-1999 were the first reported low-floor trolleybuses in Southeast Asia.

1750: 1742: 1731: 1664: 1428:

that run on electric power from overhead wires on a fixed right-of-way and on

1209: 1131: 1078: 497: 308: 62: 2645:[End of the wire: There won't be trolleybuses going through Berlin]. 2334: 330:

in 1910. The trackless trolley was often seen as an interim step, leading to

5433: 5194: 5071: 4965: 4443: 4393: 4340: 4255: 4209: 4179: 4169: 4109: 4063: 4020: 4010: 3929: 3899: 3884: 3827: 3683: 3541: 3114:

DeArmond, R. C. (May–June 1985). "The Trolleybus System of Dayton, part 2".

1758: 1723: 1711: 1687: 1544: 1478: 1112: 1003: 595: 3864: 2508: 2325: 2308: 1848:

dealt with this dilemma in the 1990s by purchasing new low-floor passenger

17: 1749:, and early examples of fleets of lift-equipped trolleybuses included 109 1607: 5382: 4275: 4265: 4250: 4240: 4219: 4199: 4164: 4142: 4104: 4095: 4058: 3972: 3745: 3715: 1928: 1829: 1727: 1695: 1660: 1090: 971: 892:

Quietness – Trolleybuses are generally quieter than trams.

878: 740: 421: 323: 316: 299: 224:

The "Elektromote", the world's first trolleybus, in Berlin, Germany, 1882

3457: 2801: 1852:

to be towed by its high-floor trolleybuses, a choice later also made by

5184: 4950: 4945: 4590: 4467: 4305: 4235: 4137: 3977: 3949: 3879: 3869: 3765: 2102: 1969: 1883: 1794: 1616: 1482: 1458: 1409: 1345: 1174: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 999: 979: 952: 812: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 770: 725: 665: 531: 348: 311:

was the first UK city to replace a tram route with trolleybuses, while

254: 192: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 43: 2930:"THE INNOVATIVE TROLLEYBUS: IN MOTION CHARGING IN NEW KNOWLEDGE BRIEF" 2684: 2309:"Electrification in Urban Transport: A Case Study with Real-time Data" 4290: 4285: 4204: 3909: 3735: 3588: 1945: 1672: 1490: 1486: 1417: 940: 874: 865:

Cheaper infrastructure – The initial start up cost of

425: 270: 237: 5269: 2643:"Aus für die Strippe: Durch Berlin werden keine O-Busse mehr fahren" 1489:

are based exclusively on battery trolleybuses. In 2020, the city of

404:

The Shanghai trolleybus system is currently the oldest in the world.

3472: 2669:"Power in downtown Vancouver won't be fully restored until Tuesday" 1935:

was the last one to operate in the United Kingdom; closing in 1972.

1867:

completed the transition to an exclusively low-floor fleet in 2009.

1772: 504:

is the smallest city to be served by trolleybuses. Opened in 1914,

4000: 1999: 1922: 1858: 1771: 1612: 1606: 1543: 1535: 1389: 1373: 1368: 1312: 1297: 1130: 1122: 1106: 918: 903: 839: 695: 680: 563: 548: 407: 399: 382: 295: 282: 219: 81: 68: 53: 38: 3398:(Interurbans Special 59). Los Angeles: Interurbans. LCCN 74-20367 3354:

Tramways and Trolleys: The Rise of Urban Mass Transport in Europe

372:

United Kingdom, was changed to a trolleybus scheme to cut costs.

5440: 4365: 4320: 3934: 3797: 3300:

Isgar, Carl F. (January–February 2011). "Preservation Update".

1668: 866: 331: 145: 129: 5273: 4843: 3476: 3447: 3442: 2765:

No. 267 (May–June 2006), p. 71. National Trolleybus Assn. (UK).

4870: 3519: 3181:

Turzanski, Bohdan (March–April 2012). "Trollino 500, Part 1".

1671:(approx. 1,700). The largest former trolleybus manufacture is 1502: 1256: 1143: 956: 886: 781: 161: 120:(generally suspended from roadside posts) using spring-loaded 3032: 1127:

Pole bases with springs and pneumatic pole lowering cylinders

108: – in the 1910s and 1920s – or 1432:

power on city streets. Metro used special-order articulated

1289:

buses. The long equipment life may also complicate upgrades.

2830:"上海无轨电车"复兴":全换成新型辫子车车辆增加两倍-无轨电车辫子高油价时代混搭上海公交-上海频道-东方网" 943:

at start-up, an advantage for climbing steep hills. Unlike

889:

and other road vehicles, while trams can only change speed.

3268:

No. 292, pp. 78–82. National Trolleybus Association (UK).

1026:

operates its system using hydro power from the city-owned

3467: 3134:

No. 190, pp. 86–87. National Trolleybus Association (UK).

432:

This mode of transport operates in large cities, such as

4839: 3377:. North American Trackless Trolley Association (defunct) 3264:

Box, Roland (July–August 2010). "More about the 2000s".

2985:"BVG Berlin plans implementation of hybrid trolleybuses" 1940:

being built in other countries, including in Germany by

1255:

Difficult to re-route – When compared to

500:

has the smallest system in terms of route length, while

3452: 428:

has the last remaining mine trolleybus system in China.

347:, with extensive systems in among others, Los Angeles, 3304:

No. 295, p. 11. National Trolleybus Association (UK).

3215:

No. 222, p. 122. National Trolleybus Association (UK).

2737:. Seattle Department of Transportation. Archived from 2397:

Lignes Aeriennes et Trolleys pour Automobile sur Route

2233:, pp. "" and "" (in foreword). Coulsdon, Surrey (UK): 1882:

In the Americas, the first low-floor trolleybus was a

2313:

Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

1227:

than steel wheels, which decreases energy efficiency.

228:

The trolleybus dates back to 29 April 1882, when Dr.

3211:"Low-floor or Long Life?" (November–December 1998). 2945:"De nye Solaris trolleybussene er kommet til Bergen" 1757:

in 1979 and the retrofitting of lifts in 1983 to 64

1679:

built 1,114 trolleybuses based on designs by Brill.

1135:

Insulated poles, contact shoes, and pull–ropes

994:, unlike individual vehicles with exhaust gases and 873:

Better hill climbing – Trolleybuses'

5406: 5359: 5316: 5210: 5132: 5034: 5003: 4886: 4723: 4690: 4619: 4573: 4537: 4496: 4359: 4228: 4128: 4094: 4034: 3986: 3948: 3811: 3627: 3510: 3419:). National Trolleybus Association (UK), bi-monthly 3126: 3124: 2399:(Libraire Polytechnique Ch., 1902, no ISBN), p. 29 1871:Outside Europe, 14 vehicles built by, and for, the 1208:Note: As there are numerous variations of tram and 2146:Joyce, J.; King, J. S.; and Newman, A. G. (1986). 3373:Porter, Harry; and Worris, Stanley F.X. (1979). 3052: 3050: 2625:"Trolleybuses Are Back to Prague After 50 Years" 1352:can be also used to move buses short distances. 3468:Urban Electric Transit - Database/Photo gallery 2175:. Paul Hamlyn Ltd. (UK). Republished 2004 with 1119:trolleybus in Bucharest, Romania, in April 2007 3146:No. 179 (September–October 1991), pp. 100–101. 2434:, (Advertiser Press Ltd, 1964, no ISBN) p. 39 136:). They are also distinct from other kinds of 5285: 4855: 3488: 3207: 3205: 3203: 2802:"NETransit: MBTA Vehicle Inventory Main Page" 1441:route. The last of these were be replaced by 1363:, new trackless trolleys equipped with small 512:is the longest trolleybus line in the world. 257:), Germany. Schiemann built and operated the 27:Electric bus taking power from overhead wires 8: 3425:, Bradford Trolleybus Association, quarterly 3260: 3258: 2636: 2634: 1663:(more than 1,750); and the Italian builders 1217:Like any bus, much less capacity than trams. 2860:"Hybrid trolleybuses in the Czech Republic" 2297:, Siemens History website on 14 August 2015 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 1033:Trolleybuses can generate electricity from 5292: 5278: 5270: 4862: 4848: 4840: 3495: 3481: 3473: 3431:, British Trolleybus Society (UK), monthly 3326:Lombard-Gerin and Inventing the Trolleybus 3291:No. 238 (July–August 2001), pp. 73 and 88. 3284: 3282: 3155:"The Neoplan N6020 Low-Floor Trolleybus". 2374: 2372: 2352:Lombard-Gerin and Inventing the Trolleybus 2194:"Trolley service begins the next 60 years" 1540:Trolleybus wire switch (Type Soviet Union) 1262:Aesthetics – The jumble of 1241:Wear of rubber tires leads to significant 3105:No. 305 (September–October 2012), p. 119. 2879:"Battery powered trolleybuses in Beijing" 2324: 1190:Learn how and when to remove this message 828:Learn how and when to remove this message 394: 208:Learn how and when to remove this message 144:. Power is most commonly supplied as 600- 3375:Trolleybus Bulletin No. 109: Databook II 3086: 3084: 2546:"Marrakech trolleybus route inaugurated" 2382:(Paul Hamlyn Ltd, 1967, no ISBN), p. 81 2346: 2344: 2275:. Yateley, Hampshire, UK: Trolleybooks. 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2231:Jane's Urban Transport Systems 2012–2013 374: 3387:(Interurbans Special 58). Los Angeles: 3130:"Getting on board" (July–August 1993). 2139: 2045:– and three in the United States – the 1767:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 1077:lines, both run in tunnels serving the 654: 3385:Transit's Stepchild, The Trolley Coach 1394:Trolleybus with battery pack and full 1065:, trackless trolleys survived because 273:with 5 further installations, and the 2853: 2851: 2824: 2822: 2025:and the related lists indexed there. 464:, as well as in smaller ones such as 245:operated an experimental line at the 7: 3394:Sebree, Mac; and Ward, Paul (1974). 2777:"Farewell to Metro's Breda trolleys" 1330:Public Service Company of New Jersey 1172:adding citations to reliable sources 810:adding citations to reliable sources 641:Trolley pole base and fairing/shroud 190:adding citations to reliable sources 2458:"Plan for city trolleybus comeback" 1793:and an N6020 demonstrator built by 1548:A switch in parallel overhead lines 4667:Transit-oriented development (TOD) 3458:North American trolleybus pictures 3396:The Trolley Coach in North America 3227:No. 230 (March–April 2000), p. 39. 3197:No. 226 (July–August 1999), p. 89. 2641:Neumann, Peter (23 January 2023). 2558:from the original on 19 June 2020. 1037:while braking, a process known as 982:, etc.). Power from a centralized 269:or Bremen system was tried out in 25: 3093:No. 311 (September–October 2013). 3031:. Greenfleet.info. Archived from 2732:"Electric Trolley Bus Fact Sheet" 2554:. Railway Gazette International. 2035:the Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft 1382:operating as a trolleybus in the 5453: 5244: 4994: 4823: 4677:Transportation demand management 3342:(Harvard University Press, 1980) 2877:Wong, Marcus (5 February 2019). 2858:Martin Harák (13 October 2019). 2200:. 16 August 2008. Archived from 2108:List of trolleybus manufacturers 1730:. These have gradually replaced 1603:List of trolleybus manufacturers 1477:. The new trolleybus systems in 1148: 786: 762: 747: 732: 717: 702: 687: 672: 657: 166: 5016:Bombardier Guided Light Transit 3239:No. 249 (May–June 2003), p. 39. 3159:No. 183 (May–June 1992), p. 68. 3058:"Electric Vehicle Technologies" 2535:No. 321 (May–June 2015), p. 90. 1718:Transition to low-floor designs 1643:(1,624); the English companies 1384:Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel 1159:needs additional citations for 797:needs additional citations for 305:Bradford Trolleybus Association 177:needs additional citations for 3361:World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia 2775:Koch, John (28 October 2016). 2432:Keighley Corporation Transport 2273:World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia 1097:are relatively simple to add; 1: 5011:Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit 3649:Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit 3453:Trolleybuses in Latin America 2570:"北京多措并举治理PM2.5 一微克一微克往下抠-新华网" 1649:British United Traction (BUT) 1269:Dewirements – 5393:Passenger information system 4705:Passenger information system 3328:. (2017) Trolleybooks (UK). 2943:T, Tom (25 September 2020). 2600:"PyongyangTimes | home" 2509:"Transport in Kiev, Ukraine" 2196:(Press release). Vancouver: 2039:East Anglia Transport Museum 1944:(for Hamburg); in Italy, by 1083:Tateyama Kurobe Alpine Route 506:Shanghai's trolleybus system 287:A double-deck trolleybus in 151:, but there are exceptions. 3843:Demand-responsive transport 3741:Medium-capacity rail system 3347:Buses, Trolleys & Trams 3345:Dunbar, Charles S. (1967). 3003:"Ask an Expert: Trolly bus" 2173:Buses, Trolleys & Trams 2171:Dunbar, Charles S. (1967). 2043:Black Country Living Museum 2019:Trolleybus usage by country 2013:Trolleybus usage by country 1865:Vancouver trolleybus system 1753:trolleybuses built for the 1309:Off-wire power developments 1302:dangerous electrical faults 986:, even taking into account 516:Trolleybus usage by country 116:that draws power from dual 5516: 5373:Automatic vehicle location 4606:Public transport timetable 3637:Passenger rail terminology 2551:Metro Report International 2148:British Trolleybus Systems 2113:List of trolleybus systems 2023:List of trolleybus systems 2010: 1933:Bradford Trolleybus system 1919:Double-decker trolleybuses 1873:Shanghai trolleybus system 1600: 1071:Tateyama Tunnel Trolleybus 679:Van Hool Exquicity 18T in 603:Direction (turning) wheels 534:, Turkey, in 2015; and in 29: 5449: 5307: 5238: 4992: 4877: 4819: 4637:Green transport hierarchy 4374:Automated fare collection 3383:; and Ward, Paul (1973). 2806:roster.transithistory.org 2707:"沈阳1999年"电改汽"的真正原因_沈阳公交网" 2671:. CBC News. 14 July 2008. 2604:www.pyongyangtimes.com.kp 2380:Buses, Trolleys and Trams 2229:Webb, Mary (ed.) (2012). 2055:Shore Line Trolley Museum 1755:Seattle trolleybus system 1745:by purchasing buses with 1615:trolleybus in service in 1099:kneeling front suspension 586:Destination or route sign 80:Video of a trolleybus in 5344:Autonomous Rapid Transit 4672:Transportation authority 3349:. Paul Hamlyn Ltd. (UK) 2989:Urban Transport Magazine 2864:Urban Transport Magazine 2235:Jane's Information Group 2088:Electric-vehicle battery 1886:vehicle supplied to the 1736:La Spezia (Italy) system 1677:Canadian Car and Foundry 1439:Silver Line (Waterfront) 1250:Comparison to motorbuses 1075:Kanden Tunnel Trolleybus 1063:Cambridge, Massachusetts 900:Comparison to motorbuses 247:Paris Exhibition of 1900 140:, which usually rely on 4736:Bus rapid transit creep 4682:Transportation planning 2118:Parallel overhead lines 2051:Seashore Trolley Museum 2047:Illinois Railway Museum 1877:Wellington, New Zealand 1635:(approx. 3,250 total), 739:Solaris Trollino 18 in 724:Youngman JNP6183BEV in 652:Modern design vehicles 580:Parallel overhead lines 275:Cantono Frigerio system 5155:Capacitor electric bus 4434:Manual fare collection 4414:Farebox recovery ratio 3905:Personal rapid transit 3463:Trolleybuses in Europe 3007:www.sciencebuddies.org 2971:"我市第一批双源无轨电车来啦十大亮点抢先看" 2513:www.classicbuses.co.uk 2326:10.17694/bajece.837248 2008: 1936: 1868: 1781: 1624: 1571:traffic directionality 1549: 1541: 1523:The two parallel wires 1447:battery-electric buses 1402: 1387: 1325: 1276:dewirement in Shenyang 1136: 1128: 1120: 930: 924:Underground trolleybus 916: 856: 600:Boarding (entry) doors 573: 524:zero-emission vehicles 429: 405: 386: 292: 225: 85: 66: 51: 5500:Sustainable transport 4929:Lowbridge double-deck 4791:Sustainable transport 4771:Passenger load factor 4586:Clock-face scheduling 4419:Free public transport 4271:Bus turnout (bus bay) 3968:Real-time ridesharing 3761:Platform screen doors 3363:. Trolleybooks (UK). 3359:Murray, Alan (2000). 3252:No. 306, pp. 126–134. 2951:(in Norwegian Bokmål) 2903:Mario (11 May 2020). 2354:(Trolleybooks, 2017, 2271:Murray, Alan (2000). 2150:, pp. 9, 12. London: 2003: 1926: 1888:São Paulo EMTU system 1862: 1775: 1610: 1601:Further information: 1547: 1539: 1393: 1377: 1316: 1134: 1126: 1110: 1020:Pacific river systems 922: 907: 843: 756:Castellón de la Plana 664:Irisbus Cristalis in 617:Retractors/retrievers 567: 530:, Italy, in 2012; in 411: 403: 385:in Soviet Union, 1987 378: 286: 223: 79: 57: 42: 5490:Trolleybus transport 5339:Guided Light Transit 5150:Battery electric bus 4830:Transport portal 4766:Outline of transport 4459:Reduced fare program 4429:Integrated ticketing 4384:Contract of carriage 4195:Personal transporter 3751:Narrow-gauge railway 3599:Rail replacement bus 3448:British Trolleybuses 2152:Ian Allan Publishing 2068:Battery electric bus 1996:Use and preservation 1902:. Subsequently, the 1776:One of the NAW/Hess 1704:PC Transport Systems 1497:Other considerations 1396:dual-mode capability 1357:dual-mode capability 1168:improve this article 1039:regenerative braking 939:provide much higher 806:improve this article 538:, Morocco, in 2017. 395:Use and preservation 230:Ernst Werner Siemens 186:improve this article 5190:Hybrid electric bus 4919:Cutaway van chassis 4806:Transport economics 4601:On-time performance 4596:Night (owl) service 4296:Interchange station 4175:Horse-drawn vehicle 3963:Flexible carpooling 3771:Metro/Rapid Transit 3409:Trolleybus Magazine 3338:Cheape, Charles W. 3302:Trolleybus Magazine 3289:Trolleybus Magazine 3266:Trolleybus Magazine 3250:Trolleybus Magazine 3237:Trolleybus Magazine 3225:Trolleybus Magazine 3213:Trolleybus Magazine 3195:Trolleybus Magazine 3185:No. 302, pp. 28–35. 3183:Trolleybus Magazine 3172:No. 200, pp. 30–37. 3170:Trolleybus Magazine 3157:Trolleybus Magazine 3144:Trolleybus Magazine 3132:Trolleybus Magazine 3118:No. 141, pp. 49–64. 3116:Trolleybus Magazine 3103:Trolleybus Magazine 3091:Trolleybus Magazine 3035:on 12 February 2006 2763:Trolleybus Magazine 2744:on 17 February 2017 2711:www.shenyangbus.com 2649:(in German). Berlin 2533:Trolleybus Magazine 2378:Charles S. Dunbar, 2123:Traction substation 1981:Citybus (Hong Kong) 1908:Philadelphia system 1629:communist countries 1410:Seattle, Washington 1287:internal combustion 1203:Comparison to trams 988:transmission losses 945:internal combustion 860:Comparison to trams 694:AKSM-420 Vitovt in 614:Decorative elements 277:was used in Italy. 243:Louis Lombard-Gérin 5424:Rubber-tyred metro 5329:Bi-articulated bus 4560:Standing passenger 3823:Auto rickshaw taxi 3793:Suspension railway 3776:Rubber-tyred metro 3699:Heritage streetcar 3604:Share taxi/Taxibus 2781:Metro Matters Blog 2627:. 15 October 2022. 2580:on 16 January 2020 2204:on 1 February 2014 2009: 2006:Crimean Trolleybus 1937: 1915:one-time expense. 1869: 1782: 1659:(1,379); France's 1625: 1550: 1542: 1403: 1398:on the streets of 1388: 1344:in Vancouver, and 1340:in San Francisco, 1326: 1322:Beijing trolleybus 1225:rolling resistance 1137: 1129: 1121: 931: 928:Kurobe Dam Station 917: 877:tyres have better 857: 846:San Francisco Muni 709:New Flyer XT60 in 638:Pole storage hooks 574: 510:Crimean Trolleybus 430: 406: 387: 293: 232:demonstrated his " 226: 86: 67: 52: 5467: 5466: 5429:Rubber-tyred tram 5301:Bus rapid transit 5267: 5266: 5109:Train replacement 4837: 4836: 4529:Transport network 4519:Non-revenue track 4185:Inclined elevator 4120:Inclined elevator 4086:Inclined elevator 3711:Higher-speed rail 3654:Airport rail link 3537:Bus rapid transit 3334:978-0-904235-25-8 3324:Bruce, Ashley R. 3062:Transport 2000 BC 2883:Checkerboard Hill 2574:www.xinhuanet.com 2360:978-0-904235-25-8 2243:978-0-7106-2994-4 2183:or 9780753709702. 2073:Bus rapid transit 1647:(approx. 1,750), 1641:Marmon-Herrington 1406:King County Metro 1200: 1199: 1192: 1030:generating plant. 970:-based vehicles ( 852:14TrSF) climbing 838: 837: 830: 650: 649: 345:electric traction 218: 217: 210: 102:trackless trolley 77: 16:(Redirected from 5507: 5460:Buses portal 5458: 5457: 5456: 5398:Proof-of-payment 5294: 5287: 5280: 5271: 5251:Buses portal 5249: 5248: 5247: 4998: 4986:Transit Elevated 4864: 4857: 4850: 4841: 4828: 4827: 4746:Destination sign 4710:Platform display 4700:Destination sign 4657:Transit district 4652:Street hierarchy 4632:Complete streets 4627:Airport security 4509:Cross-city route 4454:Proof-of-payment 4424:Free travel pass 3915:Public light bus 3875:Hackney carriage 3694:Heritage railway 3679:Elevated railway 3674:Cross-city route 3594:Public light bus 3552:Cross-city route 3504:Public transport 3497: 3490: 3483: 3474: 3313: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3277: 3262: 3253: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3209: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3179: 3173: 3166: 3160: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3128: 3119: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3079: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3068:on 3 March 2006. 3064:. Archived from 3054: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3013: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2855: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2743: 2736: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2680: 2674: 2672: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2647:Berliner Zeitung 2638: 2629: 2628: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2576:. Archived from 2566: 2560: 2559: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2454: 2448: 2445: 2439: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2413: 2410: 2404: 2393: 2387: 2376: 2367: 2348: 2339: 2338: 2328: 2304: 2298: 2290: 2284: 2269: 2246: 2227: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2190: 2184: 2169: 2163: 2144: 1927:A trolleybus in 1904:Vancouver system 1815: 1807:Innsbruck system 1803:Gräf & Stift 1747:wheelchair lifts 1637:Pullman-Standard 1471:Saint Petersburg 1243:rubber pollution 1195: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1175: 1152: 1144: 1095:Wheelchair lifts 833: 826: 822: 819: 813: 790: 782: 766: 751: 736: 721: 706: 691: 676: 661: 591:Rear view mirror 582:(overhead wires) 560: 559: 336:trams, trolleys) 213: 206: 202: 199: 193: 170: 162: 78: 21: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5454: 5452: 5445: 5402: 5361: 5355: 5324:Articulated bus 5312: 5303: 5298: 5268: 5263: 5245: 5243: 5234: 5206: 5128: 5124:Tourist trolley 5030: 4999: 4990: 4882: 4873: 4868: 4838: 4833: 4822: 4815: 4719: 4692: 4686: 4615: 4569: 4545:Checked baggage 4533: 4492: 4379:Bus advertising 4363: 4355: 4224: 4215:Trackless train 4158:Scooter-sharing 4153:Bicycle-sharing 4130: 4124: 4090: 4030: 3982: 3944: 3920:Pulled rickshaw 3890:Motorcycle taxi 3833:Combination bus 3814: 3807: 3721:Inter-city rail 3706:High-speed rail 3623: 3506: 3501: 3438: 3405: 3391:. LCCN 73-84356 3352:McKay, John P. 3321: 3319:Further reading 3316: 3299: 3295: 3287: 3280: 3263: 3256: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3210: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3180: 3176: 3167: 3163: 3154: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3129: 3122: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3056: 3055: 3048: 3038: 3036: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3011: 3009: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2991:. 3 March 2020. 2983: 2982: 2978: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2954: 2952: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2909:Sustainable Bus 2902: 2901: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2857: 2856: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2828: 2827: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2652: 2650: 2640: 2639: 2632: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2467: 2465: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2394: 2390: 2377: 2370: 2349: 2342: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2291: 2287: 2270: 2249: 2228: 2217: 2207: 2205: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2170: 2166: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2063: 2015: 1998: 1921: 1894:in 1992–94, to 1846:Lausanne system 1809: 1720: 1686:since 1936 and 1605: 1599: 1534: 1525: 1506: 1499: 1426:dual-mode buses 1350:Supercapacitors 1311: 1252: 1205: 1196: 1185: 1179: 1176: 1165: 1153: 1142: 1105: 1067:Harvard Station 1043:dynamic braking 1014:power from the 972:petrol/gasoline 937:electric motors 902: 862: 834: 823: 817: 814: 803: 791: 780: 773: 767: 758: 752: 743: 737: 728: 722: 713: 707: 698: 692: 683: 677: 668: 662: 633:power collector 610:Traction wheels 558: 502:Mariánské Lázně 324:Nantasket Beach 291:, England, 1966 259:Bielatal system 214: 203: 197: 194: 183: 171: 160: 92:(also known as 69: 35: 32:Tourist trolley 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5513: 5511: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5495:Electric buses 5492: 5487: 5482: 5472: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5369: 5367: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5331: 5326: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5274: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5254: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5216: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5157: 5152: 5142: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5007: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4899:Bi-articulated 4896: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4844: 4835: 4834: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4761:Land transport 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4696: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4662:Transit police 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4642:Rail subsidies 4639: 4634: 4629: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4514:Network length 4511: 4506: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4478:Ticket machine 4475: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4399:Fare avoidance 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4370: 4368: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4281:Ferry terminal 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4190:Moving walkway 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4145: 4140: 4134: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4115:Moving walkway 4112: 4107: 4101: 4099: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4044:Aerial tramway 4040: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3992: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3954: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3840: 3838:Cycle rickshaw 3835: 3830: 3825: 3819: 3817: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3788:Street running 3785: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3702: 3701: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3645: 3644: 3633: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3516: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3500: 3499: 3492: 3485: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3437: 3436:External links 3434: 3433: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3399: 3392: 3378: 3371: 3357: 3350: 3343: 3336: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3293: 3278: 3254: 3241: 3229: 3217: 3199: 3187: 3174: 3161: 3148: 3136: 3120: 3107: 3095: 3080: 3071: 3046: 3019: 2994: 2976: 2962: 2935: 2921: 2895: 2869: 2847: 2834:sh.eastday.com 2818: 2793: 2767: 2755: 2723: 2698: 2683:Ashley Bruce. 2675: 2660: 2630: 2616: 2591: 2561: 2537: 2525: 2500: 2475: 2464:. 15 June 2007 2449: 2440: 2423: 2414: 2405: 2395:Henry Martin, 2388: 2368: 2350:Ashley Bruce, 2340: 2299: 2285: 2247: 2215: 2185: 2164: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2011:Main article: 1997: 1994: 1987:(#701) into a 1920: 1917: 1765:'s fleet. The 1719: 1716: 1598: 1595: 1555:electromagnets 1533: 1530: 1524: 1521: 1504: 1498: 1495: 1449:in June 2023. 1400:Brest, Belarus 1310: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1293: 1290: 1283: 1279: 1267: 1264:overhead wires 1260: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1239: 1232: 1228: 1221: 1218: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1156: 1154: 1147: 1141: 1138: 1104: 1103: 1086: 1059: 1055:United Kingdom 1051:power steering 1046: 1035:kinetic energy 1031: 1016:Columbia River 960: 932: 908:Trolleybus on 901: 898: 897: 896: 893: 890: 882: 871: 861: 858: 836: 835: 794: 792: 785: 779: 776: 775: 774: 769:Trolleybus in 768: 761: 759: 754:Trolleybus in 753: 746: 744: 738: 731: 729: 723: 716: 714: 708: 701: 699: 693: 686: 684: 678: 671: 669: 663: 656: 648: 647: 646: 645: 642: 639: 636: 626: 621: 618: 615: 612: 607: 604: 601: 598: 593: 588: 583: 575: 557: 556:Vehicle design 554: 488:. As of 2020, 458:St. Petersburg 216: 215: 174: 172: 165: 159: 156: 149:direct current 138:electric buses 118:overhead wires 106:trackless tram 61:trolleybus in 46:trolleybus in 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5512: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5480:Buses by type 5478: 5477: 5475: 5462: 5461: 5448: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5290: 5288: 5283: 5281: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5241: 5240: 5237: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5212:Manufacturing 5209: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5067:Mobile lounge 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5033: 5027: 5026:Rapid transit 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4971:Single-decker 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4924:Double-decker 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4865: 4860: 4858: 4853: 4851: 4846: 4845: 4842: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4818: 4812: 4811:Micromobility 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4756:Hail and ride 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4351:Transport hub 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4336:Train station 4334: 4332: 4331:Taxicab stand 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4316:Park and ride 4314: 4312: 4311:Metro station 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4054:Cable railway 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3783:Regional rail 3781: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3664:Commuter rail 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3573: 3570: 3569: 3568: 3567:Intercity bus 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3479: 3478: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3370: 3369:0-904235-18-1 3366: 3362: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3020: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2973:(in Chinese). 2972: 2966: 2963: 2950: 2949:Bussmagasinet 2946: 2939: 2936: 2931: 2925: 2922: 2910: 2906: 2899: 2896: 2884: 2880: 2873: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2756: 2740: 2733: 2727: 2724: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2687:. Tbus.org.uk 2686: 2679: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2648: 2644: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2592: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2526: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2463: 2459: 2453: 2450: 2447:Dunbar, p. 90 2444: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2281:0-904235-18-1 2278: 2274: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2181:0-7537-0970-8 2178: 2174: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2160:0-7110-1647-X 2157: 2153: 2149: 2143: 2140: 2134: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2078:Dual-mode bus 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2030: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2014: 2007: 2002: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1989:double-decker 1986: 1985:Dennis Dragon 1982: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1934: 1931:in 1970. The 1930: 1925: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1900:Boston system 1897: 1893: 1892:San Francisco 1889: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1841: 1839: 1838:Belkommunmash 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1799:Geneva system 1796: 1792: 1788: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1763:Dayton system 1761:E800s in the 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1639:(2,007), and 1638: 1634: 1630: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1597:Manufacturing 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1559:trolley wheel 1556: 1546: 1538: 1532:Wire switches 1531: 1529: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1443:diesel hybrid 1440: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1385: 1381: 1380:dual-mode bus 1376: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1323: 1320: 1315: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1282:trolleybuses. 1280: 1277: 1272: 1271:Trolley poles 1268: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1211: 1202: 1194: 1191: 1183: 1173: 1169: 1163: 1162: 1157:This section 1155: 1151: 1146: 1145: 1140:Disadvantages 1139: 1133: 1125: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1024:San Francisco 1021: 1017: 1013: 1012:hydroelectric 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 958: 954: 950: 949:San Francisco 946: 942: 941:static torque 938: 934: 933: 929: 925: 921: 915: 911: 906: 899: 894: 891: 888: 883: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 842: 832: 829: 821: 811: 807: 801: 800: 795:This section 793: 789: 784: 783: 777: 772: 765: 760: 757: 750: 745: 742: 735: 730: 727: 720: 715: 712: 705: 700: 697: 690: 685: 682: 675: 670: 667: 660: 655: 653: 643: 640: 637: 634: 630: 629:Trolley poles 627: 625: 624:Contact shoes 622: 619: 616: 613: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 581: 578: 577: 576: 571: 566: 562: 561: 555: 553: 550: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 520: 519: 517: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 427: 423: 419: 415: 410: 402: 398: 396: 392: 384: 381: 377: 373: 370: 366: 365:San Francisco 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 341: 340:rapid transit 337: 333: 329: 325: 320: 318: 314: 313:Wolverhampton 310: 306: 301: 297: 290: 285: 281: 278: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 251:Max Schiemann 248: 244: 239: 235: 231: 222: 212: 209: 201: 191: 187: 181: 180: 175:This section 173: 169: 164: 163: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 122:trolley poles 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 98:trolley coach 95: 91: 83: 64: 60: 56: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5485:Trolleybuses 5451: 5419:People mover 5378:Bus priority 5350: 5256: 5242: 5220:Electric bus 5199: 5163:Ground-level 4821: 4796:Timing point 4781:Request stop 4724:Other topics 4581:Bus bunching 4565:Travel class 4524:Radial route 4504:Circle route 4488:Transit pass 4449:Penalty fare 4409:Fare evasion 4404:Fare capping 4389:Dead mileage 4346:Transit mall 4069:Gondola lift 3848:Microtransit 3756:People mover 3669:Circle route 3618: 3584:Open top bus 3547:Circle route 3441:(in German) 3428: 3422: 3408: 3395: 3384: 3374: 3360: 3353: 3346: 3339: 3325: 3301: 3296: 3288: 3265: 3249: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3212: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3177: 3169: 3164: 3156: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3115: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3074: 3066:the original 3037:. 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Retrieved 2202:the original 2188: 2172: 2167: 2147: 2142: 2128:Trolleytruck 2083:Electric bus 2031: 2027: 2016: 2004:Monument to 1983:converted a 1978: 1976:and others. 1938: 1913: 1881: 1870: 1842: 1832:. The first 1783: 1740: 1721: 1681: 1667:(2,044) and 1655:(1,420) and 1626: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1567: 1551: 1526: 1514: 1510: 1500: 1451: 1404: 1361:Philadelphia 1354: 1334:Yellow Coach 1327: 1207: 1206: 1186: 1180:October 2010 1177: 1166:Please help 1161:verification 1158: 1028:Hetch Hetchy 996:particulates 992:point source 848:trolleybus ( 824: 815: 804:Please help 799:verification 796: 651: 521: 513: 431: 391:Soviet Union 388: 369:Philadelphia 353:Rhode Island 335: 321: 294: 279: 267:Lloyd-Köhler 227: 204: 195: 184:Please help 179:verification 176: 153: 114:electric bus 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 87: 36: 4914:Combination 4894:Articulated 4801:Transit map 4776:Public good 4693:and signage 4550:First class 4464:Smart cards 4439:Money train 4301:Kassel kerb 4261:Bus station 4049:Cable ferry 4016:Ocean liner 3996:Cable ferry 3853:Paratransit 3614:Transit bus 3609:Shuttle bus 3557:Express bus 3512:Bus service 3403:Periodicals 3389:Interurbans 3381:Sebree, Mac 3039:29 November 3027:G. Cebrat. 2716:2 September 2691:29 November 2609:2 September 2294:Elektromote 2208:6 September 2093:Electromote 1810: [ 1778:articulated 1743:wheelchairs 1517:substations 1467:Mexico City 1422:Silver Line 1319:articulated 1236:minimal gap 1117:articulated 1058:Australia). 968:hydrocarbon 964:fossil fuel 910:tunnel line 887:motor buses 328:Los Angeles 319:(in 1913). 263:Cédès-Stoll 234:Elektromote 94:trolley bus 18:Trolley-bus 5474:Categories 5414:Light rail 5351:Trolleybus 5334:Guided Bus 5230:Trolleybus 5225:School bus 5200:Trolleybus 5087:by country 4976:Snow coach 4956:Multi-axle 4936:High-floor 4751:Dwell time 4741:Crush load 4691:Technology 4611:Short turn 4574:Scheduling 4538:Facilities 4326:Queue jump 4246:Bus garage 4148:Carsharing 4026:Water taxi 4006:Hovercraft 3958:Car jockey 3950:Carpooling 3925:Share taxi 3895:Marshrutka 3860:Dollar van 3803:Tram-train 3731:Light rail 3726:Interurban 3689:Heavy rail 3619:Trolleybus 3579:Marshrutka 3562:Guided bus 3429:Trolleybus 3012:13 October 2955:6 December 2811:17 January 2786:26 January 2685:"Overhead" 2518:20 October 2493:20 October 2488:gtshina.ru 2098:Guided bus 2053:, and the 2041:, and the 1751:AM General 1732:high-floor 1728:motorbuses 1665:Alfa Romeo 1424:have used 1257:motorbuses 1210:light-rail 1091:motorbuses 1079:Kurobe Dam 1018:and other 778:Advantages 644:Bus number 606:Exit doors 596:Headlights 570:Valparaíso 498:Landskrona 414:coal mines 397:, below). 332:streetcars 309:Birmingham 134:pantograph 90:trolleybus 63:Landskrona 5434:Translohr 5388:BRT creep 5180:Fuel cell 5168:Inductive 5159:Charging 5140:Dual-mode 4941:Low-floor 4715:Timetable 4444:Paid area 4394:Exit fare 4361:Ticketing 4341:Tram stop 4256:Bus stand 4229:Locations 4210:Slope car 4180:Hyperloop 4170:Escalator 4131:transport 4110:Escalator 4098:transport 4064:Funicular 4021:Vaporetto 4011:Hydrofoil 3930:Songthaew 3900:Nanny van 3885:Limousine 3828:Boda boda 3684:Funicular 3659:Cable car 3542:Charabanc 3423:Trackless 3417:0266-7452 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1623:designs. 1463:Shanghai 1412:and the 1317:On this 914:Tateyama 879:adhesion 854:Nob Hill 818:May 2010 741:Salzburg 544:Shanghai 486:Salzburg 474:Lausanne 434:Belgrade 422:Changzhi 317:Keighley 300:Bradford 198:May 2010 112:) is an 65:, Sweden 50:, Brazil 5360:Systems 5104:Transit 5099:Sleeper 5094:Shuttle 5062:Express 5047:Airport 5004:Roadway 4981:Trailer 4887:Chassis 4786:Service 4591:Headway 4555:Sleeper 4497:Routing 4472:Calypso 4468:CIPURSE 4306:Layover 4236:Airport 4138:Airline 4074:bicable 3978:Vanpool 3940:Tuk tuk 3880:Jeepney 3870:Gondola 3766:Railbus 2653:30 July 2103:Gyrobus 1974:Sunbeam 1970:Karrier 1966:Leyland 1884:Busscar 1854:Lucerne 1834:Solaris 1801:and 10 1795:Neoplan 1692:Solaris 1657:Sunbeam 1653:Leyland 1617:Piraeus 1483:Baoding 1459:Ostrava 1455:Beijing 1346:Beijing 1332:, with 1298:lorries 1010:, draw 1002:and in 1000:Seattle 980:alcohol 953:Seattle 870:needed. 771:Malatya 726:Beijing 711:Seattle 666:Limoges 572:(Chile) 540:Beijing 532:Malatya 478:Limoges 450:Seattle 357:Atlanta 349:Chicago 289:Reading 255:Dresden 236:" in a 158:History 110:trolley 59:Solaris 44:Busscar 5082:School 5077:Police 5042:Advert 5021:Guided 4291:Harbor 4286:Hangar 4205:Shweeb 3910:Pesero 3865:Dolmuş 3736:Maglev 3589:Pesero 3572:driver 3525:driver 3415: 3367: 3356:(1976) 3332: 3308: 3272: 2914:6 June 2888:6 June 2840:6 June 2468:3 June 2436:et seq 2401:et seq 2384:et seq 2364:et seq 2358: 2333: 2279: 2241: 2179: 2158: 2049:, the 2037:, the 1946:Lancia 1896:Dayton 1828:, and 1826:Ikarus 1698:, and 1673:Trolza 1491:Berlin 1487:Prague 1475:Bergen 1473:, and 1430:diesel 1418:Boston 1365:hybrid 1231:steer. 976:diesel 875:rubber 484:, and 482:Modena 470:Gdynia 466:Dayton 462:Zurich 460:, and 426:Shanxi 367:, and 361:Boston 355:, and 338:, and 271:Bremen 238:Berlin 5195:Solar 5133:Power 5072:Party 4966:Rigid 4909:Coach 4904:Bruck 4871:Buses 4366:fares 4129:Other 4036:Cable 4001:Ferry 2742:(PDF) 2735:(PDF) 2135:Notes 1822:Breda 1818:Skoda 1814:] 1759:Flyer 1684:Škoda 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